Sowing / Early Transplanting
1. Presentation
Characterization of the technique
Description of the technique :
| Jacques Girard | Chambre d'agriculture du Calvados | j.girard(at)calvados.chambagri.fr | Caen (14) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adeline Michel | CER France - Normandie | amichel(at)50.cerfrance.fr | Fleury sur Orne (14) |
| François Dumoulin | Chambre d'Agriculture de l'Oise | françois.dumoulin(at)agri60.fr | Fresnoy le Luat (60) |
| Julien Halska | INRA | julien.halska(at)grignon.inra.fr | Dijon (21) |
Spam prevention: To use these addresses, replace (at) with @
Sow the crop two to three weeks before the current conventional sowing date and ideally after a ploughing. The effectiveness of the technique is enhanced for crops that are nitrophilous sown in soil containing a large amount of available nitrogen (after a legume, or after a previous crop whose yield was much lower than the objective set for the calculation of the balance dose, or in case of export or low degradation of crop residues with high C/N ratio).
Example of implementation : In the Paris basin, sow winter oilseed rape on August 5 (after ploughing), instead of the usual August 25. In Normandy, in a less continental climate, sow between August 15 and 20 instead of August 25 to September 10.
Implementation period On established crop
Winter cereals (except triticale), are not listed among the crops concerned by this technique. Indeed, it seems that the increase in weeds pressure is greater than the advantage related to the additional days available for mechanical weeding and the crop's smothering capacity. Moreover, early sowing may require insecticide protection.
Spatial scale of implementation Plot
Application of the technique to...
All crops : Not generalizable
This technique applies to sufficiently smothering crops whose conventional sowing date is earlier than the preferred emergence period of the dominant flora of the plot. Documented examples are oilseed rape (winter) and spring barley.
Winter oilseed rape: Sow 2 weeks before the conventional date, regardless of soil moisture at that time.
Spring barley: Sow as early as possible, on sufficiently dry soil. Choose a variety capable of emerging at lower temperatures than spring weeds.
Sweet corn, Grain maize, Silage maize : Mainly for the objective of increasing autonomy in water. For weeds, to be verified: avoidance of very summer weed emergence (grasses like panicum, setaria, digitaria), then smothering (at least in the row) by more advanced development. Allows to avoid all or part of the European corn borer flight in areas with only one generation per year.
Spring peas: Avoidance of the main activity period of pea weevils is a lead to study (observed occasionally in Normandy).
Winter triticale: Advancement of sowing date to allow more days available for late autumn mechanical weeding. The advantage provided by this technique is less obvious for this crop.
Soft wheat, Spelt, Egrain, Emmer, Durum wheat, Winter barley, Rye, winter triticale: avoid late sowing and promote rapid plant development against common bunt.
All soil types : Generalization sometimes delicate
If the crop is sown during summer on soil with low available water capacity, the risk of water stress is increased. The possibility of early sowing depends on soil condition at the chosen time. This can be difficult in April for maize sowing if the soil is not dry enough.
All climatic contexts : Generalization sometimes delicate
If the crop is sown during summer in a dry context, the risk of water stress is increased. In the same context, the risk of elongation in oilseed rape is also increased. In spring, beware of frost risk for early sowing.
2. Effects on the sustainability of the cropping system
"Environmental" criteria
Effect on air quality : Increasing
Phytosanitary emissions : DECREASE
GHG emissions : DECREASE
Effect on water quality : Increasing
N.P. : DECREASE
Pesticides : DECREASE
Effect on fossil resource consumption : Decreasing
Fossil energy consumption : DECREASE
Other : No effect (neutral)
Pollutant transfer to water (N, P, phytosanitary ...): Decrease
Reduction in herbicide use and in the case of oilseed rape, reduction of nitrate leaching risk which is better utilized by the crop. Note, in the case of maize, the weeding strategy must be adapted and may lead to increased treatments. In the case of triticale, insecticide protection may be necessary.
Pollutant transfer to air (N, P, phytosanitary ...): Decrease
Reduction in herbicide use. Note, in the case of maize, the weeding strategy must be adapted and may lead to increased treatments.
Fossil energy consumption: Decrease
Slight possible decrease on oilseed rape because better utilization of residues in summer-autumn allows reducing nitrogen fertilization in spring.
GHG emissions: Decrease
Slight possible decrease for N2O on oilseed rape because better utilization of residues in summer-autumn allows reducing nitrogen fertilization in spring.
Erosion risk: Decrease
Erosion risk is limited by early soil cover during risky periods (in the case of early sowing of autumn crops).
"Agronomic" criteria
Soil fertility : No effect (neutral)
Water stress : Variable
Depends on crops and sowing periods. In the case of oilseed rape, a small rain is enough for emergence. However, the risk of water stress increases for early sowing in summer on soils with low available water capacity or if the climate is dry at that time. For spring crops, early sowing allows better alignment of the cycle with risk periods (e.g. for spring barley).
Functional Biodiversity : No knowledge on impact
The effect of early sowing dates on functional biodiversity is little documented and probably limited. The presence of cover and less soil disturbance (compared to a false seedbed strategy) are probably favorable to some organisms.
Other agronomic criteria : No knowledge on impact
Risk of poor establishment: Increase
This risk increases when sowing is done under poor climatic conditions (especially frost for spring barley or slower maize development thus increasing wireworm attack risk) and may lead to yield losses.
Potential to reach optimal cold resistance stage (oilseed rape): Increase
This stage is more likely to be reached with early sowing. However, be careful not to exceed it in atypical years like 2011. Choose varieties less sensitive to elongation (hybrid oilseed rape varieties are poorly suited to early sowing).
Harvest conditions quality (maize): Increase
For maize, early sowing improves harvest conditions (limited exposure of the crop to frost, earlier harvest of drier grains). Moreover, it reduces the risk related to mycotoxins on maize, as well as on wheat that follows (-200ppb on wheat on average per week gained at maize harvest, according to a Syngenta survey).
"Economic" criteria
Operational costs : Decreasing
On oilseed rape, if early sowing occurs in soil well supplied with nitrogen residues, spring fertilization can be reduced.
Mechanization costs : No effect (neutral)
Margin : Increasing
"Social" criteria
Working time : No effect (neutral)
Peak period : Variable
Early sowing of oilseed rape may compete with wheat harvest (but not with other crops like peas or spring barley).
Observation time : No effect (neutral)
4. Favored or disadvantaged organisms
Favored Bioagressors
| Organism | Impact of the technique | Type | Details |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tomato moth | MEDIUM | pest, predator or parasite | To verify if it also attacks maize |
| cercospora leaf spot | MEDIUM | pathogen (bioagressor) | |
| fusarium head blight | MEDIUM | pathogen (bioagressor) | Barley disease favored by early sowing on spring barley. To be confirmed. |
| trichothecene fusarioses A barley | MEDIUM | pathogen (bioagressor) | Barley disease favored by early sowing on spring barley. To be confirmed. |
| trichothecene fusarioses B zearalenone cereals | MEDIUM | pathogen (bioagressor) | Barley disease favored by early sowing on spring barley. To be confirmed. |
| helminthosporium leaf spot of barley | MEDIUM | pathogen (bioagressor) | Net blotch of barley Disease (with two synonymous names) possibly favored by early sowing on spring barley. To be confirmed. |
| microdochium on leaves | MEDIUM | pathogen (bioagressor) | Barley disease favored by early sowing on spring barley. To be confirmed. |
| cutworm | MEDIUM | pest, predator or parasite | To verify |
| oat fly | MEDIUM | pest, predator or parasite | |
| beet powdery mildew | MEDIUM | pathogen (bioagressor) | Influence intensity medium to strong. |
| powdery mildew of cereals | MEDIUM | pathogen (bioagressor) | |
| take-all | MEDIUM | pathogen (bioagressor) | On winter soft wheat. |
| sharp eyespot | MEDIUM | pathogen (bioagressor) | On soft wheat winter. |
| European corn borer | MEDIUM | pest, predator or parasite | To verify |
| ramularia leaf spot of barley | MEDIUM | pathogen (bioagressor) | Diseases possibly favored by early sowing on spring barley. To be confirmed. |
| rhynchosporium | MEDIUM | pathogen (bioagressor) | If winter sowing under mild climate |
| brown rust | MEDIUM | pathogen (bioagressor) | On winter soft wheat. |
| beet rust | MEDIUM | pathogen (bioagressor) | |
| yellow rust | MEDIUM | pathogen (bioagressor) | Contradictory effects according to sources. |
| scutigera | MEDIUM | pest, predator or parasite | |
| septoria leaf blotch | MEDIUM | pathogen (bioagressor) | |
| sesamia | MEDIUM | pest, predator or parasite | To verify |
| wireworm | MEDIUM | pest, predator or parasite | |
| cabbage stem sawfly | MEDIUM | pest, predator or parasite | |
| barley mosaic virus | MEDIUM | pathogen (bioagressor) | To verify |
Disadvantaged bioagressors
Disadvantaged Bioagressors
| Organism | Impact of the technique | Type | Details |
|---|---|---|---|
| White amaranth | MEDIUM | weeds | Weeds with strictly preferential summer emergence In maize, some weeds are favored by systematic early sowing, especially dicotyledons (knotweed, bindweed knotweed, chickweed, linaria…). |
| Blite amaranth | MEDIUM | weeds | Weeds with strictly preferential summer emergence In maize, some weeds are favored by systematic early sowing, especially dicotyledons (knotweed, bindweed knotweed, chickweed, linaria…). |
| Prostrate amaranth | LOW | weeds | Possible emergence in spring but not in winter For spring barley. Also true for other spring crops? |
| Hybrid amaranth | MEDIUM | weeds | Weeds with strictly preferential summer emergence In maize, some weeds are favored by systematic early sowing, especially dicotyledons (knotweed, bindweed knotweed, chickweed, linaria…). |
| Reflective amaranth | MEDIUM | weeds | Weeds with strictly preferential summer emergence In maize, some weeds are favored by systematic early sowing, especially dicotyledons (knotweed, bindweed knotweed, chickweed, linaria…). |
| Sterile brome | LOW | weeds | Weeds capable of emerging in autumn but not in summer May be disadvantaged in oilseed rape, soft wheat, durum wheat. Also true for other autumn cereals? |
| Manyseed goosefoot | LOW | weeds | Possible emergence in spring but not in winter For spring barley. Also true for other spring crops? |
| Wild oat | LOW | weeds | Weeds capable of emerging in autumn but not in summer May be disadvantaged in oilseed rape, soft wheat, durum wheat. Also true for other autumn cereals? |
| Theophraste's abutilon | MEDIUM | weeds | Weeds with strictly preferential summer emergence In maize, some weeds are favored by systematic early sowing, especially dicotyledons (knotweed, bindweed knotweed, chickweed, linaria…). |
| field lady's mantle | weeds | ||
| oilseed rape flea beetle | MEDIUM | pest, predator or parasite | Provided that oilseed rape benefits from the early sowing date for rapid vegetative growth in late August - early September. |
| ragweed | LOW | weeds | Possible emergence in spring but not in winter For spring barley. Also true for other spring crops? |
| common anthriscus | LOW | weeds | Weeds capable of emerging in autumn but not in summer May be disadvantaged in oilseed rape, soft wheat, durum wheat. Also true for other autumn cereals? |
| thalius rockcress | LOW | weeds | Weeds capable of emerging in autumn but not in summer May be disadvantaged in oilseed rape, soft wheat, durum wheat. Also true for other autumn cereals? |
| spreading orach | weeds | ||
| Louisiana wild oat | LOW | weeds | Weeds capable of emerging in autumn but not in summer May be disadvantaged in oilseed rape, soft wheat, durum wheat. Also true for other autumn cereals? |
| intermediate barbarée | LOW | weeds | Weeds capable of emerging in autumn but not in summer May be disadvantaged in oilseed rape, soft wheat, durum wheat. Also true for other autumn cereals? |
| tripartite bident | MEDIUM | weeds | Weeds with strictly preferential summer emergence In maize, some weeds are favored by systematic early sowing, especially dicotyledons (knotweed, bindweed knotweed, chickweed, linaria…). |
| cornflower | LOW | weeds | Weeds capable of emerging in autumn but not in summer May be disadvantaged in oilseed rape, soft wheat, durum wheat. Also true for other autumn cereals? |
| irregular calepine | LOW | weeds | Weeds capable of emerging in autumn but not in summer May be disadvantaged in oilseed rape, soft wheat, durum wheat. Also true for other autumn cereals? |
| hairy bittercress | LOW | weeds | Weeds capable of emerging in autumn but not in summer May be disadvantaged in oilseed rape, soft wheat, durum wheat. Also true for other autumn cereals? |
| common bunt of wheat | MEDIUM | pathogen (bioagressor) | Early autumn sowing favors rapid plant development, which can no longer be contaminated from the 2-leaf stage. |
| white goosefoot | LOW | weeds | Possible emergence in spring but not in winter For spring barley. Also true for other spring crops? |
| wall goosefoot | LOW | weeds | Possible emergence in spring but not in winter For spring barley. Also true for other spring crops? |
| hybrid goosefoot | LOW | weeds | Possible emergence in spring but not in winter For spring barley. Also true for other spring crops? |
| Nîmes hawkweed | LOW | weeds | Weeds capable of emerging in autumn but not in summer May be disadvantaged in oilseed rape, soft wheat, durum wheat. Also true for other autumn cereals? |
| jimsonweed | MEDIUM | weeds | Weeds with strictly preferential summer emergence In maize, some weeds are favored by systematic early sowing, especially dicotyledons (knotweed, bindweed knotweed, chickweed, linaria…). |
| redroot pigweed | MEDIUM | weeds | Weeds with strictly preferential summer emergence In maize, some weeds are favored by systematic early sowing, especially dicotyledons (knotweed, bindweed knotweed, chickweed, linaria…). |
| cypress-leaved erodium | LOW | weeds | Weeds capable of emerging in autumn but not in summer May be disadvantaged in oilseed rape, soft wheat, durum wheat. Also true for other autumn cereals? |
| small spurge | LOW | weeds | Possible emergence in spring but not in winter For spring barley. Also true for other spring crops? |
| petty spurge | weeds | ||
| small-flowered fumitory | LOW | weeds | Weeds capable of emerging in autumn but not in summer May be disadvantaged in oilseed rape, soft wheat, durum wheat. Also true for other autumn cereals? |
| fusarioses producing fumonisins | pathogen (bioagressor) | ||
| trichothecene fusarioses in maize | pathogen (bioagressor) | ||
| cleavers | LOW | weeds | Weeds capable of emerging in autumn but not in summer May be disadvantaged in oilseed rape, soft wheat, durum wheat. Also true for other autumn cereals? |
| cottonweed | LOW | weeds | Weeds capable of emerging in autumn but not in summer May be disadvantaged in oilseed rape, soft wheat, durum wheat. Also true for other autumn cereals? |
| tuberous vetchling | LOW | weeds | Possible emergence in spring but not in winter For spring barley. Also true for other spring crops? |
| field gromwell | LOW | weeds | Weeds capable of emerging in autumn but not in summer May be disadvantaged in oilseed rape, soft wheat, durum wheat. Also true for other autumn cereals? |
| curled endive | LOW | weeds | Weeds capable of emerging in autumn but not in summer May be disadvantaged in oilseed rape, soft wheat, durum wheat. Also true for other autumn cereals? |
| large-fruited hemp-nettle | MEDIUM | weeds | Weeds with strictly preferential summer emergence In maize, some weeds are favored by systematic early sowing, especially dicotyledons (knotweed, bindweed knotweed, chickweed, linaria…). |
| slug | pest, predator or parasite | ||
| bastard toadflax | LOW | weeds | Possible emergence in spring but not in winter For spring barley. Also true for other spring crops? |
| lesser toadflax | LOW | weeds | Possible emergence in spring but not in winter For spring barley. Also true for other spring crops? |
| elatine toadflax | LOW | weeds | Possible emergence in spring but not in winter For spring barley. Also true for other spring crops? |
| field bindweed | LOW | weeds | Possible emergence in spring but not in winter For spring barley. Also true for other spring crops? |
| hedge bindweed | LOW | weeds | Possible emergence in spring but not in winter For spring barley. Also true for other spring crops? |
| field mallow | LOW | weeds | Possible emergence in spring but not in winter For spring barley. Also true for other spring crops? |
| round-leaved mint | LOW | weeds | Possible emergence in spring but not in winter For spring barley. Also true for other spring crops? |
| annual mercury | LOW | weeds | Possible emergence in spring but not in winter For spring barley. Also true for other spring crops? |
| black nightshade | MEDIUM | weeds | Weeds with strictly preferential summer emergence In maize, some weeds are favored by systematic early sowing, especially dicotyledons (knotweed, bindweed knotweed, chickweed, linaria…). |
| cereal gray fly | pest, predator or parasite | ||
| field chickweed | weeds | ||
| field forget-me-not | LOW | weeds | Weeds capable of emerging in autumn but not in summer May be disadvantaged in oilseed rape, soft wheat, durum wheat. Also true for other autumn cereals? |
| hair grass | MEDIUM | weeds | Weeds with strictly preferential summer emergence In maize, some weeds are favored by systematic early sowing, especially dicotyledons (knotweed, bindweed knotweed, chickweed, linaria…). |
| false millet panic | MEDIUM | weeds | Weeds with strictly preferential summer emergence In maize, some weeds are favored by systematic early sowing, especially dicotyledons (knotweed, bindweed knotweed, chickweed, linaria…). |
| cock's-foot panic | MEDIUM | weeds | Weeds with strictly preferential summer emergence In maize, some weeds are favored by systematic early sowing, especially dicotyledons (knotweed, bindweed knotweed, chickweed, linaria…). |
| dichotomous panic | MEDIUM | weeds | Weeds with strictly preferential summer emergence In maize, some weeds are favored by systematic early sowing, especially dicotyledons (knotweed, bindweed knotweed, chickweed, linaria…). |
| field speedwell | LOW | weeds | Weeds capable of emerging in autumn but not in summer May be disadvantaged in oilseed rape, soft wheat, durum wheat. Also true for other autumn cereals? |
| drave speedwell | LOW | weeds | Possible emergence in spring but not in winter For spring barley. Also true for other spring crops? |
| argemone poppy | LOW | weeds | Weeds capable of emerging in autumn but not in summer May be disadvantaged in oilseed rape, soft wheat, durum wheat. Also true for other autumn cereals? |
| corn poppy | LOW | weeds | Weeds capable of emerging in autumn but not in summer May be disadvantaged in oilseed rape, soft wheat, durum wheat. Also true for other autumn cereals? |
| venus' comb | LOW | weeds | Weeds capable of emerging in autumn but not in summer May be disadvantaged in oilseed rape, soft wheat, durum wheat. Also true for other autumn cereals? |
| field pansy | LOW | weeds | Weeds capable of emerging in autumn but not in summer May be disadvantaged in oilseed rape, soft wheat, durum wheat. Also true for other autumn cereals? |
| corn parsley | LOW | weeds | Weeds capable of emerging in autumn but not in summer May be disadvantaged in oilseed rape, soft wheat, durum wheat. Also true for other autumn cereals? |
| paradoxical phalaris | LOW | weeds | Weeds capable of emerging in autumn but not in summer May be disadvantaged in oilseed rape, soft wheat, durum wheat. Also true for other autumn cereals? |
| phoma of crucifers | MEDIUM | pathogen (bioagressor) | To be implemented only in nitrogen-poor soils. |
| ten-stamened pokeweed | MEDIUM | weeds | Weeds with strictly preferential summer emergence In maize, some weeds are favored by systematic early sowing, especially dicotyledons (knotweed, bindweed knotweed, chickweed, linaria…). |
| false hawkweed picris | LOW | weeds | Possible emergence in spring but not in winter For spring barley. Also true for other spring crops? |
| greater plantain | LOW | weeds | Possible emergence in spring but not in winter For spring barley. Also true for other spring crops? |
| European corn borer | pest, predator or parasite | ||
| marsh buttercup | LOW | weeds | Weeds capable of emerging in autumn but not in summer May be disadvantaged in oilseed rape, soft wheat, durum wheat. Also true for other autumn cereals? |
| persicaria knotweed | LOW | weeds | Possible emergence in spring but not in winter For spring barley. Also true for other spring crops? |
| patience-leaved knotweed | LOW | weeds | Possible emergence in spring but not in winter For spring barley. Also true for other spring crops? |
| small dock | LOW | weeds | Possible emergence in spring but not in winter For spring barley. Also true for other spring crops? |
| rapunzel mignonette | LOW | weeds | Possible emergence in spring but not in winter For spring barley. Also true for other spring crops? |
| field sherardia | LOW | weeds | Weeds capable of emerging in autumn but not in summer May be disadvantaged in oilseed rape, soft wheat, durum wheat. Also true for other autumn cereals? |
| hedge mustard | LOW | weeds | Weeds capable of emerging in autumn but not in summer May be disadvantaged in oilseed rape, soft wheat, durum wheat. Also true for other autumn cereals? |
| Aleppo sorghum | MEDIUM | weeds | Weeds with strictly preferential summer emergence In maize, some weeds are favored by systematic early sowing, especially dicotyledons (knotweed, bindweed knotweed, chickweed, linaria…). |
| venus' looking glass | LOW | weeds | Weeds capable of emerging in autumn but not in summer May be disadvantaged in oilseed rape, soft wheat, durum wheat. Also true for other autumn cereals? |
| glaucous setaria | MEDIUM | weeds | Weeds with strictly preferential summer emergence In maize, some weeds are favored by systematic early sowing, especially dicotyledons (knotweed, bindweed knotweed, chickweed, linaria…). |
| green setaria | MEDIUM | weeds | Weeds with strictly preferential summer emergence In maize, some weeds are favored by systematic early sowing, especially dicotyledons (knotweed, bindweed knotweed, chickweed, linaria…). |
| whorled setaria | MEDIUM | weeds | Weeds with strictly preferential summer emergence In maize, some weeds are favored by systematic early sowing, especially dicotyledons (knotweed, bindweed knotweed, chickweed, linaria…). |
| tall tordylium | LOW | weeds | Weeds capable of emerging in autumn but not in summer May be disadvantaged in oilseed rape, soft wheat, durum wheat. Also true for other autumn cereals? |
| field torilis | LOW | weeds | Weeds capable of emerging in autumn but not in summer May be disadvantaged in oilseed rape, soft wheat, durum wheat. Also true for other autumn cereals? |
| knotted hedgeparsley | LOW | weeds | Weeds capable of emerging in autumn but not in summer May be disadvantaged in oilseed rape, soft wheat, durum wheat. Also true for other autumn cereals? |
| coltsfoot | LOW | weeds | Possible emergence in spring but not in winter For spring barley. Also true for other spring crops? |
| common vervain | LOW | weeds | Possible emergence in spring but not in winter For spring barley. Also true for other spring crops? |
| rat's-tail fescue | weeds | ||
| field wild oat | LOW | weeds | Weeds capable of emerging in autumn but not in summer May be disadvantaged in oilseed rape, soft wheat, durum wheat. Also true for other autumn cereals? |
| field speedwell | LOW | weeds | Weeds capable of emerging in autumn but not in summer May be disadvantaged in oilseed rape, soft wheat, durum wheat. Also true for other autumn cereals? |
| ivy-leaved speedwell | weeds | ||
| hemlock water-dropwort | LOW | weeds | Weeds capable of emerging in autumn but not in summer May be disadvantaged in oilseed rape, soft wheat, durum wheat. Also true for other autumn cereals? |
Disadvantaged Bioagressors
5. For further information
- Weed management
- -Cetiom
CETIOM, rapeseed section, organic rapeseed subsection, Website, 2011
- Establishment. The winning early sowing
- -C.W.
Cultivar the monthly n°497, 13 November 2000, Press article, 2000
Press article. On spring barley, unrelated to weed management.
- Early sowing is gaining more and more followers
- -Reibel C. (Réussir grandes cultures)
Réussir grain crops n°232, January 2010, Press article, 2010
- Pest control
- -Cetiom
CETIOM, rapeseed section, organic rapeseed subsection, Website, 2011
- Development of integrated rapeseed protection : example of phoma (Leptosphaeria maculans)
- -Aubertot J.N. (INRA); Reau R. (CETIOM); Dupeuble F. (CETIOM); Grippon S. (CETIOM); Penaud A. (CETIOM); Pinochet X. (CETIOM); Taverne M. (CETIOM)
Oleaginous crops, fats, lipids Volume 10, Number 3, 202-7, May 2003, Peer-reviewed journal article, 2003
- Early maize sowing - Adapting the itinerary to take advantage of its benefits
- -Carpentier M. (Terre-Net)
Terre-Net, published on 11/09/2010, Press article, 2010
Early maize sowing - Adapting the itinerary to take advantage of its benefits
- Crop protection strategies saving phytosanitary products
- -Gran Aymerich L.
Ministry of Agriculture and Fishing, University thesis, 2006
Engineering thesis. Sheet n°7 of the thesis largely inspired this technical sheet.
6. Keywords
Bioagressor control method : Cultural control
Mode of action : Avoidance
Type of strategy regarding pesticide use : Redesign
Appendices
S'applique aux cultures suivantes
Favorise les bioagresseurs suivants
- Cercospora leaf spot
- Fusarium head blight
- Trichothecene A Fusarioses on barley
- Trichothecene B Fusarioses zearalenone on small grain cereals
- Barley Helminthosporium leaf spot
- Microdochium on leaves
- Tomato cutworm
- Soil-dwelling cutworm
- Beet powdery mildew
- Cereal powdery mildew
- Oat Oscinia
- Take-all
- Lodging take-all
- Corn borer
- Barley Ramularia leaf spot
- Rhynchosporium leaf blotch
- Brown rust
- Beet rust
- Yellow rust
- Scutigera centipedes
- Septoria leaf blotch
- Sesamia stem borer
- Wireworm
- Turnip sawfly
- Barley mosaic virus
Défavorise les bioagresseurs suivants
- Theophraste's abutilon
- Field lady's mantle
- Rapeseed flea beetle
- White amaranth
- Prostrate amaranth
- Prostrate pigweed
- Hybrid amaranth
- Reflective amaranth
- Ragweed
- Common chervil
- Thalius rockcress
- Spreading orach
- Ludovician sterile oat
- Intermediate barbarée
- Three-lobed bident
- Cornflower
- Sterile brome
- Irregular calepine
- Bristly bittercress
- Common wheat bunt
- White goosefoot
- Wall goosefoot
- Hybrid goosefoot
- Polysperm goosefoot
- Nîmes hawkweed
- Jimsonweed
- Blood fingergrass
- Hemlock-leaved stork's-bill
- Poison hemlock
- Small spurge
- Petty spurge
- Wild oat
- Small-flowered fumitory
- Fumonisin-producing Fusarioses
- Trichothecene A Fusarioses on maize
- Cleavers
- Cottony galactites
- Tuberous vetchling
- Field gromwell
- Curly endive
- Large-fruited lamb's quarters
- Slug
- Bastard toadflax
- Elatine toadflax
- Lesser toadflax
- Field bindweed
- Hedge bindweed
- Marsh mallow
- Round-leaved mint
- Annual mercury
- Black nightshade
- Cereal leaf fly
- Field chickweed
- Field forget-me-not
- Dichotomous panicgrass
- Hairgrass panic
- False millet panic
- Cock's-foot panic
- Field knotweed
- Drave knotweed
- Prickly poppy
- Common poppy
- Venus comb
- Field pansy
- Harvest parsley
- Paradoxical phalaris
- Cruciferous phoma
- Ten-stamened pokeweed
- False hawkweed picris
- Greater plantain
- Corn borer
- Marsh buttercup
- Patience-leaved knotweed
- Persicaria knotweed
- Rapunzel mignonette
- Small sorrel
- Glaucous setaria
- Green setaria
- Whorled setaria
- Field sherardia
- Common hedge mustard
- Aleppo sorghum
- Venus' looking-glass
- Tall tordyle
- Field torilis
- Knotted torilis
- Coltsfoot
- Ivy-leaved speedwell
- Field speedwell
- Common vervain
- Rat-tail fescue
- Field foxtail
