Triple Performance - User contributions [en]

Growing cassava associated with peanuts

2024-02-20T15:44:24Z

Lydie Cabaud (2023058429): Created page with "{{Pratique |Image=Manioc et arachide.jpg |ImageCaption=cassava associated with peanuts |Type de production=Field crops |Objectif=Integrated crop protection |Tag 1 = Agroecology |Tag 2 = Integrated crop protection |Tag 3 = Biodiversity }}{{A la une}} The association of cassava/peanut aims to ensure better growth and development conditions. Associating a long-cycle crop with a short-cycle crop helps increase and spread income fro..."

{{Pratique
|Image=Manioc et arachide.jpg
|ImageCaption=cassava associated with peanuts
|Type de production=Field crops
|Objectif=Integrated crop protection
|Tag 1 = Agroecology
|Tag 2 = Integrated crop protection
|Tag 3 = Biodiversity
}}{{A la une}}
The [[Crop association and rotation in Africa|association]] of cassava/peanut aims to ensure better growth and development conditions. Associating a long-cycle crop with a short-cycle crop helps increase and spread income from the cultivated plot.

==Presentation of crops==

===[[Cassava]]===
*'''Local Name (Kikongo):''' Mayaka.
*'''Family:''' Euphorbiaceae.
*'''Genus:''' Manihot.
*'''Species:''' Esculenta.
*'''Varieties:''' TME419, 1661, Sadisa, Nsansi, Zizila, Butamu, and Rav.

===Peanut===
*'''Local Name (Kikongo):''' Nguba.
*'''Group:''' Legumes.
*'''Genus:''' Arachis.
*'''Species:''' Hypogea.
*'''Varieties:''' JL24 and ICGM281.

==Prerequisites==
*'''Topography''': Cassava is a crop to be grown on a '''plateau, a bottom slope, or an intermediate slope.''' Flood-prone lowlands are '''not recommended; constant moisture''' causes '''rotting''' in cassava roots.
*'''Crop History''': Recent fallow (less than 2 years) or cereal crops ([[rice]], corn).
*'''Density''': For cassava, 10,000 cuttings ('''50 bundles)/ha''' and for peanuts, '''100 kg seeds/ha.'''

==Implementation Steps==

===Preparation===
*'''Delimit''' the plot.
*'''Clear''' without burning materials: Use a fork to clear the land and avoid burning.
*'''Store''' a portion of the '''mowed grass''' for '''mulching,''' while the other part is reserved as '''fertilizer''' for burial (tufts, small grasses, root hair...). During the creation of ridges or mounds, it is advisable to bury small weeds, green leaves, young tender stems of legumes, ''Tithonia diversifolia,'' or grasses present in the plots (''Imperata cylindrica, Hyparrhenia sp,''...) to ensure an '''organic element input.'''
*'''Uproot''' shrubs.
*'''Plow''' to a depth of 20 cm.
*Creating mounds and ridges maximizes water usage and prevents erosion:
**Create '''ridges''' following contour lines: '''10 to 20 m long; 0.5 m wide at the top; 0.50 m apart from each other.'''
**Create '''mounds''' in contour and staggered pattern: '''0.20 to 0.30 m high; 0.5 m in diameter at the top; 0.4 m apart from each other.'''

Light soil work and the burial of plant material are [[Agroecology|agroecological]] practices.

===Planting and sowing===
*'''Date''': At the beginning of the rainy season (October and/or March). Cassava planting and peanut sowing can be done '''at the same time''' or at '''a maximum interval of one month.'''
*'''Harvest''' cassava stem cuttings from the middle part of the stem (once cut, they can be stored for 2 weeks).
*Segment the stem cuttings into '''cuttings of 20 to 25 cm''' before planting, '''keeping 3 nodes''' per cutting to '''ensure successful sprouting.'''
*'''Attention''' should be paid to using '''healthy seeds.'''

[[File:Schéma association.png|thumb|Cassava/peanut association scheme on ridges.]]
====Case 1: Association on ridges====
*'''Plant''' [[Production of cassava cuttings|cassava cuttings]]:
**'''Spacing''': 1 m within the row (10 cuttings for a 10 m ridge).
**'''Density:''' 1 cutting per location, planted '''horizontally''' or obliquely (2/3 of the length into the soil), preferably '''horizontally''' to ensure a '''good survival rate''' ('''drying''' of vertical cuttings).

*'''Sow peanuts''':
**'''3 rows per ridge''' (1 row on each side of the cassava row and 1 row on the cassava row).
**'''Sow in holes''' (place several seeds in one hole) at a distance of 20 cm on each of the 3 rows, the holes on the middle row (with cassava) should be staggered compared to the other 2 rows.

[[File:Schéma association sur buttes.png|thumb|Association scheme on mounds.]]
====Case 2: Association on mounds====
*'''Plant''' [[Production of cassava cuttings|cassava cuttings]]:
**1 cutting per mound (at the top).
**Plant '''horizontally or obliquely''' (2/3 of the length into the soil).

*'''Sow peanuts''':
**Sow in holes (place several seeds in one hole) '''around the mound''' (mid-height) with a spacing of 30 cm between the holes.

===Maintenance===
*'''Complete''' 2 weeks after planting and sowing.
*'''Weed''' 15 days to 3 weeks after planting and sowing, and as needed, until peanut harvest.
*'''Mulch''' '''after peanut harvest''': Cover all the surface of ridges or mounds with stored or imported straw and with weeding residues. '''Supplement the mulch''' as needed during the cycle (peanut haulms after harvest can be used as mulch for cassava).
*It is necessary to '''emphasize the importance of replenishment and mulching''' as they '''positively influence production.'''
*'''Attention''': '''Clear mulch around the cassava stem base''' to '''prevent phytosanitary risks''' (rot, bacterial diseases).

===Harvest===
*'''Cycle durations''':
**Cassava: 15 months (time required for '''maximum root development''').
**Peanut: 90 days.
*'''Peanut harvest''' is '''single''', while '''cassava harvest''' can be spread '''over several weeks.'''

===Storage and conservation===
*'''Cassava'''
**'''Store''' the roots in damp soil.
**'''Conservation''': Maximum 1 week after harvest.

*'''Peanut'''
**'''Store''' the pods (previously dried) in bags, protected from rodents and insects.
**'''Conservation''': From a few weeks to several months.

[[File:Sans titre 2.pdf|thumb|365x365px|Symptoms of the main cassava diseases.]]
==Protection==
===Main cassava diseases===
*'''Viral disease''': '''Mosaic''' manifests as '''chlorotic spots''' (leaves discolor and exhibit light green, yellow, or white spots).
*'''Bacterial diseases''': They cause '''burns''' and '''wilting of leaves.'''
*'''Fungal diseases''': '''Cercosporiosis''' causing '''brown spots''', '''anthracnose''' manifesting as '''cankers''' (lesions), and '''rot''' that slows down '''growth.'''
{{Clear}}

[[File:Rosette.jpg|thumb|Rosette symptom.|229x229px]]
===Main peanut hazards===
*'''Viral disease''': '''Rosette''' causes stunting of plants.
*'''Ants and rodents'''.
{{Clear}}

===Recommendations===
[[File:Piège à rongeur.jpg|thumb|Rodent trap.]]
*Use '''healthy cuttings and seeds.'''
*Plant cassava clones that are '''resistant or tolerant''' to mosaic, bacterial diseases, and anthracnose.
*Plant '''at the beginning of the rainy season.'''
*'''Follow agricultural practices''': Organic soil '''amendment''', cuttings '''preparation''', '''plowing''', '''mulching''', and '''crop rotations.'''
*Avoid visiting '''infected fields.'''
*Ensure '''phytosanitation''': Eliminate and destroy plants showing '''any symptoms of disease''' (remove them from the plot and burn them). '''Important for cassava''' even if removing plants represents a decrease in production.
*Use '''wood ash''' against '''insects''' and '''traps''' against '''rodents'''.
{{Clear}}

==Calendar==
{{Image centrée|Calendrier des opérations.png|border|Calendar of operations.}}

Legend:
*P: Soil preparation.
*Pl: Planting.
*E: Maintenance.
*S: Sowing.
*R: Harvest.

==Technical and economic results==
===Average yield : 20 t/ha===
*Cassava: 18 t/ha.
*Peanut: 2 t/ha.

{{Image centrée|La répartition des charges.pdf|border|Distribution of expenses.}}

{{Image centrée|Devenir des récoltes en kg.pdf|border|Fate of harvests in kg.}}

==Sources==
[https://www.agrisud.org/cloud/s/AoofszAckX6gQef/download Projet PADDALU - AgriSud International - RD Congo, Appui au développement durable des activités et des filières agricoles dans le Territoire de Luozi.]

<references />

{{Partenariat Urbane}}

{{Annexes de la pratique}}

[[fr:Cultiver du manioc associé à l'arachide]]

Production of cassava cuttings

2024-02-20T15:11:35Z

Lydie Cabaud (2023058429):

{{Pratique
|Image=Paillage.jpg
|ImageCaption= Cassava
|Type de production= Field crops
|Objectif=Integrated crop protection
|Tag 1 = Agroecology
|Tag 2 = Crop safety
}}{{A la une}}

In the Bas-Congo Province, cassava is the main food and income source for households. However, cultivation is particularly sensitive to mosaic disease, and producers often face '''difficulties in acquiring sufficient quantities of resistant or tolerant varieties'''. To address this constraint, selected cassava cutting multiplication plots, or "wood yard," have been established in collaboration with the beneficiaries.
The challenge of these '''cassava woodlot parks''' is therefore to produce and disseminate cassava varieties that are '''tolerant to mosaic [[Diseases|disease]]'''.

==Cassava==
*'''Local name (Kikongo):''' Mayaka.
*'''Family:''' Euphorbiaceae.
*'''Genus:''' Manihot.
*'''Species:''' Esculenta.
*'''Varieties:''' TME419, 1661, Sadisa, Nsansi, Zizila, Butamu, and Rav.

==Implementation Steps==
===Identifying the variety===
Four criteria are crucial in identifying cassava varieties:

*'''Yield''' (number and size of roots).
*'''Duration of the cycle.'''
*Organoleptic quality for '''food processing''' (for example, in Congo, it is used for making fufu and chickwangue).
*'''Resistance or tolerance''' to mosaic.
*Varieties used in Bas-Congo: TME419, 1661, Sadisa, Nsansi, Zizila, Butamu, Rav, and M'vuazi.

===Find the location===
The choice of the location depends on the following technical indications:

*'''Topography''': Bottom slope, gentle slope, plateaus, and plains.
*Average '''area''': 2,500 m2.
*'''Soil types''': Sandy-clayey, '''deep and well-drained''', '''rich''' in organic matter (dark red or dark brown in color), with few gravels, having good '''water retention''' capacity and being '''easy to work''' (for plowing).

In addition to these criteria, some aspects of management need to be considered:

* '''Accessible''' on foot.
*Distant from diseased fields to avoid '''contamination.'''
*With a '''previous''' cultural practice of fallow or any other '''crop than''' '''root or tuber plants.'''

===Identifying the period===
Woodland establishment periods: season A (October to February: major rainy season) and season B (March to June: minor rainy season).

===Determining the operations to carry out===
*Delimitation of the land.
*Clearing.
*Plowing and/or ridging.
*Supply of cuttings.
*Preparation of cuttings and planting.
*Replenishment, weeding, and '''mulching'''.
*Ensure monitoring through visits to detect '''health problems''' (implementation of phytosanitation: eliminate and destroy plants showing '''any symptoms of diseases'''). '''Even if removing the plants represents a decrease in production.'''

===Considerations===
*Some '''cultivation practices are not well respected''', such as '''ridging''' and '''mulching.''' Ridging, as those who plow with '''animal traction''' may not see its utility. For mulching, it is linked to the fact that they only use cut biomass, which is often insufficient to play a real mulching role.
*It is essential to '''take advantage of the first rains''' to have a maximum of precipitation during the cultivation cycle. Plants will have '''more vigorous growth''' and '''better resistance to diseases.'''
*Pay attention '''not to exceed the harvest date (12 to 18 months)''', as the obtained material may be of '''poor quality for planting.'''

==Management of Cassava Woodlot==

===Preparation===
[[File:Parc à bois.jpg|thumb|Woodlot]]

====Without animal traction====
*'''Delimit''' the plot.
*'''Clear''' without burning materials.
*'''Store''' a portion of the mowed grass for '''mulching''', while the other part is reserved as '''fertilizer''' for burial (tufts, small grasses, root hair...). During making of ridges or mounds, it is advisable to effectively '''bury''' small weeds, green leaves, young tender stems of legumes, ''Tithonia diversifolia,'' or grasses present in the plots (''Imperata cylindrica,'' ''Hyparrhenia sp,''...) to ensure an '''organic element input.'''
*'''Uproot shrubs.'''
*'''Plow''' to a depth of 20 cm.
*'''Create ridges''': 10 to 20 meters in length, 0.5 m wide, and spaced 0.5 m apart, following the contour lines.
*'''For mound crops:''' arrange the mounds following the contour lines and in a staggered pattern, 0.5 m in diameter at the top and 0.5 m apart from each other.

Light soil work and the burial of plant material are [[Agroecology|agroecological]] practices.

====With animal traction====
*'''Delimit''' the plot.
*'''Clear''' the grass and burn it after drying.
*1 month after the first rains, '''plow by burying the recruits''' (young shoots that have regrown).
*'''Note:''' When the land is plowed by animal traction, the creation of ridges may be considered a waste of time by producers; however, the '''yield''' '''in roots is higher''' '''for ridge crops (manual preparation)''' compared to flat plowed fields (animal traction).

===Planting===
[[File:Bouture.pdf|thumb|Cassava cuttings]]
'''At the beginning of the rainy seasons (March and/or October):'''
*'''Harvest cassava stem cuttings''' from the middle part of the stem (once cut, they can be stored for 2 weeks).
*'''Segment the stem cuttings''' into cuttings of '''20 to 25 cm''' before planting. Keep '''a minimum of 3 nodes''' per cutting to '''ensure successful sprouting.'''
*'''Plant''' cassava cuttings.
**'''Spacing''': '''0.75 m within the row''' (11 cuttings for a 10 m ridge) and '''0.75 m between rows.'''
**'''Density: 1''' cutting per location, planted horizontally or obliquely ('''2/3 of the length into the soil''').

[[File:Paillage.jpg|thumb|Mulching]]
===Maintenance===
*'''Complete''' 4 to 6 weeks after planting.
*'''Weed''' 4 to 6 weeks after planting if necessary, and then as needed.
*'''Mulch''': '''Cover the entire surface''' of ridges or mounds with stored or imported straw and with weeding residues. Supplement the mulch as needed during the cycle. It's an agroecological principle; permanent vegetation cover on the soil promotes '''fertility'''. '''Clear the mulch around the cassava stem base''' to '''prevent phytosanitary risks''' (rot, bacterial diseases).

[[File:Botte de bouture de manioc.jpg|thumb|Cassava cutting bundles]]
===Harvest===
*'''Cycle duration: 14 to 18 months.'''
*Cassava harvest can be '''spread over several weeks.'''
*'''Average yield''' in cuttings: 2,500 m² or 125 bundles of cuttings.
{{Clear}}

[[File:Sans titre 2.pdf|thumb|Symptoms of major cassava diseases]]
==Protection==
===Major diseases===
*'''Viral Disease''': '''Mosaic''' is characterized by '''chlorotic spots''' (leaves discolor and exhibit light green, yellow, or white spots).
*'''Bacterial Diseases''': They cause '''burns''' and '''wilting of leaves.'''
*'''Fungal Diseases''': '''Cercosporiosis''' causing '''brown spots''', '''Anthracnose''' manifesting as '''cankers''' (lesions), and '''rot''' that slows down '''growth.'''

Apart from cassava mosaic, which is highly prevalent in the Bas-Congo Province on local varieties, other diseases observed are isolated cases.

===Recommendations===
*Use '''healthy cuttings.'''
*Plant cassava clones that are '''resistant or tolerant''' to mosaic, bacterial diseases, and anthracnose.
*Plant '''at the beginning of the rainy season.'''
*'''Follow agricultural practices''': Organic soil '''amendment''', cuttings '''preparation''', '''plowing''', '''mulching''', and '''crop rotation.'''
*Avoid visiting '''infected fields.'''
*Ensure '''phytosanitation''': Eliminate and destroy plants showing '''any symptoms of diseases''' (remove them from the plot and burn them).

==Sources==
[https://www.agrisud.org/cloud/s/AoofszAckX6gQef/download Projet PADDALU - AgriSud International - RD Congo, Appui au développement durable des activités et des filières agricoles dans le Territoire de Luozi.]

{{Partenariat Urbane}}

{{Annexes de la pratique}}

[[fr:Production de boutures de manioc]]

<references />

Production of cassava cuttings

2024-02-19T08:57:39Z

Lydie Cabaud (2023058429):

{{Pratique
|Image=Culture de manioc
|ImageCaption= Cassava
|Type de production= Field crops
|Objectif= Productivity
|Tag 1 = Agroecology
|Tag 2 = Crop safety
}}{{A la une}}

In the Bas-Congo Province, cassava is the main food and income source for households. However, cultivation is particularly sensitive to mosaic disease, and producers often face '''difficulties in acquiring sufficient quantities of resistant or tolerant varieties'''. To address this constraint, selected cassava cutting multiplication plots, or "wood yard," have been established in collaboration with the beneficiaries.
The challenge of these '''cassava woodlot parks''' is therefore to produce and disseminate cassava varieties that are '''tolerant to mosaic [[:Category:Mosaïque|disease]]'''.

==Cassava==
* '''Local name (Kikongo):''' Mayaka.
* '''Family:''' Euphorbiaceae.
* '''Genus:''' Manihot.
* '''Species:''' Esculenta.
* '''Varieties:''' TME419, 1661, Sadisa, Nsansi, Zizila, Butamu, and Rav.

==Implementation Steps==
=== Identifying the Variety ===
Four criteria are crucial in identifying cassava varieties:

* '''Yield''' (number and size of roots).
* '''Duration of the cycle.'''
* Organoleptic quality for '''food processing''' (for example, in Congo, it is used for making fufu and chickwangue).
* '''Resistance or tolerance''' to mosaic.
* Varieties used in Bas-Congo: TME419, 1661, Sadisa, Nsansi, Zizila, Butamu, Rav, and M'vuazi.

=== Choosing the Site ===
The choice of the site depends on the following technical indications:

* '''Topography''': Bottom slope, gentle slope, plateaus, and plains.
* Proposed standard '''area''': 2,500 m2.
* '''Soil types''': Sandy-clayey, '''deep and well-drained''', '''rich''' in organic matter (dark red or dark brown in color), with few gravels, having good '''water retention''' capacity and being '''easy to work''' (for plowing).

In addition to these criteria, there are management aspects to consider:

* '''Accessible''' on foot.
* Distant from diseased fields to avoid '''contamination.'''
* With a '''previous''' cultural practice of fallow or any other '''crop than''' '''root or tuber plants.'''

{{Annexes de la pratique}}

Production of cassava cuttings

2024-02-19T08:53:50Z

Lydie Cabaud (2023058429): Created page with "{{Pratique |Image=Culture de manioc |ImageCaption= Cassava |Type de production= Field crops |Objectif= Productivity |Tag 1 = Agroecology |Tag 2 = Crop safety }}{{A la une}} In the Bas-Congo Province, cassava is the main food and income source for households. However, cultivation is particularly sensitive to mosaic disease, and producers often face '''difficulties in acquiring sufficient quantities of resistant or tolerant varieties'''. To address this constraint, selec..."

Improving Poultry Farming in Africa

2024-01-18T15:30:00Z

Lydie Cabaud (2023058429):

{{Pratique
|Image=Poulailler communautaire.jpg
|ImageCaption=Poultry farming in a village in Congo
|Type de production=Poultry farming
|Objectif= Improve poultry farming
|Tag 1 = Agroecology
|Tag 2 = Biodiversity
}}
To improve food security of families in a village in Africa through a community project, enhancing the mastery of poultry farming

== Challenges ==
The objectives are to '''sustainably''' '''increase''', '''diversify agricultural production''' and strengthen '''marketing channels''' for better '''environmental management''' of '''productive spaces.'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Problems
!Solutions
|-
|Animals
'''wandering'''
|'''Semi-confinement'''
|-
|Local breed
'''low productivity'''
|Use of
other breeds"
|-

|'''Significant '''
Mortality
related
to '''diseases'''
| New '''practices'''
|}
The practice of '''semi-confinement''' helps to '''prevent wandering''' and ensures a '''complete diet''' for animals. For optimal practices, adhering to a structured organization is crucial :

#'''Feed and water''' the subjects each morning in the poultry house.
#'''Let the subjects roam''' around the poultry house in the evening so they '''can supplement their diet''' themselves, but '''limiting''' the number of hours of exposure to potential predators.
#'''Bring all subjects''' back into the poultry house in the evening to '''prevent risks of predation, theft, or losses.'''
#'''Monitor''' subjects '''every morning''' and '''every evening''' (number and physical condition).

==Steps of implementing a community project==
The '''community poultry house''' aims to '''produce chicks''' that are subsequently '''distributed to members''' to enhance their '''individual breeding workshops.''' The steps to carry out such a project are:

#'''Choosing a village''' with good''' social cohesion''', '''willingness''' (having experience in poultry farming, agreeing to attend training sessions, committing to building their own poultry house) (at least 10 households), '''availability''' of land (with acquisition agreements) and construction materials.
#Organise an '''information meeting''' with villagers, with the '''agreement of the village chief'''. Presentation of the '''objectives''' of the poultry house, the '''terms of collaboration,''' the importance of '''unity''' and '''organization.'''
#Time for discussions and questions.

One to two weeks after the first meeting, with interested people :

#Election of a '''committee of 5 people''' (1 president, 1 vice president, 1 secretary, 1 treasurer, and 1 monitoring officer).
#Development of '''regulations''' to govern '''operations of the poultry house'''.
#A '''collaboration agreement''' is signed between the project and the farmers to determine the '''commitments''' of each party.
#'''Training''', conducted in the '''community poultry house''' to be able to '''directly apply''' the knowledge learned. Use '''visual aids''' to facilitate the transmission and '''understanding of messages'''.
#The '''location''' of the community poultry house must be '''validated by the village chief''' and the '''villagers''' to avoid future disputes regarding the ownership of the building and enclosure. The project should encourage farmers to clearly define '''agreement clauses''' for provision of land and '''the future''' of the community poultry house.

==Construction of a poultry house==
[[File:Poulailler en bambou.jpg|thumb|Bambou poultry house.]]

===Objectives===

*Create a '''favorable environment''' for poultry farming management: '''protection''' of subjects against theft, adverse weather conditions, predation, accidents, and diseases.
*Facilitate intempéries of animals.
*'''Mastering''' production: health, nutrition, reproduction.

===Organization tips===
*Avoid '''periods of high mobilization''' of villagers in the fields for the commencement of work.
*Check the '''availability''' of construction materials.
*Provide '''advisory support''' at '''every stage''' of the construction to '''minimize errors''' leading to additional time and costs.
*'''Establish a deadline''' for the constructions to facilitate monitoring and prevent the work from taking too much time.

===Prerequisites and necessary elements===
====The land====
*'''Proximity''' to housing to facilitate '''access''' and '''monitoring'''.
*Should be '''well-ventilated''' and '''non-floodable'''.
*'''Close to trees''' to facilitate '''shade''' (fast-growing trees like Maringá or Spondias Lutea can be planted).

====Materials====
*For '''construction''' : stakes, bamboo, palm leaves, Raphia vinifera, earth bricks, sticks, straw, wood, vines, thatch, live hedge plants, etc.

*For the '''poultry house''':
**'''Feeders''' (to preserve food from contamination).
** '''Waterer''' (plastic or bamboo) to provide clean water, ensuring the installation of a device preventing the subjects from perching on the waterer.
**'''Nest box''' to ensure good laying conditions, positioned in a dark corner.
**'''Perch''' for comfort during rest periods.

<gallery mode="slideshow">
File:Mangeoire en bambou.jpg|Bamboo feeder
File:Perchoir.jpg|Perch
File:Abreuvoir.jpg|Feeder
</gallery>

===The Model===
The poultry house should be '''oriented''' :

*East-West to '''limit the entry of the sun'''.
*According to the prevailing wind to reduce '''humidity and microbial activity'''.

Beforehand, it is necessary to ensure:

*'''Dimensions''' : They should correspond to the number of subjects to ensure favorable '''sanitary conditions''' inside the poultry house and to '''facilitate work'''. The general rule is usually '''5 subjects per m2'''.
*'''Ventilation''' : Like any livestock building. Farmers should leave spaces for '''the circulation of air''' in the walls.
*'''Slope''' : On sloping land, it is necessary to plan to '''channel water''' to prevent runoff into the buildings.

{{Image centrée|Poulailler type.jpg|border|Standard layout of a community poultry house.}}

===Bedding===
The floor of the poultry house should be covered with a dry bedding of '''10 cm''' thickness. It can be done with wood chips, dead leaves, or bagasse (fibrous residue from sugarcane).

This helps to '''avoid daily cleaning''' of the poultry house and produces a natural '''fertilizer for crops'''.

==Poultry Feeding==
Feeding affects '''weight gain''' and '''egg laying''' (in quantity and quality). To ensure '''good nutrition''', those in charge of the poultry house should be trained in the production of feed using '''local products''' (such as corn, soy, cowpea, and cassava) and the rules for distributing this feed.
===Nutritional Needs ===
Nutritional needs depend on age: an average of '''1.5 kg per month''' from 0 to 18 weeks old, and beyond, '''3.5 kg per month'''.

In villages, small farms typically have subjects at different '''growth stages''', so an average of '''3 kg per subject''' can be adopted.

The production of '''quality feed in sufficient quantity''' is the '''main constraint''' for farmers (difficult grinding, lack of raw materials, etc.). '''Semi-confinement''' thus allows subjects to '''supplement and diversify''' their daily ration without burdening the work of the farmers. Indeed, the '''local feed''', made from corn, cowpea, and cassava, does not '''fully meet the nutritional needs''' of the subjects, complicating confinement farming. Therefore, semi-confinement has been proposed by the project as a farming method.

===Preparation of Feed===
====Preparing the Ingredients====
[[File:Pilage des grains dans le mortier.jpg|thumb|Pounding grains in the mortar.]]
To make the feed, some '''utensils''' are necessary : a pot, a mortar, a pestle, a sieve, a scale, and a pan.

'''For soybeans or cowpeas (protein and lipid contribution)''':
#Beat soybeans or cowpeas to obtain seeds.
#Roast seeds (to deactivate anti-nutritional elements). Put seeds on the fire in a pot. Stir until the seeds become brittle and smell like biscuits (similar to roasted peanuts).
#Put seeds in the mortar and pound.
#Sieve and weigh.

'''For corn (carbohydrate contribution):'''
# Ensure that corn cobs are completely dry.
# Shell corn.
# Pound.
# Sieve and weigh.

'''For cassava (carbohydrate contribution):'''
#Wash cassava roots and cut them into small pieces.
#Let them dry for 4 to 5 days in the sun.
#Pound.
#Sieve and weigh.

====Mixing Process====
Add '''palm oil''' to the mixture crumbs to reduce powdery texture. On a mixing area or a woven canvas bag, layer cassava, corn, and soybeans or cowpeas in batches of 5 layers each.

====Packaging and Storage====
Place the mixture in woven canvas bags. Store in a dry place (elevated to prevent rat attacks).

Store for 2 months.

====Feeding Ration====
A '''ration''' is the '''quantity of food distributed daily to a subject'''. It must contain all the elements necessary for '''growth''' and '''development''' of the animal:

* '''Carbohydrates''' found in '''cereals''' (corn, sorghum), '''roots''', and '''tubers''' (cassava, sweet potatoes).
*'''Proteins''' found in '''legume seeds''' (soybeans, cowpeas, peanuts, pigeon peas) and in seeds and leaves of '''moringa'''.
*'''Lipids''' found in '''fats''' and '''oils''' (palm oil, oilseeds).
*'''Vitamins''' (necessary for '''physiological balance''' and the '''assimilation of other nutrients''') found in edible '''green leaves''' (moringa) and in '''fruits''' (papayas, mangoes, etc.).
*'''Minerals''' (for '''skeleton''' and '''assimilation''' of food) found in lime powder, bone powder, shells, and fish waste.

====Feed Distribution====
Distribution is usually done in the '''morning''' and in '''sufficient quantity''' according to the '''growth stage''':

*Distribute '''15 grams per subject''' per day from the '''first week'''.
*'''Increase''' the quantity by 5 grams/day each week until the 22nd weeks old, then stabilize the intake at '''120 g/subject/day''' until '''culling'''.
*Distribute feed in '''feeders''' (bamboo or metal) to '''prevent waste''' or '''contamination'''.
*Ensure '''permanent availability''' of '''good-quality water'''.
[[File:Distribution de l'aliment.jpg|thumb|Feed distribution]]

====Feed Changes====
The transition from one feed to another must be done '''gradually''' to avoid '''stressing''' animals.

It will be done '''gradually over 7 days''' according to the rhythm and the ratio % old feed / % new feed as follows:

*Day 1 — Day 2: 75% / 25%.
*Day 3 — Day 4: 50% / 50%.
*Day 5 — Day 6: 25% / 75%.
*Day 7: 0% / 100%.

==Hygiene and Animal Health==
In the management of small poultry farms, good animal health plays a crucial role. The transition from '''free-ranging''' to '''semi-confinement''' requires training farmers in the basic rules of '''preventing health risks''' and their '''treatment'''.

'''Objectives include:'''

*Maintain '''good health''' of the subjects.

*'''Limit risks''' of parasitic and diarrheal diseases.

*'''Minimize losses''' of subjects and economic losses related to diseases (growth delay, egg drop, low hatch rate, poor meat quality).

*Implement sanitary and medical '''prophylaxis measures''' while respecting farming methods.

===Main Health Rules===
====Flock size per poultry house====
Recommended density: 5 subjects / m² / breeding hens.

====Cleaning====
*Daily cleaning of waterers and feeders.

*Replacement of bedding every 2 or 3 months.

*Replace bedding if it is damp (risk of coccidiosis).

====Feeding====
*Water renewed daily.

*Device on the drinkers preventing subjects from perching on them.

*Daily feeding according to the subjects growth.

==Disease Control==
Diseases can be '''prevented''' through '''preventive practices''' or '''cured''' through '''curative practices.'''
[[File:Campagne de vaccination.jpg|thumb|Vaccination campaign]]

=== Virulent Newcastle disease / Avian disease ===
====Symptoms====

* Difficulty breathing.
* Paralysis.
* Tremors.
* Diarrhea.
* Reduced egg production or abnormal eggs.

====Measures====

*'''Preventive''': Oral or ocular-nasal vaccination (I-2 thermotolerant vaccine for subjects of all ages). If losses due to Avian Pseudo Plague (APP) are '''recurrent''' and '''decimate''' the flocks, preventive vaccination should be considered. The treatment is financially accessible '''(approximately 6 dollars for 200 doses).'''

==== Vaccination Procedure ====
*For ocular-nasal administration, find a dropper and calculate the amount of diluent needed for 200 drops (which represent 200 doses for 200 subjects).
*The product "shaldix" (treatment) is anti-inflammatory for the eyes. Dilute the vaccine in 1 vial of 10 cc (use single-use droppers).

===Gumboro Disease ===

====Symptoms====

* Loss of appetite.
* Weight loss.
* Paralysis.
* Tremors.
* Lethargy.

====Measures====

*'''Preventive''': Oral vaccination (dilute the vial in 1 to 5 liters of water). Doses: 1st week old, booster before the onset of laying, at the 18th week of age.

*'''Curative''': Sugar: 2g/L of water for 4 days. Diaziprim (soluble powder to prevent bacterial complications).

=== Fowlpox ===

====Symptoms====

* Conjunctivitis.
* Sneezing.
* Difficulty swallowing and breathing.
* Crusts on the comb and wattles.

====Measures====

*'''Preventive:''' Vaccine in a vial (1000 doses with diluent and vaccines). 1st dose at 2 weeks old. Booster before the onset of laying. Dose at the 18 weeks old.

*'''Curative:''' Phenol solution: 0.5 to 1 cc/subject, subcutaneously, at the neck level. Repeat after 8 days.

=== Histomoniasis (Histomonas gallinarum)===

==== Symptoms====

* Brownish diarrhea.

==== Measure====

*'''Curative:''' Diaziprim for 5 days (250g in 1.5 liters of water).

===Worm Infestation (Ascaridiasis and Capillariasis spp)===

====Symptoms====

* Lack of appetite.
* Diarrhea.
* Growth slowdown.
* Reduced egg production or malformed eggs.

====Measures====

*'''Preventive:''' Levamisole: 0.5 g/liter of water for the 1st day. Repeat after 45 to 60 days.
*'''Curative:''' Preventive measure + vitamins: 0.5g to 1g/liter of water for 3 days.

===Nutritional Deficiency Diseases (Deficiency in Vitamin D, Calcium, Phosphorus, Vitamins)===

====Symptoms====

* Leg deviation.
* Feather loss.
* Growth retardation.

====Measures====

*'''Preventive:''' Balanced diet.
*'''Curative:''' Mineral supplement, vitamin in case of deficiency: 2g salt/liter of water for 2 days.

===Coccidiosis (Eimeria avium Coccidiosis)===

====Symptoms====

* Red diarrhea.
* Drop in egg production.
* Lack of appetite.
* Weight loss.

====Measures====

*'''Preventive:''' Coccidiostat in the diet.
*'''Curative:''' Emprolium: 1g/liter for 3 days.

===Required Materials:===

* Vaccines and droppers.
* Diluent or spring water.
* Ice tray and ice packs.

Maintaining the cold chain is essential to ensure the success of vaccination. Vaccines must be kept refrigerated.

==Sources==

Report conducted as part of the Sustainable Agriculture and Professionalization of Agricultural Sectors Project in the MAYOMBE Territories of Lukula and Tshela.

Prepared by: Kaddy Bikawa, Zone Manager & Clément Vialade, Technical and Economic Assistant

Support for Implementation: Agrisud Operations Department.

Photographic Fund: Agrisud Teams.{{Practice Appendices}}

{{Annexes de la pratique}}

[[fr:Améliorer les élevages avicoles en Afrique]]

Improving Poultry Farming in Africa

2024-01-18T15:27:52Z

Lydie Cabaud (2023058429):

{{Pratique
|Image=Poulailler communautaire.jpg
|ImageCaption=Poultry farming in a village in Congo
|Type de production=Poultry farming
|Objectif=
|Tag 1 = Agroecology
|Tag 2 = Biodiversity
}}
To improve food security of families in a village in Africa through a community project, enhancing the mastery of poultry farming

== Challenges ==
The objectives are to '''sustainably''' '''increase''', '''diversify agricultural production''' and strengthen '''marketing channels''' for better '''environmental management''' of '''productive spaces.'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Problems
!Solutions
|-
|Animals
'''wandering'''
|'''Semi-confinement'''
|-
|Local breed
'''low productivity'''
|Use of
other breeds"
|-

|'''Significant '''
Mortality
related
to '''diseases'''
| New '''practices'''
|}
The practice of '''semi-confinement''' helps to '''prevent wandering''' and ensures a '''complete diet''' for animals. For optimal practices, adhering to a structured organization is crucial :

#'''Feed and water''' the subjects each morning in the poultry house.
#'''Let the subjects roam''' around the poultry house in the evening so they '''can supplement their diet''' themselves, but '''limiting''' the number of hours of exposure to potential predators.
#'''Bring all subjects''' back into the poultry house in the evening to '''prevent risks of predation, theft, or losses.'''
#'''Monitor''' subjects '''every morning''' and '''every evening''' (number and physical condition).

==Steps of implementing a community project==
The '''community poultry house''' aims to '''produce chicks''' that are subsequently '''distributed to members''' to enhance their '''individual breeding workshops.''' The steps to carry out such a project are:

#'''Choosing a village''' with good''' social cohesion''', '''willingness''' (having experience in poultry farming, agreeing to attend training sessions, committing to building their own poultry house) (at least 10 households), '''availability''' of land (with acquisition agreements) and construction materials.
#Organise an '''information meeting''' with villagers, with the '''agreement of the village chief'''. Presentation of the '''objectives''' of the poultry house, the '''terms of collaboration,''' the importance of '''unity''' and '''organization.'''
#Time for discussions and questions.

One to two weeks after the first meeting, with interested people :

#Election of a '''committee of 5 people''' (1 president, 1 vice president, 1 secretary, 1 treasurer, and 1 monitoring officer).
#Development of '''regulations''' to govern '''operations of the poultry house'''.
#A '''collaboration agreement''' is signed between the project and the farmers to determine the '''commitments''' of each party.
#'''Training''', conducted in the '''community poultry house''' to be able to '''directly apply''' the knowledge learned. Use '''visual aids''' to facilitate the transmission and '''understanding of messages'''.
#The '''location''' of the community poultry house must be '''validated by the village chief''' and the '''villagers''' to avoid future disputes regarding the ownership of the building and enclosure. The project should encourage farmers to clearly define '''agreement clauses''' for provision of land and '''the future''' of the community poultry house.

==Construction of a poultry house==
[[File:Poulailler en bambou.jpg|thumb|Bambou poultry house.]]

===Objectives===

*Create a '''favorable environment''' for poultry farming management: '''protection''' of subjects against theft, adverse weather conditions, predation, accidents, and diseases.
*Facilitate intempéries of animals.
*'''Mastering''' production: health, nutrition, reproduction.

===Organization tips===
*Avoid '''periods of high mobilization''' of villagers in the fields for the commencement of work.
*Check the '''availability''' of construction materials.
*Provide '''advisory support''' at '''every stage''' of the construction to '''minimize errors''' leading to additional time and costs.
*'''Establish a deadline''' for the constructions to facilitate monitoring and prevent the work from taking too much time.

===Prerequisites and necessary elements===
====The land====
*'''Proximity''' to housing to facilitate '''access''' and '''monitoring'''.
*Should be '''well-ventilated''' and '''non-floodable'''.
*'''Close to trees''' to facilitate '''shade''' (fast-growing trees like Maringá or Spondias Lutea can be planted).

====Materials====
*For '''construction''' : stakes, bamboo, palm leaves, Raphia vinifera, earth bricks, sticks, straw, wood, vines, thatch, live hedge plants, etc.

*For the '''poultry house''':
**'''Feeders''' (to preserve food from contamination).
** '''Waterer''' (plastic or bamboo) to provide clean water, ensuring the installation of a device preventing the subjects from perching on the waterer.
**'''Nest box''' to ensure good laying conditions, positioned in a dark corner.
**'''Perch''' for comfort during rest periods.

<gallery mode="slideshow">
File:Mangeoire en bambou.jpg|Bamboo feeder
File:Perchoir.jpg|Perch
File:Abreuvoir.jpg|Feeder
</gallery>

===The Model===
The poultry house should be '''oriented''' :

*East-West to '''limit the entry of the sun'''.
*According to the prevailing wind to reduce '''humidity and microbial activity'''.

Beforehand, it is necessary to ensure:

*'''Dimensions''' : They should correspond to the number of subjects to ensure favorable '''sanitary conditions''' inside the poultry house and to '''facilitate work'''. The general rule is usually '''5 subjects per m2'''.
*'''Ventilation''' : Like any livestock building. Farmers should leave spaces for '''the circulation of air''' in the walls.
*'''Slope''' : On sloping land, it is necessary to plan to '''channel water''' to prevent runoff into the buildings.

{{Image centrée|Poulailler type.jpg|border|Standard layout of a community poultry house.}}

===Bedding===
The floor of the poultry house should be covered with a dry bedding of '''10 cm''' thickness. It can be done with wood chips, dead leaves, or bagasse (fibrous residue from sugarcane).

This helps to '''avoid daily cleaning''' of the poultry house and produces a natural '''fertilizer for crops'''.

==Poultry Feeding==
Feeding affects '''weight gain''' and '''egg laying''' (in quantity and quality). To ensure '''good nutrition''', those in charge of the poultry house should be trained in the production of feed using '''local products''' (such as corn, soy, cowpea, and cassava) and the rules for distributing this feed.
===Nutritional Needs ===
Nutritional needs depend on age: an average of '''1.5 kg per month''' from 0 to 18 weeks old, and beyond, '''3.5 kg per month'''.

In villages, small farms typically have subjects at different '''growth stages''', so an average of '''3 kg per subject''' can be adopted.

The production of '''quality feed in sufficient quantity''' is the '''main constraint''' for farmers (difficult grinding, lack of raw materials, etc.). '''Semi-confinement''' thus allows subjects to '''supplement and diversify''' their daily ration without burdening the work of the farmers. Indeed, the '''local feed''', made from corn, cowpea, and cassava, does not '''fully meet the nutritional needs''' of the subjects, complicating confinement farming. Therefore, semi-confinement has been proposed by the project as a farming method.

===Preparation of Feed===
====Preparing the Ingredients====
[[File:Pilage des grains dans le mortier.jpg|thumb|Pounding grains in the mortar.]]
To make the feed, some '''utensils''' are necessary : a pot, a mortar, a pestle, a sieve, a scale, and a pan.

'''For soybeans or cowpeas (protein and lipid contribution)''':
#Beat soybeans or cowpeas to obtain seeds.
#Roast seeds (to deactivate anti-nutritional elements). Put seeds on the fire in a pot. Stir until the seeds become brittle and smell like biscuits (similar to roasted peanuts).
#Put seeds in the mortar and pound.
#Sieve and weigh.

'''For corn (carbohydrate contribution):'''
# Ensure that corn cobs are completely dry.
# Shell corn.
# Pound.
# Sieve and weigh.

'''For cassava (carbohydrate contribution):'''
#Wash cassava roots and cut them into small pieces.
#Let them dry for 4 to 5 days in the sun.
#Pound.
#Sieve and weigh.

====Mixing Process====
Add '''palm oil''' to the mixture crumbs to reduce powdery texture. On a mixing area or a woven canvas bag, layer cassava, corn, and soybeans or cowpeas in batches of 5 layers each.

====Packaging and Storage====
Place the mixture in woven canvas bags. Store in a dry place (elevated to prevent rat attacks).

Store for 2 months.

====Feeding Ration====
A '''ration''' is the '''quantity of food distributed daily to a subject'''. It must contain all the elements necessary for '''growth''' and '''development''' of the animal:

* '''Carbohydrates''' found in '''cereals''' (corn, sorghum), '''roots''', and '''tubers''' (cassava, sweet potatoes).
*'''Proteins''' found in '''legume seeds''' (soybeans, cowpeas, peanuts, pigeon peas) and in seeds and leaves of '''moringa'''.
*'''Lipids''' found in '''fats''' and '''oils''' (palm oil, oilseeds).
*'''Vitamins''' (necessary for '''physiological balance''' and the '''assimilation of other nutrients''') found in edible '''green leaves''' (moringa) and in '''fruits''' (papayas, mangoes, etc.).
*'''Minerals''' (for '''skeleton''' and '''assimilation''' of food) found in lime powder, bone powder, shells, and fish waste.

====Feed Distribution====
Distribution is usually done in the '''morning''' and in '''sufficient quantity''' according to the '''growth stage''':

*Distribute '''15 grams per subject''' per day from the '''first week'''.
*'''Increase''' the quantity by 5 grams/day each week until the 22nd weeks old, then stabilize the intake at '''120 g/subject/day''' until '''culling'''.
*Distribute feed in '''feeders''' (bamboo or metal) to '''prevent waste''' or '''contamination'''.
*Ensure '''permanent availability''' of '''good-quality water'''.
[[Fichier:Distribution de l'aliment.jpg|vignette|Feed distribution]]

====Feed Changes====
The transition from one feed to another must be done '''gradually''' to avoid '''stressing''' animals.

It will be done '''gradually over 7 days''' according to the rhythm and the ratio % old feed / % new feed as follows:

*Day 1 — Day 2: 75% / 25%.
*Day 3 — Day 4: 50% / 50%.
*Day 5 — Day 6: 25% / 75%.
*Day 7: 0% / 100%.

==Hygiene and Animal Health==
In the management of small poultry farms, good animal health plays a crucial role. The transition from '''free-ranging''' to '''semi-confinement''' requires training farmers in the basic rules of '''preventing health risks''' and their '''treatment'''.

'''Objectives include:'''

*Maintain '''good health''' of the subjects.

*'''Limit risks''' of parasitic and diarrheal diseases.

*'''Minimize losses''' of subjects and economic losses related to diseases (growth delay, egg drop, low hatch rate, poor meat quality).

*Implement sanitary and medical '''prophylaxis measures''' while respecting farming methods.

===Main Health Rules===
====Flock size per poultry house====
Recommended density: 5 subjects / m² / breeding hens.

====Cleaning====
*Daily cleaning of waterers and feeders.

*Replacement of bedding every 2 or 3 months.

*Replace bedding if it is damp (risk of coccidiosis).

====Feeding====
*Water renewed daily.

*Device on the drinkers preventing subjects from perching on them.

*Daily feeding according to the subjects growth.

==Disease Control==
Diseases can be '''prevented''' through '''preventive practices''' or '''cured''' through '''curative practices.'''
[[File:Campagne de vaccination.jpg|thumb|Vaccination campaign]]

=== Virulent Newcastle disease / Avian disease ===
====Symptoms====

* Difficulty breathing.
* Paralysis.
* Tremors.
* Diarrhea.
* Reduced egg production or abnormal eggs.

====Measures====

*'''Preventive''': Oral or ocular-nasal vaccination (I-2 thermotolerant vaccine for subjects of all ages). If losses due to Avian Pseudo Plague (APP) are '''recurrent''' and '''decimate''' the flocks, preventive vaccination should be considered. The treatment is financially accessible '''(approximately 6 dollars for 200 doses).'''

==== Vaccination Procedure ====
*For ocular-nasal administration, find a dropper and calculate the amount of diluent needed for 200 drops (which represent 200 doses for 200 subjects).
*The product "shaldix" (treatment) is anti-inflammatory for the eyes. Dilute the vaccine in 1 vial of 10 cc (use single-use droppers).

===Gumboro Disease ===

====Symptoms====

* Loss of appetite.
* Weight loss.
* Paralysis.
* Tremors.
* Lethargy.

====Measures====

*'''Preventive''': Oral vaccination (dilute the vial in 1 to 5 liters of water). Doses: 1st week old, booster before the onset of laying, at the 18th week of age.

*'''Curative''': Sugar: 2g/L of water for 4 days. Diaziprim (soluble powder to prevent bacterial complications).

=== Fowlpox ===

====Symptoms====

* Conjunctivitis.
* Sneezing.
* Difficulty swallowing and breathing.
* Crusts on the comb and wattles.

====Measures====

*'''Preventive:''' Vaccine in a vial (1000 doses with diluent and vaccines). 1st dose at 2 weeks old. Booster before the onset of laying. Dose at the 18 weeks old.

*'''Curative:''' Phenol solution: 0.5 to 1 cc/subject, subcutaneously, at the neck level. Repeat after 8 days.

=== Histomoniasis (Histomonas gallinarum)===

==== Symptoms====

* Brownish diarrhea.

==== Measure====

*'''Curative:''' Diaziprim for 5 days (250g in 1.5 liters of water).

===Worm Infestation (Ascaridiasis and Capillariasis spp)===

====Symptoms====

* Lack of appetite.
* Diarrhea.
* Growth slowdown.
* Reduced egg production or malformed eggs.

====Measures====

*'''Preventive:''' Levamisole: 0.5 g/liter of water for the 1st day. Repeat after 45 to 60 days.
*'''Curative:''' Preventive measure + vitamins: 0.5g to 1g/liter of water for 3 days.

===Nutritional Deficiency Diseases (Deficiency in Vitamin D, Calcium, Phosphorus, Vitamins)===

====Symptoms====

* Leg deviation.
* Feather loss.
* Growth retardation.

====Measures====

*'''Preventive:''' Balanced diet.
*'''Curative:''' Mineral supplement, vitamin in case of deficiency: 2g salt/liter of water for 2 days.

===Coccidiosis (Eimeria avium Coccidiosis)===

====Symptoms====

* Red diarrhea.
* Drop in egg production.
* Lack of appetite.
* Weight loss.

====Measures====

*'''Preventive:''' Coccidiostat in the diet.
*'''Curative:''' Emprolium: 1g/liter for 3 days.

===Required Materials:===

* Vaccines and droppers.
* Diluent or spring water.
* Ice tray and ice packs.

Maintaining the cold chain is essential to ensure the success of vaccination. Vaccines must be kept refrigerated.

==Sources==

Report conducted as part of the Sustainable Agriculture and Professionalization of Agricultural Sectors Project in the MAYOMBE Territories of Lukula and Tshela.

Prepared by: Kaddy Bikawa, Zone Manager & Clément Vialade, Technical and Economic Assistant

Support for Implementation: Agrisud Operations Department.

Photographic Fund: Agrisud Teams.{{Practice Appendices}}

{{Annexes de la pratique}}

[[fr:Améliorer les élevages avicoles en Afrique]]

Improving Poultry Farming in Africa

2024-01-18T15:26:16Z

Lydie Cabaud (2023058429):

{{Pratique
|Image=Poulailler communautaire.jpg
|ImageCaption=Poultry farming in a village in Congo
|Type de production=Poultry farming
|Objectif=
|Tag 1 = Agroecology
|Tag 2 = Biodiversity
}}
To improve food security of families in a village in Africa through a community project, enhancing the mastery of poultry farming

== Challenges ==
The objectives are to '''sustainably''' '''increase''', '''diversify agricultural production''' and strengthen '''marketing channels''' for better '''environmental management''' of '''productive spaces.'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Problems
!Solutions
|-
|Animals
'''wandering'''
|'''Semi-confinement'''
|-
|Local breed
'''low productivity'''
|Use of
other breeds"
|-

|'''Significant '''
Mortality
related
to '''diseases'''
| New '''practices'''
|}
The practice of '''semi-confinement''' helps to '''prevent wandering''' and ensures a '''complete diet''' for animals. For optimal practices, adhering to a structured organization is crucial :

#'''Feed and water''' the subjects each morning in the poultry house.
#'''Let the subjects roam''' around the poultry house in the evening so they '''can supplement their diet''' themselves, but '''limiting''' the number of hours of exposure to potential predators.
#'''Bring all subjects''' back into the poultry house in the evening to '''prevent risks of predation, theft, or losses.'''
#'''Monitor''' subjects '''every morning''' and '''every evening''' (number and physical condition).

==Steps of implementing a community project==
The '''community poultry house''' aims to '''produce chicks''' that are subsequently '''distributed to members''' to enhance their '''individual breeding workshops.''' The steps to carry out such a project are:

#'''Choosing a village''' with good''' social cohesion''', '''willingness''' (having experience in poultry farming, agreeing to attend training sessions, committing to building their own poultry house) (at least 10 households), '''availability''' of land (with acquisition agreements) and construction materials.
#Organise an '''information meeting''' with villagers, with the '''agreement of the village chief'''. Presentation of the '''objectives''' of the poultry house, the '''terms of collaboration,''' the importance of '''unity''' and '''organization.'''
#Time for discussions and questions.

One to two weeks after the first meeting, with interested people :

#Election of a '''committee of 5 people''' (1 president, 1 vice president, 1 secretary, 1 treasurer, and 1 monitoring officer).
#Development of '''regulations''' to govern '''operations of the poultry house'''.
#A '''collaboration agreement''' is signed between the project and the farmers to determine the '''commitments''' of each party.
#'''Training''', conducted in the '''community poultry house''' to be able to '''directly apply''' the knowledge learned. Use '''visual aids''' to facilitate the transmission and '''understanding of messages'''.
#The '''location''' of the community poultry house must be '''validated by the village chief''' and the '''villagers''' to avoid future disputes regarding the ownership of the building and enclosure. The project should encourage farmers to clearly define '''agreement clauses''' for provision of land and '''the future''' of the community poultry house.

==Construction of a poultry house==
[[File:Poulailler en bambou.jpg|thumb|Bambou poultry house.]]

===Objectives===

*Create a '''favorable environment''' for poultry farming management: '''protection''' of subjects against theft, adverse weather conditions, predation, accidents, and diseases.
*Facilitate intempéries of animals.
*'''Mastering''' production: health, nutrition, reproduction.

===Organization tips===
*Avoid '''periods of high mobilization''' of villagers in the fields for the commencement of work.
*Check the '''availability''' of construction materials.
*Provide '''advisory support''' at '''every stage''' of the construction to '''minimize errors''' leading to additional time and costs.
*'''Establish a deadline''' for the constructions to facilitate monitoring and prevent the work from taking too much time.

===Prerequisites and necessary elements===
====The land====
*'''Proximity''' to housing to facilitate '''access''' and '''monitoring'''.
*Should be '''well-ventilated''' and '''non-floodable'''.
*'''Close to trees''' to facilitate '''shade''' (fast-growing trees like Maringá or Spondias Lutea can be planted).

====Materials====
*For '''construction''' : stakes, bamboo, palm leaves, Raphia vinifera, earth bricks, sticks, straw, wood, vines, thatch, live hedge plants, etc.

*For the '''poultry house''':
**'''Feeders''' (to preserve food from contamination).
** '''Waterer''' (plastic or bamboo) to provide clean water, ensuring the installation of a device preventing the subjects from perching on the waterer.
**'''Nest box''' to ensure good laying conditions, positioned in a dark corner.
**'''Perch''' for comfort during rest periods.

<gallery mode="slideshow">
File:Mangeoire en bambou.jpg|Bamboo feeder
File:Perchoir.jpg|Perch
File:Abreuvoir.jpg|Feeder
</gallery>

===The Model===
The poultry house should be '''oriented''' :

*East-West to '''limit the entry of the sun'''.
*According to the prevailing wind to reduce '''humidity and microbial activity'''.

Beforehand, it is necessary to ensure:

*'''Dimensions''' : They should correspond to the number of subjects to ensure favorable '''sanitary conditions''' inside the poultry house and to '''facilitate work'''. The general rule is usually '''5 subjects per m2'''.
*'''Ventilation''' : Like any livestock building. Farmers should leave spaces for '''the circulation of air''' in the walls.
*'''Slope''' : On sloping land, it is necessary to plan to '''channel water''' to prevent runoff into the buildings.

{{Centered Image|Poulailler type.jpg|border|Standard layout of a community poultry house.}}

===Bedding===
The floor of the poultry house should be covered with a dry bedding of '''10 cm''' thickness. It can be done with wood chips, dead leaves, or bagasse (fibrous residue from sugarcane).

This helps to '''avoid daily cleaning''' of the poultry house and produces a natural '''fertilizer for crops'''.

==Poultry Feeding==
Feeding affects '''weight gain''' and '''egg laying''' (in quantity and quality). To ensure '''good nutrition''', those in charge of the poultry house should be trained in the production of feed using '''local products''' (such as corn, soy, cowpea, and cassava) and the rules for distributing this feed.
===Nutritional Needs ===
Nutritional needs depend on age: an average of '''1.5 kg per month''' from 0 to 18 weeks old, and beyond, '''3.5 kg per month'''.

In villages, small farms typically have subjects at different '''growth stages''', so an average of '''3 kg per subject''' can be adopted.

The production of '''quality feed in sufficient quantity''' is the '''main constraint''' for farmers (difficult grinding, lack of raw materials, etc.). '''Semi-confinement''' thus allows subjects to '''supplement and diversify''' their daily ration without burdening the work of the farmers. Indeed, the '''local feed''', made from corn, cowpea, and cassava, does not '''fully meet the nutritional needs''' of the subjects, complicating confinement farming. Therefore, semi-confinement has been proposed by the project as a farming method.

===Preparation of Feed===
====Preparing the Ingredients====
[[File:Pilage des grains dans le mortier.jpg|thumb|Pounding grains in the mortar.]]
To make the feed, some '''utensils''' are necessary : a pot, a mortar, a pestle, a sieve, a scale, and a pan.

'''For soybeans or cowpeas (protein and lipid contribution)''':
#Beat soybeans or cowpeas to obtain seeds.
#Roast seeds (to deactivate anti-nutritional elements). Put seeds on the fire in a pot. Stir until the seeds become brittle and smell like biscuits (similar to roasted peanuts).
#Put seeds in the mortar and pound.
#Sieve and weigh.

'''For corn (carbohydrate contribution):'''
# Ensure that corn cobs are completely dry.
# Shell corn.
# Pound.
# Sieve and weigh.

'''For cassava (carbohydrate contribution):'''
#Wash cassava roots and cut them into small pieces.
#Let them dry for 4 to 5 days in the sun.
#Pound.
#Sieve and weigh.

====Mixing Process====
Add '''palm oil''' to the mixture crumbs to reduce powdery texture. On a mixing area or a woven canvas bag, layer cassava, corn, and soybeans or cowpeas in batches of 5 layers each.

====Packaging and Storage====
Place the mixture in woven canvas bags. Store in a dry place (elevated to prevent rat attacks).

Store for 2 months.

====Feeding Ration====
A '''ration''' is the '''quantity of food distributed daily to a subject'''. It must contain all the elements necessary for '''growth''' and '''development''' of the animal:

* '''Carbohydrates''' found in '''cereals''' (corn, sorghum), '''roots''', and '''tubers''' (cassava, sweet potatoes).
*'''Proteins''' found in '''legume seeds''' (soybeans, cowpeas, peanuts, pigeon peas) and in seeds and leaves of '''moringa'''.
*'''Lipids''' found in '''fats''' and '''oils''' (palm oil, oilseeds).
*'''Vitamins''' (necessary for '''physiological balance''' and the '''assimilation of other nutrients''') found in edible '''green leaves''' (moringa) and in '''fruits''' (papayas, mangoes, etc.).
*'''Minerals''' (for '''skeleton''' and '''assimilation''' of food) found in lime powder, bone powder, shells, and fish waste.

====Feed Distribution====
Distribution is usually done in the '''morning''' and in '''sufficient quantity''' according to the '''growth stage''':

*Distribute '''15 grams per subject''' per day from the '''first week'''.
*'''Increase''' the quantity by 5 grams/day each week until the 22nd weeks old, then stabilize the intake at '''120 g/subject/day''' until '''culling'''.
*Distribute feed in '''feeders''' (bamboo or metal) to '''prevent waste''' or '''contamination'''.
*Ensure '''permanent availability''' of '''good-quality water'''.
[[Fichier:Distribution de l'aliment.jpg|vignette|Feed distribution]]

====Feed Changes====
The transition from one feed to another must be done '''gradually''' to avoid '''stressing''' animals.

It will be done '''gradually over 7 days''' according to the rhythm and the ratio % old feed / % new feed as follows:

*Day 1 — Day 2: 75% / 25%.
*Day 3 — Day 4: 50% / 50%.
*Day 5 — Day 6: 25% / 75%.
*Day 7: 0% / 100%.

==Hygiene and Animal Health==
In the management of small poultry farms, good animal health plays a crucial role. The transition from '''free-ranging''' to '''semi-confinement''' requires training farmers in the basic rules of '''preventing health risks''' and their '''treatment'''.

'''Objectives include:'''

*Maintain '''good health''' of the subjects.

*'''Limit risks''' of parasitic and diarrheal diseases.

*'''Minimize losses''' of subjects and economic losses related to diseases (growth delay, egg drop, low hatch rate, poor meat quality).

*Implement sanitary and medical '''prophylaxis measures''' while respecting farming methods.

===Main Health Rules===
====Flock size per poultry house====
Recommended density: 5 subjects / m² / breeding hens.

====Cleaning====
*Daily cleaning of waterers and feeders.

*Replacement of bedding every 2 or 3 months.

*Replace bedding if it is damp (risk of coccidiosis).

====Feeding====
*Water renewed daily.

*Device on the drinkers preventing subjects from perching on them.

*Daily feeding according to the subjects growth.

==Disease Control==
Diseases can be '''prevented''' through '''preventive practices''' or '''cured''' through '''curative practices.'''
[[File:Campagne de vaccination.jpg|thumb|Vaccination campaign]]

=== Virulent Newcastle disease / Avian disease ===
====Symptoms====

* Difficulty breathing.
* Paralysis.
* Tremors.
* Diarrhea.
* Reduced egg production or abnormal eggs.

====Measures====

*'''Preventive''': Oral or ocular-nasal vaccination (I-2 thermotolerant vaccine for subjects of all ages). If losses due to Avian Pseudo Plague (APP) are '''recurrent''' and '''decimate''' the flocks, preventive vaccination should be considered. The treatment is financially accessible '''(approximately 6 dollars for 200 doses).'''

==== Vaccination Procedure ====
*For ocular-nasal administration, find a dropper and calculate the amount of diluent needed for 200 drops (which represent 200 doses for 200 subjects).
*The product "shaldix" (treatment) is anti-inflammatory for the eyes. Dilute the vaccine in 1 vial of 10 cc (use single-use droppers).

===Gumboro Disease ===

====Symptoms====

* Loss of appetite.
* Weight loss.
* Paralysis.
* Tremors.
* Lethargy.

====Measures====

*'''Preventive''': Oral vaccination (dilute the vial in 1 to 5 liters of water). Doses: 1st week old, booster before the onset of laying, at the 18th week of age.

*'''Curative''': Sugar: 2g/L of water for 4 days. Diaziprim (soluble powder to prevent bacterial complications).

=== Fowlpox ===

====Symptoms====

* Conjunctivitis.
* Sneezing.
* Difficulty swallowing and breathing.
* Crusts on the comb and wattles.

====Measures====

*'''Preventive:''' Vaccine in a vial (1000 doses with diluent and vaccines). 1st dose at 2 weeks old. Booster before the onset of laying. Dose at the 18 weeks old.

*'''Curative:''' Phenol solution: 0.5 to 1 cc/subject, subcutaneously, at the neck level. Repeat after 8 days.

=== Histomoniasis (Histomonas gallinarum)===

==== Symptoms====

* Brownish diarrhea.

==== Measure====

*'''Curative:''' Diaziprim for 5 days (250g in 1.5 liters of water).

===Worm Infestation (Ascaridiasis and Capillariasis spp)===

====Symptoms====

* Lack of appetite.
* Diarrhea.
* Growth slowdown.
* Reduced egg production or malformed eggs.

====Measures====

*'''Preventive:''' Levamisole: 0.5 g/liter of water for the 1st day. Repeat after 45 to 60 days.
*'''Curative:''' Preventive measure + vitamins: 0.5g to 1g/liter of water for 3 days.

===Nutritional Deficiency Diseases (Deficiency in Vitamin D, Calcium, Phosphorus, Vitamins)===

====Symptoms====

* Leg deviation.
* Feather loss.
* Growth retardation.

====Measures====

*'''Preventive:''' Balanced diet.
*'''Curative:''' Mineral supplement, vitamin in case of deficiency: 2g salt/liter of water for 2 days.

===Coccidiosis (Eimeria avium Coccidiosis)===

====Symptoms====

* Red diarrhea.
* Drop in egg production.
* Lack of appetite.
* Weight loss.

====Measures====

*'''Preventive:''' Coccidiostat in the diet.
*'''Curative:''' Emprolium: 1g/liter for 3 days.

===Required Materials:===

* Vaccines and droppers.
* Diluent or spring water.
* Ice tray and ice packs.

Maintaining the cold chain is essential to ensure the success of vaccination. Vaccines must be kept refrigerated.

==Sources==

Report conducted as part of the Sustainable Agriculture and Professionalization of Agricultural Sectors Project in the MAYOMBE Territories of Lukula and Tshela.

Prepared by: Kaddy Bikawa, Zone Manager & Clément Vialade, Technical and Economic Assistant

Support for Implementation: Agrisud Operations Department.

Photographic Fund: Agrisud Teams.{{Practice Appendices}}

{{Annexes de la pratique}}

[[fr:Améliorer les élevages avicoles en Afrique]]

Improving Poultry Farming in Africa

2024-01-18T15:21:58Z

Lydie Cabaud (2023058429):

{{Pratique
|Image=Poulailler communautaire.jpg
|ImageCaption=Poultry farming in a village in Congo
|Type de production=Poultry farming
|Objectif=
|Tag 1 = Agroecology
|Tag 2 = Biodiversity
}}
To improve food security of families in a village in Africa through a community project, enhancing the mastery of poultry farming

== Challenges ==
The objectives are to '''sustainably''' '''increase''', '''diversify agricultural production''' and strengthen '''marketing channels''' for better '''environmental management''' of '''productive spaces.'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Problems
!Solutions
|-
|Animals
'''wandering'''
|'''Semi-confinement'''
|-
|Local breed
'''low productivity'''
|Use of
other breeds"
|-

|'''Significant '''
Mortality
related
to '''diseases'''
| New '''practices'''
|}
The practice of '''semi-confinement''' helps to '''prevent wandering''' and ensures a '''complete diet''' for animals. For optimal practices, adhering to a structured organization is crucial :

#'''Feed and water''' the subjects each morning in the poultry house.
#'''Let the subjects roam''' around the poultry house in the evening so they '''can supplement their diet''' themselves, but '''limiting''' the number of hours of exposure to potential predators.
#'''Bring all subjects''' back into the poultry house in the evening to '''prevent risks of predation, theft, or losses.'''
#'''Monitor''' subjects '''every morning''' and '''every evening''' (number and physical condition).

==Steps of implementing a community project==
The '''community poultry house''' aims to '''produce chicks''' that are subsequently '''distributed to members''' to enhance their '''individual breeding workshops.''' The steps to carry out such a project are:

#'''Choosing a village''' with good''' social cohesion''', '''willingness''' (having experience in poultry farming, agreeing to attend training sessions, committing to building their own poultry house) (at least 10 households), '''availability''' of land (with acquisition agreements) and construction materials.
#Organise an '''information meeting''' with villagers, with the '''agreement of the village chief'''. Presentation of the '''objectives''' of the poultry house, the '''terms of collaboration,''' the importance of '''unity''' and '''organization.'''
#Time for discussions and questions.

One to two weeks after the first meeting, with interested people :

#Election of a '''committee of 5 people''' (1 president, 1 vice president, 1 secretary, 1 treasurer, and 1 monitoring officer).
#Development of '''regulations''' to govern '''operations of the poultry house'''.
#A '''collaboration agreement''' is signed between the project and the farmers to determine the '''commitments''' of each party.
#'''Training''', conducted in the '''community poultry house''' to be able to '''directly apply''' the knowledge learned. Use '''visual aids''' to facilitate the transmission and '''understanding of messages'''.
#The '''location''' of the community poultry house must be '''validated by the village chief''' and the '''villagers''' to avoid future disputes regarding the ownership of the building and enclosure. The project should encourage farmers to clearly define '''agreement clauses''' for provision of land and '''the future''' of the community poultry house.

==Construction of a poultry house==
[[Fichier:Poulailler en bambou.jpg|vignette|Bambou poultry house.]]

===Objectives===

*Create a '''favorable environment''' for poultry farming management: '''protection''' of subjects against theft, adverse weather conditions, predation, accidents, and diseases.
*Facilitate intempéries of animals.
*'''Mastering''' production: health, nutrition, reproduction.

===Organization tips===
*Avoid '''periods of high mobilization''' of villagers in the fields for the commencement of work.
*Check the '''availability''' of construction materials.
*Provide '''advisory support''' at '''every stage''' of the construction to '''minimize errors''' leading to additional time and costs.
*'''Establish a deadline''' for the constructions to facilitate monitoring and prevent the work from taking too much time.

===Prerequisites and necessary elements===
====The land====
*'''Proximity''' to housing to facilitate '''access''' and '''monitoring'''.
*Should be '''well-ventilated''' and '''non-floodable'''.
*'''Close to trees''' to facilitate '''shade''' (fast-growing trees like Maringá or Spondias Lutea can be planted).

====Materials====
*For '''construction''' : stakes, bamboo, palm leaves, Raphia vinifera, earth bricks, sticks, straw, wood, vines, thatch, live hedge plants, etc.

*For the '''poultry house''':
**'''Feeders''' (to preserve food from contamination).
** '''Waterer''' (plastic or bamboo) to provide clean water, ensuring the installation of a device preventing the subjects from perching on the waterer.
**'''Nest box''' to ensure good laying conditions, positioned in a dark corner.
**'''Perch''' for comfort during rest periods.

<gallery mode="slideshow">
Fichier:Mangeoire en bambou.jpg|Bamboo feeder
Fichier:Perchoir.jpg|Perch
Fichier:Abreuvoir.jpg|Feeder
</gallery>

===The Model===
The poultry house should be '''oriented''' :

*East-West to '''limit the entry of the sun'''.
*According to the prevailing wind to reduce '''humidity and microbial activity'''.

Beforehand, it is necessary to ensure:

*'''Dimensions''' : They should correspond to the number of subjects to ensure favorable '''sanitary conditions''' inside the poultry house and to '''facilitate work'''. The general rule is usually '''5 subjects per m2'''.
*'''Ventilation''' : Like any livestock building. Farmers should leave spaces for '''the circulation of air''' in the walls.
*'''Slope''' : On sloping land, it is necessary to plan to '''channel water''' to prevent runoff into the buildings.

{{Image centrée|Poulailler type.jpg|border|Standard layout of a community poultry house.}}

===Bedding===
The floor of the poultry house should be covered with a dry bedding of '''10 cm''' thickness. It can be done with wood chips, dead leaves, or bagasse (fibrous residue from sugarcane).

This helps to '''avoid daily cleaning''' of the poultry house and produces a natural '''fertilizer for crops'''.

==Poultry Feeding==
Feeding affects '''weight gain''' and '''egg laying''' (in quantity and quality). To ensure '''good nutrition''', those in charge of the poultry house should be trained in the production of feed using '''local products''' (such as corn, soy, cowpea, and cassava) and the rules for distributing this feed.
===Nutritional Needs ===
Nutritional needs depend on age: an average of '''1.5 kg per month''' from 0 to 18 weeks old, and beyond, '''3.5 kg per month'''.

In villages, small farms typically have subjects at different '''growth stages''', so an average of '''3 kg per subject''' can be adopted.

The production of '''quality feed in sufficient quantity''' is the '''main constraint''' for farmers (difficult grinding, lack of raw materials, etc.). '''Semi-confinement''' thus allows subjects to '''supplement and diversify''' their daily ration without burdening the work of the farmers. Indeed, the '''local feed''', made from corn, cowpea, and cassava, does not '''fully meet the nutritional needs''' of the subjects, complicating confinement farming. Therefore, semi-confinement has been proposed by the project as a farming method.

===Preparation of Feed===
====Preparing the Ingredients====
[[File:Pilage des grains dans le mortier.jpg|vignette|Pounding grains in the mortar.]]
To make the feed, some '''utensils''' are necessary : a pot, a mortar, a pestle, a sieve, a scale, and a pan.

'''For soybeans or cowpeas (protein and lipid contribution)''':
#Beat soybeans or cowpeas to obtain seeds.
#Roast seeds (to deactivate anti-nutritional elements). Put seeds on the fire in a pot. Stir until the seeds become brittle and smell like biscuits (similar to roasted peanuts).
#Put seeds in the mortar and pound.
#Sieve and weigh.

'''For corn (carbohydrate contribution):'''
# Ensure that corn cobs are completely dry.
# Shell corn.
# Pound.
# Sieve and weigh.

'''For cassava (carbohydrate contribution):'''
#Wash cassava roots and cut them into small pieces.
#Let them dry for 4 to 5 days in the sun.
#Pound.
#Sieve and weigh.

====Mixing Process====
Add '''palm oil''' to the mixture crumbs to reduce powdery texture. On a mixing area or a woven canvas bag, layer cassava, corn, and soybeans or cowpeas in batches of 5 layers each.

====Packaging and Storage====
Place the mixture in woven canvas bags. Store in a dry place (elevated to prevent rat attacks).

Store for 2 months.

====Feeding Ration====
A '''ration''' is the '''quantity of food distributed daily to a subject'''. It must contain all the elements necessary for '''growth''' and '''development''' of the animal:

* '''Carbohydrates''' found in '''cereals''' (corn, sorghum), '''roots''', and '''tubers''' (cassava, sweet potatoes).
*'''Proteins''' found in '''legume seeds''' (soybeans, cowpeas, peanuts, pigeon peas) and in seeds and leaves of '''moringa'''.
*'''Lipids''' found in '''fats''' and '''oils''' (palm oil, oilseeds).
*'''Vitamins''' (necessary for '''physiological balance''' and the '''assimilation of other nutrients''') found in edible '''green leaves''' (moringa) and in '''fruits''' (papayas, mangoes, etc.).
*'''Minerals''' (for '''skeleton''' and '''assimilation''' of food) found in lime powder, bone powder, shells, and fish waste.

====Feed Distribution====
Distribution is usually done in the '''morning''' and in '''sufficient quantity''' according to the '''growth stage''':

*Distribute '''15 grams per subject''' per day from the '''first week'''.
*'''Increase''' the quantity by 5 grams/day each week until the 22nd weeks old, then stabilize the intake at '''120 g/subject/day''' until '''culling'''.
*Distribute feed in '''feeders''' (bamboo or metal) to '''prevent waste''' or '''contamination'''.
*Ensure '''permanent availability''' of '''good-quality water'''.
[[Fichier:Distribution de l'aliment.jpg|vignette|Feed distribution]]

====Feed Changes====
The transition from one feed to another must be done '''gradually''' to avoid '''stressing''' animals.

It will be done '''gradually over 7 days''' according to the rhythm and the ratio % old feed / % new feed as follows:

*Day 1 — Day 2: 75% / 25%.
*Day 3 — Day 4: 50% / 50%.
*Day 5 — Day 6: 25% / 75%.
*Day 7: 0% / 100%.

==Hygiene and Animal Health==
In the management of small poultry farms, good animal health plays a crucial role. The transition from '''free-ranging''' to '''semi-confinement''' requires training farmers in the basic rules of '''preventing health risks''' and their '''treatment'''.

'''Objectives include:'''

*Maintain '''good health''' of the subjects.

*'''Limit risks''' of parasitic and diarrheal diseases.

*'''Minimize losses''' of subjects and economic losses related to diseases (growth delay, egg drop, low hatch rate, poor meat quality).

*Implement sanitary and medical '''prophylaxis measures''' while respecting farming methods.

===Main Health Rules===
====Flock size per poultry house====
Recommended density: 5 subjects / m² / breeding hens.

====Cleaning====
*Daily cleaning of waterers and feeders.

*Replacement of bedding every 2 or 3 months.

*Replace bedding if it is damp (risk of coccidiosis).

====Feeding====
*Water renewed daily.

*Device on the drinkers preventing subjects from perching on them.

*Daily feeding according to the subjects growth.

==Disease Control==
Diseases can be '''prevented''' through '''preventive practices''' or '''cured''' through '''curative practices.'''
[[Fichier:Campagne de vaccination.jpg|vignette|Vaccination campaign]]

=== Virulent Newcastle disease / Avian disease ===
====Symptoms====

* Difficulty breathing.
* Paralysis.
* Tremors.
* Diarrhea.
* Reduced egg production or abnormal eggs.

====Measures====

*'''Preventive''': Oral or ocular-nasal vaccination (I-2 thermotolerant vaccine for subjects of all ages). If losses due to Avian Pseudo Plague (APP) are '''recurrent''' and '''decimate''' the flocks, preventive vaccination should be considered. The treatment is financially accessible '''(approximately 6 dollars for 200 doses).'''

==== Vaccination Procedure ====
*For ocular-nasal administration, find a dropper and calculate the amount of diluent needed for 200 drops (which represent 200 doses for 200 subjects).
*The product "shaldix" (treatment) is anti-inflammatory for the eyes. Dilute the vaccine in 1 vial of 10 cc (use single-use droppers).

===Gumboro Disease ===

====Symptoms====

* Loss of appetite.
* Weight loss.
* Paralysis.
* Tremors.
* Lethargy.

====Measures====

*'''Preventive''': Oral vaccination (dilute the vial in 1 to 5 liters of water). Doses: 1st week old, booster before the onset of laying, at the 18th week of age.

*'''Curative''': Sugar: 2g/L of water for 4 days. Diaziprim (soluble powder to prevent bacterial complications).

=== Fowlpox ===

====Symptoms====

* Conjunctivitis.
* Sneezing.
* Difficulty swallowing and breathing.
* Crusts on the comb and wattles.

====Measures====

*'''Preventive:''' Vaccine in a vial (1000 doses with diluent and vaccines). 1st dose at 2 weeks old. Booster before the onset of laying. Dose at the 18 weeks old.

*'''Curative:''' Phenol solution: 0.5 to 1 cc/subject, subcutaneously, at the neck level. Repeat after 8 days.

=== Histomoniasis (Histomonas gallinarum)===

==== Symptoms====

* Brownish diarrhea.

==== Measure====

*'''Curative:''' Diaziprim for 5 days (250g in 1.5 liters of water).

===Worm Infestation (Ascaridiasis and Capillariasis spp)===

====Symptoms====

* Lack of appetite.
* Diarrhea.
* Growth slowdown.
* Reduced egg production or malformed eggs.

====Measures====

*'''Preventive:''' Levamisole: 0.5 g/liter of water for the 1st day. Repeat after 45 to 60 days.
*'''Curative:''' Preventive measure + vitamins: 0.5g to 1g/liter of water for 3 days.

===Nutritional Deficiency Diseases (Deficiency in Vitamin D, Calcium, Phosphorus, Vitamins)===

====Symptoms====

* Leg deviation.
* Feather loss.
* Growth retardation.

====Measures====

*'''Preventive:''' Balanced diet.
*'''Curative:''' Mineral supplement, vitamin in case of deficiency: 2g salt/liter of water for 2 days.

===Coccidiosis (Eimeria avium Coccidiosis)===

====Symptoms====

* Red diarrhea.
* Drop in egg production.
* Lack of appetite.
* Weight loss.

====Measures====

*'''Preventive:''' Coccidiostat in the diet.
*'''Curative:''' Emprolium: 1g/liter for 3 days.

===Required Materials:===

* Vaccines and droppers.
* Diluent or spring water.
* Ice tray and ice packs.

Maintaining the cold chain is essential to ensure the success of vaccination. Vaccines must be kept refrigerated.

==Sources==

Report conducted as part of the Sustainable Agriculture and Professionalization of Agricultural Sectors Project in the MAYOMBE Territories of Lukula and Tshela.

Prepared by: Kaddy Bikawa, Zone Manager & Clément Vialade, Technical and Economic Assistant

Support for Implementation: Agrisud Operations Department.

Photographic Fund: Agrisud Teams.{{Practice Appendices}}

{{Annexes de la pratique}}

[[fr:Améliorer les élevages avicoles en Afrique]]

Improving Poultry Farming in Africa

2024-01-18T15:17:39Z

Lydie Cabaud (2023058429):

{{Pratique
|Image=Poulailler communautaire.jpg
|ImageCaption=Poultry farming in a village in Congo
|Type de production=Poultry farming
|Objectif=
|Tag 1 = Agroecology
|Tag 2 = Biodiversity
}}
To improve food security of families in a village in Africa through a community project, enhancing the mastery of poultry farming

== Challenges ==
The objectives are to '''sustainably''' '''increase''', '''diversify agricultural production''' and strengthen '''marketing channels''' for better '''environmental management''' of '''productive spaces.'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Problems
!Solutions
|-
|Animals
'''wandering'''
|'''Semi-confinement'''
|-
|Local breed
'''low productivity'''
|Use of
other breeds"
|-

|'''Significant '''
Mortality
related
to '''diseases'''
| New '''practices'''
|}
The practice of '''semi-confinement''' helps to '''prevent wandering''' and ensures a '''complete diet''' for animals. For optimal practices, adhering to a structured organization is crucial :

#'''Feed and water''' the subjects each morning in the poultry house.
#'''Let the subjects roam''' around the poultry house in the evening so they '''can supplement their diet''' themselves, but '''limiting''' the number of hours of exposure to potential predators.
#'''Bring all subjects''' back into the poultry house in the evening to '''prevent risks of predation, theft, or losses.'''
#'''Monitor''' subjects '''every morning''' and '''every evening''' (number and physical condition).

==Steps of implementing a community project==
The '''community poultry house''' aims to '''produce chicks''' that are subsequently '''distributed to members''' to enhance their '''individual breeding workshops.''' The steps to carry out such a project are:

#'''Choosing a village''' with good''' social cohesion''', '''willingness''' (having experience in poultry farming, agreeing to attend training sessions, committing to building their own poultry house) (at least 10 households), '''availability''' of land (with acquisition agreements) and construction materials.
#Organise an '''information meeting''' with villagers, with the '''agreement of the village chief'''. Presentation of the '''objectives''' of the poultry house, the '''terms of collaboration,''' the importance of '''unity''' and '''organization.'''
#Time for discussions and questions.

One to two weeks after the first meeting, with interested people :

#Election of a '''committee of 5 people''' (1 president, 1 vice president, 1 secretary, 1 treasurer, and 1 monitoring officer).
#Development of '''regulations''' to govern '''operations of the poultry house'''.
#A '''collaboration agreement''' is signed between the project and the farmers to determine the '''commitments''' of each party.
#'''Training''', conducted in the '''community poultry house''' to be able to '''directly apply''' the knowledge learned. Use '''visual aids''' to facilitate the transmission and '''understanding of messages'''.
#The '''location''' of the community poultry house must be '''validated by the village chief''' and the '''villagers''' to avoid future disputes regarding the ownership of the building and enclosure. The project should encourage farmers to clearly define '''agreement clauses''' for provision of land and '''the future''' of the community poultry house.

==Construction of a poultry house==
[[Fichier:Poulailler en bambou.jpg|vignette|Bambou poultry house.]]

===Objectives===

*Create a '''favorable environment''' for poultry farming management: '''protection''' of subjects against theft, adverse weather conditions, predation, accidents, and diseases.
*Facilitate intempéries of animals.
*'''Mastering''' production: health, nutrition, reproduction.

===Organization tips===
*Avoid '''periods of high mobilization''' of villagers in the fields for the commencement of work.
*Check the '''availability''' of construction materials.
*Provide '''advisory support''' at '''every stage''' of the construction to '''minimize errors''' leading to additional time and costs.
*'''Establish a deadline''' for the constructions to facilitate monitoring and prevent the work from taking too much time.

===Prerequisites and necessary elements===
====The land====
*'''Proximity''' to housing to facilitate '''access''' and '''monitoring'''.
*Should be '''well-ventilated''' and '''non-floodable'''.
*'''Close to trees''' to facilitate '''shade''' (fast-growing trees like Maringá or Spondias Lutea can be planted).

====Materials====
*For '''construction''' : stakes, bamboo, palm leaves, Raphia vinifera, earth bricks, sticks, straw, wood, vines, thatch, live hedge plants, etc.

*For the '''poultry house''':
**'''Feeders''' (to preserve food from contamination).
** '''Waterer''' (plastic or bamboo) to provide clean water, ensuring the installation of a device preventing the subjects from perching on the waterer.
**'''Nest box''' to ensure good laying conditions, positioned in a dark corner.
**'''Perch''' for comfort during rest periods.

<gallery mode="slideshow">
Fichier:Mangeoire en bambou.jpg|Bamboo feeder
Fichier:Perchoir.jpg|Perch
Fichier:Abreuvoir.jpg|Feeder
</gallery>

===The Model===
The poultry house should be '''oriented''' :

*East-West to '''limit the entry of the sun'''.
*According to the prevailing wind to reduce '''humidity and microbial activity'''.

Beforehand, it is necessary to ensure:

*'''Dimensions''' : They should correspond to the number of subjects to ensure favorable '''sanitary conditions''' inside the poultry house and to '''facilitate work'''. The general rule is usually '''5 subjects per m2'''.
*'''Ventilation''' : Like any livestock building. Farmers should leave spaces for '''the circulation of air''' in the walls.
*'''Slope''' : On sloping land, it is necessary to plan to '''channel water''' to prevent runoff into the buildings.

{{Image centrée|Poulailler type.jpg|border|Standard layout of a community poultry house.}}

===Bedding===
The floor of the poultry house should be covered with a dry bedding of '''10 cm''' thickness. It can be done with wood chips, dead leaves, or bagasse (fibrous residue from sugarcane).

This helps to '''avoid daily cleaning''' of the poultry house and produces a natural '''fertilizer for crops'''.

==Poultry Feeding==
Feeding affects '''weight gain''' and '''egg laying''' (in quantity and quality). To ensure '''good nutrition''', those in charge of the poultry house should be trained in the production of feed using '''local products''' (such as corn, soy, cowpea, and cassava) and the rules for distributing this feed.
===Nutritional Needs ===
Nutritional needs depend on age: an average of '''1.5 kg per month''' from 0 to 18 weeks old, and beyond, '''3.5 kg per month'''.

In villages, small farms typically have subjects at different '''growth stages''', so an average of '''3 kg per subject''' can be adopted.

The production of '''quality feed in sufficient quantity''' is the '''main constraint''' for farmers (difficult grinding, lack of raw materials, etc.). '''Semi-confinement''' thus allows subjects to '''supplement and diversify''' their daily ration without burdening the work of the farmers. Indeed, the '''local feed''', made from corn, cowpea, and cassava, does not '''fully meet the nutritional needs''' of the subjects, complicating confinement farming. Therefore, semi-confinement has been proposed by the project as a farming method.

===Preparation of Feed===
====Preparing the Ingredients====
[[Fichier:Pilage des grains dans le mortier.jpg|vignette|Pounding grains in the mortar.]]
To make the feed, some '''utensils''' are necessary : a pot, a mortar, a pestle, a sieve, a scale, and a pan.

'''For soybeans or cowpeas (protein and lipid contribution)''':
#Beat soybeans or cowpeas to obtain seeds.
#Roast seeds (to deactivate anti-nutritional elements). Put seeds on the fire in a pot. Stir until the seeds become brittle and smell like biscuits (similar to roasted peanuts).
#Put seeds in the mortar and pound.
#Sieve and weigh.

'''For corn (carbohydrate contribution):'''
# Ensure that corn cobs are completely dry.
# Shell corn.
# Pound.
# Sieve and weigh.

'''For cassava (carbohydrate contribution):'''
#Wash cassava roots and cut them into small pieces.
#Let them dry for 4 to 5 days in the sun.
#Pound.
#Sieve and weigh.

====Mixing Process====
Add '''palm oil''' to the mixture crumbs to reduce powdery texture. On a mixing area or a woven canvas bag, layer cassava, corn, and soybeans or cowpeas in batches of 5 layers each.

====Packaging and Storage====
Place the mixture in woven canvas bags. Store in a dry place (elevated to prevent rat attacks).

Store for 2 months.

====Feeding Ration====
A '''ration''' is the '''quantity of food distributed daily to a subject'''. It must contain all the elements necessary for '''growth''' and '''development''' of the animal:

* '''Carbohydrates''' found in '''cereals''' (corn, sorghum), '''roots''', and '''tubers''' (cassava, sweet potatoes).
*'''Proteins''' found in '''legume seeds''' (soybeans, cowpeas, peanuts, pigeon peas) and in seeds and leaves of '''moringa'''.
*'''Lipids''' found in '''fats''' and '''oils''' (palm oil, oilseeds).
*'''Vitamins''' (necessary for '''physiological balance''' and the '''assimilation of other nutrients''') found in edible '''green leaves''' (moringa) and in '''fruits''' (papayas, mangoes, etc.).
*'''Minerals''' (for '''skeleton''' and '''assimilation''' of food) found in lime powder, bone powder, shells, and fish waste.

====Feed Distribution====
Distribution is usually done in the '''morning''' and in '''sufficient quantity''' according to the '''growth stage''':

*Distribute '''15 grams per subject''' per day from the '''first week'''.
*'''Increase''' the quantity by 5 grams/day each week until the 22nd weeks old, then stabilize the intake at '''120 g/subject/day''' until '''culling'''.
*Distribute feed in '''feeders''' (bamboo or metal) to '''prevent waste''' or '''contamination'''.
*Ensure '''permanent availability''' of '''good-quality water'''.
[[Fichier:Distribution de l'aliment.jpg|vignette|Feed distribution]]

====Feed Changes====
The transition from one feed to another must be done '''gradually''' to avoid '''stressing''' animals.

It will be done '''gradually over 7 days''' according to the rhythm and the ratio % old feed / % new feed as follows:

*Day 1 — Day 2: 75% / 25%.
*Day 3 — Day 4: 50% / 50%.
*Day 5 — Day 6: 25% / 75%.
*Day 7: 0% / 100%.

==Hygiene and Animal Health==
In the management of small poultry farms, good animal health plays a crucial role. The transition from '''free-ranging''' to '''semi-confinement''' requires training farmers in the basic rules of '''preventing health risks''' and their '''treatment'''.

'''Objectives include:'''

*Maintain '''good health''' of the subjects.

*'''Limit risks''' of parasitic and diarrheal diseases.

*'''Minimize losses''' of subjects and economic losses related to diseases (growth delay, egg drop, low hatch rate, poor meat quality).

*Implement sanitary and medical '''prophylaxis measures''' while respecting farming methods.

===Main Health Rules===
====Flock size per poultry house====
Recommended density: 5 subjects / m² / breeding hens.

====Cleaning====
*Daily cleaning of waterers and feeders.

*Replacement of bedding every 2 or 3 months.

*Replace bedding if it is damp (risk of coccidiosis).

====Feeding====
*Water renewed daily.

*Device on the drinkers preventing subjects from perching on them.

*Daily feeding according to the subjects growth.

==Disease Control==
Diseases can be '''prevented''' through '''preventive practices''' or '''cured''' through '''curative practices.'''
[[Fichier:Campagne de vaccination.jpg|vignette|Vaccination campaign]]

=== Virulent Newcastle disease / Avian disease ===
====Symptoms====

* Difficulty breathing.
* Paralysis.
* Tremors.
* Diarrhea.
* Reduced egg production or abnormal eggs.

====Measures====

*'''Preventive''': Oral or ocular-nasal vaccination (I-2 thermotolerant vaccine for subjects of all ages). If losses due to Avian Pseudo Plague (APP) are '''recurrent''' and '''decimate''' the flocks, preventive vaccination should be considered. The treatment is financially accessible '''(approximately 6 dollars for 200 doses).'''

==== Vaccination Procedure ====
*For ocular-nasal administration, find a dropper and calculate the amount of diluent needed for 200 drops (which represent 200 doses for 200 subjects).
*The product "shaldix" (treatment) is anti-inflammatory for the eyes. Dilute the vaccine in 1 vial of 10 cc (use single-use droppers).

===Gumboro Disease ===

====Symptoms====

* Loss of appetite.
* Weight loss.
* Paralysis.
* Tremors.
* Lethargy.

====Measures====

*'''Preventive''': Oral vaccination (dilute the vial in 1 to 5 liters of water). Doses: 1st week old, booster before the onset of laying, at the 18th week of age.

*'''Curative''': Sugar: 2g/L of water for 4 days. Diaziprim (soluble powder to prevent bacterial complications).

=== Fowlpox ===

====Symptoms====

* Conjunctivitis.
* Sneezing.
* Difficulty swallowing and breathing.
* Crusts on the comb and wattles.

====Measures====

*'''Preventive:''' Vaccine in a vial (1000 doses with diluent and vaccines). 1st dose at 2 weeks old. Booster before the onset of laying. Dose at the 18 weeks old.

*'''Curative:''' Phenol solution: 0.5 to 1 cc/subject, subcutaneously, at the neck level. Repeat after 8 days.

=== Histomoniasis (Histomonas gallinarum)===

==== Symptoms====

* Brownish diarrhea.

==== Measure====

*'''Curative:''' Diaziprim for 5 days (250g in 1.5 liters of water).

===Worm Infestation (Ascaridiasis and Capillariasis spp)===

====Symptoms====

* Lack of appetite.
* Diarrhea.
* Growth slowdown.
* Reduced egg production or malformed eggs.

====Measures====

*'''Preventive:''' Levamisole: 0.5 g/liter of water for the 1st day. Repeat after 45 to 60 days.
*'''Curative:''' Preventive measure + vitamins: 0.5g to 1g/liter of water for 3 days.

===Nutritional Deficiency Diseases (Deficiency in Vitamin D, Calcium, Phosphorus, Vitamins)===

====Symptoms====

* Leg deviation.
* Feather loss.
* Growth retardation.

====Measures====

*'''Preventive:''' Balanced diet.
*'''Curative:''' Mineral supplement, vitamin in case of deficiency: 2g salt/liter of water for 2 days.

===Coccidiosis (Eimeria avium Coccidiosis)===

====Symptoms====

* Red diarrhea.
* Drop in egg production.
* Lack of appetite.
* Weight loss.

====Measures====

*'''Preventive:''' Coccidiostat in the diet.
*'''Curative:''' Emprolium: 1g/liter for 3 days.

===Required Materials:===

* Vaccines and droppers.
* Diluent or spring water.
* Ice tray and ice packs.

Maintaining the cold chain is essential to ensure the success of vaccination. Vaccines must be kept refrigerated.

*'''Préventive :''' Evamisol: 0,5 g/litre d’eau pour le 1er jour. Répéter après 45 à 60 jours.
*'''Curative''' : mesure préventive + vitamines : 0,5g à 1g/litre d’eau pendant 3 jours.

==Sources==

Report conducted as part of the Sustainable Agriculture and Professionalization of Agricultural Sectors Project in the MAYOMBE Territories of Lukula and Tshela.

Prepared by: Kaddy Bikawa, Zone Manager & Clément Vialade, Technical and Economic Assistant

Support for Implementation: Agrisud Operations Department.

Photographic Fund: Agrisud Teams.{{Practice Appendices}}

{{Annexes de la pratique}}

[[fr:Améliorer les élevages avicoles en Afrique]]

Improving Poultry Farming in Africa

2024-01-18T11:19:19Z

Lydie Cabaud (2023058429):

{{Pratique
|Image=Poulailler communautaire.jpg
|ImageCaption=Poultry farming in a village in Congo
|Type de production=Poultry farming
|Objectif=
|Tag 1 = Agroecology
|Tag 2 = Biodiversity
}}
To improve food security of families in a village in Africa through a community project, enhancing the mastery of poultry farming

== Challenges ==
The objective is to '''increase sustainably''','''diversify' agricultural production, and strengthen marketing channels for better environmental management of productive spaces.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Problems
!Solutions
|-
|Animals
'''wandering'''
|'''Semi-confinement'''
|-
|Local breed
'''low productivity'''
|Use of
other breeds"
|-

|'''Significant
Mortality'''
related
to '''diseases'''
|New '''practices'''
|}
The practice of '''semi-confinement''' helps to '''prevent wandering''' and ensures a '''complete diet''' for animals. For optimal practice, adhering to a structured organization is crucial:"

#'''Feed and water''' the subjects each morning in the poultry house.
#'''Let the subjects roam''' around the poultry house in the evening so they can supplement their diet themselves, but "limiting the number of hours of exposure to potential predators.'''
#'''Bring all subjects'''back into the poultry house in the evening to "prevent risks''' of predation, theft, or losses.
#'''Monitor''' subjects "every morning" and "every evening" (number and physical condition).

== Steps for implementation of a community project ==
"The community poultry house aims to '''produce chicks''' that are subsequently '''distributed to members''' to enhance their '''individual breeding workshops.''' The steps to carry out such a project are:"

#''Choosing a village''' with good '''social cohesion, willingness'' from a group of villagers (having experience in poultry farming, agreeing to attend training sessions, committing to building their own poultry house) (at least 10 households), '''availability''' of land (with acquisition agreements) and construction materials.
#'''Information meeting''' with villagers, with '''agreement of the village chief'''. Presentation of the '''objectives''' of the poultry house, the '''terms of collaboration,''' the importance of '''unity''' and '''organization.'''
#Time for discussions and questions.

One to two weeks after the first meeting, with interested people :

#Election d’un '''comité de 5 personnes''' (1 président, 1 vice président, 1 secrétaire, 1 trésorier et 1 chargé de suivi).
#Elaboration d’un '''règlement''' pour régir le '''fonctionnement du poulailler'''.
#Un '''contrat de collaboration''' est signé entre le projet et les éleveurs afin de '''déterminer les engagements''' de chaque partie.
# Début de la '''formation''', réalisée dans le '''poulailler communautaire''' afin de pouvoir '''appliquer directement''' les savoirs transmis. Utiliser des '''supports visuels''' afin de faciliter la transmission et la '''compréhension des messages.'''
#L’'''emplacement''' du poulailler communautaire doit être '''validé par le chef de village''' '''et les villageois''' afin d’éviter les contestations futures concernant la propriété du bâtiment et de l’enclos. Le projet doit inciter les éleveurs à bien définir les '''clauses de l’accord''' pour la mise à disposition du foncier et le '''devenir du poulailler communautaire.'''

==Construction d’un poulailler==
[[Fichier:Poulailler en bambou.jpg|vignette|Poulailler en bambou.]]

===Objectifs===

*Créer un '''environnement favorable''' à la gestion de l’élevage avicole : '''protection''' des sujets contre les vols, les intempéries, la prédation, les accidents et les maladies.
*Faciliter la '''surveillance''' des animaux.
*'''Maitriser''' la production : santé, alimentation, reproduction.

===Conseils d'organisation===
*Éviter les '''périodes de forte mobilisation''' des villageois dans les champs pour le lancement des travaux.
*Vérifier la '''disponibilité des matériaux''' de construction.
*Assurer un '''suivi-conseil''' à '''toutes les étapes''' de la construction pour '''limiter les erreurs''' entrainant du temps et des coûts supplémentaires.
*'''Déterminer une échéance''' pour les constructions afin de faciliter le suivi et d’éviter que les travaux ne prennent trop de temps.

===Prérequis & éléments nécessaires===
====Le terrain====
*'''Proximité''' de l’habitat pour faciliter l’'''accès''' et la '''surveillance.'''
* Être '''aéré''' et '''non inondable.'''
*A '''proximité d’arbres''' pour faciliter l’'''ombrage''' (on peut planter des arbres à croissance rapide comme le Maringá ou le Spondias Lutea).

==== Les matériaux====
*Pour la '''construction''' : piquets, bambous, feuilles de palmiers, Raphia vinifiera, briques en terre, sticks, paille, bois, lianes, chaumes, plants pour haies vives, etc.

*Pour le '''poulailler''' :
**'''Mangeoires''' (pour préserver les aliments des souillures).
**'''Abreuvoir''' (en plastique ou en bambou) pour distribuer l’eau propre en veillant à la mise en place d’un dispositif empêchant les sujets de se percher sur l’abreuvoir.
**'''Pondoir''' pour assurer de bonnes conditions de ponte à positionner dans un recoin sombre.
**'''Perchoir''' pour un confort en phase de repos.

<gallery mode="slideshow">
Fichier:Mangeoire en bambou.jpg|Mangeoire en bambou
Fichier:Perchoir.jpg|Perchoir
Fichier:Abreuvoir.jpg|Abreuvoir
</gallery>

=== La maquette===
Le poulailler doit être '''orienté''' :

*Est-Ouest pour '''limiter l’entrée du soleil.'''
*En fonction du vent dominant pour '''limiter l’humidité et l’activité microbienne.'''

Au préalable, il faut s'assurer :

* '''Des''' '''dimensions :''' Elles doivent correspondre au nombre de sujets pour assurer des '''conditions sanitaires''' favorables à l’intérieur du poulailler et '''faciliter le travail'''. La règle est en général de '''5 sujets par m2''' .
*'''De l'aération''' : Comme pour tout bâtiment d’'''élevage''', l’'''aération''' est importante. Les éleveurs doivent laisser des espaces pour la '''circulation de l’air''' dans les murs.
*'''De la pente :''' Sur un terrain en pente, il est nécessaire de prévoir de '''canaliser l’eau''' pour empêcher les écoulements dans les bâtiments.

{{Image centrée|Poulailler type.jpg|border|Schéma type d'un poulailler communautaire.}}

===La litière===
Le '''sol du poulailler''' doit être recouvert d’une '''litière bien sèche de 10 cm d’épaisseur'''. Elle peut être constituée de copeaux, feuilles mortes ou bagasses (résidu fibreux de canne à sucre).

Cela permet d’'''éviter le balayage quotidien du poulailler''' et produit un '''fertilisant naturel''' pour les cultures.

==Alimentation des volailles==
L’alimentation influe sur le '''gain de poids''' et sur '''la ponte''' (en quantité et en qualité). Afin de garantir une '''bonne alimentation''', les personnes en charge du poulailler doivent '''être formées à la fabrication''' d’aliments à base de '''produits locaux''' ([[maïs]], [[soja]], niébé et [[manioc]]) et aux règles de distribution de cet aliment.

===Les besoins alimentaires===
Les besoins alimentaires dépendent de l’âge : '''1,5 kg par mois''' en moyenne de 0 à 18 semaines, au-delà '''3,5 kg par mois.'''

Dans les villages, les petits élevages sont généralement constitués de sujets à des '''stades de croissance''' différents, une moyenne de '''3 kg par sujet''' peut donc être adoptée.

La fabrication d’aliment de '''qualité en quantité''' est la '''principale contrainte''' des éleveurs (broyage difficile, manque de matière première, etc.). La '''semi-claustration''' permet ainsi aux sujets de '''compléter et de diversifier leur ration journalière''' sans alourdir le travail des éleveurs. En effet, l’'''aliment local''', fabriqué à base de maïs, niébé et manioc ne '''répond pas en totalité aux besoins''' nutritifs des sujets ce qui complique l’élevage en claustration. De ce fait, la semi-claustration a été proposée par le projet comme méthode d’élevage.

===Préparation de l'aliment===
====Préparer les ingrédients====
[[Fichier:Pilage des grains dans le mortier.jpg|vignette|Pilage des grains dans le mortier.]]
Pour fabriquer l’aliment, les '''ustensiles''' nécessaires sont une marmite, un mortier, un pilon, un tamis, une balance, une poêle.

'''Pour le soja ou le niébé (apport de protéines et lipides) :'''
# Battre les gousses de soja ou de niébé pour obtenir des graines.
#Torréfier les graines (pour désactiver les éléments antinutritionnels). Mettre les graines au feu dans une marmite. Tourner jusqu'à ce que les graines deviennent cassantes et sentent le biscuit (comme des arachides grillées).
#Mettre les graines dans le mortier et piler.
#Tamiser et peser.

'''Pour le maïs (apport de glucides) :'''
#S’assurer que les épis soient bien secs.
#Égrainer les épis.
#Piler.
#Tamiser et peser.

'''Pour le manioc (apport de glucides) :'''
#Laver les racines de manioc et les couper en petits morceaux.
#Mettre à sécher 4 à 5 jours au soleil.
#Piler.
#Tamiser et peser.

====Réalisation du mélange====
A jouter de l’'''huile de palme''' aux miettes du mélange pour atténuer la pulvérulence (état de poudre). Sur une aire de mélange ou sur un sac en toile tissé, faire se succéder les couches de manioc, maïs et de soja ou niébé par tranches de 5 couches de chaque.

====Conditionnement et stockage====
Mettre le mélange dans des sacs en toile tissée. Stocker dans un endroit sec (en hauteur pour éviter les attaques de rats).

Conserver pendant 2 mois.

====La ration alimentaire====
Une '''ration''' est la '''quantité d’aliments distribuée quotidiennement''' à un sujet. Elle doit contenir tous les éléments nécessaires à la '''croissance''' et au '''développement''' de l’animal :

*Les '''glucides''' présents dans les '''céréales''' (maïs ,sorgho), les '''racines''' et les '''tubercules''' (manioc ,patates douces).
*Les '''protéines''' présents dans les '''graines de légumineuses''' (soja, niébé, arachide, pois cajan) et dans les graines et les feuilles de '''maringá'''.
*Les '''lipides''' présents dans les '''graisses''' et les '''huiles''' (huiles de palme, graines oléagineuses).
*Les '''vitamines''' (nécessaires à l’'''équilibre physiologique''' et à l’'''assimilation des autres nutriments''') présentes dans les '''feuilles vertes''' comestibles (maringá) et dans les '''fruits''' (papayes ,mangues, etc.).
*Les '''minéraux''' (pour le '''squelette''' et l’'''assimilation''' des aliments) présents dans la '''poudre calcair'''e, la poudre d’'''os''', les '''coquillages''', les '''déchets de poisson'''.

====Distribution de l’aliment====
La distribution se fait généralement le '''matin''' et en '''quantité suffisante''' selon le '''stade de croissance''' :

*Distribuer '''15 grammes par sujet''' par jour dès la '''première semaine.'''
*'''Augmenter la quantité de 5 grammes/jour''' chaque semaine '''jusqu’à la 22ème semaine''' puis stabiliser l’apport à '''120 g/sujet/jour''' jusqu’à la '''réforme.'''
*Distribuer l’aliment dans des '''mangeoires''' (en bambou ou en tôle) pour '''éviter le gaspillage''' ou les '''souillures.'''
*Veiller à la '''disponibilité permanente''' d’une '''eau''' de bonne qualité.
[[Fichier:Distribution de l'aliment.jpg|vignette|Distribution de l'aliment]]

====Changements d’aliment ====
Le passage d’un aliment à l’autre doit se faire '''progressivement''' pour '''éviter de stresser''' les animaux.

Il se fera '''progressivement''' '''en 7 jours''' selon le rythme et le ratio % aliment ancien / % aliment nouveau ci-dessous :

*Jour 1 — Jour 2 : 75 % / 25 % .
*Jour 3 — Jour 4 : 50 % / 50 % .
*Jour 5 — Jour 6 : 25 % / 75 %.
*Jour 7 : 0 % /100 %.

==Hygiène et santé animale==
Dans les gestions des petits ateliers de volaille, la '''bonne santé animale joue un rôle déterminant.''' Le passage de la divagation à la semi-claustration nécessite de former les éleveurs aux '''règles de base de la prévention des risques sanitaires ainsi qu’à leur traitement.'''

'''Les objectifs étant de :'''

*Entretenir le '''bon état sanitaire''' des sujets.

* '''Limiter les risques''' '''de maladies''' parasitaires et diarrhéiques.

*'''Limiter les pertes''' des sujets et les pertes économiques liées aux maladies (retard de croissance, chute de ponte, faible taux d’éclosion, mauvaise qualité de viande).

*Appliquer les '''mesures de prophylaxie''' sanitaire et médicale en respectant les méthodes d’élevage.

===Principales règles de santé===
====Taille du cheptel par poulailler ====
Densité conseillée : 5 sujets / m² / poules reproducteurs.

====Nettoyage====
* Nettoyage quotidien des abreuvoirs et des mangeoires.

*Remplacement de la litière tous les 2 ou 3 mois.

*Remplacement de la litière si elle est humide (risque de coccidiose).

====Alimentation ====
*Eau renouvelée quotidiennement.

*Dispositif sur les abreuvoirs empêchant les sujets de s’y percher.

*Alimentation quotidienne selon la croissance des sujets.

==Lutte contre les maladies ==
Les '''maladies''' peuvent être '''évitées''' par des '''pratiques préventives''' ou '''guéries''' par des '''pratiques curatives.'''
[[Fichier:Campagne de vaccination.jpg|vignette|Campagne de vaccination]]

=== La pseudo peste aviaire ===
====Symptômes====

*Difficulté respiratoire.

*Paralysie.
*tremblement.
*Diarrhée.
* Arrêt de ponte ou œufs anormaux.

====Mesure====

*'''Préventive''' : Vaccination buvable ou occulo-nasale (vaccin I-2 thermo tolérant pour les sujets de tout âge). Si les '''pertes''' dues à la pseudo peste Aviaire (PPA) sont '''récurrentes''' et '''déciment''' les cheptels, il faut opter pour une '''vaccination préventive.''' Le traitement est accessible financièrement '''(environ 6 dollars 200 doses).'''

==== Modalité de vaccination ====
*En occulo-nasale, chercher un goutteur et calculer la quantité de diluant nécessaire pour 200 gouttes (qui représentent 200 doses pour 200 sujets).
*Le produit « shaldix» (traitement) est anti-inflammatoire des yeux. Diluer le vaccin dans 1 flacon de 10 cc (utiliser des goutteurs à usage unique ).

===Maladie de Gumboro ===

====Symptômes====

* Manque d’appétit.
*Perte de poids.
*Paralysie.
*Tremblement.
*Abattement.

====Mesures====

*'''Préventive''' : Vaccination buvable (flacon diluer dans 1 à 5 litres d’eau). Doses : la 1ère semaine, rappel avant l'entrée en ponte, à la 18<big>ème</big> semaine d’âge.

* '''Curative:''' Sucre: 2g/l d’eau pendant 4 jours. Diaziprim (poudre soluble pour éviter les complications bactériennes).

===Variole aviaire===

====Symptômes====

*Conjonctivite.
*Eternuement.
*Difficulté à avaler et à respirer.
*Croûte sur la crête et les barbillons.

====Mesures====

*'''Préventive :''' Vaccin en flacon (1000 doses avec le diluant et les vaccins). 1er dose à 2 semaines. Rappel avant l’entrée en ponte. Dose à la 18ème semaine d’âge.

*'''Curative''' : Solution phénol : 0,5 à 1 cc/sujet, en sous cutané, au niveau du coup. Répéter 8 jours après.

===Histomonase (histomonase gallinarum)===

====Symptômes====

*Diarrhée brunâtre.

==== Mesure====

*'''Curative :''' Diaziprim pendant 5 jours (250g dans 1,5 litres d’eau).

=== Verminose (ascaridiase et capillaire spp)===

====Symptômes====

*Pas d'appétit.
*Diarrhée.
*Ralentissement de la croissance.
*Chute de ponte ou œufs mal formés.

====Mesures ====

* '''Préventive :''' Evamisol: 0,5 g/litre d’eau pour le 1er jour. Répéter après 45 à 60 jours.
*'''Curative''' : mesure préventive + vitamines : 0,5g à 1g/litre d’eau pendant 3 jours.

===Maladies carentielles (carence en vitamine D, en calcium, phosphore, vitamines)===

====Symptômes ====

*Déviation des pattes.
* Chute des plumes.
*Retard de la croissance.

====Mesures====

*'''Préventive :''' Ration alimentaire équilibrée.
*'''Curative :''' Complément minéral, vitamine en cas de dépistage : sel 2 g/ litre d’eau pendant 2 jours.

===Coccidiose (Coccidiose de genre Emeria avium )===

====Symptômes====

*Diarrhée rouge.
*Chute de ponte.
*Absence d'appétit.
*Amaigrissement.

==== Mesures ====

* '''Préventive :''' Anticoccidien dans la ration.
*'''Curatives :''' Emprolium : 1 g/litre pendant 3jours.

===Matériels nécessaires :===

*Vaccins et compte goutte.
*Diluant ou eau de source.
*Bac à glace et accumulateurs.

Le maintien de la chaine de froid est essentiel pour garantir la réussite de la vaccination. Les vaccins doivent être conservés au froid.

==Sources==
Rapport réalisé dans le cadre du Projet Agriculture Durable et Professionnalisation des Filières Agricoles dans le MAYOMBE Territoires de Lukula et Tshela.

Réalisation : Kaddy Bikawa, Chef de zone & Clément Vialade, Assistant technico-économique

Appui à la réalisation : Direction des Opérations Agrisud.

Fonds photographique : Équipes Agrisud.{{Annexes de la pratique}}

[[en:Improving Poultry Farming in Africa]]

{{Annexes de la pratique}}

[[fr:Améliorer les élevages avicoles en Afrique]]

Improving Poultry Farming in Africa

2024-01-18T11:18:03Z

Lydie Cabaud (2023058429):

{{Pratique
|Image=Poulailler communautaire.jpg
|ImageCaption=Poultry farming in a village in Congo
|Type de production=Poultry farming
|Objectif=
|Tag 1 = Agroecology
|Tag 2 = Biodiversity
}}
To improve food security of families in a village in Africa through a community project, enhancing the mastery of poultry farming

== Challenges ==
The objective is to '''increase sustainably''','''diversify' agricultural production, and strengthen marketing channels for better environmental management of productive spaces.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Problems
!Solutions
|-
|Animals
'''wandering'''
|'''Semi-confinement'''
|-
|Local breed
'''low productivity'''
|Use of
other breeds"
|-

|'''Significant
Mortality'''
related
to '''diseases'''
|New '''practices'''
|}
The practice of '''semi-confinement''' helps to '''prevent wandering''' and ensures a '''complete diet''' for animals. For optimal practice, adhering to a structured organization is crucial:"

#"Feed and water" the subjects each morning in the poultry house.
#"Let the subjects roam" around the poultry house in the evening so they can supplement their diet themselves, but "limiting the number of hours of exposure to potential predators."
#"Bring all subjects" back into the poultry house in the evening to "prevent risks" of predation, theft, or losses.
#"Monitor" subjects "every morning" and "every evening" (number and physical condition).

== Steps for implementation of a community project ==
"The community poultry house aims to '''produce chicks''' that are subsequently '''distributed to members''' to enhance their '''individual breeding workshops.''' The steps to carry out such a project are:"

#''Choosing a village''' with good '''social cohesion, willingness'' from a group of villagers (having experience in poultry farming, agreeing to attend training sessions, committing to building their own poultry house) (at least 10 households), '''availability''' of land (with acquisition agreements) and construction materials.
#'''Information meeting''' with villagers, with '''agreement of the village chief'''. Presentation of the '''objectives''' of the poultry house, the '''terms of collaboration,''' the importance of '''unity''' and '''organization.'''
#Time for discussions and questions.

One to two weeks after the first meeting, with interested people :

#Election d’un '''comité de 5 personnes''' (1 président, 1 vice président, 1 secrétaire, 1 trésorier et 1 chargé de suivi).
#Elaboration d’un '''règlement''' pour régir le '''fonctionnement du poulailler'''.
#Un '''contrat de collaboration''' est signé entre le projet et les éleveurs afin de '''déterminer les engagements''' de chaque partie.
# Début de la '''formation''', réalisée dans le '''poulailler communautaire''' afin de pouvoir '''appliquer directement''' les savoirs transmis. Utiliser des '''supports visuels''' afin de faciliter la transmission et la '''compréhension des messages.'''
#L’'''emplacement''' du poulailler communautaire doit être '''validé par le chef de village''' '''et les villageois''' afin d’éviter les contestations futures concernant la propriété du bâtiment et de l’enclos. Le projet doit inciter les éleveurs à bien définir les '''clauses de l’accord''' pour la mise à disposition du foncier et le '''devenir du poulailler communautaire.'''

==Construction d’un poulailler==
[[Fichier:Poulailler en bambou.jpg|vignette|Poulailler en bambou.]]

===Objectifs===

*Créer un '''environnement favorable''' à la gestion de l’élevage avicole : '''protection''' des sujets contre les vols, les intempéries, la prédation, les accidents et les maladies.
*Faciliter la '''surveillance''' des animaux.
*'''Maitriser''' la production : santé, alimentation, reproduction.

===Conseils d'organisation===
*Éviter les '''périodes de forte mobilisation''' des villageois dans les champs pour le lancement des travaux.
*Vérifier la '''disponibilité des matériaux''' de construction.
*Assurer un '''suivi-conseil''' à '''toutes les étapes''' de la construction pour '''limiter les erreurs''' entrainant du temps et des coûts supplémentaires.
*'''Déterminer une échéance''' pour les constructions afin de faciliter le suivi et d’éviter que les travaux ne prennent trop de temps.

===Prérequis & éléments nécessaires===
====Le terrain====
*'''Proximité''' de l’habitat pour faciliter l’'''accès''' et la '''surveillance.'''
* Être '''aéré''' et '''non inondable.'''
*A '''proximité d’arbres''' pour faciliter l’'''ombrage''' (on peut planter des arbres à croissance rapide comme le Maringá ou le Spondias Lutea).

==== Les matériaux====
*Pour la '''construction''' : piquets, bambous, feuilles de palmiers, Raphia vinifiera, briques en terre, sticks, paille, bois, lianes, chaumes, plants pour haies vives, etc.

*Pour le '''poulailler''' :
**'''Mangeoires''' (pour préserver les aliments des souillures).
**'''Abreuvoir''' (en plastique ou en bambou) pour distribuer l’eau propre en veillant à la mise en place d’un dispositif empêchant les sujets de se percher sur l’abreuvoir.
**'''Pondoir''' pour assurer de bonnes conditions de ponte à positionner dans un recoin sombre.
**'''Perchoir''' pour un confort en phase de repos.

<gallery mode="slideshow">
Fichier:Mangeoire en bambou.jpg|Mangeoire en bambou
Fichier:Perchoir.jpg|Perchoir
Fichier:Abreuvoir.jpg|Abreuvoir
</gallery>

=== La maquette===
Le poulailler doit être '''orienté''' :

*Est-Ouest pour '''limiter l’entrée du soleil.'''
*En fonction du vent dominant pour '''limiter l’humidité et l’activité microbienne.'''

Au préalable, il faut s'assurer :

* '''Des''' '''dimensions :''' Elles doivent correspondre au nombre de sujets pour assurer des '''conditions sanitaires''' favorables à l’intérieur du poulailler et '''faciliter le travail'''. La règle est en général de '''5 sujets par m2''' .
*'''De l'aération''' : Comme pour tout bâtiment d’'''élevage''', l’'''aération''' est importante. Les éleveurs doivent laisser des espaces pour la '''circulation de l’air''' dans les murs.
*'''De la pente :''' Sur un terrain en pente, il est nécessaire de prévoir de '''canaliser l’eau''' pour empêcher les écoulements dans les bâtiments.

{{Image centrée|Poulailler type.jpg|border|Schéma type d'un poulailler communautaire.}}

===La litière===
Le '''sol du poulailler''' doit être recouvert d’une '''litière bien sèche de 10 cm d’épaisseur'''. Elle peut être constituée de copeaux, feuilles mortes ou bagasses (résidu fibreux de canne à sucre).

Cela permet d’'''éviter le balayage quotidien du poulailler''' et produit un '''fertilisant naturel''' pour les cultures.

==Alimentation des volailles==
L’alimentation influe sur le '''gain de poids''' et sur '''la ponte''' (en quantité et en qualité). Afin de garantir une '''bonne alimentation''', les personnes en charge du poulailler doivent '''être formées à la fabrication''' d’aliments à base de '''produits locaux''' ([[maïs]], [[soja]], niébé et [[manioc]]) et aux règles de distribution de cet aliment.

===Les besoins alimentaires===
Les besoins alimentaires dépendent de l’âge : '''1,5 kg par mois''' en moyenne de 0 à 18 semaines, au-delà '''3,5 kg par mois.'''

Dans les villages, les petits élevages sont généralement constitués de sujets à des '''stades de croissance''' différents, une moyenne de '''3 kg par sujet''' peut donc être adoptée.

La fabrication d’aliment de '''qualité en quantité''' est la '''principale contrainte''' des éleveurs (broyage difficile, manque de matière première, etc.). La '''semi-claustration''' permet ainsi aux sujets de '''compléter et de diversifier leur ration journalière''' sans alourdir le travail des éleveurs. En effet, l’'''aliment local''', fabriqué à base de maïs, niébé et manioc ne '''répond pas en totalité aux besoins''' nutritifs des sujets ce qui complique l’élevage en claustration. De ce fait, la semi-claustration a été proposée par le projet comme méthode d’élevage.

===Préparation de l'aliment===
====Préparer les ingrédients====
[[Fichier:Pilage des grains dans le mortier.jpg|vignette|Pilage des grains dans le mortier.]]
Pour fabriquer l’aliment, les '''ustensiles''' nécessaires sont une marmite, un mortier, un pilon, un tamis, une balance, une poêle.

'''Pour le soja ou le niébé (apport de protéines et lipides) :'''
# Battre les gousses de soja ou de niébé pour obtenir des graines.
#Torréfier les graines (pour désactiver les éléments antinutritionnels). Mettre les graines au feu dans une marmite. Tourner jusqu'à ce que les graines deviennent cassantes et sentent le biscuit (comme des arachides grillées).
#Mettre les graines dans le mortier et piler.
#Tamiser et peser.

'''Pour le maïs (apport de glucides) :'''
#S’assurer que les épis soient bien secs.
#Égrainer les épis.
#Piler.
#Tamiser et peser.

'''Pour le manioc (apport de glucides) :'''
#Laver les racines de manioc et les couper en petits morceaux.
#Mettre à sécher 4 à 5 jours au soleil.
#Piler.
#Tamiser et peser.

====Réalisation du mélange====
A jouter de l’'''huile de palme''' aux miettes du mélange pour atténuer la pulvérulence (état de poudre). Sur une aire de mélange ou sur un sac en toile tissé, faire se succéder les couches de manioc, maïs et de soja ou niébé par tranches de 5 couches de chaque.

====Conditionnement et stockage====
Mettre le mélange dans des sacs en toile tissée. Stocker dans un endroit sec (en hauteur pour éviter les attaques de rats).

Conserver pendant 2 mois.

====La ration alimentaire====
Une '''ration''' est la '''quantité d’aliments distribuée quotidiennement''' à un sujet. Elle doit contenir tous les éléments nécessaires à la '''croissance''' et au '''développement''' de l’animal :

*Les '''glucides''' présents dans les '''céréales''' (maïs ,sorgho), les '''racines''' et les '''tubercules''' (manioc ,patates douces).
*Les '''protéines''' présents dans les '''graines de légumineuses''' (soja, niébé, arachide, pois cajan) et dans les graines et les feuilles de '''maringá'''.
*Les '''lipides''' présents dans les '''graisses''' et les '''huiles''' (huiles de palme, graines oléagineuses).
*Les '''vitamines''' (nécessaires à l’'''équilibre physiologique''' et à l’'''assimilation des autres nutriments''') présentes dans les '''feuilles vertes''' comestibles (maringá) et dans les '''fruits''' (papayes ,mangues, etc.).
*Les '''minéraux''' (pour le '''squelette''' et l’'''assimilation''' des aliments) présents dans la '''poudre calcair'''e, la poudre d’'''os''', les '''coquillages''', les '''déchets de poisson'''.

====Distribution de l’aliment====
La distribution se fait généralement le '''matin''' et en '''quantité suffisante''' selon le '''stade de croissance''' :

*Distribuer '''15 grammes par sujet''' par jour dès la '''première semaine.'''
*'''Augmenter la quantité de 5 grammes/jour''' chaque semaine '''jusqu’à la 22ème semaine''' puis stabiliser l’apport à '''120 g/sujet/jour''' jusqu’à la '''réforme.'''
*Distribuer l’aliment dans des '''mangeoires''' (en bambou ou en tôle) pour '''éviter le gaspillage''' ou les '''souillures.'''
*Veiller à la '''disponibilité permanente''' d’une '''eau''' de bonne qualité.
[[Fichier:Distribution de l'aliment.jpg|vignette|Distribution de l'aliment]]

====Changements d’aliment ====
Le passage d’un aliment à l’autre doit se faire '''progressivement''' pour '''éviter de stresser''' les animaux.

Il se fera '''progressivement''' '''en 7 jours''' selon le rythme et le ratio % aliment ancien / % aliment nouveau ci-dessous :

*Jour 1 — Jour 2 : 75 % / 25 % .
*Jour 3 — Jour 4 : 50 % / 50 % .
*Jour 5 — Jour 6 : 25 % / 75 %.
*Jour 7 : 0 % /100 %.

==Hygiène et santé animale==
Dans les gestions des petits ateliers de volaille, la '''bonne santé animale joue un rôle déterminant.''' Le passage de la divagation à la semi-claustration nécessite de former les éleveurs aux '''règles de base de la prévention des risques sanitaires ainsi qu’à leur traitement.'''

'''Les objectifs étant de :'''

*Entretenir le '''bon état sanitaire''' des sujets.

* '''Limiter les risques''' '''de maladies''' parasitaires et diarrhéiques.

*'''Limiter les pertes''' des sujets et les pertes économiques liées aux maladies (retard de croissance, chute de ponte, faible taux d’éclosion, mauvaise qualité de viande).

*Appliquer les '''mesures de prophylaxie''' sanitaire et médicale en respectant les méthodes d’élevage.

===Principales règles de santé===
====Taille du cheptel par poulailler ====
Densité conseillée : 5 sujets / m² / poules reproducteurs.

====Nettoyage====
* Nettoyage quotidien des abreuvoirs et des mangeoires.

*Remplacement de la litière tous les 2 ou 3 mois.

*Remplacement de la litière si elle est humide (risque de coccidiose).

====Alimentation ====
*Eau renouvelée quotidiennement.

*Dispositif sur les abreuvoirs empêchant les sujets de s’y percher.

*Alimentation quotidienne selon la croissance des sujets.

==Lutte contre les maladies ==
Les '''maladies''' peuvent être '''évitées''' par des '''pratiques préventives''' ou '''guéries''' par des '''pratiques curatives.'''
[[Fichier:Campagne de vaccination.jpg|vignette|Campagne de vaccination]]

=== La pseudo peste aviaire ===
====Symptômes====

*Difficulté respiratoire.

*Paralysie.
*tremblement.
*Diarrhée.
* Arrêt de ponte ou œufs anormaux.

====Mesure====

*'''Préventive''' : Vaccination buvable ou occulo-nasale (vaccin I-2 thermo tolérant pour les sujets de tout âge). Si les '''pertes''' dues à la pseudo peste Aviaire (PPA) sont '''récurrentes''' et '''déciment''' les cheptels, il faut opter pour une '''vaccination préventive.''' Le traitement est accessible financièrement '''(environ 6 dollars 200 doses).'''

==== Modalité de vaccination ====
*En occulo-nasale, chercher un goutteur et calculer la quantité de diluant nécessaire pour 200 gouttes (qui représentent 200 doses pour 200 sujets).
*Le produit « shaldix» (traitement) est anti-inflammatoire des yeux. Diluer le vaccin dans 1 flacon de 10 cc (utiliser des goutteurs à usage unique ).

===Maladie de Gumboro ===

====Symptômes====

* Manque d’appétit.
*Perte de poids.
*Paralysie.
*Tremblement.
*Abattement.

====Mesures====

*'''Préventive''' : Vaccination buvable (flacon diluer dans 1 à 5 litres d’eau). Doses : la 1ère semaine, rappel avant l'entrée en ponte, à la 18<big>ème</big> semaine d’âge.

* '''Curative:''' Sucre: 2g/l d’eau pendant 4 jours. Diaziprim (poudre soluble pour éviter les complications bactériennes).

===Variole aviaire===

====Symptômes====

*Conjonctivite.
*Eternuement.
*Difficulté à avaler et à respirer.
*Croûte sur la crête et les barbillons.

====Mesures====

*'''Préventive :''' Vaccin en flacon (1000 doses avec le diluant et les vaccins). 1er dose à 2 semaines. Rappel avant l’entrée en ponte. Dose à la 18ème semaine d’âge.

*'''Curative''' : Solution phénol : 0,5 à 1 cc/sujet, en sous cutané, au niveau du coup. Répéter 8 jours après.

===Histomonase (histomonase gallinarum)===

====Symptômes====

*Diarrhée brunâtre.

==== Mesure====

*'''Curative :''' Diaziprim pendant 5 jours (250g dans 1,5 litres d’eau).

=== Verminose (ascaridiase et capillaire spp)===

====Symptômes====

*Pas d'appétit.
*Diarrhée.
*Ralentissement de la croissance.
*Chute de ponte ou œufs mal formés.

====Mesures ====

* '''Préventive :''' Evamisol: 0,5 g/litre d’eau pour le 1er jour. Répéter après 45 à 60 jours.
*'''Curative''' : mesure préventive + vitamines : 0,5g à 1g/litre d’eau pendant 3 jours.

===Maladies carentielles (carence en vitamine D, en calcium, phosphore, vitamines)===

====Symptômes ====

*Déviation des pattes.
* Chute des plumes.
*Retard de la croissance.

====Mesures====

*'''Préventive :''' Ration alimentaire équilibrée.
*'''Curative :''' Complément minéral, vitamine en cas de dépistage : sel 2 g/ litre d’eau pendant 2 jours.

===Coccidiose (Coccidiose de genre Emeria avium )===

====Symptômes====

*Diarrhée rouge.
*Chute de ponte.
*Absence d'appétit.
*Amaigrissement.

==== Mesures ====

* '''Préventive :''' Anticoccidien dans la ration.
*'''Curatives :''' Emprolium : 1 g/litre pendant 3jours.

===Matériels nécessaires :===

*Vaccins et compte goutte.
*Diluant ou eau de source.
*Bac à glace et accumulateurs.

Le maintien de la chaine de froid est essentiel pour garantir la réussite de la vaccination. Les vaccins doivent être conservés au froid.

==Sources==
Rapport réalisé dans le cadre du Projet Agriculture Durable et Professionnalisation des Filières Agricoles dans le MAYOMBE Territoires de Lukula et Tshela.

Réalisation : Kaddy Bikawa, Chef de zone & Clément Vialade, Assistant technico-économique

Appui à la réalisation : Direction des Opérations Agrisud.

Fonds photographique : Équipes Agrisud.{{Annexes de la pratique}}

[[en:Improving Poultry Farming in Africa]]

{{Annexes de la pratique}}

[[fr:Améliorer les élevages avicoles en Afrique]]