Triple Performance - User contributions [en]

Green and Blue Infrastructures in Urban Areas

2025-08-27T14:23:40Z

Leylou Hubert (4012453191): Created page with "{{Pratique |vignette |Objectif=Climate resilience@ and reduction of heat islands |Mots-clés = Biodiversity, Ecological Connectivity, Ecosystem Services, Urban Planning, Water Management }} == Green and Blue Infrastructure in Urban Areas: Essential Capital for Soil Workers == Contemporary challenges, such as climate change and increasing urbanization, highlight the urgent need for a new approach to land use planning. For far..."

{{Pratique
|[[Fichier:Blue and Green Infrastructure.jpg|vignette]]
|Objectif=Climate resilience@ and reduction of heat islands
|Mots-clés = Biodiversity, Ecological Connectivity, Ecosystem Services, Urban Planning, Water Management
}}

== Green and Blue Infrastructure in Urban Areas: Essential Capital for Soil Workers ==
Contemporary challenges, such as climate change and increasing urbanization, highlight the urgent need for a new approach to land use planning. For farmers, soil consultants, and all land-related professionals, it is essential to understand and engage with the concept of Green and Blue Infrastructure (GBI) in urban and peri-urban areas. Far from being mere decorative features, they represent a vital network of natural solutions that benefit not only city dwellers but also directly contribute to the vitality and sustainability of the surrounding rural landscapes (Chiesura et al., 2018; Lázaro Marín & Alcántara, 2021).

=== What is Green and Blue Infrastructure? ===
BVIs are an "intelligently planned and managed network of natural and semi-natural areas" that provide a multitude of environmental and social benefits (Chiesura et al., 2018, p. 1). This concept is widely recognized as an effective and cost-effective approach to addressing current environmental and societal challenges (Lázaro Marín & Alcántara, 2021; Smith et al., 2023).

This network consists of two elements:

* '''Green elements:''' include public green spaces (parks, historic gardens, playgrounds, tree-lined avenues), protected natural areas (nature parks, oases, reserves), and specifically designed spaces such as agricultural parks, urban forests, community gardens, green roofs and walls, and permeable surfaces (Chiesura et al., 2018, pp. 1, 7, 10, 17, 19; Comitato per lo sviluppo del verde pubblico, 2017; Ferrand, 2010; Owuor et al., n.d.; Smith et al., 2023; WSL & Eawag, 2022). For you, as soil workers, agricultural parks are particularly relevant because they are created to preserve historic rural landscapes and enhance the agricultural vocation of peri-urban areas, ensuring quality agri-food production and other essential ecosystem services (Chiesura et al., 2018, pp. 2, 21, 28).
* '''Blue elements:''' denote water-related components: rivers, lakes, wetlands, ponds, and even coastal and marine areas (Chiesura et al., 2018, pp. 1, 10, 19, 22; Ferrand, 2010; Smith et al., 2023). These infrastructures are crucial for rainwater management and the revitalization of aquatic ecosystems (KAN, n.d.; Smith et al., 2023; WSL & Eawag, 2022). The implementation of open-air stormwater management systems, such as grassed swales or vegetated retention basins, allows for the creation of new natural continuities while integrating water into the urban landscape (Ferrand, 2010, pp. 134, 135; KAN, n.d.). The entire concept contributes to the vision of the "sponge city," where rainwater is absorbed and managed on site, reducing pressure on sewer systems and promoting groundwater recharge (WSL & Eawag, 2022, pp. 218, 219).

=== A multitude of benefits for territories and their inhabitants ===
The BVI provide a wide range of services that improve the quality of life and resilience of ecosystems:

* '''Biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services:''' They are essential for preserving biodiversity by providing habitats and ecological corridors. The protection of pollinators, particularly bees and other apoidae, is a fundamental service for ecosystems and global agri-food production (Chiesura et al., 2018, pp. 2, 19, 32, 39, 85, 87; WSL & Eawag, 2022, p. 221). Revitalized wetlands and rivers, for example, contribute to the richness of aquatic and terrestrial species and provide vital food resources (WSL & Eawag, 2022, pp. 212, 226).
* '''Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation:''' BVIs are effective tools against climate change. They reduce urban heat islands through shading and evapotranspiration, improve air quality by filtering pollutants, and manage stormwater to prevent flooding (Bach et al., 2021; Chiesura et al., 2018, pp. 1, 19, 76; Smith et al., 2023; WSL & Eawag, 2022, pp. 219, 233).
* '''Soil and water protection:''' They promote natural water infiltration, protecting soils from erosion and contributing to the recharge of underground aquifers (KAN, n.d.; Marinosci et al., 2018, p. 76; Comitato per lo sviluppo del verde pubblico, 2017, p. 387; WSL & Eawag, 2022, p. 219). For farmers, this is directly linked to land fertility and water availability for crops. * '''Socio-cultural and economic benefits:''' These spaces improve the physical and mental well-being of city dwellers by providing places for leisure, relaxation, and sports (Chiesura et al., 2018, pp. 10, 19; Ferrand, 2010, p. 95; Owuor et al., n.d., pp. 187, 188). They can also support the local economy by promoting local agricultural products and new employment opportunities (Chiesura et al., 2018, pp. 28, 426; Lázaro Marín & Alcántara, 2021, pp. 283, 327). Educational and research projects can also be conducted in these spaces, strengthening the connection between nature and society (Chiesura et al., 2018, pp. 6, 39, 84; Owuor et al., n.d., p. 193).

=== Challenges and Future Opportunities ===

Despite their potential, the full integration of BVIs faces several obstacles. A major challenge is the "lack of integration of green spaces into local urban planning." The continued loss of agricultural and natural lands due to urbanization is also a major concern (Marinosci et al., 2018, p. 76).

To overcome these challenges, several avenues are essential:

* '''Strengthen planning and management:''' The adoption of specific management tools such as green cadastres, green regulations, and green plans is crucial (Chiesura et al., 2018, pp. 45, 46, 51; Public Green Development Committee, 2017, pp. 348, 369). Differentiated management, which adapts maintenance practices to the function and intensity of use of spaces, optimizes resources and promotes biodiversity (Public Green Development Committee, 2017, pp. 393, 394).
* '''Promote collaboration and training:''' Effective coordination between different stakeholders (administrations, green professionals, citizens, businesses) is essential (Donati et al., 2023; Lázaro Marín & Alcántara, 2021, p. 285; WSL & Eawag, 2022, pp. 222, 233, 237). Continuous training of operators and the development of technical protocols for sustainable practices (e.g., pesticide reduction) are also vital (Comitato per lo sviluppo del verde pubblico, 2017, pp. 349, 407, 415).
* '''Actively involve the population:''' Raising awareness and involving citizens is fundamental to the protection and enhancement of green heritage. This includes reporting anomalies, adopting green zones, or participating in urban agriculture projects (Chiesura et al., 2018, pp. 6, 84; Comitato per lo sviluppo del verde pubblico, 2017, pp. 355, 420, 424, 426). Soil workers can share their expertise to strengthen the links between agricultural practices and urban green space management.

=== In conclusion, ===
Green and blue infrastructure are nature-based solutions that, although complex, are essential for building more resilient, livable cities that are in better synergy with their rural environment. By integrating these concepts into territorial planning and fostering transdisciplinary collaboration, we can collectively build a future where nature is a central pillar of our development.

<blockquote>Références
Alberico, S., et al. (2018). Esperienze virtuose di pianificazione di area vasta in Piemonte. In Qualità dell’ambiente urbano – XIV Rapporto (ISPRA Stato dell’Ambiente 82/18) (pp. 276-278). ISPRA.
Bach, P. M., Probst, N., & Maurer, M. (2021). Urbane Strategien zur Hitze-minderung. Wie wirksam sind blau-grüne Infrastrukturen? Aqua & Gas, 2021(10), 20–25.
Chiesura, A., & Mirabile, M. (2018). Il verde pubblico. In Qualità dell’ambiente urbano – XIV Rapporto (ISPRA Stato dell’Ambiente 82/18) (pp. 190-201). ISPRA.
Comitato per lo sviluppo del verde pubblico (MATTM). (2017). Linee guida per il governo sostenibile del verde urbano. MATTM.
Donati, G., van den Brandeler, F., Bolliger, J., & Fischer, M. (2023). Une infrastructure bleue et verte efficace requiert des protagonistes connectés. Hotspot, 48, 17–19.
Ferrand, J.-P. (2010). Guide de la trame verte et bleue du Schéma de Cohérence Territoriale Caen Métropole. Caen Métropole.
KAN. (n.d.). Regenwater in stedelijk gebied [Brochure].
Lázaro Marín, L., & Alcántara, A. (Eds.). (2021). Informe de las Jornadas Técnicas: Soluciones basadas en la Naturaleza para la conectividad y restauración ambiental en el marco de la Estrategia Nacional de Infraestructura Verde. UICN-Med.
Marinosci, I., Munafò, M., Congedo, L., & Strollo, A. (2018). Infrastrutture verdi: Perdita di aree agricole, naturali e seminaturali. In Qualità dell’ambiente urbano – XIV Rapporto (ISPRA Stato dell’Ambiente 82/18) (pp. 268-275). ISPRA.
Owuor, J. A., Whitehead, I., & De Vreese, R. (n.d.). Liberare il potenziale delle foreste urbane Sviluppare un piano d’azione locale per la forestazione urbana. European Forest Institute.
Smith, V., Cook, L. M., & Oppliger, S. (2023). Umsetzung blau-grüner Infrastruktur weltweit. Was kann die Schweiz daraus lernen? Aqua & Gas, 2023(9), 16–24.
WSL & Eawag. (2022). Blue-Green Biodiversity: What Switzerland can learn from the initiative.

[[fr:Les infrastructures Vertes et Bleues en milieu urbain]]
[[es:Infraestructuras Verdes y Azules en Entornos Urbanos]]
[[it:Infrastrutture Verdi e Blu in Ambito Urbano]]
[[nl:Groene en Blauwe Infrastructuren in Stedelijke Gebieden]]
[[de:Grün-blaue Infrastrukturen in städtischen Gebieten]]
[[pl:Zielono-niebieska infrastruktura na obszarach miejskich]]

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Bioremediation

2025-08-27T09:26:56Z

Leylou Hubert (4012453191):

{{Pratique
|Image=Bioremediation (1).png
|ImageCaption=Le processus de bioremédiation
|Objectif=Climate resilience@ Soil regeneration@ Carbon cycle and GHGs
|Mots-clés = Phyto-purification, Soil purification, Decontamination, Microbiology, Mycoremediation, Algae, Fungi, Bacteria
}}

'''Bioremediation''' is a process that uses living organisms, such as bacteria, [[fungi]], or plants ([[phytoremediation]]), to decontaminate polluted soil, water, or air. These organisms degrade, neutralize, or transform pollutants into compounds that are less toxic or harmless to the environment.

== Why decontaminate soils? ==
With the rapid development of the global economy, the overexploitation and extraction of natural resources are leading to the constant release of heavy metals into the environment, particularly from activities such as mining and the combustion of fossil fuels. These metals are toxic to the environment and the health of ecosystems, animals, and humans. According to the European Commission, it is estimated that 2.8 million European sites are potentially contaminated.<ref>European Parliament, 2024, page consulted on 11/26/2024: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/fr/press-room/20240408IPR20304/le-parlement-prevoit-des-mesures--assainir-les-sols-d-ici-2050</ref>.

== Main Pollutants ==
Hydrocarbons and metals (and metalloids) are the two main families of pollutants affecting soils and groundwater in France.

=== Hydrocarbons ===
They contaminate 61% of the soils and 64% of the groundwater at polluted sites listed in the "Basol" database. Overall, different hydrocarbon families (minerals, chlorinated hydrocarbons, PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons)) are involved in 65% of all soil and groundwater pollution.

=== Metals and metalloids ===
They pollute 48% of soils and 44% of groundwater at polluted sites, and represent nearly 25% of pollutants found in soils and waters. Lead, chromium, and copper are the most frequently detected metals. Lead is present in 17% of soils and 9% of groundwater. Chromium and copper are present in 14% of soils and 7% of groundwater.<ref>https://www.statistiques.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/2018-10/ed97-sols-pollues-05112013.pdf</ref>.

== Where are the polluted sites? ==
<gallery mode="slideshow">
File:Métaux lourd sols français.jpg|Exceeding limits for heavy metals in sewage sludge (in green)<ref>''The state of soils in Europe'', European Environment Agency, 2024; Report available for download at: https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC137600</ref>
File:Cadmium, copper, mercury, zinc.jpg|Threshold exceedances for cadmium, copper, mercury, and zinc (in red)<ref>''The state of soils in Europe'', European Environment Agency, 2024; Report available for download at: https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC137600</ref>
File:Pesticides residues.jpg|alt=Pesticide residues in number of substances found (dark red: >10; red: 6 to 10; yellow: 2 to 5; [[pink]]: 1; white: 0)|Pesticide residues in number of substances found (dark red: >10; red: 6 to 10; yellow: 2 to 5; [[Category:Pink|pink]]: 1; white: 0)<ref>''The state of soils in Europe'', European Environment Agency, 2024; The report can be downloaded from this address: https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC137600</ref>
</gallery>Interactive maps from the same report are available [https://esdac.jrc.ec.europa.eu/esdacviewer/euso-dashboard/ here].

== Traditional Methods ==
Soil remediation can be carried out through:

* '''Excavation''': Contaminated soil is excavated (removed) and transported to specialized treatment centers.
* '''Containment''': Pollutants are isolated or immobilized in the soil to prevent their dispersion (solid matrix, impermeable layer). Used when excavation is not possible.
* '''Thermal Treatment''':
** '''Incineration''': The soil is heated to very high temperatures to decompose organic compounds.
** '''Thermal Desorption''': Volatile pollutants are heated to evaporate and then captured.
* '''Soil Washing''': The soil is washed with water, solvents, or chemical solutions to extract the pollutants. Fine particles or soluble contaminants are separated by agitation or centrifugation. The wastewater is then treated separately.
* '''Chemical extraction or stabilization''': Use of chemical reagents to '''solubilize''' or '''transform''' pollutants and extract them from the soil or make them less mobile/toxic.
Half of the polluted soil is excavated or stored in specialized sites (excavation: 29%; storage: 19%), but 25% of this soil is treated biologically<ref>ADEME, [https://www.notre-environnement.gouv.fr/themes/sante/la-pollution-des-sols-ressources/article/les-sites-et-sols-pollues#:~:text=La%20d%C3%A9pollution%20des%20sols,-Les%20techniques%20de&text=La%20pollution%20peut%20%C3%AAtre%20trait%C3%A9e,limiter%20la%20migration%20des%20polluants. https://www.notre-environnement.gouv.fr/themes/sante/la-pollution-des-sols-ressources/article/les-sites-et-sols-pollues#:~:text=La%20d%C3%A9pollution%20des%20sols,-Les%20techniques%20de&text=La%20pollution%20peut%20%C3%AAtre%20trait%C3%A9e,limiter%20la%20migration%20des%20polluants.]</ref>.

==Bioremediation==
Different types of bioremediation exist.

=== Stimulate or add microorganisms? ===

==== Biostimulation (or intrinsic bioremediation) ====
It consists of increasing the activity of the indigenous microflora of a given environment by compensating for the deficiency of a fundamental element for the biodegradation of a hydrocarbon, via a supply of nutrients and/or final electron acceptors (oxygen, nitrate, sulfate), such as:
* Water-soluble mineral fertilizers for agricultural or horticultural use composed of nitrogen and phosphorus,
* Slow-release solid media: N and P combined with a solid carbon element,
* Liquid oleophilic media developed to ensure nutrient supply as close as possible to bacterial activity (at the water-hydrocarbon interface)<ref> Bioremediation'', Cedre, 2015, https://wwz.cedre.fr/content/download/8120/file/4-cedre-bioremediation.pdf</ref>.

==== Bioaugmentation ====
It consists of adding '''exogenous microorganisms''' to an environment characterized by the absence or lack of abundance of '''[[bacteria]] hydrocarbonoclasts'''. They are generally implemented by spraying a rehydrated lyophilizate.

=== Different Bioremediation Techniques ===

==== Biopiles or Biopiles ====
[[File:Biotertre.jpg|thumbnail|326x326px|Principle of a biopile, BRGM, 2023]]
This is an ex situ treatment technique that stimulates the activity of aerobic or facultative aerobic microorganisms responsible for the biodegradation of contaminants in soils. Essentially, contaminated soils are excavated and piled into piles (biopiles), typically 0.91 to 3.05 m high, with relatively limited width and length. The biopile must be designed and operated to provide optimal temperature, humidity, aeration, and nutrient conditions to promote the biodegradation of the targeted contaminants. Biodegradation is generally carried out by indigenous microorganisms, but the addition of specific microorganisms may sometimes be necessary. The addition of structuring agents such as wood chips and amendments may be necessary to improve air circulation within the biofuel cell and promote biodegradation processes.<ref>''Fact Sheet: Aerobic Biofuel Cell'', Government of Canada, [page consulted on 18/11/2024] https://gost.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/tfs.aspx?ID=6&lang=eng</ref>.

==== Bioreactors ====
[[File:Bioréacteur.jpg|thumbnail|How a bioreactor works, BRGM, 2023]]
The technique involves mixing polluted soil with water and various additives to suspend the soil particles in the water and form a sludge mixture. The resulting sludge is biologically treated in bioreactors and then dewatered.<ref>''Bioréacteur'', SelecDEPOL, 2023, https://selecdepol.fr/fiche-technique/bioreacteur</ref>. The goal is to increase the contact surface between contaminants and the microorganisms responsible for their biodegradation in a controlled environment<ref>''Fact sheet: Bioreactor'', Government of Canada, 2019, [page consulted on 19/11/2024] https://gost.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/tfs.aspx?ID=7&lang=eng</ref>.

==== Natural Attenuation ====
Natural attenuation is not strictly considered a remediation technique but rather a '''pollution management measure'''. It takes place without direct human intervention (except for monitoring) and aims to '''reduce the mass, toxicity, mobility, volume, or concentration of contaminants'''. Monitoring devices, mainly '''piezometers''', allow the control of a number of parameters: pollutant concentrations, dissolved gas concentrations, electron acceptor concentrations, TOC concentrations, bacterial counts, physicochemical parameters, and the rebound effect.<ref>''Controlled Natural Attenuation'', SelecDEPOL, 2023 [page consulted on 11/19/2023] https://selecdepol.fr/fiche-technique/attenuation-naturelle-controlee</ref>.
[[File:Principe du bioventing.jpg|thumbnail|Principe du bioventing, BRGM, 2023]]

==== Bioventilation ====
Bioventing involves stimulating indigenous microorganisms by adding a gas (usually air) to degrade organic contaminants (usually petroleum hydrocarbons) present in unsaturated soil. Air is most often injected into the vadose zone (unsaturated zone), but on some sites, it can be extracted from the vadose zone. The most common application of bioventing involves introducing air to increase the oxygen concentration above 5% in order to stimulate the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination.<ref>''Bioventing'', Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable, https://frtr.gov/matrix/Bioventing/</ref>.[[File:Principe du biosparging.jpg|thumbnail|Principe du biosparging, BRGM, 2023]]
==== Biosparging ====
Biosparging involves '''stimulating biodegradation''' by increasing dissolved oxygen levels through injection wells into the soil or water. The injected air primarily enables the '''growth of the aerobic microbial population''' but also facilitates contact between the air, water, and the aquifer, which promotes the desorption of pollutants. Biosparging is often confused with sparging. Biosparging is used when biodegradation is greater than volatilization. <ref>SelecDEPOL, 2023, [page consulted on 19/11/2024] https://selecdepol.fr/fiche-technique/biosparging</ref>.
[[File:Landfarming.jpg|thumbnail|Landfarming principle, BRGM, 2023]]

==== Landfarming ====
The principle consists of spreading polluted soils over a thin layer (30 cm) and large areas, which allows interaction between the '''polluted matrix''' and the '''atmosphere'''. The goal is to promote aeration and therefore '''aerobic degradation'''. Tilling the soil allows for regular aeration. Biodegradation can be promoted by adding nutritional supplements. Contaminated soil must be spread on impermeable substrates (asphalt, geomembrane, or more rarely, concrete) to avoid soil and groundwater pollution.
[[File:Compostage.jpg|thumbnail|Composting Principle, BRGM, 2023]]

==== Composting ====
Composting involves mixing excavated soil with organic amendments (compost) and arranging it in regularly spaced trapezoidal piles (also called windrows) to promote biodegradation. The organic matter can be of animal or plant origin. Compost acts on biostimulation (supply of nutrients, carbon, nitrogen, etc.), bioaugmentation (supply of bacteria), and aeration (supply of structuring agents and rigid elements that increase porosity).<ref>Composting, SelecDEPOL, 2023, https://selecdepol.fr/fiche-technique/compostage</ref>.

=== Summary ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Source: [https://selecdepol.fr/techniques-de-d%C3%A9pollution SelecDEPOL]
!In situ techniques
!Targeted pollutants
|-
|Bioventilation
|
* Heavy TPH (tetrahydropyran)
* Light TPH
* Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs)
* VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds)
* OHVs (Volatile Organic Halogenated Compounds)
|-
|Biosparging
|
* Heavy TPH
* Light TPH
* SCOV
* Semi-Volatile Organic Halogenated Compounds (SVOCs)
* VOCs
* OHVs
|-
!Ex situ techniques
!Targeted pollutants
|-
|Biopiles or biopiles
|
* Heavy TPH
* Light TPH
* SCOV
* SCOHV
* Explosives and pyrotechnic compounds
* VOCs
* PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons)
* Pesticides/Herbicides
* [https://www.cancer-environnement.fr/fiches/expositions-environnements/polychlorobiphenyles-pcb/#:~:text=Fabriqu%C3%A9s%20depuis%20les%20ann%C3%A9es%201920,transformateurs%20%C3%A9lectriques%20et%20de%20condensateurs. PCB] (Polychlorinated biphenyls)
* COHV
|-
|Bioreactors
|
* Heavy TPH
* Light TPH
* SCOV
* SCOHV
* Explosives and Pyrotechnic Compounds
* VOCs
* PAHs
* Metals/Metalloids
* Pesticides/Herbicides
* PCBs
* COHVs
|-
|Composting
|
* Heavy TPH
* Light TPH
* SCOV
* SCOHV
* Explosives and Pyrotechnic Compounds
* VOCs
* PAHs
* Pesticides/Herbicides
* PCBs
* COHVs
|-
|Landfarming
|
* Heavy TPH
* Light TPH
* SCOV
* Explosives and Pyrotechnic Compounds
* VOCs
* PAHs
* Pesticides/Herbicides
|}

== Practical Application ==

* '''Beach Cleanup After the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill''': In Alaska, an oil spill contaminated the coastline with approximately 41 million liters of crude oil. Scientists added nutrients, [[nitrogen]] and [[phosphorus]] (biostimulation), to stimulate bacteria naturally present in the environment and capable of breaking down hydrocarbons<ref>http://www.marees-noires.com/fr/lutte/lutte-a-terre/biorestauration.php</ref>. The biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been significant, with a decrease ranging from 13% to 70% per year. <ref>''Bioremediation of the Exxon Valdez oil in Prince William Sound beaches'', Michel C. Boufadel et al., 2016, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025326X16307214</ref>.
* '''Mycoremediation of pesticides in agricultural soils''': Projects in Belgium and elsewhere have demonstrated that the mycelium of fungi such as oyster mushrooms can degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and pesticides, using enzymes such as laccases and peroxidases. These processes transform toxic molecules into harmless compounds, reducing pollution by up to 90% in pilot tests.

== Benefits and Risks ==

=== Benefits ===

* '''Ecological Solution''':
** Uses microorganisms (bacteria, fungi), plants, or their enzymes to transform or degrade pollutants into non-toxic compounds, thus avoiding the use of harsh chemicals.
** Minimizes the impact on the surrounding ecosystem compared to traditional methods such as incineration or landfilling.
* '''Relatively Low Cost''':
** Bioremediation techniques are often less expensive than mechanical or chemical methods, especially over large areas or for complex organic pollution (hydrocarbons, solvents).
* '''Improves Soil Health''':
** Certain approaches, such as adding organic matter to stimulate microorganisms, can improve soil quality and its ability to retain water and nutrients. * '''Flexibility and specificity''':
** Adaptable to various types of pollutants: hydrocarbons, heavy metals, pesticides, solvents, etc. Furthermore, techniques such as phytoremediation or mycoremediation allow for the treatment of specific environments.
* '''Higher social acceptability''' than thermal and chemical solutions.

=== Limitations and Risks ===

* '''Long Time''':
** Biological processes can be slow and require several months or even years to obtain significant results, which can be problematic in an emergency.
* '''Limitation to Biodegradable Pollutants''':
** Some pollutants, such as heavy metals or highly stable chemicals (persistent pesticides, PCBs), cannot be degraded but only immobilized or partially transformed.
* '''Dependence on Environmental Conditions''':
** The effectiveness of bioremediation is highly dependent on local conditions: temperature, pH, nutrient availability, and oxygen content. If conditions are not optimal, the process may be ineffective.
* '''Risk of bioaccumulation''':
** In phytoremediation, plants can accumulate heavy metals, requiring management of contaminated plants (incineration or secure storage).
* '''Risk of microorganism dissemination''':
** Bioaugmentation techniques, which introduce specific microorganisms, can lead to ecological imbalances or unanticipated impacts on local biodiversity.
* '''Pollutant resistance''':
** Some complex or mixed contaminants (heavy hydrocarbons combined with metals, for example) may require combined approaches, which increases complexity and costs.
{{Appendices to the Practice}}
<references />

[[fr:Biorémédiation]]
[[es:Biorremediación]]
[[it:Biorisanamento]]
[[nl:Bioremediatie]]
[[de:Bioremediation]]
[[pl:Bioremediacja]]

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Bioremediation

2025-08-27T09:05:49Z

Leylou Hubert (4012453191): Created page with "{{Pratique |Image=Bioremediation (1).png |ImageCaption=Le processus de bioremédiation |Objectif=Résilience climatique@ Régénération des sols@ Cycle du carbone et GES |Mots-clés = Phytoépuration, Epuration des sols, Dépollution, Microbiologie, Mycoremédiation, Algues, Champignons, Bactéries }} '''Bioremediation''' is a process that uses living organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, or plants (phytoremediation), to decontaminate polluted soil, water, or air..."

{{Pratique
|Image=Bioremediation (1).png
|ImageCaption=Le processus de bioremédiation
|Objectif=Résilience climatique@ Régénération des sols@ Cycle du carbone et GES
|Mots-clés = Phytoépuration, Epuration des sols, Dépollution, Microbiologie, Mycoremédiation, Algues, Champignons, Bactéries
}}

'''Bioremediation''' is a process that uses living organisms, such as bacteria, [[fungi]], or plants ([[phytoremediation]]), to decontaminate polluted soil, water, or air. These organisms degrade, neutralize, or transform pollutants into compounds that are less toxic or harmless to the environment.

== Why decontaminate soils? ==
With the rapid development of the global economy, the overexploitation and extraction of natural resources are leading to the constant release of heavy metals into the environment, particularly from activities such as mining and the combustion of fossil fuels. These metals are toxic to the environment and the health of ecosystems, animals, and humans. According to the European Commission, it is estimated that 2.8 million European sites are potentially contaminated.<ref>European Parliament, 2024, page consulted on 11/26/2024: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/fr/press-room/20240408IPR20304/le-parlement-prevoit-des-mesures--assainir-les-sols-d-ici-2050</ref>.

== Main Pollutants ==
Hydrocarbons and metals (and metalloids) are the two main families of pollutants affecting soils and groundwater in France.

=== Hydrocarbons ===
They contaminate 61% of the soils and 64% of the groundwater at polluted sites listed in the "Basol" database. Overall, different hydrocarbon families (minerals, chlorinated hydrocarbons, PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons)) are involved in 65% of all soil and groundwater pollution.

=== Metals and metalloids ===
They pollute 48% of soils and 44% of groundwater at polluted sites, and represent nearly 25% of pollutants found in soils and waters. Lead, chromium, and copper are the most frequently detected metals. Lead is present in 17% of soils and 9% of groundwater. Chromium and copper are present in 14% of soils and 7% of groundwater.<ref>https://www.statistiques.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/2018-10/ed97-sols-pollues-05112013.pdf</ref>.

== Where are the polluted sites? ==
<gallery mode="slideshow">
File:Métaux lourd sols français.jpg|Exceeding limits for heavy metals in sewage sludge (in green)<ref>''The state of soils in Europe'', European Environment Agency, 2024; Report available for download at: https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC137600</ref>
File:Cadmium, copper, mercury, zinc.jpg|Threshold exceedances for cadmium, copper, mercury, and zinc (in red)<ref>''The state of soils in Europe'', European Environment Agency, 2024; Report available for download at: https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC137600</ref>
File:Pesticides residues.jpg|alt=Pesticide residues in number of substances found (dark red: >10; red: 6 to 10; yellow: 2 to 5; [[pink]]: 1; white: 0)|Pesticide residues in number of substances found (dark red: >10; red: 6 to 10; yellow: 2 to 5; [[Category:Pink|pink]]: 1; white: 0)<ref>''The state of soils in Europe'', European Environment Agency, 2024; The report can be downloaded from this address: https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC137600</ref>
</gallery>Interactive maps from the same report are available [https://esdac.jrc.ec.europa.eu/esdacviewer/euso-dashboard/ here].

== Traditional Methods ==
Soil remediation can be carried out through:

* '''Excavation''': Contaminated soil is excavated (removed) and transported to specialized treatment centers.
* '''Containment''': Pollutants are isolated or immobilized in the soil to prevent their dispersion (solid matrix, impermeable layer). Used when excavation is not possible.
* '''Thermal Treatment''':
** '''Incineration''': The soil is heated to very high temperatures to decompose organic compounds.
** '''Thermal Desorption''': Volatile pollutants are heated to evaporate and then captured.
* '''Soil Washing''': The soil is washed with water, solvents, or chemical solutions to extract the pollutants. Fine particles or soluble contaminants are separated by agitation or centrifugation. The wastewater is then treated separately.
* '''Chemical extraction or stabilization''': Use of chemical reagents to '''solubilize''' or '''transform''' pollutants and extract them from the soil or make them less mobile/toxic.
Half of the polluted soil is excavated or stored in specialized sites (excavation: 29%; storage: 19%), but 25% of this soil is treated biologically<ref>ADEME, [https://www.notre-environnement.gouv.fr/themes/sante/la-pollution-des-sols-ressources/article/les-sites-et-sols-pollues#:~:text=La%20d%C3%A9pollution%20des%20sols,-Les%20techniques%20de&text=La%20pollution%20peut%20%C3%AAtre%20trait%C3%A9e,limiter%20la%20migration%20des%20polluants. https://www.notre-environnement.gouv.fr/themes/sante/la-pollution-des-sols-ressources/article/les-sites-et-sols-pollues#:~:text=La%20d%C3%A9pollution%20des%20sols,-Les%20techniques%20de&text=La%20pollution%20peut%20%C3%AAtre%20trait%C3%A9e,limiter%20la%20migration%20des%20polluants.]</ref>.

==Bioremediation==
Different types of bioremediation exist.

=== Stimulate or add microorganisms? ===

==== Biostimulation (or intrinsic bioremediation) ====
It consists of increasing the activity of the indigenous microflora of a given environment by compensating for the deficiency of a fundamental element for the biodegradation of a hydrocarbon, via a supply of nutrients and/or final electron acceptors (oxygen, nitrate, sulfate), such as:
* Water-soluble mineral fertilizers for agricultural or horticultural use composed of nitrogen and phosphorus,
* Slow-release solid media: N and P combined with a solid carbon element,
* Liquid oleophilic media developed to ensure nutrient supply as close as possible to bacterial activity (at the water-hydrocarbon interface)<ref> Bioremediation'', Cedre, 2015, https://wwz.cedre.fr/content/download/8120/file/4-cedre-bioremediation.pdf</ref>.

==== Bioaugmentation ====
It consists of adding '''exogenous microorganisms''' to an environment characterized by the absence or lack of abundance of '''[[bacteria]] hydrocarbonoclasts'''. They are generally implemented by spraying a rehydrated lyophilizate.

=== Different Bioremediation Techniques ===

==== Biopiles or Biopiles ====
[[File:Biotertre.jpg|thumbnail|326x326px|Principle of a biopile, BRGM, 2023]]
This is an ex situ treatment technique that stimulates the activity of aerobic or facultative aerobic microorganisms responsible for the biodegradation of contaminants in soils. Essentially, contaminated soils are excavated and piled into piles (biopiles), typically 0.91 to 3.05 m high, with relatively limited width and length. The biopile must be designed and operated to provide optimal temperature, humidity, aeration, and nutrient conditions to promote the biodegradation of the targeted contaminants. Biodegradation is generally carried out by indigenous microorganisms, but the addition of specific microorganisms may sometimes be necessary. The addition of structuring agents such as wood chips and amendments may be necessary to improve air circulation within the biofuel cell and promote biodegradation processes.<ref>''Fact Sheet: Aerobic Biofuel Cell'', Government of Canada, [page consulted on 18/11/2024] https://gost.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/tfs.aspx?ID=6&lang=eng</ref>.

==== Bioreactors ====
[[File:Bioréacteur.jpg|thumbnail|How a bioreactor works, BRGM, 2023]]
The technique involves mixing polluted soil with water and various additives to suspend the soil particles in the water and form a sludge mixture. The resulting sludge is biologically treated in bioreactors and then dewatered.<ref>''Bioréacteur'', SelecDEPOL, 2023, https://selecdepol.fr/fiche-technique/bioreacteur</ref>. The goal is to increase the contact surface between contaminants and the microorganisms responsible for their biodegradation in a controlled environment<ref>''Fact sheet: Bioreactor'', Government of Canada, 2019, [page consulted on 19/11/2024] https://gost.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/tfs.aspx?ID=7&lang=eng</ref>.

==== Natural Attenuation ====
Natural attenuation is not strictly considered a remediation technique but rather a '''pollution management measure'''. It takes place without direct human intervention (except for monitoring) and aims to '''reduce the mass, toxicity, mobility, volume, or concentration of contaminants'''. Monitoring devices, mainly '''piezometers''', allow the control of a number of parameters: pollutant concentrations, dissolved gas concentrations, electron acceptor concentrations, TOC concentrations, bacterial counts, physicochemical parameters, and the rebound effect.<ref>''Controlled Natural Attenuation'', SelecDEPOL, 2023 [page consulted on 11/19/2023] https://selecdepol.fr/fiche-technique/attenuation-naturelle-controlee</ref>.
[[File:Principe du bioventing.jpg|thumbnail|Principe du bioventing, BRGM, 2023]]

==== Bioventilation ====
Bioventing involves stimulating indigenous microorganisms by adding a gas (usually air) to degrade organic contaminants (usually petroleum hydrocarbons) present in unsaturated soil. Air is most often injected into the vadose zone (unsaturated zone), but on some sites, it can be extracted from the vadose zone. The most common application of bioventing involves introducing air to increase the oxygen concentration above 5% in order to stimulate the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination.<ref>''Bioventing'', Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable, https://frtr.gov/matrix/Bioventing/</ref>.[[File:Principe du biosparging.jpg|thumbnail|Principe du biosparging, BRGM, 2023]]
==== Biosparging ====
Biosparging involves '''stimulating biodegradation''' by increasing dissolved oxygen levels through injection wells into the soil or water. The injected air primarily enables the '''growth of the aerobic microbial population''' but also facilitates contact between the air, water, and the aquifer, which promotes the desorption of pollutants. Biosparging is often confused with sparging. Biosparging is used when biodegradation is greater than volatilization. <ref>SelecDEPOL, 2023, [page consulted on 19/11/2024] https://selecdepol.fr/fiche-technique/biosparging</ref>.
[[File:Landfarming.jpg|thumbnail|Landfarming principle, BRGM, 2023]]

==== Landfarming ====
The principle consists of spreading polluted soils over a thin layer (30 cm) and large areas, which allows interaction between the '''polluted matrix''' and the '''atmosphere'''. The goal is to promote aeration and therefore '''aerobic degradation'''. Tilling the soil allows for regular aeration. Biodegradation can be promoted by adding nutritional supplements. Contaminated soil must be spread on impermeable substrates (asphalt, geomembrane, or more rarely, concrete) to avoid soil and groundwater pollution.
[[File:Compostage.jpg|thumbnail|Composting Principle, BRGM, 2023]]

==== Composting ====
Composting involves mixing excavated soil with organic amendments (compost) and arranging it in regularly spaced trapezoidal piles (also called windrows) to promote biodegradation. The organic matter can be of animal or plant origin. Compost acts on biostimulation (supply of nutrients, carbon, nitrogen, etc.), bioaugmentation (supply of bacteria), and aeration (supply of structuring agents and rigid elements that increase porosity).<ref>Composting, SelecDEPOL, 2023, https://selecdepol.fr/fiche-technique/compostage</ref>.

=== Summary ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Source: [https://selecdepol.fr/techniques-de-d%C3%A9pollution SelecDEPOL]
!In situ techniques
!Targeted pollutants
|-
|Bioventilation
|
* Heavy TPH (tetrahydropyran)
* Light TPH
* Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs)
* VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds)
* OHVs (Volatile Organic Halogenated Compounds)
|-
|Biosparging
|
* Heavy TPH
* Light TPH
* SCOV
* Semi-Volatile Organic Halogenated Compounds (SVOCs)
* VOCs
* OHVs
|-
!Ex situ techniques
!Targeted pollutants
|-
|Biopiles or biopiles
|
* Heavy TPH
* Light TPH
* SCOV
* SCOHV
* Explosives and pyrotechnic compounds
* VOCs
* PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons)
* Pesticides/Herbicides
* [https://www.cancer-environnement.fr/fiches/expositions-environnements/polychlorobiphenyles-pcb/#:~:text=Fabriqu%C3%A9s%20depuis%20les%20ann%C3%A9es%201920,transformateurs%20%C3%A9lectriques%20et%20de%20condensateurs. PCB] (Polychlorinated biphenyls)
* COHV
|-
|Bioreactors
|
* Heavy TPH
* Light TPH
* SCOV
* SCOHV
* Explosives and Pyrotechnic Compounds
* VOCs
* PAHs
* Metals/Metalloids
* Pesticides/Herbicides
* PCBs
* COHVs
|-
|Composting
|
* Heavy TPH
* Light TPH
* SCOV
* SCOHV
* Explosives and Pyrotechnic Compounds
* VOCs
* PAHs
* Pesticides/Herbicides
* PCBs
* COHVs
|-
|Landfarming
|
* Heavy TPH
* Light TPH
* SCOV
* Explosives and Pyrotechnic Compounds
* VOCs
* PAHs
* Pesticides/Herbicides
|}

== Practical Application ==

* '''Beach Cleanup After the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill''': In Alaska, an oil spill contaminated the coastline with approximately 41 million liters of crude oil. Scientists added nutrients, [[nitrogen]] and [[phosphorus]] (biostimulation), to stimulate bacteria naturally present in the environment and capable of breaking down hydrocarbons<ref>http://www.marees-noires.com/fr/lutte/lutte-a-terre/biorestauration.php</ref>. The biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been significant, with a decrease ranging from 13% to 70% per year. <ref>''Bioremediation of the Exxon Valdez oil in Prince William Sound beaches'', Michel C. Boufadel et al., 2016, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025326X16307214</ref>.
* '''Mycoremediation of pesticides in agricultural soils''': Projects in Belgium and elsewhere have demonstrated that the mycelium of fungi such as oyster mushrooms can degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and pesticides, using enzymes such as laccases and peroxidases. These processes transform toxic molecules into harmless compounds, reducing pollution by up to 90% in pilot tests.

== Benefits and Risks ==

=== Benefits ===

* '''Ecological Solution''':
** Uses microorganisms (bacteria, fungi), plants, or their enzymes to transform or degrade pollutants into non-toxic compounds, thus avoiding the use of harsh chemicals.
** Minimizes the impact on the surrounding ecosystem compared to traditional methods such as incineration or landfilling.
* '''Relatively Low Cost''':
** Bioremediation techniques are often less expensive than mechanical or chemical methods, especially over large areas or for complex organic pollution (hydrocarbons, solvents).
* '''Improves Soil Health''':
** Certain approaches, such as adding organic matter to stimulate microorganisms, can improve soil quality and its ability to retain water and nutrients. * '''Flexibility and specificity''':
** Adaptable to various types of pollutants: hydrocarbons, heavy metals, pesticides, solvents, etc. Furthermore, techniques such as phytoremediation or mycoremediation allow for the treatment of specific environments.
* '''Higher social acceptability''' than thermal and chemical solutions.

=== Limitations and Risks ===

* '''Long Time''':
** Biological processes can be slow and require several months or even years to obtain significant results, which can be problematic in an emergency.
* '''Limitation to Biodegradable Pollutants''':
** Some pollutants, such as heavy metals or highly stable chemicals (persistent pesticides, PCBs), cannot be degraded but only immobilized or partially transformed.
* '''Dependence on Environmental Conditions''':
** The effectiveness of bioremediation is highly dependent on local conditions: temperature, pH, nutrient availability, and oxygen content. If conditions are not optimal, the process may be ineffective.
* '''Risk of bioaccumulation''':
** In phytoremediation, plants can accumulate heavy metals, requiring management of contaminated plants (incineration or secure storage).
* '''Risk of microorganism dissemination''':
** Bioaugmentation techniques, which introduce specific microorganisms, can lead to ecological imbalances or unanticipated impacts on local biodiversity.
* '''Pollutant resistance''':
** Some complex or mixed contaminants (heavy hydrocarbons combined with metals, for example) may require combined approaches, which increases complexity and costs.
{{Appendices to the Practice}}
<references />

[[fr:Biorémédiation]]
[[es:Biorremediación]]
[[it:Biorisanamento]]
[[nl:Bioremediatie]]
[[de:Bioremediation]]
[[pl:Bioremediacja]]

{{Ajouter au projet|NBSOIL}}

Terranimo® Light: A tool for evaluating the risk of soil compaction

2025-08-26T14:29:19Z

Leylou Hubert (4012453191):

{{Outil d'aide
| Organisme=Terranimo
| Nom=Terranimo
| Type de production=Grandes cultures
| Mots-clés=Tassement, Compaction, Machinisme, Pneus, Pression des pneus
| Image=Copie d'écran Terranimo.jpg
| URL=https://ch.terranimo.world/light}}

In current agricultural practices, soil compaction due to agricultural machinery represents a real risk to soil structure and, ultimately, to its fertility. To better understand and anticipate this phenomenon, a free online tool, Terranimo®, is available to users in Switzerland : https://ch.terranimo.world/light .

=== Tool Objective ===
[[Terranimo]]® is a soil compaction risk simulator linked to the passage of agricultural machinery. It allows users to assess, based on several parameters, whether a given passage is likely to cause soil compaction, and to what extent.

The model is based on scientific data (notably the mechanical stress exerted by wheels) and takes into account the physical properties of the soil.

=== Data Required for Simulation ===
To use the tool, a certain number of parameters must be entered, divided into three main categories :
#Soil type:

#*Texture (sandy, silty, clayey, etc.)
#*Moisture level (dry, humid, close to saturation)
#*Soil depth
#Machine data:
#*Number of axles
#*Mass per axle
#*Tire dimensions
#*Tire pressure
#Usage conditions:
#*Passage speed
#*Tire type (standard, low pressure, etc.)

=== Results Provided by the Tool ===
Once the data is entered, Terranimo® provides a visualization of the compaction risk, generally in the form of a colored diagram according to soil depth. The result indicates the level of mechanical stress exerted by the axle, compared to the soil's resistance at different depths.

The colors allow for quick interpretation :

* Green: low risk
* Orange: moderate risk
* Red: high risk

It is also possible to compare different scenarios by modifying only one parameter at a time (for example, lower tire pressure or drier soil).

=== Limitations and Precautions ===

* The tool provides a simplified estimate of the risk: it does not replace a complete field analysis.
* The results depend heavily on the quality of the data entered, especially the actual soil moisture, which is often difficult to assess precisely.
* This is the "Light" version of the model, intended for quick and intuitive use; it does not cover all possible configurations.

=== Tool Access ===
The tool is accessible free of charge, without registration, at this address: https://ch.terranimo.world/light.
It is available in several languages (German, French, Italian, English) and works on browsers, including mobile devices.

=== Conclusion ===
Terranimo® Light can be used to visualize the mechanical effect of a machine passage on a given soil. It allows exploring scenarios and identifying configurations most likely to damage the soil structure. For farmers, advisors, or soil technicians, this can provide support for reflection on soil tillage practices and agricultural machine traffic.

[[fr:Terranimo® Light: Un outil pour évaluer le risque de tassement du sol]]
[[de:Terranimo® Light: Ein Werkzeug zur Bewertung des Bodenverdichtungsrisikos]]
[[it:Terranimo® Light: uno strumento per valutare il rischio di compattazione del suolo]]

Terranimo® Light: A tool for evaluating the risk of soil compaction

2025-08-26T13:51:22Z

Leylou Hubert (4012453191):

{{Outil d'aide|Organisme=Terranimo|Nom=Terranimo|Type de production=Grandes cultures|Mots-clés=Tassement, Compaction, Machinisme, Pneus, Pression des pneus|Image=Copie d'écran Terranimo.jpg|URL=https://ch.terranimo.world/light}}
{{Outil d'aide
| Organisme=Terranimo
| Nom=Terranimo
| Type de production=Grandes cultures
| Mots-clés=Tassement, Compaction, Machinisme, Pneus, Pression des pneus
| Image=Copie d'écran Terranimo.jpg
| URL=https://ch.terranimo.world/light}}

In current agricultural practices, soil compaction due to agricultural machinery represents a real risk to soil structure and, ultimately, to its fertility. To better understand and anticipate this phenomenon, a free online tool, Terranimo®, is available to users in Switzerland : https://ch.terranimo.world/light .

Tool Objective
Terranimo® is a soil compaction risk simulator linked to the passage of agricultural machinery. It allows users to assess, based on several parameters, whether a given passage is likely to cause soil compaction, and to what extent.

The model is based on scientific data (notably the mechanical stress exerted by wheels) and takes into account the physical properties of the soil.

Data Required for Simulation
To use the tool, a certain number of parameters must be entered, divided into three main categories :
Soil type:

◦ Texture (sandy, silty, clayey, etc.)

◦ Moisture level (dry, humid, close to saturation)

◦ Soil depth

Machine data:

◦ Number of axles

◦ Mass per axle

◦ Tire dimensions

◦ Tire pressure

Usage conditions:

◦ Passage speed

◦ Tire type (standard, low pressure, etc.)

Results Provided by the Tool
Once the data is entered, Terranimo® provides a visualization of the compaction risk, generally in the form of a colored diagram according to soil depth. The result indicates the level of mechanical stress exerted by the axle, compared to the soil's resistance at different depths.

The colors allow for quick interpretation :

• Green: low risk

• Orange: moderate risk

• Red: high risk

It is also possible to compare different scenarios by modifying only one parameter at a time (for example, lower tire pressure or drier soil).

Limitations and Precautions
The tool provides a simplified estimate of the risk: it does not replace a complete field analysis.

The results depend heavily on the quality of the data entered, especially the actual soil moisture, which is often difficult to assess precisely.

This is the "Light" version of the model, intended for quick and intuitive use; it does not cover all possible configurations.

Tool Access
The tool is accessible free of charge, without registration, at this address: https://ch.terranimo.world/light.
It is available in several languages (German, French, Italian, English) and works on browsers, including mobile devices.

Conclusion
Terranimo® Light can be used to visualize the mechanical effect of a machine passage on a given soil. It allows exploring scenarios and identifying configurations most likely to damage the soil structure. For farmers, advisors, or soil technicians, this can provide support for reflection on soil tillage practices and agricultural machine traffic.

[[fr:Terranimo® Light: Un outil pour évaluer le risque de tassement du sol]]
[[de:Terranimo® Light: Ein Werkzeug zur Bewertung des Bodenverdichtungsrisikos]]
[[it:Terranimo® Light: uno strumento per valutare il rischio di compattazione del suolo]]

NBSOIL Knowledge Marketplace

2025-08-01T12:57:45Z

Leylou Hubert (4012453191):

{{Programme
| Bannière = Bannière NBSoil.jpg
| Logo = Logo NBSoil.svg
| Logo organisme =
| Nom = NBSoil
| URL = https://nbsoil.eu/
| Sous-titre = Nature-based Solutions for Soil Management
}}
The Nature-based Solutions for Soil Management – [https://nbsoil.eu/ NBSOIL] – project is a four-year EU-funded project that aims to create and test a learning pathway for existing and aspiring soil advisors to implement a holistic vision of soil health through nature-based solutions (NBS).

== Pages linked with the project ==

{{Search engine
| Query = [[A un mot-clé::NBSOIL]] OR [[Est dans le projet::NBSOIL]]
| ShowMap = true
}}

[[File:NBS Funding Organisations.png]]

[[fr:NBSOIL]]
[[de:NBSOIL]]
[[el:NBSOIL]]
[[es:NBSOIL]]
[[fi:NBSOIL]]
[[hu:NBSOIL]]
[[it:NBSOIL]]
[[nl:NBSOIL]]
[[pl:NBSOIL]]
[[pt:NBSOIL]]

NBSOIL Knowledge Marketplace

2025-08-01T12:56:00Z

Leylou Hubert (4012453191):

{{Programme
| Bannière = Bannière NBSoil.jpg
| Logo = Logo NBSoil.svg
| Logo organisme =
| Nom = NBSoil
| URL = https://nbsoil.eu/
| Sous-titre = Nature-based Solutions for Soil Management
}}
The Nature-based Solutions for Soil Management – [https://nbsoil.eu/ NBSOIL] – project is a four-year EU-funded project that aims to create and test a learning pathway for existing and aspiring soil advisors to implement a holistic vision of soil health through nature-based solutions (NBS).

== Pages linked with the project ==

{{Search engine
| Query = [[A un mot-clé::NBSOIL]] OR [[Est dans le projet::NBSOIL]]
| ShowMap = true
}}

[[Fichier:NBS Funding Organisations.png]]

[[fr:NBSOIL]]
[[de:NBSOIL]]
[[el:NBSOIL]]
[[es:NBSOIL]]
[[fi:NBSOIL]]
[[hu:NBSOIL]]
[[it:NBSOIL]]
[[nl:NBSOIL]]
[[pl:NBSOIL]]
[[pt:NBSOIL]]