https://en.tripleperformance.ag/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Bertrand+Gorge 2026-06-16T04:41:03Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.8 https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Category:Pages_vid%C3%A9os_avec_un_r%C3%A9sum%C3%A9_long&diff=11820 2026-06-08T08:57:42Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: </p> <hr /> <div>__HIDDENCAT__</div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Category:National_Center_for_Agroecology&diff=11819 2026-06-08T08:57:24Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Created page with &quot; See Structure:Centre National d&#039;Agroécologie&quot;</p> <hr /> <div> See [[Structure:Centre National d'Agroécologie]]</div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Category:Pages_vid%C3%A9os_avec_un_r%C3%A9sum%C3%A9_long&diff=11818 2026-06-08T08:56:47Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Created page with &quot;__HIDDEN_CAT__&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>__HIDDEN_CAT__</div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Sitenotice&diff=11817 2026-06-08T08:55:59Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Met à jour ou bien créé les templates dans les autres wiki à partir de la version française - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/347</p> <hr /> <div></div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Template:R%C3%A9sum%C3%A9_long&diff=11816 2026-06-08T08:55:53Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Met à jour ou bien créé les templates dans les autres wiki à partir de la version française - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/347</p> <hr /> <div>&lt;includeonly&gt;{{{Résumé|}}}<br /> [[Category: Pages vidéos avec un résumé long]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;</div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Template:Transcription&diff=11815 2026-06-08T08:55:53Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Met à jour ou bien créé les templates dans les autres wiki à partir de la version française - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/347</p> <hr /> <div><br /> &lt;noinclude&gt;<br /> &lt;templatedata&gt;<br /> {<br /> &quot;params&quot;: {<br /> &quot;transcription&quot;: {<br /> &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;<br /> }<br /> }<br /> }<br /> &lt;/templatedata&gt;<br /> &lt;/noinclude&gt;</div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Template:WikiSearch_result&diff=11814 2026-06-08T08:55:51Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Met à jour ou bien créé les templates dans les autres wiki à partir de la version française - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/347</p> <hr /> <div>{{#if:{{{$namespacename|}}}|{{#vardefine:pagelink|{{{$namespacename}}}:{{{$page|}}}}}|{{#vardefine:pagelink|{{{$page}}}}}}}&lt;div class=&quot;search-result&quot; style=&quot;position:relative&quot;&gt;<br /> {{#if:{{{Image de page|}}}{{{Page Image|}}}|&lt;div class=&quot;float-md-right&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1em; max-height: 120px; overflow: hidden; border-radius: 5px&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{A un type de page|}}}|&lt;span class=&quot;badge badge-light badge-pill over-thumbnail&quot;&gt;{{{A un type de page}}}&lt;/span&gt;}}[[{{ForceImage|{{{Image de page|}}}{{{Page Image|}}} }}|link={{#var:pagelink}}|200px|class=card-img h-auto]]&lt;/div&gt;|{{#if:{{{A une photo |}}}|&lt;div class=&quot;float-md-right&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1em; max-height: 120px; overflow: hidden; border-radius: 5px&quot;&gt;[[File:{{{A une photo }}}|link={{#var:pagelink}}|200px|class=card-img h-auto]]&lt;/div&gt;}}}}<br /> &lt;p class=&quot;card-title h6 mb-0&quot;&gt;[[:{{#var:pagelink}}|{{{$page|}}}((.stretched-link))]]&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;card-text my-0 &quot;&gt;&lt;small class=&quot;text-muted&quot;&gt;{{#arraymap:{{{A comme agriculteur|}}}|,|x|x|&lt;nowiki&gt;, &lt;/nowiki&gt;| &lt;nowiki&gt; et &lt;/nowiki&gt; }} {{#if:{{{A une date de mise en œuvre|}}} | ({{{A une date de mise en œuvre}}}) }} {{#if:{{{Est dans le département|}}}|- {{#replace:{{{Est dans le département}}}|(département)|}} }} {{#if:{{{A une durée|}}}| - {{{A une durée}}} minutes}}&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;card-text my-0&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-line-clamp: 5; display: -webkit-box; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; text-overflow: ellipsis; overflow-y: hidden;&quot;&gt;{{#arraymap:{{{A un mot-clé|}}}|,|x|{{tag|x}}|\s}}&lt;p class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;{{{Description|}}}&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;</div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Template:Transcript&diff=11813 2026-06-08T08:55:51Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Met à jour ou bien créé les templates dans les autres wiki à partir de la version française - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/347</p> <hr /> <div></div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Template:Livre&diff=11812 2026-06-08T08:55:50Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Met à jour ou bien créé les templates dans les autres wiki à partir de la version française - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/347</p> <hr /> <div>&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Modèles de catégories]]<br /> {{#template_params:Titre (label=Titre du livre;property=A un titre)|Auteurs (property=A un auteur)|Editeur (property=Est produit par)|Jaquette (property=A une photo)|ISBN (property=A un ISBN)|URL (property=A une URL)|Nombre de pages (property=A un nombre de pages)|Type de production (property=A un type de production)|Mots clés (property=A un mot-clé)|Date de première publication (property=A été publié en)|Description rapide (property=A une description rapide)|PDF du livre (property=A une version PDF)}}<br /> &lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Affiche fil d'ariane<br /> |Icone=Icone categorie Livre.png<br /> |[[:Category:Livres|Livres]]<br /> |{{#if:{{{Editeur|}}}| {{#arraymap:{{{Editeur}}}|,|x|[[Est produit par::x]]|, &lt;nowiki /&gt;|et}} }}<br /> |{{#if:{{{Auteurs|}}}| {{#arraymap:{{{Auteurs}}}|@|x|[[{{ForceUser|x}}]]|, &lt;nowiki /&gt;|et}} }} {{#if:{{{Date de première publication|}}}|({{{Date de première publication}}})}}<br /> |{{#if:{{{Nombre de pages|}}}| {{{Nombre de pages}}} pages }}<br /> |{{#if:{{{Type de production|}}}|[[{{{Type de production}}}]]}}<br /> }}<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;noexcerpt tags&quot;&gt;{{#arraymap:{{{Type de production|}}}|@|x|{{#set:A un type de production=x}}{{tag|x}}|&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt; }} {{#arraymap:{{{Mots-clés|}}}|,|x|{{tag|x}}|&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;}} {{#forargs: Tag<br /> | key<br /> | value<br /> | {{tag|{{#var: value }}|Deprecated}}&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;<br /> }}&lt;/div&gt;{{Page image and icone|Image={{{Jaquette|}}} }}<br /> <br /> {{{Description rapide|}}}<br /> <br /> {{#if:{{{Editeur|}}}{{{Nombre de pages|}}}{{{ISBN|}}}|<br /> ===Détails sur le livre===<br /> {{#if:{{{Editeur|}}}|* '''Éditeur :''' {{#arraymap:{{{Editeur}}}|,|x|[[x]]|, &lt;nowiki /&gt;|et}} }}<br /> {{#if:{{{Nombre de pages|}}}|* '''Nombre de pages :''' {{{Nombre de pages}}} pages }}<br /> {{#if:{{{ISBN|}}}|* '''ISBN :''' [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&amp;q={{{ISBN}}} {{{ISBN}}}] }}<br /> {{#if:{{{URL|}}}|* '''Trouver en ligne:''' [{{{URL}}} voir en ligne] }}<br /> }}<br /> {{#if:{{{Titre|}}}| {{#set: A un titre = {{{Titre}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{Auteurs|}}}| {{#arraymap:{{{Auteurs}}}|@|x|{{#set:A un auteur={{ForceUser|x}} }} }} }} {{#if:{{{Jaquette|}}}| {{#set: A une photo = File:{{{Jaquette}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{URL|}}}| {{#set: A une URL = {{{URL}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{Organisme|}}}| [[Category:{{{Organisme}}}]] }}{{#set: A un type de page = Livre }} <br /> <br /> {{#if:{{{PDF|}}} | {{PDF|Fichier={{{PDF}}} }} }}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Livres]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;</div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Template:Vid%C3%A9o&diff=11811 2026-06-08T08:55:50Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Met à jour ou bien créé les templates dans les autres wiki à partir de la version française - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/347</p> <hr /> <div>&lt;noinclude&gt;<br /> Ceci est la template pour les cultures. 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Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Market_gardening_and_Drought_in_Morocco:_How_to_Cope%3F_Jihad_Elmalih&diff=11810 2026-06-08T08:53:56Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Automated translation</p> <hr /> <div>{{Vidéo<br /> |Titre=Market Gardening and Drought in Morocco: How to Cope? Jihad Elmalih<br /> | Producteur=National Center for Agroecology<br /> | Vignette=Thumbnail_youtube_uoq1VvBWqgY.jpg<br /> | Date de mise en ligne=2026-06-04<br /> | Durée=47 minutes<br /> | Production=Market Gardening<br /> | Vidéo=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uoq1VvBWqgY<br /> | Programme=Urbane<br /> | Intervenants 0=Jihad Elmalih<br /> | Mots-clés=Drought, Morocco<br /> | Résumé=In this presentation, Jihad Elmalih, farmer and agroecology advisor, shares his experience at the Fessila farm in Morocco, a region facing increasing aridity. Confronted with extreme climatic conditions and poor soils, he implemented agroforestry systems inspired by traditional oases. These practices include living soil cultivation, the use of dense cover crops, planting windbreak hedges, and installing swales to optimize water management. These techniques have restored soil fertility and reduced water consumption by a factor of seven. Beyond technical aspects, Jihad Elmalih details the Participatory Guarantee System (PGS) established by the RIAM network. This inclusive system, based on trust between producers and consumers, certifies agroecological farms while promoting knowledge sharing and access to short marketing circuits.<br /> }}<br /> <br /> This video was produced by the National Center for Agroecology (CNA) https://centre-national-agroecologie.fr/ as part of the URBANE project https://urbane-project.eu/, funded by the European Union.<br /> <br /> The opinions expressed are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position of the European Union or the Research Executive Agency (REA).<br /> <br /> {{Transcription<br /> |transcription=Vincent Levavasseur: <br /> Hello everyone, we meet today for a webinar presenting agroecological practices in Morocco. This webinar is part of the Urban project, a project on the development of agroecological practices in Africa, in various countries. Today, we will focus especially on what is happening in Morocco, and we have the pleasure of welcoming Jihad Elmalih, who is a farmer and agroecology advisor in Morocco, who will present the work he does both on his farm and in the network he leads, including everything related to PGS, and he will explain what this acronym means.<br /> <br /> Jihad Elmalih: <br /> Thank you very much for the invitation. I am Jihad Elmalih, a former IT professional, currently a farmer and agroecology advisor, and co-founder of the agroecological farm Fessila. Regarding practices in Morocco, of course, they share common foundations with what is found in Europe or France, but the difference here is that we are moving from semi-arid to arid conditions after seven years of drought. Certainly, this year, we have a very strange phenomenon, with massive floods and precipitation concentrated in one month. So what I will present now are all the practices implemented either on our farm or on pilot farms we manage to meet the needs of each farm, both for producing fruits, vegetables, market gardening, edible forest, etc. And facing this climate change with very high temperatures and very little water or very high salinity. Next slide. So, as I said, I am Jihad Elmalih. I am co-owner or co-founder of the Fessila farm. Fessila is an old Arabic word meaning young shoot. We are located on a farm between Tiflet and Hermitserre, between Rabat and the Middle Atlas. So, we are far from the sea but somewhat close to the first mountains of the Middle Atlas, which create a very varied thermal gradient, as we will see on the next slide. All this, of course, came after a long bicycle trip that my wife and I chose to take. We were in a completely different sector from what we do now. I was in new technologies, IT, etc. My wife was in insurance, banking, etc. After a long bike trip, we discovered ancient practices in the Atlas mountains with very harsh conditions and very little water, etc. We were inspired by everything done in the Mediterranean to leave everything and settle on a family farm purchased in 2010. That is where we started discovering agroecology, but through practice, observation, etc. The family land bought in 2010 is in a very isolated area, as it is where the cheapest land is found, due to poor soils, etc. It is a land with less than 1% organic matter, precisely 0.7% organic matter initially, with 69% sand, meaning it retains very little water and organic matter, little biodiversity, as it is monoculture over hundreds or even thousands of hectares, with deep plowing, etc. And very strong winds as we are located in a wind corridor. And of course, a very wide thermal altitude range, from -4°C in mid-winter as we are very close to the Atlas mountains, up to 49°C sometimes exceeding 49°C up to 50°C in mid-summer, lasting several weeks or even months, especially between June and late August. And a 3% slope which, of course, increases soil erosion and carries away all organic matter outside the farm. So, faced with all this, the idea is to recreate the oasis system seen in Morocco, which dates back 2000 years and still works, with multiple vegetation layers, including trees, canopies, shrubs, etc., and very diverse vegetation with, in our context, market gardening on living soil. That is why, from the start, we chose to plant many trees, both as hedges to reduce wind speed, which greatly evaporates water, etc. We measured and it can reach up to 60 tons of water lost per day due to wind, increasing in summer. Then, of course, the agroforestry system, planting about a dozen species north-south, creates a shade play for market gardening, for the vegetable garden and vegetables planted at the foot of the trees. This is what we do in the photo, but it is a whole process to get here. Next. Here, for example, all these photos were taken between 2020 and 2020 in mid-summer, meaning July-August. We see both the number and production in three dimensions. That means we have apple trees, and on the same cubic meter, we move from two dimensions to three dimensions on the same area. And since we have a shade play, we plant according to light and heat. Of course, vegetables, leaves, etc., can receive morning sunlight, but from 2 p.m. zenith and after, they are shaded. For example, anacaceous and cucurbitaceous plants that like some heat are shaded in the morning but sunny in the afternoon. This system creates shade that allows crops to grow calmly under the canopy. Moreover, we can even extend the season of some leafy vegetables. For example, mesclun can be cut six to eight times even in mid-summer, whereas in areas without trees, only one or two cuts are possible in mid-summer. Then, of course, we used many cover crop mixes to both aerate the soil and cover it, because initially, we could use straw, etc. But with drought, straw prices rose from 5 dirhams per bale to 50-60 dirhams per bale, ten times more, making it impossible to buy straw. That is why we make covers with mixes of 6 to 10 species and fertilize the cover crop instead of fertilizing the vegetables. This results in a very dense cover. Here, for example, we see a yellow spade 1.60 m tall while the green cover crop has already exceeded the vegetables, meaning it is already 1.75 m tall, as we fertilize the cover crop, which produces more biomass and allows mowing at flowering, providing the soil with large organic matter and a rich rhizosphere with roots, which reduces pest pressure and nourishes soil life. We are on very poor soil, so it is essential to invite soil life that helps decompact and nourish it, especially our fungal friends who create glomalin to capture soil particles against erosion from slope and raindrop impact or even very strong winds. On the next page, we will see that this residue lasted three months without irrigation, meaning we lost the well. Certainly, some vegetables like peppers were burned, but vegetables continue to grow because of the very dense cover, ranging from 10 to 40 cm depending on the bed's previous input level and the shade created by trees and canopy. On other farms, we used almost the same technique, except here we went from 0 to 9% organic matter, with 77% sand, and a very acidic pH rising from 4 to 5.5. So, what we achieved in 10-15 years on our own farm took a lot of time to experiment, find the right mix, use support trees, adapt seeds to our terroir, etc. Currently, in one cycle, meaning one year on soils between 1 and 3 years old, very poor soils, etc., we manage to produce market garden crops the first year. On this soil, we started with orientation to install support trees and, as usual, hedges to reduce wind speed and evaporation. Then we moved to a green area, and the next photo shows the landscape changed with this cover, then we installed trees. We have beds from the same year. We started in October and already see residues of cover crops mowed and harvests less than a year after design, installation, and start of harvests. Besides cover crops, we also used strawy manure and ash to help regulate soil pH. We discovered a very interesting tree, Senna ciamia, which helps increase soil pH and resists very high salinity. We see the difference in two years on the same soil with many organic matter inputs, agroforestry, chop and drop in the sancturopic zone with support trees resistant to salinity and drought. We achieve a soil... You mentioned how? Chop and drop, mowing and leaving organic matter in place, whether shrubs planted for this or comfrey-like species, very famous in Europe but more drought-resistant, such as Mexican sunflower or Titonia diversifolia, which resists drought well and accumulates much organic matter. Here, in one to two years, we go from very sandy soil (77% sand) that retains little organic matter and has no structure, to a soil rich in glomalin, as seen by the soil color change and root richness in the rhizosphere. This is the first horizon taken from the same place, and the difference is two years of practice. Then, with all organic matter deposits, the soil invites a vast world of macro-organisms discovered on site. Initially, there were only a few woodlice. Year after year, we see fungal filaments, even vertebrates from epigeal fauna. Year after year, soil life establishes. Especially since the cycle is very short in Morocco, with long droughts and extended dormancy. That is why from the fourth or fifth year of agroforestry system installation, soil life extends even to early June, as we keep moisture and freshness as long as possible, whereas in the first years, we barely see it for 2-3 months maximum per year. We go from yellow soil resembling perrot, seen under the pomegranate tree at the bottom of the photo. Among other farms we supported, some have very steep slopes. There, we installed Bessières or Swales. It is fortunate because we discovered a Moroccan documentary from the 1950s where old farmers used Egyptian levels or water levels to follow contour lines and install swales that slow precipitation water. That is why in the same regions, olive trees over a century old still exist, fully autonomous, without maintenance, still fruiting. We installed these three years ago. This year, we received over 400 mm in one month, which is what we normally get in two years. We received it in three to four weeks, causing floods in major Moroccan cities. Over 200,000 people were evacuated in an area where cereals are grown and many breeders live. Soils with deep plowing lose porosity, whereas in our soils, no flooding occurred because porosity created by earthworms and tree roots allowed water absorption instead of puddles. Three years later, after floods across Morocco, the next slide shows no erosion, and swales are filled. Moreover, recent precipitation in March lasted 4 to 5 weeks. Behind each swale, there is a row of trees growing solely from the swale. This is a first, as farms starting now must irrigate weekly or even daily with rising temperatures. In this design, we made a metallic soil cover, as we did not have enough precipitation to start a green manure, so we sowed a mix of wild plants and weeds, and after precipitation, we have both water retention in swales and a mat that holds soil, as the soil shows bedrock through decades of erosion. Then production begins with different varieties. Here, we can grow carrots 30 to 35 cm long without tillage, straight of course, but only from the third year to achieve such yields. Then very slow leeks reaching 40-45 cm. Then the full diversity of vegetables with interesting calibers, proving agroecology can feed the population. These results were measured between 2016 and 2021. Economically, initially, we irrigated a lot as the system was just starting, consuming up to 3000 dirhams (about 300 euros) per month for irrigation to start the slope, etc. Between 2016 and 2021, we divided water input by seven through trees, cover crops, living soil, cover crop cycles, mowing and leaving all crop residues, weeds, tree leaves, pruning residues, etc. This also increased useful water reserve, reducing our water ratio. Also, the rainy period now lasts from October to March without irrigation, whereas initially, we irrigated almost daily, sometimes twice daily. There was a significant increase in organic matter over time, from 0.7-0.9 to 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.7, 1.8. Yields improved. We conducted a comparative study between our first five years and conventional growers. Conventional culture yields between 20 and 30 tons of eggplants per hectare, tested on three species. We reached about three tons between the third and fifth year. That means between 3 and 5 years, each bed, thanks to history, some used BRF, others fermented compost, different fertilizer cycles with different species, etc. Between 3 and 5 years, we reached the range of conventional yields, 20 to 30 tons, across three species: eggplants, tomatoes, and beets. The most exciting thing is that tomatoes even matched yield with varieties selected over six years. Working only with farmers on old varieties selected for disease resistance, drought resistance, and yield, after five or six years, yields went from 500 g to 1-1.5 kg per tomato plant up to 16-25 kg per plant, which is remarkable under very arid conditions.<br /> <br /> Vincent Levavasseur: <br /> How many tomato plants per square meter is your planting density?<br /> <br /> Jihad Elmalih: <br /> Two tomato plants per square meter. In a one-meter-wide bed, we create a single row of tomatoes spaced 50 cm apart, but next to it, there are other crops. That means tomatoes are associated with basil or other crops. So in the same square meter, there are two tomatoes but also other crops. For example, with kale, six kale plants and two tomatoes per square meter. Next slide. After all these series.<br /> <br /> Vincent Levavasseur: <br /> Classics... Sorry, Basiade. Not about economics, but can you live off your hectare, support one or two people, earn a salary comparable to a conventional market gardener in the region? How do you position yourself in terms of workload, overall turnover at the hectare scale, this kind of data which is also interesting?<br /> <br /> Jihad Elmalih : <br /> Yes, generally the first three to five years are not economically interesting at all, except for maximum diversity. For one reason, market gardening, for example, can be sold and commercialized in the first year. So that's not a problem, we can do a shared crop, we start in six months, eight months, ten months, we begin to have an amount of money. However, trees take time to grow, they take time to bear fruit. What we do is that all the profit, a large part of the income we calculate from everything related to market gardening, etc., helps us finance the first three to five years to take care of the trees, their purchase, irrigation, fertilization, pruning, etc. Guaranteeing a very sustainable and very profitable economy on small surfaces, like one hectare, two, three, etc. It is absolutely necessary to diversify as much as possible. So that's what we did: we produce fruits, vegetables, but also plants. We have a nursery on site, so we are autonomous in seeds, in plants. But on the other hand, we produce plants for about fifteen, even twenty farms, which generates a very interesting turnover. Then we also have a co-responsible poultry invader, so we also see broiler chickens, old breeds, eggs in the baskets or those who also order eggs. Then also in the production part, we have hive products, etc. We have diversified as much as possible, we can of course generate salaries, we can far exceed what we can earn in conventional farming. But if we base ourselves only on market gardening, we cannot have profitability. Besides all that, everything produced, meaning fruits, vegetables, aromatic and medicinal plants, market gardening plants, trees that we produce even on site, eggs, hive products, etc. So everything produced, on the side, we also have services. So training services, on-site reception services, there are people who come to spend a weekend, etc., eat healthy, agroecological food, take a tour, do self-covid, etc. So the service part, training, technical support, reception, training, etc. greatly helps to have diversity and especially money between the three and five first years which are a bit tricky. After, after five years, what happens is that we increase yields and reduce costs. Because then, the soil becomes alive. We no longer buy manure, we no longer buy compost, we no longer buy seeds because we become autonomous and so we reduce our water consumption and also increase yield. And so between decreasing expenses and increasing yield, of course profitability will gradually rise up to 2, 3, even 4 cents.<br /> <br /> Vincent Levavasseur : <br /> And how many tons do you produce of the different types of fruits, per fruit? Per hectare, if you have those figures?<br /> <br /> Jihad Elmalih : <br /> Actually, I don't have the exact figures in mind. I keep in mind, for example, the figures we made in Anvergine, etc. But on average, I believe that on a farm we recently manage, we manage to produce on 1000 square meters, 15 baskets, between 12 and 15 baskets per week. And the baskets weigh about a dozen kilos.<br /> <br /> Vincent Levavasseur : <br /> On the market gardening part.<br /> <br /> Jihad Elmalih : <br /> So only on the market gardening part. So the first and second year. So 1000 m² cultivated gives us about fifteen different species and gives us between 12 and 15 baskets weighing about a dozen kilos. Okay. And on the fruit part, you have?<br /> <br /> Vincent Levavasseur : <br /> Some figures at that time?<br /> <br /> Jihad Elmalih : <br /> The fruit part varies a lot. For example, olives, we currently manage to produce, on 8 millimeters squared, between 2 and 3 and a half tons. It all depends on whether we irrigate, whether we still have water or not. Then, for example, pomegranates, last year, in October, we harvested 32 kilos on one pomegranate tree. So that's an average, because there are trees that weigh 45 kilos, others a bit less, 25, 30, etc. And it varies, it all depends on whether we irrigate or not, whether we have enough water or not, whether we fertilize or not, etc. For example, the farm we currently manage, called Festila, we haven't managed it for almost four years, we live on site, etc. But on the other hand, we manage quite a few external projects. But it's the work we did over 10 years that gives us this freedom to come harvest even though we don't fertilize, we get little, etc. But there is a deposit of organic matter and crop residue that is constantly recycled. Very good.<br /> <br /> Vincent Levavasseur : <br /> That's the second part then?<br /> <br /> Jihad Elmalih : <br /> Exactly, so the second part is the participatory guarantee system, so we are part of a network called RIA, which is the abbreviation for the network of agroecological initiatives in Morocco, so it is a network that brings together producers, consumers, agronomists, acalbitians, researchers, intermediaries, processors, breeders, etc., but who are in the agroecological, permaculture, organic sphere, but especially agroecological. And all this is the result of a series of meetings between 2012 and 2014, which created a collective, which created a lot of exchanges, etc., which transformed into an association in 2015, the RIAB. And so, after two years of work throughout Morocco, they created a PGS in 2017, late 2017 early 2018, so the PGS is a participatory guarantee system since when a companion When we had a series of meetings, exchanges, etc., we saw that behind there are producers, consumers, but there still needs to be a guarantee system. Whereas the existing systems are all organic and do not really fit the Moroccan reality and everything economic, ecological, but also social. So we created the PGS, it is a participatory guarantee system that is very inclusive, meaning it brings together producers, consumers, and experts. And these three make the specifications, internal regulations, visit forms, and charges. And so the specifications, of course, are made inclusively through a series of meetings to see how we can improve practices, etc. And include them in the specifications with, of course, consumers who absolutely want to eat seasonal, because other labels completely neglect producing in season, etc. And producers who absolutely want to have short circuit sales, no need to export or travel all over Morocco to sell their vegetables, and so on. So that's where we came up with this system based on trust, sharing, and networking. And after a series, we released the first specification dedicated to plant production and then moved on to animal production, currently we have three specifications. The first is plant production, everything related to market gardening, etc., but especially market gardening. The second is agriculture. And the third is apiculture. We are also updating every year to improve practices and also develop updated specifications. Then, how does it work? We developed all the specifications, etc. How does it work? Next page, there are two main parts. The first part is the application part. Where the producer approaches the network, wants to absolutely join this network, meet all the producers, exchange practices, even exchange seeds, etc. He makes a first facilitation request. Facilitation is what? We send volunteers who go directly to the farm to see if the farm is labelable. Is it consistent with the specifications? Is the soil covered? Are there enough trees? Are there no-till practices? Is there a living soil market? Is the design very ecological? And so on. And we explain the specifications with everything that is prohibited, everything that is pesticides, chemical fertilizers, deep tillage, etc., everything that is prohibited, everything that is recommended and everything that is mandatory. Then, we invite the producer who requests certification, we invite him to training between their facilitation and the real request. We invite to participate in certification visits, training, exchange groups, forums that we organize, etc. And then, when he is ready, both his farm corresponds to the specifications and he is ready and motivated. Then he requests membership to the RIA, requests labeling with a signed and legalized letter of commitment, etc. And he sends it to the national PGS permission which will assign him to a local group based on geolocation, whether he is in Rabat, Kaza, Marrakech, Agadir, etc. We have branches all over Morocco. We also try to go a bit further south, where there are very few branches, gather as many actors as possible to get involved and manage an ecological transition at the national level. The second part is at the time of the request, we send three inspectors. The inspectors consist of a producer, a consumer. There must be at least three people, four, five, etc. But it is three who investigate with the investigation form, etc. They are producers, consumers, also experts who go to the farm. They are not the same people, meaning we do a random draw. So on each farm in turn, cycle, there are three people who investigate and visit the farm to see if the specifications are respected, etc. So, sending inspectors. Of course, there are observers who can come. For example, facilitators, those who come to request labeling, but they don't know how it works, etc. They can come to attend an inspection visit to see how it works, etc. And then, of course, there is an investigation form that will be several pages, etc., which will be filled out on the number of trees, what type of variety, what species to cultivate, a crop rotation scheme, what type of inputs, whether the inputs are created on site or purchased. If purchased, their traceability must be ensured, etc. And after all that, on the form, we saw the national committee which will organize the CONAC. It is a meeting where we locally gather all the farms, rather it is the colloquium that gathers all the farms that have been inspected in the same region. And then, of course, we move on to the next step which is the CONAC, the National Commission which will gather all the farms in question. And so, that is where we move to the second opinion, because the colloquium gives the first approval opinion, if it sees that there are prohibitions, etc. And then, the second opinion will be either favorable, unfavorable, or favorable but with recommendations. That means if there are farms that have a traceability problem on such or such a crop. If it is prohibited, it is no, unfavorable. If it is an obligation but not done, for example if we see that there is soil cover but not total or if the soil remains bare for more than a month or more than a month, it is favorable but with recommendations. We always come with the history to see if the permit holder has made efforts to improve soil cover, be more autonomous in seeds, or even exchange with other producers, etc. And so, there you see in the photo the specifications. This is a 2017 version, but every year, or every 2-3 years, we improve and release a new improved version. Or of course, there are recommendations that become obligations. Because even tillage at the start was not to exceed 20 cm, we move to not exceeding 10 cm and then we move to no tillage at all. This way we integrate this gentle and permanent transition to be as inclusive as possible and also to encourage small farmers in their transition. So I spoke about small farmers because the PGS is mainly made for small farmers because it costs at least ten times less than other labels. And in addition, you have access to training, seed hubs, a huge network that constantly gathers, either on networks, WhatsApp, Facebook, etc. Or physically through training. For example, tomorrow, we have a training on the PGS, but we will do a reminder of the basic principles of agroecology for those requesting adaptation for the first time, and so on. Today, there was a conference with Bernard Alonso on agroecology, etc. In Niagara and so on. So, every time, there are meetings, etc. To further popularize agroecological practices, but also the PGS which is an alternative to the label which is a local inclusive label based on respect for life. So the themes addressed, we have eight themes. In the specifications. We have land management and crop choice. That is where we talk about creative crop design. Is this monoculture pearl coming from diversity? Are crop choices based on resistant crops or are they crops that consume a lot of water, etc.? Then, the second part is all about soil management and fertilization. Soil management, is there tillage? Is there proper work? Is there cover? Is fertilization through natural fertilizers or synthetic fertilizers? Does the farm use fertilizers, but are they produced on site or purchased locally, or brought from afar, and so on. Their traceability, sometimes is it industrial or peasant production, and so on. The third part is all about prevention, work against diseases and pests, how they are managed, are they managed manually, through green fertilizers, through manures or natural solutions or are they chemically managed by other soil destruction tools. Then we have a part dedicated to plants and seeds, so we also look for good seed traceability, if they are F1 seeds treated with franchises it is prohibited, if they are standard seeds or agroecological seeds etc. It is even better. And the farm equipment because there are farms that are huge but on the other hand they keep a conventional part and the other agroecological because we find farms where it is a family farm where each heir cultivates in his own way but on the other hand we will not impose our way of thinking on everyone but on the other hand we just have to ensure that the two farms keep a distance to avoid treatments crossing over. In addition, farm equipment must absolutely be separated. Sprayers, all tools, etc. To avoid contamination, etc. We manage behind through soil analyses, specific residue analyses, etc. The sixth point is water management on the farm. Is there good water management on the farm? Has the farmer installed a cover, does the farmer cover his soil, cultivate for example species that are drought resistant, does he have a water management strategy, does he have open basins or are they covered with nets or trees, are there ditches, are there pits to stop water and so on. What means, for example, is water pumped by electric, gas, diesel, or renewable energy, etc. The seventh point is all about waste from painting, all inorganic waste, all plastic bags, etc. How are they managed, are they recycled or burned, etc. Are organic wastes valued in the form of compost, surface composting, or compost in other ways, or are they thrown away, etc. To have an impact also on the valorization of farm waste, whether it is mounted plants, crop residues, peelings, etc. And the eighth point which is very interesting, is the social point and also the working conditions of workers on the farm. Are they well paid, does the remuneration respect the SMIG or SMAG, the minimum agricultural wage in Morocco, do they have social benefits or not, can they have access to harvests for example, or meals, etc. To guarantee a balance between everything ecological, economic, but also social. So here are roughly the themes addressed in the specifications and which are of course in the investigation form which is nine pages long, which takes between half a day and half a day, or a bit more, depending on the size of the farm but also the diversity of employment. And at the end of the investigation of course, at the end of the commission, etc., the Moroccan agro-economic PGS conformity certificate is given to the producer, but for a maximum duration of one year. To be renewed each year to see improvements, whether the respect of practices is still there or if there is regression, progress, etc. And so far, in 2025, we have 48 farms labeled in Rabat, so we have many more farms between Rabat, Salé, Tiflens, etc. That is where Oriyam started and where there is a very lively agricultural zone around Rabat, it is not really Rabat the capital, but Zalangour, 22 farms in Marrakech and 19 in Casablanca, on an area of 800 hectares between only Rabat and Marrakech, Casablanca is a bit more. So we can go up to 1000 hectares cultivated in agroecology only in PGS while there are other farms cultivating in other regions where PGS is not yet introduced. So currently we introduced this year in 2026 a new region but they will probably be labeled this year at the end of this month.<br /> <br /> Vincent Levavasseur : <br /> The valorization a bit there of the farmers of this label, how do they manage to benefit from all these efforts that are made?<br /> <br /> Jihad Elmalih : <br /> Yes, that's very interesting, so on the one hand it's access to a huge network, exchange networks, etc., and currently there are quite a few restaurants, quite a few farmers' markets, that guarantee access only if you have the SPG. So if, for example, already among consumers, there are other sectors, there is catering, etc. There are restaurants that are committed and absolutely want to have products that are SPG labeled, because they were, of course, among the people who developed the specifications, etc. So they know very, very well the value of the SPG. Then for the producer it is also a network and in addition to that there are 2 to 3 weekly farmers' markets that bring together only producers in SFG. Of course, to avoid that a producer in agroecology goes through a very, very slow circuit or a conventional circuit where there were ten years ago about fifteen intermediaries. The SPE markets are markets that we are always working to improve, to distribute as much as possible, because it requires a lot of time, a lot of work, a lot of budget, a lot of authorization. The two to three markets currently are evening spaces. For example, there is one in a church where they have a green space, etc. They are very much in agreement with all that. Another one is in an archiculture club, etc. There are other Marrakechs that are... In a public garden, but through a series of authorizations, we were able to organize this market. In Casablanca, it is a farm, it is in a farm that we organized all that, etc. So, to hold a market in a public place, it takes a lot of time, etc. So, that is why at the same time we do the popularization part, the networking part, etc., but also a part of advocacy, awareness-raising both for consumers, but advocacy towards the State to recognize the SPG and also to recognize agroecology as a means, not only of production, but as a way of life that brings together economy, ecology and social aspects.<br /> <br /> Vincent Levavasseur : <br /> Thank you very much, that's very clear. I think on the guarantee system part, we have explained well how it works. Everything can be found on the RIAM website, if we want to find the map of producers, information related to the market, information related to the SPG, it is on the RIAM website, right?<br /> <br /> Jihad Elmalih : <br /> Exactly on the RIAM website which we will soon update as well and we will also work on an application and a dedicated website for the marketing of SPG labeled products to facilitate the task for producers. Personally, as a producer, marketing and looking for consumers, etc., is a full-time job that takes a lot of time and of course we want that time for production, etc. And so if we delegate this part to other people or on a website or an application that facilitates this task, we will produce better, we will focus even more on our practices and improve our practices to better manage this transition. In addition to that, we are currently entering the seventh year of drought. Certainly, we had an exception this year with some rainfall, but they caused a lot of flooding on soils that are not lignified, etc. But on the other hand, directly after, we have very, very hard rises. And so, to continue always the research, the exchanges, etc. For practices that both resist drought but also salinity. Because with drought, we have a lot of salinity in the water, in the soils, which greatly reduces yields. And each time, we try new things, we integrate certain shrubs and try to see the results gradually.<br /> <br /> Vincent Levavasseur : <br /> Understood, thank you very much for all this information and these presentations. So there will be other webinars held in other countries, notably one planned in Senegal and Benin as part of the Urban project. I will let you conclude the presentation.<br /> <br /> Jihad Elmalih : <br /> Jeanne, the end of the month. Yes, well listen, thank you very much for the invitation. Everything that Verde Terre Productions, the National School of Agroecology do and all the practitioners do to advance agronomy, to make it as ecological as possible, as sustainable and more accessible to everyone is very interesting for me. And here, I invite you to visit us in Morocco if you ever come to Morocco. If you have any questions, with great pleasure.<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Résumé long<br /> |Résumé=== Market gardening and drought in Morocco: how to cope? ==<br /> <br /> As part of the Urban project, dedicated to the development of agroecological practices in Africa, the webinar welcomed '''Jihad Elmalih''', farmer, agroecology advisor and co-founder of the '''Fessila''' farm in Morocco. He shares here his feedback on the transition towards resilient systems facing an increasingly arid climate.<br /> <br /> == Pedoclimatic context in Morocco ==<br /> <br /> The Fessila farm, located between Tiflet and Khémisset, illustrates the challenges of Moroccan market gardening. After seven years of drought, the region now oscillates between extreme drought and sudden flooding episodes. The initial characteristics of the land were difficult:<br /> * Less than 1% organic matter (0.7%).<br /> * Soil 69% sandy, retaining very little water.<br /> * Extreme thermal amplitude (-4°C in winter, up to 50°C in summer).<br /> * Constant wind causing high evapotranspiration.<br /> <br /> == Agroecological adaptation strategies ==<br /> <br /> To recreate an &quot;oasis&quot;-type system, Jihad Elmalih implemented several key techniques:<br /> <br /> * '''Agroforestry:''' Planting about a dozen tree species in hedges and complex systems reduces wind speed and creates a beneficial shade effect for crops. This three-dimensional system allows for staggered production and better temperature control for vegetables.<br /> * '''Soil management:''' Abandoning deep plowing and massively adding organic matter transformed the soil structure. The use of green manures (mixtures of 6 to 10 species) and &quot;chop and drop&quot; techniques (mowing and mulching in place) promotes soil life and the development of glomalin, essential for water retention and erosion control.<br /> * '''Water harvesting:''' Installing &quot;baissières&quot; (swales) following contour lines slows down and infiltrates rainwater. These structures have eliminated erosion and reduced irrigation needs by a factor of seven over five years.<br /> * '''Varietal selection:''' The farm favors locally adapted farmer seeds, which has significantly increased yields (e.g., from 500g to more than 15kg per tomato plant after 6 years of selection).<br /> <br /> == Economic viability and diversification ==<br /> <br /> The transition to agroecology requires a 3 to 5-year period during which profitability is more fragile. To address this, the farm's economic model relies on:<br /> * '''Diversification:''' Fruits, vegetables, aromatic and medicinal plants, poultry, beekeeping, and nursery.<br /> * '''Services:''' Training, farm visits, and technical advice, which provide a stable income during the first years.<br /> * '''Cost reduction:''' Autonomy in seeds, compost, and reduced needs for external inputs progressively strengthen profitability.<br /> <br /> == The Participatory Guarantee System (PGS) ==<br /> <br /> The network of agroecological initiatives in Morocco ('''RIAM''') established in 2017 a specific guarantee system to meet the needs of small producers: the PGS.<br /> <br /> Unlike industrial certifications, the PGS is an inclusive tool based on trust and networking:<br /> # '''Co-constructed specifications:''' Defined by producers, consumers, and experts.<br /> # '''Investigation process:''' A commission composed of producers and consumers visits farms to validate compliance with practices (covered soil, absence of chemical products, water management, social conditions of workers).<br /> # '''Continuous improvement:''' The certificate is issued for one year and encourages the producer to progress (e.g., from shallow plowing to no-till).<br /> <br /> Today, the network counts hundreds of certified hectares around Rabat, Casablanca, and Marrakech, thus offering a concrete and accessible alternative for small Moroccan farmers. The project continues to develop with digital marketing tools to free up farmers' time and strengthen their resilience to climate change.<br /> <br /> }}<br /> [[fr:Maraîchage et Sécheresse au Maroc : Comment faire face ? Jihad Elmalih]]</div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Andy_Dibben_talks_why_he%27s_researching_strip_tillage_on_his_market_garden&diff=11809 2026-05-29T14:09:01Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Ajoute les transcriptions YouTube aux pages vidéo qui n&#039;en ont pas - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/435</p> <hr /> <div>{{vidéo<br /> | Titre = Andy Dibben talks why he's researching strip tillage on his market garden<br /> | Producteur = Innovative Farmers<br /> | Vignette = Thumbnail_youtube_0glYdMS9iAA.jpg<br /> | Date de mise en ligne = 2023-08-21<br /> | Durée = 3 minutes<br /> | Production = <br /> | Vidéo = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0glYdMS9iAA<br /> | Mots-clés = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{Pages liées}}<br /> <br /> {{Transcription<br /> | transcription = my name is Andy dibbon and I'm head my name is Andy dibbon and I'm head my name is Andy dibbon and I'm head grower at Abbey home Farm in grower at Abbey home Farm in grower at Abbey home Farm in gloucestershire and I grave 15 Acres of gloucestershire and I grave 15 Acres of gloucestershire and I grave 15 Acres of organic veg so my job as head grower organic veg so my job as head grower organic veg so my job as head grower here at the farm is to try and Supply here at the farm is to try and Supply here at the farm is to try and Supply the shop with as many different kinds of the shop with as many different kinds of the shop with as many different kinds of fruit and vegetables for 12 months of fruit and vegetables for 12 months of fruit and vegetables for 12 months of the year and we do that using field the year and we do that using field the year and we do that using field scale production intensive Market Garden scale production intensive Market Garden scale production intensive Market Garden production polytunnel production and production polytunnel production and production polytunnel production and Glass House production so the key thing Glass House production so the key thing Glass House production so the key thing about this field lab we're starting on about this field lab we're starting on about this field lab we're starting on this year is we're looking to establish this year is we're looking to establish this year is we're looking to establish living mulches that we strip tillage living mulches that we strip tillage living mulches that we strip tillage into and this is a technique that should into and this is a technique that should into and this is a technique that should prevent us from having to plow fields prevent us from having to plow fields prevent us from having to plow fields and disrupt that very complex ecosystem and disrupt that very complex ecosystem and disrupt that very complex ecosystem of soil the reasons we're interested in of soil the reasons we're interested in of soil the reasons we're interested in trialling this new technique is that trialling this new technique is that trialling this new technique is that with all the latest soil science it's with all the latest soil science it's with all the latest soil science it's become really clear that every time you become really clear that every time you become really clear that every time you disrupt the soil you disrupt mycelium disrupt the soil you disrupt mycelium disrupt the soil you disrupt mycelium networks and you disrupt the biotic life networks and you disrupt the biotic life networks and you disrupt the biotic life of the soil the less you disrupt these of the soil the less you disrupt these of the soil the less you disrupt these the better your crops will become both the better your crops will become both the better your crops will become both in resistance to pests but also in resistance to pests but also in resistance to pests but also increases in visual quality and yield increases in visual quality and yield increases in visual quality and yield it'll also prevent release of carbon it'll also prevent release of carbon it'll also prevent release of carbon from cultivated soil which is crucial from cultivated soil which is crucial from cultivated soil which is crucial for climate change at the moment for climate change at the moment for climate change at the moment so strip tilling in Horticulture is a so strip tilling in Horticulture is a so strip tilling in Horticulture is a new technique we're looking at currently new technique we're looking at currently new technique we're looking at currently we have a cover crop that covers a whole we have a cover crop that covers a whole we have a cover crop that covers a whole field I then plow that whole field to field I then plow that whole field to field I then plow that whole field to put a line of crops in every 75 put a line of crops in every 75 put a line of crops in every 75 centimeters this results in the field centimeters this results in the field centimeters this results in the field being largely bare apart from the crop being largely bare apart from the crop being largely bare apart from the crop through the duration of that cropping through the duration of that cropping through the duration of that cropping season the strip tillage system is season the strip tillage system is season the strip tillage system is looking at just cultivating strips where looking at just cultivating strips where looking at just cultivating strips where I'm going to put the crop and leaving I'm going to put the crop and leaving I'm going to put the crop and leaving the cover crop in place which I don't the cover crop in place which I don't the cover crop in place which I don't need to cultivate massively reducing the need to cultivate massively reducing the need to cultivate massively reducing the disruption of the soil that currently disruption of the soil that currently disruption of the soil that currently happens what this looks like is rather happens what this looks like is rather happens what this looks like is rather than turning a whole green field into a than turning a whole green field into a than turning a whole green field into a completely bare field of bare Earth it completely bare field of bare Earth it completely bare field of bare Earth it will actually be uh you'll be looking at will actually be uh you'll be looking at will actually be uh you'll be looking at a field that essentially has strips of a field that essentially has strips of a field that essentially has strips of cultivated soil across it and probably cultivated soil across it and probably cultivated soil across it and probably lead to us cultivating about 30 percent lead to us cultivating about 30 percent lead to us cultivating about 30 percent of that field rather than a hundred of that field rather than a hundred of that field rather than a hundred percent of the field percent of the field percent of the field so a key part of this process is so a key part of this process is so a key part of this process is establishing that green manure or the establishing that green manure or the establishing that green manure or the living mulch before we go anywhere near living mulch before we go anywhere near living mulch before we go anywhere near growing the vegetable crop itself this growing the vegetable crop itself this growing the vegetable crop itself this involves picking the right species for involves picking the right species for involves picking the right species for the mix and it is crucial to control the mix and it is crucial to control the mix and it is crucial to control perennial weeds before you establish perennial weeds before you establish perennial weeds before you establish these cover crops these cover crops these cover crops it says year one of doing this is a it says year one of doing this is a it says year one of doing this is a structured trial and that's really structured trial and that's really structured trial and that's really exciting because there's it means I get exciting because there's it means I get exciting because there's it means I get to work with lots of other farmers who to work with lots of other farmers who to work with lots of other farmers who are doing this but for me it's really are doing this but for me it's really are doing this but for me it's really exciting because it's something I've exciting because it's something I've exciting because it's something I've been playing around with on the farm been playing around with on the farm been playing around with on the farm kind of like just with out of kind of like just with out of kind of like just with out of intellectual interest and now we're intellectual interest and now we're intellectual interest and now we're really getting into the meat of the really getting into the meat of the really getting into the meat of the subject measuring the effects of the subject measuring the effects of the subject measuring the effects of the techniques we're using and comparing a techniques we're using and comparing a techniques we're using and comparing a few different potential techniques for few different potential techniques for few different potential techniques for carrying out this new system carrying out this new system carrying out this new system the benefits of this practice if it the benefits of this practice if it the benefits of this practice if it proves to work after trialing it for a proves to work after trialing it for a proves to work after trialing it for a few years should be a reduction in few years should be a reduction in few years should be a reduction in carbon release through cultivations a carbon release through cultivations a carbon release through cultivations a boost in biodiversity through increased boost in biodiversity through increased boost in biodiversity through increased plant species in the field and hopefully plant species in the field and hopefully plant species in the field and hopefully a stronger more vigorous and better a stronger more vigorous and better a stronger more vigorous and better looking crop as a food producer as a looking crop as a food producer as a looking crop as a food producer as a commercial business we need to make sure commercial business we need to make sure commercial business we need to make sure the new technique delivers similar crop the new technique delivers similar crop the new technique delivers similar crop quality and similar yields so there's quality and similar yields so there's quality and similar yields so there's lots to do on this project this year and lots to do on this project this year and lots to do on this project this year and we're all excited here at the farm to we're all excited here at the farm to we're all excited here at the farm to get stuck in so although it will be a get stuck in so although it will be a get stuck in so although it will be a change to what we normally do it's a change to what we normally do it's a change to what we normally do it's a change we're all excited about embracing change we're all excited about embracing change we're all excited about embracing and in actual fact if the technique and in actual fact if the technique and in actual fact if the technique works it actually makes our lives works it actually makes our lives works it actually makes our lives quicker and easier in the future and it quicker and easier in the future and it quicker and easier in the future and it also makes me into a much more efficient also makes me into a much more efficient also makes me into a much more efficient farmer with less Financial outputs and farmer with less Financial outputs and farmer with less Financial outputs and hopefully more financial inputs from a hopefully more financial inputs from a hopefully more financial inputs from a better crop<br /> }}</div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Regenerative_Realities:_What_Soil_Health_Means_on_the_Ground&diff=11808 2026-05-29T14:08:56Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Ajoute les transcriptions YouTube aux pages vidéo qui n&#039;en ont pas - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/435</p> <hr /> <div>{{vidéo<br /> | Titre = Regenerative Realities: What Soil Health Means on the Ground<br /> | Producteur = British Society of Soil Science<br /> | Vignette = Thumbnail_youtube_ZfFX6JC54vM.jpg<br /> | Date de mise en ligne = 2025-04-21<br /> | Durée = 49 minutes<br /> | Production = <br /> | Vidéo = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZfFX6JC54vM<br /> | Mots-clés = soil, soils, science, environment, geography, geology, earth science, soil science, ecology, british society of soil science<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Regenerative agriculture is an approach to farming that focuses on restoring and enhancing the health of the soil, enhancing ecosystems and also supporting the communities that sustain them. The practice emphasizes the regeneration of topsoil, increasing biodiversity, improving the water cycle and strengthening the health and vitality of farm soil. Key principles include minimal soil disturbance, diversifying crop rotations and integrating livestock by prioritizing soil health. Regenerative agriculture aims to create resilient farming systems that can adapt to climate change, improve food security and support sustainable agricultural practices. <br /> <br /> <br /> Professor Anna Krzywoszynska is an environmental social scientist at the University of Oulu in Finland.  Professor Lynn Dicks is a conservation scientist at the University of Cambridge, and Raquel Falcão is completing her PhD at the Czech Technical University in Prague. Professor Leo Condron is the Editor-in-Chief of the Soil Use and Management journal (SUM) which is celebrating its 40th anniversary in 2025.<br /> <br /> <br /> The podcast is inspired by two articles published recently in the journal. The first is called Sustainable soil management in the United Kingdom: A survey of current practices and how they relate to the principles of regenerative agriculture. The second is called Farmers' perception of soil health: The use of quality data and its implication for farm management. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> For more information, visit: soils.org.uk/soilmatters (https://soils.org.uk/soilmatters/)<br /> <br /> {{Pages liées}}<br /> <br /> {{Transcription<br /> | transcription = [Music] My name is Paul Lincoln and I'm your My name is Paul Lincoln and I'm your My name is Paul Lincoln and I'm your host for Soil Matters, a podcast from host for Soil Matters, a podcast from host for Soil Matters, a podcast from the British Society of Soil Science, the the British Society of Soil Science, the the British Society of Soil Science, the professional body for soil scientists in professional body for soil scientists in professional body for soil scientists in the UK. Welcome to our second episode. the UK. Welcome to our second episode. the UK. Welcome to our second episode. Soil Matters is dedicated to bridging Soil Matters is dedicated to bridging Soil Matters is dedicated to bridging the gap between scientific research and the gap between scientific research and the gap between scientific research and real world application. And today we're real world application. And today we're real world application. And today we're looking at the issue of regenerative looking at the issue of regenerative looking at the issue of regenerative agriculture and soil health. agriculture and soil health. agriculture and soil health. Regenerative agriculture is an approach Regenerative agriculture is an approach Regenerative agriculture is an approach to farming that focuses on restoring and to farming that focuses on restoring and to farming that focuses on restoring and enhancing the health of the soil, enhancing the health of the soil, enhancing the health of the soil, enhancing ecosystems, and also enhancing ecosystems, and also enhancing ecosystems, and also supporting the communities that sustain supporting the communities that sustain supporting the communities that sustain them. The practice emphasizes the them. The practice emphasizes the them. The practice emphasizes the regeneration of top soil, increasing regeneration of top soil, increasing regeneration of top soil, increasing biodiversity, improving the water cycle, biodiversity, improving the water cycle, biodiversity, improving the water cycle, and strengthening the health and and strengthening the health and and strengthening the health and vitality of farm soil. Key principles vitality of farm soil. Key principles vitality of farm soil. Key principles include minimal soil disturbance, include minimal soil disturbance, include minimal soil disturbance, diversifying crop rotations, and diversifying crop rotations, and diversifying crop rotations, and integrating livestock by prioritizing integrating livestock by prioritizing integrating livestock by prioritizing soil health. Regenerative agriculture soil health. Regenerative agriculture soil health. Regenerative agriculture aims to create resilient farming systems aims to create resilient farming systems aims to create resilient farming systems that can adapt to climate change, that can adapt to climate change, that can adapt to climate change, improve food security, and support improve food security, and support improve food security, and support sustainable agricultural practices. To sustainable agricultural practices. To sustainable agricultural practices. To discuss these topics today, I'm discuss these topics today, I'm discuss these topics today, I'm delighted to welcome Professor Anna delighted to welcome Professor Anna delighted to welcome Professor Anna Shinskosska, Professor Lind Dixs, and Shinskosska, Professor Lind Dixs, and Shinskosska, Professor Lind Dixs, and Raquel Fako. Anna is an environmental Raquel Fako. Anna is an environmental Raquel Fako. Anna is an environmental social scientist at the University of social scientist at the University of social scientist at the University of Ulu in Finland. Lynn is a conservation Ulu in Finland. Lynn is a conservation Ulu in Finland. Lynn is a conservation scientist at the University of Cambridge scientist at the University of Cambridge scientist at the University of Cambridge and Raquel is completing her PhD at the and Raquel is completing her PhD at the and Raquel is completing her PhD at the Czech Technical University in Prague. Czech Technical University in Prague. Czech Technical University in Prague. We're also going to be joined a little We're also going to be joined a little We're also going to be joined a little later by the editor-inchief of soil use later by the editor-inchief of soil use later by the editor-inchief of soil use and management, Leo Condrron. Our and management, Leo Condrron. Our and management, Leo Condrron. Our discussion is inspired by two articles discussion is inspired by two articles discussion is inspired by two articles published recently in the journal soil published recently in the journal soil published recently in the journal soil use and management. The first of the use and management. The first of the use and management. The first of the articles is called sustainable soil articles is called sustainable soil articles is called sustainable soil management in the United Kingdom. A management in the United Kingdom. A management in the United Kingdom. A survey of current practices and how they survey of current practices and how they survey of current practices and how they relate to the principles of regenerative relate to the principles of regenerative relate to the principles of regenerative agriculture. Sustainable soil management agriculture. Sustainable soil management agriculture. Sustainable soil management is essential to prevent agricultural is essential to prevent agricultural is essential to prevent agricultural soil degradation to maintain food soil degradation to maintain food soil degradation to maintain food production and core soil-based ecosystem production and core soil-based ecosystem production and core soil-based ecosystem services. Regenerative agriculture, one services. Regenerative agriculture, one services. Regenerative agriculture, one approach to sustainable soil management, approach to sustainable soil management, approach to sustainable soil management, is rapidly gaining traction in UK is rapidly gaining traction in UK is rapidly gaining traction in UK farming and policy. However, what this farming and policy. However, what this farming and policy. However, what this article indicates is that it is unclear article indicates is that it is unclear article indicates is that it is unclear what farmers themselves consider to be what farmers themselves consider to be what farmers themselves consider to be sustainable soil management practices sustainable soil management practices sustainable soil management practices and how these might relate to the and how these might relate to the and how these might relate to the principles of regenerative principles of regenerative principles of regenerative agriculture. Our first guest, Anna, agriculture. Our first guest, Anna, agriculture. Our first guest, Anna, initiated the research and collected the initiated the research and collected the initiated the research and collected the data underpinning the article. And our data underpinning the article. And our data underpinning the article. And our second guest, Lynn, is leading a project second guest, Lynn, is leading a project second guest, Lynn, is leading a project on farmer regeneration and agricultural on farmer regeneration and agricultural on farmer regeneration and agricultural monitoring. Anna, welcome. Tell us first monitoring. Anna, welcome. Tell us first monitoring. Anna, welcome. Tell us first of all what led you to undertake this of all what led you to undertake this of all what led you to undertake this research. Thank you Paul. I'm delighted research. Thank you Paul. I'm delighted research. Thank you Paul. I'm delighted to be here. Well, we talk a lot about to be here. Well, we talk a lot about to be here. Well, we talk a lot about sustainable soil management and we talk sustainable soil management and we talk sustainable soil management and we talk a lot about soil health and these topics a lot about soil health and these topics a lot about soil health and these topics are relatively well researched within are relatively well researched within are relatively well researched within soil sciences. But ultimately if we're soil sciences. But ultimately if we're soil sciences. But ultimately if we're talking about sustainable soil talking about sustainable soil talking about sustainable soil management, we are talking about how management, we are talking about how management, we are talking about how people treat soils. And if we're talking people treat soils. And if we're talking people treat soils. And if we're talking about soil health, we're talking about about soil health, we're talking about about soil health, we're talking about an outcome that is going to be arrived an outcome that is going to be arrived an outcome that is going to be arrived at by people's actions. And actually, we at by people's actions. And actually, we at by people's actions. And actually, we know very little about what people know very little about what people know very little about what people already do and how they assess the already do and how they assess the already do and how they assess the sustainability of what they do. So this sustainability of what they do. So this sustainability of what they do. So this was the underpinning motivation uh for was the underpinning motivation uh for was the underpinning motivation uh for this piece of work. there is very little this piece of work. there is very little this piece of work. there is very little social science and humanities research social science and humanities research social science and humanities research on soils and it was a very important gap on soils and it was a very important gap on soils and it was a very important gap to start to bridge. Therefore, we wanted to start to bridge. Therefore, we wanted to start to bridge. Therefore, we wanted to really ask a a series of quite simple to really ask a a series of quite simple to really ask a a series of quite simple questions about what farmers are already questions about what farmers are already questions about what farmers are already doing in relation to their soils and doing in relation to their soils and doing in relation to their soils and whether they judge these practices to whether they judge these practices to whether they judge these practices to constitute sustainable soil management. constitute sustainable soil management. constitute sustainable soil management. and how does this then link to and how does this then link to and how does this then link to regenerative agriculture which I'm sure regenerative agriculture which I'm sure regenerative agriculture which I'm sure we'll talk more about in a moment. Thank we'll talk more about in a moment. Thank we'll talk more about in a moment. Thank you. Now your research shows it is you. Now your research shows it is you. Now your research shows it is unclear what farmers consider to be unclear what farmers consider to be unclear what farmers consider to be sustainable soil management practices. sustainable soil management practices. sustainable soil management practices. Tell us a bit about how you put the Tell us a bit about how you put the Tell us a bit about how you put the research together. Um sure. Well I think research together. Um sure. Well I think research together. Um sure. Well I think you know within scientific research we you know within scientific research we you know within scientific research we like to have specific definitions but uh like to have specific definitions but uh like to have specific definitions but uh in the real world amongst people this is in the real world amongst people this is in the real world amongst people this is not how anything works. If you ask a not how anything works. If you ask a not how anything works. If you ask a person what they consider to be health, person what they consider to be health, person what they consider to be health, human health, they will give you a range human health, they will give you a range human health, they will give you a range of answers. And the same thing pertains of answers. And the same thing pertains of answers. And the same thing pertains to sustainable soil management, what to sustainable soil management, what to sustainable soil management, what farmers and other land workers consider farmers and other land workers consider farmers and other land workers consider to be healthy soil really differs on the to be healthy soil really differs on the to be healthy soil really differs on the basis of their experience in different basis of their experience in different basis of their experience in different farms, different contexts, different farms, different contexts, different farms, different contexts, different values, different production systems. So values, different production systems. So values, different production systems. So it's not in any way surprising that we it's not in any way surprising that we it's not in any way surprising that we have a number of different have a number of different have a number of different interpretations and understandings of interpretations and understandings of interpretations and understandings of what sustainable management is. What one what sustainable management is. What one what sustainable management is. What one person judges to be sustainable for person judges to be sustainable for person judges to be sustainable for example economically another person may example economically another person may example economically another person may not judge to be s. So I think what's not judge to be s. So I think what's not judge to be s. So I think what's important for us as scientists to know important for us as scientists to know important for us as scientists to know and to really take seriously is that and to really take seriously is that and to really take seriously is that there is such a diversity. So instead of there is such a diversity. So instead of there is such a diversity. So instead of trying to force people into narrow boxes trying to force people into narrow boxes trying to force people into narrow boxes that they will never conform to because that they will never conform to because that they will never conform to because people never do and why should they? We people never do and why should they? We people never do and why should they? We have to understand that there is this have to understand that there is this have to understand that there is this diversity there and we have to work with diversity there and we have to work with diversity there and we have to work with it. So we shouldn't assume that there is it. So we shouldn't assume that there is it. So we shouldn't assume that there is one solution or form of advice that will one solution or form of advice that will one solution or form of advice that will work for everybody. We need to know in work for everybody. We need to know in work for everybody. We need to know in fact much more about what is already fact much more about what is already fact much more about what is already done. how people judge the done. how people judge the done. how people judge the sustainability of these practices and sustainability of these practices and sustainability of these practices and then how can we build on these existing then how can we build on these existing then how can we build on these existing understandings and values and concerns understandings and values and concerns understandings and values and concerns in our work as we're trying to improve in our work as we're trying to improve in our work as we're trying to improve soil health overall. You also look at soil health overall. You also look at soil health overall. You also look at the issue of how soil management is the issue of how soil management is the issue of how soil management is currently promoted in agricultural currently promoted in agricultural currently promoted in agricultural knowledge and innovation services. What knowledge and innovation services. What knowledge and innovation services. What did you discover in that part of your did you discover in that part of your did you discover in that part of your research? research? research? Well, we've looked at different advisory Well, we've looked at different advisory Well, we've looked at different advisory services and campaigns and other sources services and campaigns and other sources services and campaigns and other sources of information that farmers may have of information that farmers may have of information that farmers may have access to in order to see who is talking access to in order to see who is talking access to in order to see who is talking about sustainable soil management and in about sustainable soil management and in about sustainable soil management and in what way. Is there a centralized what way. Is there a centralized what way. Is there a centralized resource, a most trusted entity that resource, a most trusted entity that resource, a most trusted entity that people tend to go to or do we have a people tend to go to or do we have a people tend to go to or do we have a much more fragmented landscape and the much more fragmented landscape and the much more fragmented landscape and the answer is the latter. The landscape is answer is the latter. The landscape is answer is the latter. The landscape is fragmented sustainable. Soil management fragmented sustainable. Soil management fragmented sustainable. Soil management tends to be an add-on or an element of tends to be an add-on or an element of tends to be an add-on or an element of different forms of advice. And on the different forms of advice. And on the different forms of advice. And on the one hand, there's nothing wrong with one hand, there's nothing wrong with one hand, there's nothing wrong with that because of course soils underpin that because of course soils underpin that because of course soils underpin and are part of all range of ecosystem and are part of all range of ecosystem and are part of all range of ecosystem services, all range of societal action. services, all range of societal action. services, all range of societal action. So it's absolutely right that if we talk So it's absolutely right that if we talk So it's absolutely right that if we talk about water quality, there should be an about water quality, there should be an about water quality, there should be an element of water there. If we are element of water there. If we are element of water there. If we are talking about productivity, then there talking about productivity, then there talking about productivity, then there should be an element of soil there. If should be an element of soil there. If should be an element of soil there. If we're talking about ecosystem health and we're talking about ecosystem health and we're talking about ecosystem health and environmental protection, so should be environmental protection, so should be environmental protection, so should be there also. So that is absolutely fine. there also. So that is absolutely fine. there also. So that is absolutely fine. But at the same time, there it was clear But at the same time, there it was clear But at the same time, there it was clear from our findings was that there isn't a from our findings was that there isn't a from our findings was that there isn't a coherent source of information on coherent source of information on coherent source of information on sustainable soil management. And that is sustainable soil management. And that is sustainable soil management. And that is an issue because as farmers are becoming an issue because as farmers are becoming an issue because as farmers are becoming more interested in improving their soil more interested in improving their soil more interested in improving their soil health, they really need access to good health, they really need access to good health, they really need access to good advice, good information. A lot of advice, good information. A lot of advice, good information. A lot of projects have been funded by the uh projects have been funded by the uh projects have been funded by the uh European Horizon Mission. Um there is European Horizon Mission. Um there is European Horizon Mission. Um there is increasing attention from NOS's. increasing attention from NOS's. increasing attention from NOS's. Regenerative agriculture continues to Regenerative agriculture continues to Regenerative agriculture continues to grow and there are now dedicated grow and there are now dedicated grow and there are now dedicated regenerative agriculture advisors out regenerative agriculture advisors out regenerative agriculture advisors out there that farmers have access to. So I there that farmers have access to. So I there that farmers have access to. So I think we need to refresh our think we need to refresh our think we need to refresh our understanding and see what happens understanding and see what happens understanding and see what happens there. But I think overall that what's there. But I think overall that what's there. But I think overall that what's really striking from the findings and really striking from the findings and really striking from the findings and from my broader research is that what we from my broader research is that what we from my broader research is that what we really need is holistic advice. So it's really need is holistic advice. So it's really need is holistic advice. So it's one thing to say a tillage practice of one thing to say a tillage practice of one thing to say a tillage practice of this kind is likely to improve your soil this kind is likely to improve your soil this kind is likely to improve your soil health that continues to be a health that continues to be a health that continues to be a fragmentaryary perspective. What we need fragmentaryary perspective. What we need fragmentaryary perspective. What we need is advice that takes a holistic approach is advice that takes a holistic approach is advice that takes a holistic approach to the farm and the farm business so to the farm and the farm business so to the farm and the farm business so that farmers can be supported and led in that farmers can be supported and led in that farmers can be supported and led in such a way that soil health is a result such a way that soil health is a result such a way that soil health is a result is an outcome of the transformation of is an outcome of the transformation of is an outcome of the transformation of the farm overall. I was really the farm overall. I was really the farm overall. I was really interested if I can just go back to your interested if I can just go back to your interested if I can just go back to your comment on the analogies with our sense comment on the analogies with our sense comment on the analogies with our sense of human health and I think it's of human health and I think it's of human health and I think it's reasonable to say that we generally do reasonable to say that we generally do reasonable to say that we generally do not have a consistent sense of what is not have a consistent sense of what is not have a consistent sense of what is good or bad help. Are you optimistic good or bad help. Are you optimistic good or bad help. Are you optimistic that one could come up with definitions that one could come up with definitions that one could come up with definitions of soil health that are maybe more of soil health that are maybe more of soil health that are maybe more focused, narrower, more easy to debate focused, narrower, more easy to debate focused, narrower, more easy to debate and discuss than the ones that we impose and discuss than the ones that we impose and discuss than the ones that we impose on ourselves? I don't think that we need on ourselves? I don't think that we need on ourselves? I don't think that we need a clear definition from the perspective a clear definition from the perspective a clear definition from the perspective of societal change towards soil health. of societal change towards soil health. of societal change towards soil health. That is not where our energy should be That is not where our energy should be That is not where our energy should be going because it's not a clear going because it's not a clear going because it's not a clear understanding of what health constitutes understanding of what health constitutes understanding of what health constitutes that will bring the change about. What that will bring the change about. What that will bring the change about. What will bring the change about is enabling will bring the change about is enabling will bring the change about is enabling the actors who can do something such as the actors who can do something such as the actors who can do something such as farmers to take steps towards a goal. farmers to take steps towards a goal. farmers to take steps towards a goal. And that goal can be quite vague. The And that goal can be quite vague. The And that goal can be quite vague. The goal can be quite inspirational and goal can be quite inspirational and goal can be quite inspirational and aspirational. I think that's more aspirational. I think that's more aspirational. I think that's more important than it being strictly defined important than it being strictly defined important than it being strictly defined according to scientific criteria because according to scientific criteria because according to scientific criteria because also of course our scientific also of course our scientific also of course our scientific understanding of what constitutes soul understanding of what constitutes soul understanding of what constitutes soul health will continue to change. It is health will continue to change. It is health will continue to change. It is always a moving target. So I think the always a moving target. So I think the always a moving target. So I think the most important thing is that we are most important thing is that we are most important thing is that we are moving towards the target together and moving towards the target together and moving towards the target together and we are doing the scientific work that we are doing the scientific work that we are doing the scientific work that can bring the larger community of so can bring the larger community of so can bring the larger community of so workers with us towards this goal. workers with us towards this goal. workers with us towards this goal. Brilliant. Okay. Well on the moment of Brilliant. Okay. Well on the moment of Brilliant. Okay. Well on the moment of inspirational and aspirational that's an inspirational and aspirational that's an inspirational and aspirational that's an excellent comment. Let's move on if I excellent comment. Let's move on if I excellent comment. Let's move on if I could now have a word with Lynn. And the could now have a word with Lynn. And the could now have a word with Lynn. And the question I wanted to ask you, Lynn, question I wanted to ask you, Lynn, question I wanted to ask you, Lynn, first of all, sustainable soil first of all, sustainable soil first of all, sustainable soil management, what is your definition of management, what is your definition of management, what is your definition of this? So, having been listening to Anna, this? So, having been listening to Anna, this? So, having been listening to Anna, this is going to be my definition and this is going to be my definition and this is going to be my definition and someone else's definition could be quite someone else's definition could be quite someone else's definition could be quite different. So, for me, soil is being different. So, for me, soil is being different. So, for me, soil is being sustainably managed if it's not sustainably managed if it's not sustainably managed if it's not degrading over time, right? if it's degrading over time, right? if it's degrading over time, right? if it's either maintaining its functions or it's either maintaining its functions or it's either maintaining its functions or it's building its functions and and the building its functions and and the building its functions and and the functions there are, you know, the life functions there are, you know, the life functions there are, you know, the life that lives in it, the the way in which that lives in it, the the way in which that lives in it, the the way in which it cycles nutrients, the organic matter it cycles nutrients, the organic matter it cycles nutrients, the organic matter that it holds, the way that it handles that it holds, the way that it handles that it holds, the way that it handles water. Water infiltrates through it, water. Water infiltrates through it, water. Water infiltrates through it, water is held by the soil. All of those water is held by the soil. All of those water is held by the soil. All of those important soil functions are in a important soil functions are in a important soil functions are in a sustainably managed soil, not degrading sustainably managed soil, not degrading sustainably managed soil, not degrading over time, and the soil itself isn't over time, and the soil itself isn't over time, and the soil itself isn't disappearing over time. So we have this disappearing over time. So we have this disappearing over time. So we have this concept of soil lifespan and and that's concept of soil lifespan and and that's concept of soil lifespan and and that's what one way to measure that is like how what one way to measure that is like how what one way to measure that is like how how many years does it take to lose 30 how many years does it take to lose 30 how many years does it take to lose 30 cm of top soil from this soil given the cm of top soil from this soil given the cm of top soil from this soil given the processes going on in this place and processes going on in this place and processes going on in this place and that can be anything from 200 to 10,000 that can be anything from 200 to 10,000 that can be anything from 200 to 10,000 years and a sustainably managed soil is years and a sustainably managed soil is years and a sustainably managed soil is not losing top soil. So it has a very not losing top soil. So it has a very not losing top soil. So it has a very very long lifespan ahead of it. So a very long lifespan ahead of it. So a very long lifespan ahead of it. So a question which may well be an obvious question which may well be an obvious question which may well be an obvious one is why is sustainable soil one is why is sustainable soil one is why is sustainable soil management important? That's an management important? That's an management important? That's an excellent question and it's really excellent question and it's really excellent question and it's really important to to be able to articulate an important to to be able to articulate an important to to be able to articulate an answer to that, right? Sustainable soil answer to that, right? Sustainable soil answer to that, right? Sustainable soil management or or having soils that are management or or having soils that are management or or having soils that are not degrading is important because soil not degrading is important because soil not degrading is important because soil is the basis of much of our food chain is the basis of much of our food chain is the basis of much of our food chain as people. It's where we grow much of as people. It's where we grow much of as people. It's where we grow much of our food without soil. I mean there are our food without soil. I mean there are our food without soil. I mean there are ways to produce food. There's obviously ways to produce food. There's obviously ways to produce food. There's obviously seafood which is harvested from wild seafood which is harvested from wild seafood which is harvested from wild core animals in the sea that doesn't core animals in the sea that doesn't core animals in the sea that doesn't rely on soil. And there are other rely on soil. And there are other rely on soil. And there are other sources of food that you can manufacture sources of food that you can manufacture sources of food that you can manufacture in different ways, but I don't know the in different ways, but I don't know the in different ways, but I don't know the percentage myself, but I'd imagine a percentage myself, but I'd imagine a percentage myself, but I'd imagine a very very big chunk of all our food very very big chunk of all our food very very big chunk of all our food comes from food that from from products comes from food that from from products comes from food that from from products that are grown in the soil. Perhaps Anna that are grown in the soil. Perhaps Anna that are grown in the soil. Perhaps Anna knows the percentage. I I don't know. knows the percentage. I I don't know. knows the percentage. I I don't know. And so if you if you're looking at there And so if you if you're looking at there And so if you if you're looking at there was a recent study which uh assessed was a recent study which uh assessed was a recent study which uh assessed this this soil lifespan for arable soils this this soil lifespan for arable soils this this soil lifespan for arable soils across the world and in conventionally across the world and in conventionally across the world and in conventionally managed arable soils which are probably managed arable soils which are probably managed arable soils which are probably not sustainably managed onethird of not sustainably managed onethird of not sustainably managed onethird of those have a lifespan of less than 200 those have a lifespan of less than 200 those have a lifespan of less than 200 years that means 200 years from now years that means 200 years from now years that means 200 years from now there'll be a third of the places where there'll be a third of the places where there'll be a third of the places where we're currently growing our arable crops we're currently growing our arable crops we're currently growing our arable crops won't have sufficient top soil to grow won't have sufficient top soil to grow won't have sufficient top soil to grow arable crops in the way that we do now. arable crops in the way that we do now. arable crops in the way that we do now. And and this is why it's important. I And and this is why it's important. I And and this is why it's important. I mean that you know there's a lot of mean that you know there's a lot of mean that you know there's a lot of people on earth and we need to grow a people on earth and we need to grow a people on earth and we need to grow a lot of food and I you know I find that lot of food and I you know I find that lot of food and I you know I find that comment really quite astonishing. So my comment really quite astonishing. So my comment really quite astonishing. So my next question is regenerative next question is regenerative next question is regenerative agriculture it's an approach to agriculture it's an approach to agriculture it's an approach to sustainable soil management which is sustainable soil management which is sustainable soil management which is clearly rapidly gaining traction in the clearly rapidly gaining traction in the clearly rapidly gaining traction in the UK and far wider in terms of UK farming UK and far wider in terms of UK farming UK and far wider in terms of UK farming and policy. Now why do you think this and policy. Now why do you think this and policy. Now why do you think this awareness is happening now? Well, I awareness is happening now? Well, I awareness is happening now? Well, I think it's a combination of things and think it's a combination of things and think it's a combination of things and one of them is, as I was just saying, I one of them is, as I was just saying, I one of them is, as I was just saying, I think people have farmers particularly think people have farmers particularly think people have farmers particularly have and also policy makers have woken have and also policy makers have woken have and also policy makers have woken up to the fact that soil is is a really up to the fact that soil is is a really up to the fact that soil is is a really important resource. I mean, we need to important resource. I mean, we need to important resource. I mean, we need to look after it. It's it's neither look after it. It's it's neither look after it. It's it's neither renewable. It's sort of renewable, but renewable. It's sort of renewable, but renewable. It's sort of renewable, but it's also non-renewable. But we need to it's also non-renewable. But we need to it's also non-renewable. But we need to care for it and if it disappears, we care for it and if it disappears, we care for it and if it disappears, we we'll be we'll be really stuck. So, it's we'll be we'll be really stuck. So, it's we'll be we'll be really stuck. So, it's something that we can we can lose. And something that we can we can lose. And something that we can we can lose. And looking at the calculated rates of loss looking at the calculated rates of loss looking at the calculated rates of loss across the world, then this is something across the world, then this is something across the world, then this is something we need to do something about. That's we need to do something about. That's we need to do something about. That's one thing. Another thing is that the way one thing. Another thing is that the way one thing. Another thing is that the way that agriculture developed during the that agriculture developed during the that agriculture developed during the 20th century was to have a system that 20th century was to have a system that 20th century was to have a system that was very heavily dependent on chemical was very heavily dependent on chemical was very heavily dependent on chemical inputs to increase yields and be very inputs to increase yields and be very inputs to increase yields and be very intensive in its food production. And intensive in its food production. And intensive in its food production. And that was fantastically successful in that was fantastically successful in that was fantastically successful in terms of increasing food production for terms of increasing food production for terms of increasing food production for much of the second half of the 20th much of the second half of the 20th much of the second half of the 20th century. But it's actually stopped century. But it's actually stopped century. But it's actually stopped continuing to be successful. Yields are continuing to be successful. Yields are continuing to be successful. Yields are no longer increasing. And in fact, no longer increasing. And in fact, no longer increasing. And in fact, farmers and have have realized and this farmers and have have realized and this farmers and have have realized and this is this the narrative you hear from many is this the narrative you hear from many is this the narrative you hear from many regenerative farmers. They've noticed regenerative farmers. They've noticed regenerative farmers. They've noticed that they're putting on all these very that they're putting on all these very that they're putting on all these very expensive, increasingly expensive expensive, increasingly expensive expensive, increasingly expensive chemicals and it's not actually helping chemicals and it's not actually helping chemicals and it's not actually helping them. They're not increasing yields. In them. They're not increasing yields. In them. They're not increasing yields. In fact, their yields are static or or fact, their yields are static or or fact, their yields are static or or declining or certainly for some of the declining or certainly for some of the declining or certainly for some of the main combinable crops, the the yields main combinable crops, the the yields main combinable crops, the the yields are fairly static now. They're not are fairly static now. They're not are fairly static now. They're not increasing anymore. And what what we are increasing anymore. And what what we are increasing anymore. And what what we are doing with that very intensive chemical doing with that very intensive chemical doing with that very intensive chemical heavy system is degrading soils. We're heavy system is degrading soils. We're heavy system is degrading soils. We're putting increasing amounts of fungicides putting increasing amounts of fungicides putting increasing amounts of fungicides on to to stop fungal diseases. We've got on to to stop fungal diseases. We've got on to to stop fungal diseases. We've got very unresistant, unresilient cropping very unresistant, unresilient cropping very unresistant, unresilient cropping systems and uh I I think people have systems and uh I I think people have systems and uh I I think people have noticed that and started thinking there noticed that and started thinking there noticed that and started thinking there must be another way. This isn't this must be another way. This isn't this must be another way. This isn't this system isn't actually working anymore. system isn't actually working anymore. system isn't actually working anymore. And then the third thing that's And then the third thing that's And then the third thing that's happening is climate change. Climate happening is climate change. Climate happening is climate change. Climate change is here. Climate change is is is change is here. Climate change is is is change is here. Climate change is is is really starting to bite in terms of its really starting to bite in terms of its really starting to bite in terms of its effect on food systems. Now we have much effect on food systems. Now we have much effect on food systems. Now we have much less predictable weather patterns here. less predictable weather patterns here. less predictable weather patterns here. We have these intense droughts. We have We have these intense droughts. We have We have these intense droughts. We have intense rainfall. And in many parts of intense rainfall. And in many parts of intense rainfall. And in many parts of the world, it's it's a much more bleak the world, it's it's a much more bleak the world, it's it's a much more bleak outlook than it is here in the UK. I outlook than it is here in the UK. I outlook than it is here in the UK. I think people have started to realize think people have started to realize think people have started to realize that we've got to do something about that we've got to do something about that we've got to do something about that. First of all, we have to mitigate. that. First of all, we have to mitigate. that. First of all, we have to mitigate. We've got to reduce the emissions that We've got to reduce the emissions that We've got to reduce the emissions that are associated with agriculture, which are associated with agriculture, which are associated with agriculture, which are substantial, and a lot of them are are substantial, and a lot of them are are substantial, and a lot of them are from nitrous oxide emissions, which is from nitrous oxide emissions, which is from nitrous oxide emissions, which is directly associated with the use of directly associated with the use of directly associated with the use of synthetic fertilizers. And we also have synthetic fertilizers. And we also have synthetic fertilizers. And we also have to adapt to climate change. We need to to adapt to climate change. We need to to adapt to climate change. We need to build an agricultural system that is not build an agricultural system that is not build an agricultural system that is not going to suffer so much as the climate going to suffer so much as the climate going to suffer so much as the climate changes. And how do you do that? Well, changes. And how do you do that? Well, changes. And how do you do that? Well, one of the ways is to is to diversify one of the ways is to is to diversify one of the ways is to is to diversify the stuff you're growing and to look the stuff you're growing and to look the stuff you're growing and to look after your soils better so that you hold after your soils better so that you hold after your soils better so that you hold water better. And regenerative water better. And regenerative water better. And regenerative agriculture presents itself as a agriculture presents itself as a agriculture presents itself as a solution to all three of those things. solution to all three of those things. solution to all three of those things. Great. And now tell us a bit about the Great. And now tell us a bit about the Great. And now tell us a bit about the approach that you took when you were approach that you took when you were approach that you took when you were doing your research. We began with a a a doing your research. We began with a a a doing your research. We began with a a a survey that that Anna put together of a survey that that Anna put together of a survey that that Anna put together of a national survey of 297 farmers responded national survey of 297 farmers responded national survey of 297 farmers responded in the end asking them about the state in the end asking them about the state in the end asking them about the state of their soil and uh what soil of their soil and uh what soil of their soil and uh what soil management practices they used and some management practices they used and some management practices they used and some of the findings were very interesting of the findings were very interesting of the findings were very interesting but we were looking at it through the but we were looking at it through the but we were looking at it through the lens of regenerative agriculture. What lens of regenerative agriculture. What lens of regenerative agriculture. What can we learn from this about how farmers can we learn from this about how farmers can we learn from this about how farmers currently in the UK are are practicing currently in the UK are are practicing currently in the UK are are practicing or looking after their soils? And we or looking after their soils? And we or looking after their soils? And we found a few interesting things from the found a few interesting things from the found a few interesting things from the results of the survey. A few things I'd results of the survey. A few things I'd results of the survey. A few things I'd pick out. One of the most interesting pick out. One of the most interesting pick out. One of the most interesting figures in the paper, if if anyone's figures in the paper, if if anyone's figures in the paper, if if anyone's listening is going to read the paper, listening is going to read the paper, listening is going to read the paper, I'd just direct you to figure two. And I'd just direct you to figure two. And I'd just direct you to figure two. And this is about how farmers perceive the this is about how farmers perceive the this is about how farmers perceive the state of their own soils and how they state of their own soils and how they state of their own soils and how they perceive the state of other soils perceive the state of other soils perceive the state of other soils elsewhere in the UK or elsewhere in the elsewhere in the UK or elsewhere in the elsewhere in the UK or elsewhere in the world. It's fascinating. So, in general, world. It's fascinating. So, in general, world. It's fascinating. So, in general, the summary of this is that farmers in the summary of this is that farmers in the summary of this is that farmers in this in this sample of 297 perceived this in this sample of 297 perceived this in this sample of 297 perceived that their own soils were either lightly that their own soils were either lightly that their own soils were either lightly degraded or not degraded. Other soils in degraded or not degraded. Other soils in degraded or not degraded. Other soils in the UK were degraded or heavily the UK were degraded or heavily the UK were degraded or heavily degraded. and soils elsewhere in the degraded. and soils elsewhere in the degraded. and soils elsewhere in the world were were degraded or heavily world were were degraded or heavily world were were degraded or heavily degraded even more. So basically my degraded even more. So basically my degraded even more. So basically my soul's fine other people's not so good soul's fine other people's not so good soul's fine other people's not so good which is kind of interesting because which is kind of interesting because which is kind of interesting because that that can't actually be true. So that that can't actually be true. So that that can't actually be true. So that's one of the findings and then and that's one of the findings and then and that's one of the findings and then and then the other important findings here then the other important findings here then the other important findings here we we look we we give them these 14 we we look we we give them these 14 we we look we we give them these 14 sustainable soil management practices sustainable soil management practices sustainable soil management practices and we ask them are you aware of this and we ask them are you aware of this and we ask them are you aware of this and are you implementing it yourself? and are you implementing it yourself? and are you implementing it yourself? One important thing to say is that most One important thing to say is that most One important thing to say is that most of the practices there's quite a high of the practices there's quite a high of the practices there's quite a high level of of awareness sort of over 50% level of of awareness sort of over 50% level of of awareness sort of over 50% for most of them of the farmers had for most of them of the farmers had for most of them of the farmers had heard of this thing and this things like heard of this thing and this things like heard of this thing and this things like no tillillage minimum tillage plowing no tillillage minimum tillage plowing no tillillage minimum tillage plowing with the with the sl along the slope or with the with the sl along the slope or with the with the sl along the slope or using herbal lays and there's a whole using herbal lays and there's a whole using herbal lays and there's a whole list of different things. Um but also list of different things. Um but also list of different things. Um but also what was interesting is that between 11 what was interesting is that between 11 what was interesting is that between 11 and 52% for each practice of the farmers and 52% for each practice of the farmers and 52% for each practice of the farmers in the in the in the arable farmers in in the in the in the arable farmers in in the in the in the arable farmers in this survey were implementing these. So this survey were implementing these. So this survey were implementing these. So quite a high level of imple quite a high level of imple quite a high level of imple implementation already which we've also implementation already which we've also implementation already which we've also found in previous surveys quite a lot of found in previous surveys quite a lot of found in previous surveys quite a lot of these individual practices a good these individual practices a good these individual practices a good proportion 30 40 or 50% of UK farmers proportion 30 40 or 50% of UK farmers proportion 30 40 or 50% of UK farmers are already doing this but what that are already doing this but what that are already doing this but what that doesn't mean is that they're all doing doesn't mean is that they're all doing doesn't mean is that they're all doing or this percentage of farmers are doing or this percentage of farmers are doing or this percentage of farmers are doing regenerative agriculture and this is regenerative agriculture and this is regenerative agriculture and this is where it becomes more interesting so where it becomes more interesting so where it becomes more interesting so there's a big difference between a there's a big difference between a there's a big difference between a regenerative approach where you're regenerative approach where you're regenerative approach where you're managing a whole farm system with all of managing a whole farm system with all of managing a whole farm system with all of the different methods and the the the different methods and the the the different methods and the the principles the five principles of principles the five principles of principles the five principles of regenerative agriculture in order to regenerative agriculture in order to regenerative agriculture in order to manage your soil. So that includes manage your soil. So that includes manage your soil. So that includes keeping the soil covered and minimizing keeping the soil covered and minimizing keeping the soil covered and minimizing disturbance and also diversifying your disturbance and also diversifying your disturbance and also diversifying your your cropping systems and your your cropping systems and your your cropping systems and your environments and integrating livestock, environments and integrating livestock, environments and integrating livestock, keeping the roots alive all the time. keeping the roots alive all the time. keeping the roots alive all the time. These are the five principles. There are These are the five principles. There are These are the five principles. There are many different practices you would do to many different practices you would do to many different practices you would do to put those into practice in different put those into practice in different put those into practice in different contexts, but you have to do them all contexts, but you have to do them all contexts, but you have to do them all together to do the full kind of together to do the full kind of together to do the full kind of regenerative agriculture. And what we regenerative agriculture. And what we regenerative agriculture. And what we see is that although the farmers are see is that although the farmers are see is that although the farmers are implementing some of the practices, implementing some of the practices, implementing some of the practices, they're not combining them together they're not combining them together they're not combining them together necessarily into something that looks necessarily into something that looks necessarily into something that looks like regenerative agriculture based on like regenerative agriculture based on like regenerative agriculture based on these five principles. You really these five principles. You really these five principles. You really touched on this, but what would you like touched on this, but what would you like touched on this, but what would you like the impact of your research to be on the impact of your research to be on the impact of your research to be on everyday practice? Looking at the everyday practice? Looking at the everyday practice? Looking at the results of the survey as a whole, what results of the survey as a whole, what results of the survey as a whole, what we find is what we've gone on to find in we find is what we've gone on to find in we find is what we've gone on to find in in more recent research is that we're in more recent research is that we're in more recent research is that we're each farm has what we would call a each farm has what we would call a each farm has what we would call a fingerprint. Every farm is unique. No fingerprint. Every farm is unique. No fingerprint. Every farm is unique. No farms are are doing exactly the same set farms are are doing exactly the same set farms are are doing exactly the same set of practices. And now we're looking at of practices. And now we're looking at of practices. And now we're looking at it going back through five years of it going back through five years of it going back through five years of historical practices as well. And even historical practices as well. And even historical practices as well. And even more so, every single farm is different more so, every single farm is different more so, every single farm is different from every other farm. None of the farms from every other farm. None of the farms from every other farm. None of the farms are doing none of the regenerative are doing none of the regenerative are doing none of the regenerative practices and none of them are doing all practices and none of them are doing all practices and none of them are doing all of them. So they're on this kind of of them. So they're on this kind of of them. So they're on this kind of gradient. But in our survey published in gradient. But in our survey published in gradient. But in our survey published in soil use and management, 92% of the soil use and management, 92% of the soil use and management, 92% of the arable and mixed farmers in this survey arable and mixed farmers in this survey arable and mixed farmers in this survey said, &quot;I am doing sustainable soil said, &quot;I am doing sustainable soil said, &quot;I am doing sustainable soil management.&quot; So they all said they were management.&quot; So they all said they were management.&quot; So they all said they were doing it or almost all of them all but doing it or almost all of them all but doing it or almost all of them all but 8% of them said they were doing it but 8% of them said they were doing it but 8% of them said they were doing it but what they were actually doing was quite what they were actually doing was quite what they were actually doing was quite a a wide a spectrum of different sets of a a wide a spectrum of different sets of a a wide a spectrum of different sets of practices along this spectrum of practices along this spectrum of practices along this spectrum of regenerativeness you might call it and regenerativeness you might call it and regenerativeness you might call it and so because of that and this is where so because of that and this is where so because of that and this is where we're continuing with this research on we're continuing with this research on we're continuing with this research on regenerative agriculture there is a huge regenerative agriculture there is a huge regenerative agriculture there is a huge risk of greenwashing here it's very easy risk of greenwashing here it's very easy risk of greenwashing here it's very easy for a farmer to say I'm regenerative for a farmer to say I'm regenerative for a farmer to say I'm regenerative because I do minimum tillage on one because I do minimum tillage on one because I do minimum tillage on one field in three every five is and that's field in three every five is and that's field in three every five is and that's not regenerative at all. So there's a not regenerative at all. So there's a not regenerative at all. So there's a risk. Really interesting thought is risk. Really interesting thought is risk. Really interesting thought is clearly you've approached this group of clearly you've approached this group of clearly you've approached this group of farmers as part of your research. But if farmers as part of your research. But if farmers as part of your research. But if you wanted them to change their practice you wanted them to change their practice you wanted them to change their practice on a routine basis, who would be on a routine basis, who would be on a routine basis, who would be responsible for helping them to do this? responsible for helping them to do this? responsible for helping them to do this? Regenerative agriculture as it is at the Regenerative agriculture as it is at the Regenerative agriculture as it is at the moment is a farmer movement and farmers moment is a farmer movement and farmers moment is a farmer movement and farmers are doing it themselves. There are these are doing it themselves. There are these are doing it themselves. There are these forerunner farmers who are just going forerunner farmers who are just going forerunner farmers who are just going ahead and doing it and telling everybody ahead and doing it and telling everybody ahead and doing it and telling everybody else at the tops of their voices how else at the tops of their voices how else at the tops of their voices how fantastic it is. And that's a really fantastic it is. And that's a really fantastic it is. And that's a really important part of the process of social important part of the process of social important part of the process of social change. But it's also important to to change. But it's also important to to change. But it's also important to to note that there is a need for for note that there is a need for for note that there is a need for for financial support for far farmers financial support for far farmers financial support for far farmers generally in this country and many other generally in this country and many other generally in this country and many other countries. And there is a need for an countries. And there is a need for an countries. And there is a need for an incentive structure that helps farmers incentive structure that helps farmers incentive structure that helps farmers to make that transition because it does to make that transition because it does to make that transition because it does look like when you move from a very look like when you move from a very look like when you move from a very conventional uh chemicalheavy system to conventional uh chemicalheavy system to conventional uh chemicalheavy system to a more regenerative system, there's a a more regenerative system, there's a a more regenerative system, there's a transition period where you might in the transition period where you might in the transition period where you might in the end lose some income, you might lose end lose some income, you might lose end lose some income, you might lose some profit, you might have some trouble some profit, you might have some trouble some profit, you might have some trouble with pests and that can be between 5 and with pests and that can be between 5 and with pests and that can be between 5 and 10 years long. So there is a need for 10 years long. So there is a need for 10 years long. So there is a need for support through the transition. And one support through the transition. And one support through the transition. And one thing I have not measured scientifically thing I have not measured scientifically thing I have not measured scientifically but generally observe in my work in this but generally observe in my work in this but generally observe in my work in this area is that those farmers that are the area is that those farmers that are the area is that those farmers that are the pioneers who are moving to regenerative pioneers who are moving to regenerative pioneers who are moving to regenerative systems, they tend to be wealthier systems, they tend to be wealthier systems, they tend to be wealthier farmers. They're more able to take risks farmers. They're more able to take risks farmers. They're more able to take risks because they have other income streams because they have other income streams because they have other income streams or they have a lot of asset and so or they have a lot of asset and so or they have a lot of asset and so they're in a position they're not quite they're in a position they're not quite they're in a position they're not quite on the line of depending entirely on on the line of depending entirely on on the line of depending entirely on that business. So there is some need for that business. So there is some need for that business. So there is some need for support, financial support. And where support, financial support. And where support, financial support. And where should that come from? It can come from should that come from? It can come from should that come from? It can come from government. It can come from supply government. It can come from supply government. It can come from supply chains if they can be uh arranged chains if they can be uh arranged chains if they can be uh arranged properly to recognize regenerative properly to recognize regenerative properly to recognize regenerative agriculture. It can come from agriculture. It can come from agriculture. It can come from certification potentially. And what do certification potentially. And what do certification potentially. And what do you see as the single biggest threat to you see as the single biggest threat to you see as the single biggest threat to regenerative agriculture being adopted regenerative agriculture being adopted regenerative agriculture being adopted as widely as you would like it to be? I as widely as you would like it to be? I as widely as you would like it to be? I think that there are two main barriers think that there are two main barriers think that there are two main barriers here. One is as I was just saying the here. One is as I was just saying the here. One is as I was just saying the financial risk during the transition. financial risk during the transition. financial risk during the transition. You have to you have to be prepared to You have to you have to be prepared to You have to you have to be prepared to take a risk and so the the other source take a risk and so the the other source take a risk and so the the other source of support there can be through of support there can be through of support there can be through insurance companies and financial insurance companies and financial insurance companies and financial services. You can have a a support for services. You can have a a support for services. You can have a a support for farmers who are making this transition. farmers who are making this transition. farmers who are making this transition. So financial risk is is one of the So financial risk is is one of the So financial risk is is one of the threats and the other threat I see is threats and the other threat I see is threats and the other threat I see is the the lack of really good quality the the lack of really good quality the the lack of really good quality independent advice on how to do this. independent advice on how to do this. independent advice on how to do this. The way that farming works in this The way that farming works in this The way that farming works in this country is that the the risk is taken by country is that the the risk is taken by country is that the the risk is taken by agronomic advisers who are supposedly agronomic advisers who are supposedly agronomic advisers who are supposedly independent of farms. They take the independent of farms. They take the independent of farms. They take the risk, they give the advice. If it risk, they give the advice. If it risk, they give the advice. If it doesn't work out, they take the doesn't work out, they take the doesn't work out, they take the financial hit, not the farmer. And so to financial hit, not the farmer. And so to financial hit, not the farmer. And so to to get to a system where those to get to a system where those to get to a system where those agricultural advisers are prepared to agricultural advisers are prepared to agricultural advisers are prepared to take the risk and give advice when the take the risk and give advice when the take the risk and give advice when the system they're advising on is system they're advising on is system they're advising on is regenerative and not something that regenerative and not something that regenerative and not something that they've previously been trained on, it's they've previously been trained on, it's they've previously been trained on, it's quite a big step from here, I would say. quite a big step from here, I would say. quite a big step from here, I would say. That is so interesting because my my That is so interesting because my my That is so interesting because my my final question for the moment was to ask final question for the moment was to ask final question for the moment was to ask you um a bit about the financial you um a bit about the financial you um a bit about the financial implications of your research. What implications of your research. What implications of your research. What should we be thinking about there? So should we be thinking about there? So should we be thinking about there? So from a farm business perspective, the from a farm business perspective, the from a farm business perspective, the the financial implications should be and the financial implications should be and the financial implications should be and I think the farmers who are doing it I think the farmers who are doing it I think the farmers who are doing it will argue that this is the case. The will argue that this is the case. The will argue that this is the case. The farms should be more profitable. Farmers farms should be more profitable. Farmers farms should be more profitable. Farmers will tell you my bottom line is much will tell you my bottom line is much will tell you my bottom line is much better. And the reason why it's it's better. And the reason why it's it's better. And the reason why it's it's expected to be more profitable and is expected to be more profitable and is expected to be more profitable and is according to the farmers who are doing according to the farmers who are doing according to the farmers who are doing it well is that you you spend less money it well is that you you spend less money it well is that you you spend less money on inputs. You buy less synthetic on inputs. You buy less synthetic on inputs. You buy less synthetic fertilizer. we put a lot less fertilizer. we put a lot less fertilizer. we put a lot less insecticides in and so you spend less insecticides in and so you spend less insecticides in and so you spend less but you get equivalent yields or some but you get equivalent yields or some but you get equivalent yields or some farmers will tell you higher I haven't farmers will tell you higher I haven't farmers will tell you higher I haven't seen data on that but uh equivalent or seen data on that but uh equivalent or seen data on that but uh equivalent or very slightly lower but the the balance very slightly lower but the the balance very slightly lower but the the balance is that it costs you less and so you is that it costs you less and so you is that it costs you less and so you make more profit and there is some make more profit and there is some make more profit and there is some really good evidence in the literature really good evidence in the literature really good evidence in the literature that the that these systems are more that the that these systems are more that the that these systems are more profitable from maze farms in the United profitable from maze farms in the United profitable from maze farms in the United States so from a farm business States so from a farm business States so from a farm business perspective the financial implications perspective the financial implications perspective the financial implications are this will secure the economic are this will secure the economic are this will secure the economic resilience of the farming sector into resilience of the farming sector into resilience of the farming sector into the future because it makes individual the future because it makes individual the future because it makes individual farms more profitable farms more profitable farms more profitable Lynn, thank you very much for that Lynn, thank you very much for that Lynn, thank you very much for that comment. Now, Anna, I think you wanted comment. Now, Anna, I think you wanted comment. Now, Anna, I think you wanted to make a comment as well. Thank you, to make a comment as well. Thank you, to make a comment as well. Thank you, Paul. I wanted to come back to this Paul. I wanted to come back to this Paul. I wanted to come back to this question of greenwashing and of what question of greenwashing and of what question of greenwashing and of what regenerative agriculture really is. Lynn regenerative agriculture really is. Lynn regenerative agriculture really is. Lynn said something extremely important. said something extremely important. said something extremely important. Regenerative agriculture is a farmer's Regenerative agriculture is a farmer's Regenerative agriculture is a farmer's movement. It came from the farmer movement. It came from the farmer movement. It came from the farmer community and it is led by the farmer community and it is led by the farmer community and it is led by the farmer community. And at the moment, scientists community. And at the moment, scientists community. And at the moment, scientists are interested. We are following. We are are interested. We are following. We are are interested. We are following. We are studying. We should continue to follow studying. We should continue to follow studying. We should continue to follow and we should continue to study and we and we should continue to study and we and we should continue to study and we should continue to enable but we should should continue to enable but we should should continue to enable but we should not try to lead. That is my very very not try to lead. That is my very very not try to lead. That is my very very strong suggestion. This is a farmers strong suggestion. This is a farmers strong suggestion. This is a farmers movement that is motivated in fact by uh movement that is motivated in fact by uh movement that is motivated in fact by uh farmers uh finding themselves facing a farmers uh finding themselves facing a farmers uh finding themselves facing a brick wall. I have done a number of brick wall. I have done a number of brick wall. I have done a number of interviews in this field with farmers as interviews in this field with farmers as interviews in this field with farmers as well as with uh farmer advisors and we well as with uh farmer advisors and we well as with uh farmer advisors and we could call them transition managers, could call them transition managers, could call them transition managers, people whose job it is to support the people whose job it is to support the people whose job it is to support the farmers as they are transitioning into farmers as they are transitioning into farmers as they are transitioning into the regenerative agriculture system. And the regenerative agriculture system. And the regenerative agriculture system. And the story that I hear over and over the story that I hear over and over the story that I hear over and over again is of people turning to again is of people turning to again is of people turning to regenerative agriculture out of regenerative agriculture out of regenerative agriculture out of desperation, out of not being able to desperation, out of not being able to desperation, out of not being able to continue within the current um agro food continue within the current um agro food continue within the current um agro food model. So this desire to change the model. So this desire to change the model. So this desire to change the farming system in such a way that farming system in such a way that farming system in such a way that sustainability and financial sustainability and financial sustainability and financial sustainability go together more sustainability go together more sustainability go together more profitable farms that can be sustained profitable farms that can be sustained profitable farms that can be sustained into the future is absolutely at the into the future is absolutely at the into the future is absolutely at the core of this. and the concerns about core of this. and the concerns about core of this. and the concerns about greenwashing when I'm talking to people greenwashing when I'm talking to people greenwashing when I'm talking to people within the regenerative agriculture within the regenerative agriculture within the regenerative agriculture space. These concerns are actually u space. These concerns are actually u space. These concerns are actually u being raised in relation to big being raised in relation to big being raised in relation to big companies and big players who are now companies and big players who are now companies and big players who are now branding their products or their branding their products or their branding their products or their advisory services as regenerative advisory services as regenerative advisory services as regenerative agriculture. So it is here that the agriculture. So it is here that the agriculture. So it is here that the regenerative agriculture farming regenerative agriculture farming regenerative agriculture farming community is asking us scientists to community is asking us scientists to community is asking us scientists to step in to help them to decide okay what step in to help them to decide okay what step in to help them to decide okay what kind of barriers limits kind of barriers limits kind of barriers limits indicators can we set in place to make indicators can we set in place to make indicators can we set in place to make sure that we are going in the right sure that we are going in the right sure that we are going in the right direction that we're not excluding our direction that we're not excluding our direction that we're not excluding our members that more people can participate members that more people can participate members that more people can participate in this very important transitional in this very important transitional in this very important transitional movement but that we don't lose in terms movement but that we don't lose in terms movement but that we don't lose in terms of this movement being taken over by the of this movement being taken over by the of this movement being taken over by the usual players who have been feeding usual players who have been feeding usual players who have been feeding chemicals into the system for ages. So I chemicals into the system for ages. So I chemicals into the system for ages. So I think it's another call for the think it's another call for the think it's another call for the scientific community to really partner scientific community to really partner scientific community to really partner up with the farming community and enable up with the farming community and enable up with the farming community and enable them with our work. Brilliant. Thank them with our work. Brilliant. Thank them with our work. Brilliant. Thank you. We're now going to talk about a you. We're now going to talk about a you. We're now going to talk about a second paper which is called farmers second paper which is called farmers second paper which is called farmers perception of soil health. The use of perception of soil health. The use of perception of soil health. The use of quality data and its implication for quality data and its implication for quality data and its implication for farm farm farm management. Preventing and reversing management. Preventing and reversing management. Preventing and reversing soil degradation is essential to soil degradation is essential to soil degradation is essential to maintaining the ecosystem services maintaining the ecosystem services maintaining the ecosystem services provided by soils and guaranteeing food provided by soils and guaranteeing food provided by soils and guaranteeing food security. This paper argues that in security. This paper argues that in security. This paper argues that in addition to the scientific community, addition to the scientific community, addition to the scientific community, it's also very important to engage many it's also very important to engage many it's also very important to engage many stakeholders to assess and to understand stakeholders to assess and to understand stakeholders to assess and to understand the degree of sore degradation and also the degree of sore degradation and also the degree of sore degradation and also the mitigation strategies that are the mitigation strategies that are the mitigation strategies that are needed to have an impact and to meet the needed to have an impact and to meet the needed to have an impact and to meet the United Nations sustainable development United Nations sustainable development United Nations sustainable development goals as well as the European Union's goals as well as the European Union's goals as well as the European Union's common agricultural policy. So I'm common agricultural policy. So I'm common agricultural policy. So I'm delighted now to um welcome Rael and ask delighted now to um welcome Rael and ask delighted now to um welcome Rael and ask you some questions about the work that you some questions about the work that you some questions about the work that you did on this particular paper. And my you did on this particular paper. And my you did on this particular paper. And my first question, a good starting question first question, a good starting question first question, a good starting question I hope is what prompted you to undertake I hope is what prompted you to undertake I hope is what prompted you to undertake this research? Hi Paul, first of all, this research? Hi Paul, first of all, this research? Hi Paul, first of all, thank you so much for the invitation. thank you so much for the invitation. thank you so much for the invitation. It's really an honor and uh particularly It's really an honor and uh particularly It's really an honor and uh particularly to be sharing um the time here with to be sharing um the time here with to be sharing um the time here with these two amazing scientists. I came these two amazing scientists. I came these two amazing scientists. I came from Brazil. I'm originally from Brazil from Brazil. I'm originally from Brazil from Brazil. I'm originally from Brazil and uh I came to Prague to do this PhD. and uh I came to Prague to do this PhD. and uh I came to Prague to do this PhD. It's a horizon 2020 project and it It's a horizon 2020 project and it It's a horizon 2020 project and it focuses on soil health and also it focuses on soil health and also it focuses on soil health and also it focuses on stakeholder engagement and focuses on stakeholder engagement and focuses on stakeholder engagement and it's a European China uh project. The it's a European China uh project. The it's a European China uh project. The topic really appealed to me right away topic really appealed to me right away topic really appealed to me right away because I was very excited to join a because I was very excited to join a because I was very excited to join a research that not only uh quantifies and research that not only uh quantifies and research that not only uh quantifies and assesses the degree of degradation but assesses the degree of degradation but assesses the degree of degradation but it also does the step forward to propose it also does the step forward to propose it also does the step forward to propose mitigation strategies and the research mitigation strategies and the research mitigation strategies and the research that we're I'm talking about now the that we're I'm talking about now the that we're I'm talking about now the paper that we published was also done on paper that we published was also done on paper that we published was also done on a survey that we conducted uh with the a survey that we conducted uh with the a survey that we conducted uh with the participating countries I have to participating countries I have to participating countries I have to confirm but six uh particip ipating confirm but six uh particip ipating confirm but six uh particip ipating countries and different institutions countries and different institutions countries and different institutions involved in this project and we managed involved in this project and we managed involved in this project and we managed to get more than 450 responses which was to get more than 450 responses which was to get more than 450 responses which was a pretty u interesting number for this a pretty u interesting number for this a pretty u interesting number for this kind of work. And we wanted to get an kind of work. And we wanted to get an kind of work. And we wanted to get an understanding of how farmers evaluate understanding of how farmers evaluate understanding of how farmers evaluate the degree of soil health on their field the degree of soil health on their field the degree of soil health on their field and how they assess their knowledge of and how they assess their knowledge of and how they assess their knowledge of soil health and also their willingness soil health and also their willingness soil health and also their willingness to assess soil quality in their field. to assess soil quality in their field. to assess soil quality in their field. given simple and unexpensive tools were given simple and unexpensive tools were given simple and unexpensive tools were provided because that would be um one of provided because that would be um one of provided because that would be um one of the next steps and goals within our the next steps and goals within our the next steps and goals within our project is to develop decision support project is to develop decision support project is to develop decision support tools to help farmers make decisions on tools to help farmers make decisions on tools to help farmers make decisions on management. So what's interesting is management. So what's interesting is management. So what's interesting is that your work goes beyond the farming that your work goes beyond the farming that your work goes beyond the farming community that we've been talking about community that we've been talking about community that we've been talking about so far today. Tell us a bit about the so far today. Tell us a bit about the so far today. Tell us a bit about the some of the non-farmers that you were some of the non-farmers that you were some of the non-farmers that you were keen to engage with. In particular, for keen to engage with. In particular, for keen to engage with. In particular, for me, and I think that might be the case me, and I think that might be the case me, and I think that might be the case for a lot of PhD candidates, most of our for a lot of PhD candidates, most of our for a lot of PhD candidates, most of our work ends up being with cooperation work ends up being with cooperation work ends up being with cooperation within other scientists and other within other scientists and other within other scientists and other researchers. Uh I think that might be researchers. Uh I think that might be researchers. Uh I think that might be due to the time length of our work. So I due to the time length of our work. So I due to the time length of our work. So I I feel like I unfortunately did not have I feel like I unfortunately did not have I feel like I unfortunately did not have the chance to cooperate as much with the chance to cooperate as much with the chance to cooperate as much with players beyond the farming and academic players beyond the farming and academic players beyond the farming and academic community. I think this is a gap that community. I think this is a gap that community. I think this is a gap that you've mentioned at the very beginning you've mentioned at the very beginning you've mentioned at the very beginning of your introduction to the podcast that of your introduction to the podcast that of your introduction to the podcast that there is this gap between science and there is this gap between science and there is this gap between science and the general public or practical the general public or practical the general public or practical implications. Uh I think that there is a implications. Uh I think that there is a implications. Uh I think that there is a growing awareness around this gap and growing awareness around this gap and growing awareness around this gap and the need to address it but I think the need to address it but I think the need to address it but I think there's still a long way to go. Okay. there's still a long way to go. Okay. there's still a long way to go. Okay. And tell us about the implications of And tell us about the implications of And tell us about the implications of your research for soil conservation your research for soil conservation your research for soil conservation generally. I hope that the main generally. I hope that the main generally. I hope that the main implications or the main contributions implications or the main contributions implications or the main contributions of our work will be really this decision of our work will be really this decision of our work will be really this decision support tools that we're developing. support tools that we're developing. support tools that we're developing. general. We did that in cooperation with general. We did that in cooperation with general. We did that in cooperation with an app developing uh company and the an app developing uh company and the an app developing uh company and the idea is that it will help farmers to idea is that it will help farmers to idea is that it will help farmers to assess the current state of their soil assess the current state of their soil assess the current state of their soil and with some frequency as much as they and with some frequency as much as they and with some frequency as much as they are willing to or are able to do to are willing to or are able to do to are willing to or are able to do to revisit these parameters that they'll be revisit these parameters that they'll be revisit these parameters that they'll be able to measure with the tool. So I hope able to measure with the tool. So I hope able to measure with the tool. So I hope that this first gives a more concrete that this first gives a more concrete that this first gives a more concrete impression of the state of the soil on impression of the state of the soil on impression of the state of the soil on their farms and that with that that they their farms and that with that that they their farms and that with that that they be able to understand which way they be able to understand which way they be able to understand which way they should go to either enhance soil quality should go to either enhance soil quality should go to either enhance soil quality or keep it as it is if the result of the or keep it as it is if the result of the or keep it as it is if the result of the measurements or the analysis turns to be measurements or the analysis turns to be measurements or the analysis turns to be that your soil condition is is good. So that your soil condition is is good. So that your soil condition is is good. So you can keep it uh at that. We talked you can keep it uh at that. We talked you can keep it uh at that. We talked about collaborative networks. What kind about collaborative networks. What kind about collaborative networks. What kind of collaborative network do you think of collaborative network do you think of collaborative network do you think need to be created? I think the need to be created? I think the need to be created? I think the different stakeholders the ones that different stakeholders the ones that different stakeholders the ones that come to my mind immediately are farmers come to my mind immediately are farmers come to my mind immediately are farmers who are the ultimate executors of any who are the ultimate executors of any who are the ultimate executors of any regenerative strategy to be taken. I regenerative strategy to be taken. I regenerative strategy to be taken. I think the research also academia has to think the research also academia has to think the research also academia has to be involved in the public sector be involved in the public sector be involved in the public sector governments because they are also an governments because they are also an governments because they are also an important player in giving out incentive important player in giving out incentive important player in giving out incentive to farmers. I think that we need to have to farmers. I think that we need to have to farmers. I think that we need to have more applied research on the needs of more applied research on the needs of more applied research on the needs of farmers. farmers. farmers. And what do you think is the consequence And what do you think is the consequence And what do you think is the consequence of failure to adopt technologies that of failure to adopt technologies that of failure to adopt technologies that will reverse the degradation of I mean will reverse the degradation of I mean will reverse the degradation of I mean this is something that we've already this is something that we've already this is something that we've already touched on, but what what do you think touched on, but what what do you think touched on, but what what do you think is the consequence of failure to reverse is the consequence of failure to reverse is the consequence of failure to reverse the degradation of agricultural soils? I the degradation of agricultural soils? I the degradation of agricultural soils? I think ultimately worst case scenario is think ultimately worst case scenario is think ultimately worst case scenario is that we'll fail to feed people. Uh and I that we'll fail to feed people. Uh and I that we'll fail to feed people. Uh and I I think this is a a tricky or maybe a I think this is a a tricky or maybe a I think this is a a tricky or maybe a cruel aspect of climate change is that cruel aspect of climate change is that cruel aspect of climate change is that uh the current areas where we're uh the current areas where we're uh the current areas where we're currently growing uh will be affected. currently growing uh will be affected. currently growing uh will be affected. But on the other hand, areas that are But on the other hand, areas that are But on the other hand, areas that are currently unfit for agriculture, let's currently unfit for agriculture, let's currently unfit for agriculture, let's say in the Arctic uh circle, areas that say in the Arctic uh circle, areas that say in the Arctic uh circle, areas that are too cold maybe for for growing crops are too cold maybe for for growing crops are too cold maybe for for growing crops will become adequate for agriculture. will become adequate for agriculture. will become adequate for agriculture. And I've seen that there's already a And I've seen that there's already a And I've seen that there's already a growing interest in these areas. So we growing interest in these areas. So we growing interest in these areas. So we can see the agricultural frontier can see the agricultural frontier can see the agricultural frontier advancing to areas that were not fit for advancing to areas that were not fit for advancing to areas that were not fit for agriculture before. We also know that agriculture before. We also know that agriculture before. We also know that the rate of degradation of soils as it's the rate of degradation of soils as it's the rate of degradation of soils as it's already been mentioned the rate of already been mentioned the rate of already been mentioned the rate of degradation is a lot higher and a lot degradation is a lot higher and a lot degradation is a lot higher and a lot superior than that of the regeneration superior than that of the regeneration superior than that of the regeneration of soils. And I think it's also of soils. And I think it's also of soils. And I think it's also important that awareness is raised important that awareness is raised important that awareness is raised because it's too easy to think that we because it's too easy to think that we because it's too easy to think that we don't have an issue here because we don't have an issue here because we don't have an issue here because we import our crops from other countries. import our crops from other countries. import our crops from other countries. But there has also have also been a lot But there has also have also been a lot But there has also have also been a lot of research done showing that the food of research done showing that the food of research done showing that the food that um Europe or North America import that um Europe or North America import that um Europe or North America import come from regions that are over come from regions that are over come from regions that are over depleting their water resources. depleting their water resources. depleting their water resources. So I think it's a crisis in the making So I think it's a crisis in the making So I think it's a crisis in the making and I think the fact that the awareness and I think the fact that the awareness and I think the fact that the awareness is now raising it's it's already been is now raising it's it's already been is now raising it's it's already been said is that we're we're clearly said is that we're we're clearly said is that we're we're clearly reaching a tipping point and best time reaching a tipping point and best time reaching a tipping point and best time to act was sometime in the past but now to act was sometime in the past but now to act was sometime in the past but now it's the second best time to act. My it's the second best time to act. My it's the second best time to act. My last question to you is what most last question to you is what most last question to you is what most surprised you about the outcome of your surprised you about the outcome of your surprised you about the outcome of your research? I think what most surprised me research? I think what most surprised me research? I think what most surprised me is that in our questionnaire, we saw is that in our questionnaire, we saw is that in our questionnaire, we saw that farmers are very willing to use that farmers are very willing to use that farmers are very willing to use tools if they're provided the tools and tools if they're provided the tools and tools if they're provided the tools and they're open to cooperation. We've seen they're open to cooperation. We've seen they're open to cooperation. We've seen other researchers showing that farmers other researchers showing that farmers other researchers showing that farmers are tired of scientists. This was a are tired of scientists. This was a are tired of scientists. This was a catchy title of a paper that came out catchy title of a paper that came out catchy title of a paper that came out some years ago and from what we heard is some years ago and from what we heard is some years ago and from what we heard is that they're not. They're still open. So that they're not. They're still open. So that they're not. They're still open. So I think it's up to scientists in I think it's up to scientists in I think it's up to scientists in academia to be smart and approach them academia to be smart and approach them academia to be smart and approach them the right way. Just a couple of extra the right way. Just a couple of extra the right way. Just a couple of extra questions. If I can start with you Anna, questions. If I can start with you Anna, questions. If I can start with you Anna, what research would you like to do next? what research would you like to do next? what research would you like to do next? I have been working on this intersection I have been working on this intersection I have been working on this intersection of social sciences and natural sciences of social sciences and natural sciences of social sciences and natural sciences of soil for a while and what I have been of soil for a while and what I have been of soil for a while and what I have been really worried by is that we are very really worried by is that we are very really worried by is that we are very often still operating with what is known often still operating with what is known often still operating with what is known as the knowledge deficit model. This as the knowledge deficit model. This as the knowledge deficit model. This pertains not only to soil science but to pertains not only to soil science but to pertains not only to soil science but to environmental science and many other environmental science and many other environmental science and many other areas more generally. The knowledge areas more generally. The knowledge areas more generally. The knowledge deficit model says people don't know and deficit model says people don't know and deficit model says people don't know and if only they knew they would if only they knew they would if only they knew they would act. And this is act. And this is act. And this is wrong. And we have studies that show wrong. And we have studies that show wrong. And we have studies that show that this is wrong. But knowledge that this is wrong. But knowledge that this is wrong. But knowledge deficit model doesn't work. Just knowing deficit model doesn't work. Just knowing deficit model doesn't work. Just knowing that something is broken doesn't help us that something is broken doesn't help us that something is broken doesn't help us fix it. So my growing area of research fix it. So my growing area of research fix it. So my growing area of research is how do we construct scientific is how do we construct scientific is how do we construct scientific knowledge processes? How do we change knowledge processes? How do we change knowledge processes? How do we change how we make science? How do we change how we make science? How do we change how we make science? How do we change how we do research in such a way that we how we do research in such a way that we how we do research in such a way that we can participate in the fixing rather can participate in the fixing rather can participate in the fixing rather than just saying that things are broken? than just saying that things are broken? than just saying that things are broken? How do we facilitate the fixing? And How do we facilitate the fixing? And How do we facilitate the fixing? And please ask Lynn about the project under please ask Lynn about the project under please ask Lynn about the project under the umbrella of H3 because it's such a the umbrella of H3 because it's such a the umbrella of H3 because it's such a wonderful example of what happens when a wonderful example of what happens when a wonderful example of what happens when a farming community and the scientific farming community and the scientific farming community and the scientific community get together to try to fix community get together to try to fix community get together to try to fix things and they start from having a things and they start from having a things and they start from having a conversation about what is broken and conversation about what is broken and conversation about what is broken and what doesn't work in this specific place what doesn't work in this specific place what doesn't work in this specific place for this specific set of people in these for this specific set of people in these for this specific set of people in these specific ecological, social, economic specific ecological, social, economic specific ecological, social, economic conditions and then what is needed conditions and then what is needed conditions and then what is needed specifically from science to overcome specifically from science to overcome specifically from science to overcome the barriers the problems to open up new the barriers the problems to open up new the barriers the problems to open up new avenues of action and I think this is avenues of action and I think this is avenues of action and I think this is the way that we need to be going. So the the way that we need to be going. So the the way that we need to be going. So the regenerative agriculture movement is regenerative agriculture movement is regenerative agriculture movement is very hungry for that kind of very hungry for that kind of very hungry for that kind of collaboration. I have another paper in collaboration. I have another paper in collaboration. I have another paper in soil use and management from some years soil use and management from some years soil use and management from some years back which I encourage you all to read back which I encourage you all to read back which I encourage you all to read which makes that very same argument on which makes that very same argument on which makes that very same argument on the basis of conversations with farmers the basis of conversations with farmers the basis of conversations with farmers practicing sustainable soil use and soil practicing sustainable soil use and soil practicing sustainable soil use and soil management. So really there is a great management. So really there is a great management. So really there is a great opportunity for science and an opportunity for science and an opportunity for science and an increasing push for science to do this increasing push for science to do this increasing push for science to do this kind of work and we should capture it. kind of work and we should capture it. kind of work and we should capture it. It's really a wonderful time. Thank you. It's really a wonderful time. Thank you. It's really a wonderful time. Thank you. Well, I think that's a perfect segue Well, I think that's a perfect segue Well, I think that's a perfect segue into me then asking Lynn, what do you into me then asking Lynn, what do you into me then asking Lynn, what do you want to do next? So, what I'm working on want to do next? So, what I'm working on want to do next? So, what I'm working on at the moment is the project that this at the moment is the project that this at the moment is the project that this paper we were talking about was at the paper we were talking about was at the paper we were talking about was at the beginning of the the H3 project, healthy beginning of the the H3 project, healthy beginning of the the H3 project, healthy soil, healthy food, healthy people, was soil, healthy food, healthy people, was soil, healthy food, healthy people, was a co-designed experiment with a group of a co-designed experiment with a group of a co-designed experiment with a group of farmers. So, as Alan was describing, a farmers. So, as Alan was describing, a farmers. So, as Alan was describing, a kind of participatory approach to kind of participatory approach to kind of participatory approach to research where we both design the research where we both design the research where we both design the research and do the research in research and do the research in research and do the research in partnership with farmers and and that partnership with farmers and and that partnership with farmers and and that the results of that are emerging and the results of that are emerging and the results of that are emerging and will probably be coming out in will probably be coming out in will probably be coming out in publications next year. Um, but what publications next year. Um, but what publications next year. Um, but what we're now thinking about is how to scale we're now thinking about is how to scale we're now thinking about is how to scale it up. So, we've done that in two it up. So, we've done that in two it up. So, we've done that in two landscapes with a relatively limited landscapes with a relatively limited landscapes with a relatively limited number of farms and we did some very number of farms and we did some very number of farms and we did some very detailed monitoring of the outcomes of detailed monitoring of the outcomes of detailed monitoring of the outcomes of the transition to regenerative the transition to regenerative the transition to regenerative agriculture. We work with farmers that agriculture. We work with farmers that agriculture. We work with farmers that are not regenerative, farmers that are are not regenerative, farmers that are are not regenerative, farmers that are regenerative, and farmers that are regenerative, and farmers that are regenerative, and farmers that are making a transition from non to making a transition from non to making a transition from non to regenerative during the course of the regenerative during the course of the regenerative during the course of the the project. So then we're measuring all the project. So then we're measuring all the project. So then we're measuring all these outcomes. We're measuring the these outcomes. We're measuring the these outcomes. We're measuring the quality of the soil. We're measuring how quality of the soil. We're measuring how quality of the soil. We're measuring how the large water stable aggregates hold the large water stable aggregates hold the large water stable aggregates hold carbon in the soil and we're measuring carbon in the soil and we're measuring carbon in the soil and we're measuring the biodiversity, so the response of the biodiversity, so the response of the biodiversity, so the response of birds and the response of insects and birds and the response of insects and birds and the response of insects and the economics of that change. Um, but the economics of that change. Um, but the economics of that change. Um, but it's a it's context dependent. It's it's a it's context dependent. It's it's a it's context dependent. It's different places. So what we're doing different places. So what we're doing different places. So what we're doing now is scaling that. We're we're trying now is scaling that. We're we're trying now is scaling that. We're we're trying to get funding at the moment to scale it to get funding at the moment to scale it to get funding at the moment to scale it to a much larger number of farms across to a much larger number of farms across to a much larger number of farms across the country. Working with in partnership the country. Working with in partnership the country. Working with in partnership with both farmers and also supply chain with both farmers and also supply chain with both farmers and also supply chain retailers to try and find ways to retailers to try and find ways to retailers to try and find ways to measure the outcomes that are scalable. measure the outcomes that are scalable. measure the outcomes that are scalable. So it's very exciting time to work in So it's very exciting time to work in So it's very exciting time to work in biodiversity research which is my main biodiversity research which is my main biodiversity research which is my main focus because there are these emerging focus because there are these emerging focus because there are these emerging technologies acoustic monitoring image technologies acoustic monitoring image technologies acoustic monitoring image recognition remote sensing which enable recognition remote sensing which enable recognition remote sensing which enable you to measure biodiversity that those you to measure biodiversity that those you to measure biodiversity that those technologies allow us to scale the technologies allow us to scale the technologies allow us to scale the monitoring and to enable farmers to monitoring and to enable farmers to monitoring and to enable farmers to themselves be in charge of the themselves be in charge of the themselves be in charge of the monitoring for things like biodiversity monitoring for things like biodiversity monitoring for things like biodiversity outcomes. And we're looking more outcomes. And we're looking more outcomes. And we're looking more carefully now at climate change carefully now at climate change carefully now at climate change outcomes. So the the kind of how well is outcomes. So the the kind of how well is outcomes. So the the kind of how well is this mitigating climate change and this mitigating climate change and this mitigating climate change and reducing your greenhouse gas emissions reducing your greenhouse gas emissions reducing your greenhouse gas emissions actually measuring those outcomes the actually measuring those outcomes the actually measuring those outcomes the the technology to scale that at low cost the technology to scale that at low cost the technology to scale that at low cost isn't really validated yet but there's a isn't really validated yet but there's a isn't really validated yet but there's a lot of people working on it so we're lot of people working on it so we're lot of people working on it so we're we're also pushing at that boundary so we're also pushing at that boundary so we're also pushing at that boundary so we want to be able to scale up the we want to be able to scale up the we want to be able to scale up the monitoring and re and and the final monitoring and re and and the final monitoring and re and and the final thing to say about the direction we're thing to say about the direction we're thing to say about the direction we're going is I work in conservation science going is I work in conservation science going is I work in conservation science and conservation science has woken up in and conservation science has woken up in and conservation science has woken up in the last five years to the methods that the last five years to the methods that the last five years to the methods that have been developed in econ econometrics have been developed in econ econometrics have been developed in econ econometrics which is a branch of economics to which is a branch of economics to which is a branch of economics to understand the causal effects of understand the causal effects of understand the causal effects of different changes in real complex different changes in real complex different changes in real complex settings like real world situations settings like real world situations settings like real world situations where nothing is simple and everything's where nothing is simple and everything's where nothing is simple and everything's complex and different. There are loads complex and different. There are loads complex and different. There are loads of statistical methods to take account of statistical methods to take account of statistical methods to take account of confounding variables and try and of confounding variables and try and of confounding variables and try and work out whether something actually work out whether something actually work out whether something actually works in this real world setting. works in this real world setting. works in this real world setting. Conservation scientists are now using Conservation scientists are now using Conservation scientists are now using those methods. Hardly anyone in in those methods. Hardly anyone in in those methods. Hardly anyone in in agricultural sustainability is using agricultural sustainability is using agricultural sustainability is using them. So we're we're also pushing on them. So we're we're also pushing on them. So we're we're also pushing on that. So we want to look at the that. So we want to look at the that. So we want to look at the effectiveness of regenerative effectiveness of regenerative effectiveness of regenerative agriculture using the best methods of agriculture using the best methods of agriculture using the best methods of causal inference to properly design a causal inference to properly design a causal inference to properly design a study that will really get to that and study that will really get to that and study that will really get to that and allow us to be confident when we say allow us to be confident when we say allow us to be confident when we say this effect was an outcome from this effect was an outcome from this effect was an outcome from regenerative agriculture. Brilliant. regenerative agriculture. Brilliant. regenerative agriculture. Brilliant. Thank you. And let me ask you again the Thank you. And let me ask you again the Thank you. And let me ask you again the same question. What would you like to do same question. What would you like to do same question. What would you like to do next? I think this is the second next? I think this is the second next? I think this is the second question like the top questions you question like the top questions you question like the top questions you should not ask a PhD candidate. first is should not ask a PhD candidate. first is should not ask a PhD candidate. first is when when do you finish and then what is when when do you finish and then what is when when do you finish and then what is it that you're doing next? So I'm coming it that you're doing next? So I'm coming it that you're doing next? So I'm coming to the end of my PhD journey and it's a to the end of my PhD journey and it's a to the end of my PhD journey and it's a quite a of a bittersweet journey I have quite a of a bittersweet journey I have quite a of a bittersweet journey I have to say because I feel like the moment to say because I feel like the moment to say because I feel like the moment that I get confident with u my potential that I get confident with u my potential that I get confident with u my potential and the work the value of my and the work the value of my and the work the value of my contribution to the debate is the time contribution to the debate is the time contribution to the debate is the time to wrap things up and finish. So I'm I'm to wrap things up and finish. So I'm I'm to wrap things up and finish. So I'm I'm not sure. I think what I would like is not sure. I think what I would like is not sure. I think what I would like is to have a more of a hands-on experience, to have a more of a hands-on experience, to have a more of a hands-on experience, maybe work with a study case or work maybe work with a study case or work maybe work with a study case or work together with a farmer that is willing together with a farmer that is willing together with a farmer that is willing to cooperate. Agree with what's been to cooperate. Agree with what's been to cooperate. Agree with what's been said before about the need for a said before about the need for a said before about the need for a holistic approach. I think this is an holistic approach. I think this is an holistic approach. I think this is an aspect of science and research that is aspect of science and research that is aspect of science and research that is hard to apply to agriculture is that we hard to apply to agriculture is that we hard to apply to agriculture is that we want to be we want to have general want to be we want to have general want to be we want to have general statements and general conclusions. uh statements and general conclusions. uh statements and general conclusions. uh but oftentimes uh in the case for but oftentimes uh in the case for but oftentimes uh in the case for agricultural systems they are very agricultural systems they are very agricultural systems they are very contextsp specific uh we had this one contextsp specific uh we had this one contextsp specific uh we had this one quote that I thought was brilliant from quote that I thought was brilliant from quote that I thought was brilliant from one of the farmers in our survey where one of the farmers in our survey where one of the farmers in our survey where he said and I quote with all due respect he said and I quote with all due respect he said and I quote with all due respect there are so many different and there are so many different and there are so many different and contrasting recommendations that it is contrasting recommendations that it is contrasting recommendations that it is hard for me to know what is best in my hard for me to know what is best in my hard for me to know what is best in my particular case so that really caught my particular case so that really caught my particular case so that really caught my eye four years ago when we did it I eye four years ago when we did it I eye four years ago when we did it I would really like to contribute to would really like to contribute to would really like to contribute to answering these questions. Well, thank answering these questions. Well, thank answering these questions. Well, thank you. I think that was a hugely inspiring you. I think that was a hugely inspiring you. I think that was a hugely inspiring way to conclude our discussion. Um, way to conclude our discussion. Um, way to conclude our discussion. Um, Anna, Lynn, Aal, huge thanks for really, Anna, Lynn, Aal, huge thanks for really, Anna, Lynn, Aal, huge thanks for really, really fascinating discussion. If you'd really fascinating discussion. If you'd really fascinating discussion. If you'd like to follow up their research and like to follow up their research and like to follow up their research and indeed to read the papers on which our indeed to read the papers on which our indeed to read the papers on which our discussion has been based, please go to discussion has been based, please go to discussion has been based, please go to the new podcast page on the BSS website the new podcast page on the BSS website the new podcast page on the BSS website and you'll find a series of links. and you'll find a series of links. and you'll find a series of links. [Music] [Music] [Music] And to finish today, I'd like to have a And to finish today, I'd like to have a And to finish today, I'd like to have a chat with Leo Condrron, editor-inchief chat with Leo Condrron, editor-inchief chat with Leo Condrron, editor-inchief of Soil Use and Management. Leo, of Soil Use and Management. Leo, of Soil Use and Management. Leo, welcome. This is Sum's 40th anniversary welcome. This is Sum's 40th anniversary welcome. This is Sum's 40th anniversary year, and we've already been discussing year, and we've already been discussing year, and we've already been discussing a range of topics that have been at the a range of topics that have been at the a range of topics that have been at the heart of soil use and management. Remind heart of soil use and management. Remind heart of soil use and management. Remind me of your mission. Thank you, Paul. me of your mission. Thank you, Paul. me of your mission. Thank you, Paul. It's a pleasure to be here. I took over It's a pleasure to be here. I took over It's a pleasure to be here. I took over as the editor just four months ago and as the editor just four months ago and as the editor just four months ago and one of the tasks that we've done is to one of the tasks that we've done is to one of the tasks that we've done is to actually revise the mission statement, actually revise the mission statement, actually revise the mission statement, right? It's um and we're still going right? It's um and we're still going right? It's um and we're still going through the final draft of it, but I through the final draft of it, but I through the final draft of it, but I think the best way to do it is just to think the best way to do it is just to think the best way to do it is just to give you the mission. The journal is give you the mission. The journal is give you the mission. The journal is pretty much as goes on the title. It's pretty much as goes on the title. It's pretty much as goes on the title. It's about soil use and management, but it about soil use and management, but it about soil use and management, but it basically obviously it's focused on basically obviously it's focused on basically obviously it's focused on soils, right? But it also includes soils, right? But it also includes soils, right? But it also includes within the wider context of agricultural within the wider context of agricultural within the wider context of agricultural science, environmental science, and science, environmental science, and science, environmental science, and importantly policy studies that relate importantly policy studies that relate importantly policy studies that relate to those factors. We're interested in to those factors. We're interested in to those factors. We're interested in obviously obviously obviously significant new novel information or significant new novel information or significant new novel information or insight on the influence of natural and insight on the influence of natural and insight on the influence of natural and anthropogenic processes on the function, anthropogenic processes on the function, anthropogenic processes on the function, productivity, health and sustainability productivity, health and sustainability productivity, health and sustainability of managed solar systems. of managed solar systems. of managed solar systems. And a very important part of that is the And a very important part of that is the And a very important part of that is the role of what we call soil stewardship role of what we call soil stewardship role of what we call soil stewardship which is a very important concept I which is a very important concept I which is a very important concept I think in addressing global issues as think in addressing global issues as think in addressing global issues as well because there are impacts here well because there are impacts here well because there are impacts here beyond what you might call the farm gate beyond what you might call the farm gate beyond what you might call the farm gate or whatever in terms of global issues or whatever in terms of global issues or whatever in terms of global issues such as the mitigation of and adaptation such as the mitigation of and adaptation such as the mitigation of and adaptation to ongoing climate change environmental to ongoing climate change environmental to ongoing climate change environmental quality food security and specifically quality food security and specifically quality food security and specifically progress towards achievement of specific progress towards achievement of specific progress towards achievement of specific UN sustainable development ment goals. I UN sustainable development ment goals. I UN sustainable development ment goals. I think that that pretty much sums up well think that that pretty much sums up well think that that pretty much sums up well where we're going. But the emphasis is where we're going. But the emphasis is where we're going. But the emphasis is really on the management of soil and how really on the management of soil and how really on the management of soil and how we manage the so there is a component we manage the so there is a component we manage the so there is a component there of land use and land use change there of land use and land use change there of land use and land use change but land use and management are are two but land use and management are are two but land use and management are are two comparable components. And let me ask comparable components. And let me ask comparable components. And let me ask you what may be an obvious question but you what may be an obvious question but you what may be an obvious question but why is soil stewardship so important? I why is soil stewardship so important? I why is soil stewardship so important? I mean it's obviously the foundation of mean it's obviously the foundation of mean it's obviously the foundation of our terrestrial food systems. The our terrestrial food systems. The our terrestrial food systems. The sustainable management of those sustainable management of those sustainable management of those resources is absolutely crucial because resources is absolutely crucial because resources is absolutely crucial because any degradation or loss of any soil is any degradation or loss of any soil is any degradation or loss of any soil is very hard. Well, loss of soil is is very hard. Well, loss of soil is is very hard. Well, loss of soil is is irreversible but any reduction in the irreversible but any reduction in the irreversible but any reduction in the capacity of a soil to function is a has capacity of a soil to function is a has capacity of a soil to function is a has a very very important component on not a very very important component on not a very very important component on not only food supply and food security but only food supply and food security but only food supply and food security but also the economic value. Farming is a also the economic value. Farming is a also the economic value. Farming is a business and there's a lot of the world business and there's a lot of the world business and there's a lot of the world where farming is subsistence but um in where farming is subsistence but um in where farming is subsistence but um in many parts of the world farming is a many parts of the world farming is a many parts of the world farming is a business. So that there has to be a an business. So that there has to be a an business. So that there has to be a an economic imperative in there as well. economic imperative in there as well. economic imperative in there as well. But it's getting that balance between But it's getting that balance between But it's getting that balance between economic, environmental, social and economic, environmental, social and economic, environmental, social and those sorts of values. That's very very those sorts of values. That's very very those sorts of values. That's very very important and that's where the policy important and that's where the policy important and that's where the policy thing comes in as well. And what would thing comes in as well. And what would thing comes in as well. And what would you say are the key trends this year? I you say are the key trends this year? I you say are the key trends this year? I would say that the continuing trends is would say that the continuing trends is would say that the continuing trends is there's a lot of work coming in on soil there's a lot of work coming in on soil there's a lot of work coming in on soil organic matter because soil organic organic matter because soil organic organic matter because soil organic matter is key to to soil management matter is key to to soil management matter is key to to soil management because it directs so many of the of the because it directs so many of the of the because it directs so many of the of the the chemical the biological the physical the chemical the biological the physical the chemical the biological the physical properties of soil which which rounds properties of soil which which rounds properties of soil which which rounds round to things like soil health which round to things like soil health which round to things like soil health which which you've been talking about. It's a which you've been talking about. It's a which you've been talking about. It's a theme it just keeps coming through. The theme it just keeps coming through. The theme it just keeps coming through. The other thing is amendment of soil in other thing is amendment of soil in other thing is amendment of soil in terms of um not only fertilizer terms of um not only fertilizer terms of um not only fertilizer materials but also things like biochar materials but also things like biochar materials but also things like biochar charcoal and specifically I wouldn't charcoal and specifically I wouldn't charcoal and specifically I wouldn't identify there's any any trends it's identify there's any any trends it's identify there's any any trends it's just it's basically tracking along that just it's basically tracking along that just it's basically tracking along that way because we don't tend to deal with way because we don't tend to deal with way because we don't tend to deal with direct fertilizer work that's more and direct fertilizer work that's more and direct fertilizer work that's more and for other more other journals although for other more other journals although for other more other journals although there are aspects that we cover. So, in there are aspects that we cover. So, in there are aspects that we cover. So, in terms of the way you'll be putting terms of the way you'll be putting terms of the way you'll be putting together your your program over the next together your your program over the next together your your program over the next year, obviously you've got an incredible year, obviously you've got an incredible year, obviously you've got an incredible choice, but it's very useful for choice, but it's very useful for choice, but it's very useful for potential writers to know what the potential writers to know what the potential writers to know what the structure is. So, in terms of the structure is. So, in terms of the structure is. So, in terms of the journal's key themes, could you outline journal's key themes, could you outline journal's key themes, could you outline where you are for the next say the next where you are for the next say the next where you are for the next say the next two or three issues? There's a number of two or three issues? There's a number of two or three issues? There's a number of ways that we can do this and different ways that we can do this and different ways that we can do this and different journals do it different ways. uh one is journals do it different ways. uh one is journals do it different ways. uh one is is through what we call special issues is through what we call special issues is through what we call special issues or special collections which are focused or special collections which are focused or special collections which are focused on particular topics and for example on particular topics and for example on particular topics and for example we've got two at the moment as I say I'm we've got two at the moment as I say I'm we've got two at the moment as I say I'm just I'm relatively new to the job so just I'm relatively new to the job so just I'm relatively new to the job so it's something what we're going to it's something what we're going to it's something what we're going to develop but there's two one is on the develop but there's two one is on the develop but there's two one is on the integration of nature-based solutions integration of nature-based solutions integration of nature-based solutions into soil and land management decisions into soil and land management decisions into soil and land management decisions and the other one is specifically on and the other one is specifically on and the other one is specifically on conservation tillage for managing conservation tillage for managing conservation tillage for managing degraded soils in China so those ones degraded soils in China so those ones degraded soils in China so those ones are wrapping up and so I'm right in the are wrapping up and so I'm right in the are wrapping up and so I'm right in the middle of actually developing a a middle of actually developing a a middle of actually developing a a strategy and a mechanisms for actually strategy and a mechanisms for actually strategy and a mechanisms for actually developing new topics that we want to developing new topics that we want to developing new topics that we want to pursue. We got to also be cognizant of pursue. We got to also be cognizant of pursue. We got to also be cognizant of what other journals are doing because we what other journals are doing because we what other journals are doing because we obviously don't want to obviously don't want to obviously don't want to be copying or or you know um duplicating be copying or or you know um duplicating be copying or or you know um duplicating what other people are doing but we've what other people are doing but we've what other people are doing but we've got to be within our mission. Um it's got to be within our mission. Um it's got to be within our mission. Um it's very important. And so there's a number very important. And so there's a number very important. And so there's a number of conversations going on at the moment of conversations going on at the moment of conversations going on at the moment about that. Another way of doing it is about that. Another way of doing it is about that. Another way of doing it is essentially commissioning keynote review essentially commissioning keynote review essentially commissioning keynote review articles or commentary articles and we articles or commentary articles and we articles or commentary articles and we actually have that mechanism in place in actually have that mechanism in place in actually have that mechanism in place in in soil use and management and we're in soil use and management and we're in soil use and management and we're just discussing how how we advance that just discussing how how we advance that just discussing how how we advance that at the moment and that that's a at the moment and that that's a at the moment and that that's a situation where we say we can see a gap situation where we say we can see a gap situation where we say we can see a gap there in terms of we want to highlight a there in terms of we want to highlight a there in terms of we want to highlight a particular aspect. And what should particular aspect. And what should particular aspect. And what should people do if they've got an idea for people do if they've got an idea for people do if they've got an idea for publication? they should just email me. publication? they should just email me. publication? they should just email me. It's it's simple, you know, my my emails It's it's simple, you know, my my emails It's it's simple, you know, my my emails on the SUM website. Yeah. And and and on the SUM website. Yeah. And and and on the SUM website. Yeah. And and and just today, just this this evening, just today, just this this evening, just today, just this this evening, sorry, I had I had an inquiry for for sorry, I had I had an inquiry for for sorry, I had I had an inquiry for for for example, for a review. Um and and for example, for a review. Um and and for example, for a review. Um and and also it was a suggestion about also it was a suggestion about also it was a suggestion about potentially a special issue. Um potentially a special issue. Um potentially a special issue. Um alternatively, they can contact the alternatively, they can contact the alternatively, they can contact the journal, but the best the simplest way journal, but the best the simplest way journal, but the best the simplest way is to is to contact me and and start a is to is to contact me and and start a is to is to contact me and and start a conversation. Brilliant. That is really conversation. Brilliant. That is really conversation. Brilliant. That is really helpful. So Leo, thank you and thanks helpful. So Leo, thank you and thanks helpful. So Leo, thank you and thanks for joining us today on Soil Matters. for joining us today on Soil Matters. for joining us today on Soil Matters. 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Hi, my name is Professor Jack Hannam and Hi, my name is Professor Jack Hannam and Hi, my name is Professor Jack Hannam and I'm a soil scientist and I'm past I'm a soil scientist and I'm past I'm a soil scientist and I'm past president of the British Society of Soil president of the British Society of Soil president of the British Society of Soil Science. Did you know the health of our Science. Did you know the health of our Science. Did you know the health of our soil affects everything? Our food, our soil affects everything? Our food, our soil affects everything? Our food, our climate, our health, and our future. climate, our health, and our future. climate, our health, and our future. 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Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Zoom_into_Soil:_Soil_Organic_Matter&diff=11807 2026-05-29T14:08:52Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Ajoute les transcriptions YouTube aux pages vidéo qui n&#039;en ont pas - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/435</p> <hr /> <div>{{vidéo<br /> | Titre = Zoom into Soil: Soil Organic Matter<br /> | Producteur = British Society of Soil Science<br /> | Vignette = Thumbnail_youtube_pRWWN4o9BO4.jpg<br /> | Date de mise en ligne = 2021-02-02<br /> | Durée = 60 minutes<br /> | Production = <br /> | Vidéo = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pRWWN4o9BO4<br /> | Mots-clés = soil, soils, science, environment, geography, geology, earth science, soil science, ecology<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Welcome to the Zoom into Soil: Soil Organic Matter video from the British Society of Soil Science.<br /> <br /> The webinar featured Dr Tom Sizmur, Associate Professor in Environmental Chemistry at the University of Reading, and Julian Gold, Farm Manager at Hendred Estate, with their presentations, 'How does Organic Matter become Soil Organic Matter?' and 'Building and Retaining Soil Organic Matter on Hendred Estate: Some Practical Issues and Thoughts'.<br /> <br /> {{Pages liées}}<br /> <br /> {{Transcription<br /> | transcription = good afternoon everyone welcome good afternoon everyone welcome good afternoon everyone welcome to the meeting uh i'm bruce sells and as to the meeting uh i'm bruce sells and as to the meeting uh i'm bruce sells and as the new president of the british society the new president of the british society the new president of the british society of soil science of soil science of soil science i am delighted to welcome you all to our i am delighted to welcome you all to our i am delighted to welcome you all to our fourth zoom into saw webinar and our fourth zoom into saw webinar and our fourth zoom into saw webinar and our first of 2021 first of 2021 first of 2021 today's event has been supported by one today's event has been supported by one today's event has been supported by one of our regional groups of our regional groups of our regional groups the southeast england saw discussion the southeast england saw discussion the southeast england saw discussion group which is also known as sea soil group which is also known as sea soil group which is also known as sea soil which is chaired by leila fraud before i which is chaired by leila fraud before i which is chaired by leila fraud before i welcome welcome welcome our two speakers i would like to quickly our two speakers i would like to quickly our two speakers i would like to quickly introduce the british british society of introduce the british british society of introduce the british british society of saw science for those who are not so saw science for those who are not so saw science for those who are not so aware of who we are and what we do aware of who we are and what we do aware of who we are and what we do we are an established international we are an established international we are an established international membership organization and a charity membership organization and a charity membership organization and a charity committed to the study of so its widest committed to the study of so its widest committed to the study of so its widest aspects aspects aspects we bring together those working within we bring together those working within we bring together those working within academia and have a growing membership academia and have a growing membership academia and have a growing membership amongst practitioners implementing amongst practitioners implementing amongst practitioners implementing source science in industry as well as source science in industry as well as source science in industry as well as those with a keen interest in soils those with a keen interest in soils those with a keen interest in soils this year we're going to be running 10 this year we're going to be running 10 this year we're going to be running 10 zoom into soil webinars and the next one zoom into soil webinars and the next one zoom into soil webinars and the next one in the series in the series in the series will be hosted by our northern soil will be hosted by our northern soil will be hosted by our northern soil network group and that will be on network group and that will be on network group and that will be on wednesday the 3rd of march wednesday the 3rd of march wednesday the 3rd of march on the topic of soil functions and on the topic of soil functions and on the topic of soil functions and further information will be distributed further information will be distributed further information will be distributed after today's event after today's event after today's event we're also really hopeful that we'll be we're also really hopeful that we'll be we're also really hopeful that we'll be able to run our two flagship events for able to run our two flagship events for able to run our two flagship events for in person later this year these will be in person later this year these will be in person later this year these will be the early career researchers conference the early career researchers conference the early career researchers conference on monday the 6th of september at the on monday the 6th of september at the on monday the 6th of september at the radisson blue in glasgow radisson blue in glasgow radisson blue in glasgow and our annual conference and gala and our annual conference and gala and our annual conference and gala dinner which will be on the tuesday the dinner which will be on the tuesday the dinner which will be on the tuesday the 7th and wednesday the 8th of september 7th and wednesday the 8th of september 7th and wednesday the 8th of september at the royal college of physicians in at the royal college of physicians in at the royal college of physicians in glasgow glasgow glasgow both of these events will provide an both of these events will provide an both of these events will provide an opportunity to hear from invited opportunity to hear from invited opportunity to hear from invited speakers from diverse soil science speakers from diverse soil science speakers from diverse soil science specialisms see the latest research specialisms see the latest research specialisms see the latest research through through through oral and poster presentations and also oral and poster presentations and also oral and poster presentations and also network with colleagues and again we're network with colleagues and again we're network with colleagues and again we're really hopeful that we can do that in really hopeful that we can do that in really hopeful that we can do that in person later this year person later this year person later this year so further information on participating so further information on participating so further information on participating in both events will be available on our in both events will be available on our in both events will be available on our website website website in the coming weeks and and we really do in the coming weeks and and we really do in the coming weeks and and we really do look forward to seeing look forward to seeing look forward to seeing as many you there as possible and do as many you there as possible and do as many you there as possible and do hope that you'll be able to join us hope that you'll be able to join us hope that you'll be able to join us so just before we uh start today's so just before we uh start today's so just before we uh start today's presentations presentations presentations uh some basic housekeeping with so many uh some basic housekeeping with so many uh some basic housekeeping with so many of you here today of you here today of you here today all your microphones have been muted we all your microphones have been muted we all your microphones have been muted we will be taking questions at the end of will be taking questions at the end of will be taking questions at the end of both presentations and both presentations and both presentations and tom is going to monitor uh those for us tom is going to monitor uh those for us tom is going to monitor uh those for us so if you could please so if you could please so if you could please submit any questions you've got by 1250 submit any questions you've got by 1250 submit any questions you've got by 1250 that will hopefully allow us to get that will hopefully allow us to get that will hopefully allow us to get through as many of those through as many of those through as many of those as we can and whilst on the system there as we can and whilst on the system there as we can and whilst on the system there is a raise your hand button we won't be is a raise your hand button we won't be is a raise your hand button we won't be using this unless the the presenter using this unless the the presenter using this unless the the presenter specifically asks for a show of hands specifically asks for a show of hands specifically asks for a show of hands and and and today's presentations uh have also been today's presentations uh have also been today's presentations uh have also been awarded basis awarded basis awarded basis and nroso cpd points so if you're and nroso cpd points so if you're and nroso cpd points so if you're registered with either of those bodies registered with either of those bodies registered with either of those bodies please contact us directly please contact us directly please contact us directly after the event and finally uh just after the event and finally uh just after the event and finally uh just please be aware that we are recording please be aware that we are recording please be aware that we are recording today's presentation today's presentation today's presentation so moving on to today um i would first so moving on to today um i would first so moving on to today um i would first like to introduce our first presenter like to introduce our first presenter like to introduce our first presenter dr tom sisma tom dr tom sisma tom dr tom sisma tom is an associate professor in is an associate professor in is an associate professor in environmental chemistry whose research environmental chemistry whose research environmental chemistry whose research focuses on the biology focuses on the biology focuses on the biology geochemistry of soils he leads a geochemistry of soils he leads a geochemistry of soils he leads a research group consisting of phd research group consisting of phd research group consisting of phd students students students post-docs and research technicians at post-docs and research technicians at post-docs and research technicians at the university of reading the university of reading the university of reading who all contribute to the wider vision who all contribute to the wider vision who all contribute to the wider vision he has to exploit organic matter and he has to exploit organic matter and he has to exploit organic matter and soil soil soil biological communities to provide biological communities to provide biological communities to provide ecosystem functions and services that ecosystem functions and services that ecosystem functions and services that benefit society benefit society benefit society he is the principal investigator of the he is the principal investigator of the he is the principal investigator of the diverse project diverse project diverse project which aims to investigate the influence which aims to investigate the influence which aims to investigate the influence of residues incorporated of residues incorporated of residues incorporated after growing cover crop mixtures on after growing cover crop mixtures on after growing cover crop mixtures on carbon and nitrogen cycling carbon and nitrogen cycling carbon and nitrogen cycling tom's interests particularly relate to tom's interests particularly relate to tom's interests particularly relate to the benefit that can be obtained from the benefit that can be obtained from the benefit that can be obtained from the incorporation of crop residues the incorporation of crop residues the incorporation of crop residues and other organic amendments into soils and other organic amendments into soils and other organic amendments into soils to recycle nutrients and feed soil to recycle nutrients and feed soil to recycle nutrients and feed soil organisms organisms organisms whilst there's widespread acceptance whilst there's widespread acceptance whilst there's widespread acceptance that increasing soil organic matter is a that increasing soil organic matter is a that increasing soil organic matter is a laudable aim laudable aim laudable aim and that organic amendments are and that organic amendments are and that organic amendments are attractable means to achieve this aim attractable means to achieve this aim attractable means to achieve this aim the objective of his research is to the objective of his research is to the objective of his research is to identify or develop strategies identify or develop strategies identify or develop strategies whereby the maximum possible benefits whereby the maximum possible benefits whereby the maximum possible benefits are obtained by the judicious are obtained by the judicious are obtained by the judicious application application application of situation appropriate amendments and of situation appropriate amendments and of situation appropriate amendments and so with no so with no so with no nothing informally over to you tom nothing informally over to you tom nothing informally over to you tom thank you very much bruce um so i'll thank you very much bruce um so i'll thank you very much bruce um so i'll just share my screen now and hopefully just share my screen now and hopefully just share my screen now and hopefully um uh you can see it and continue um um uh you can see it and continue um um uh you can see it and continue um uh with my presentation so yeah i'm tom uh with my presentation so yeah i'm tom uh with my presentation so yeah i'm tom sissman thank you very much for the sissman thank you very much for the sissman thank you very much for the introduction and good afternoon introduction and good afternoon introduction and good afternoon um to everyone um um to everyone um um to everyone um um i'm um i'm um i'm just experiencing a few issues um just experiencing a few issues um just experiencing a few issues um i think i've got my presentation shared i think i've got my presentation shared i think i've got my presentation shared now uh so do come back on bruce if it's now uh so do come back on bruce if it's now uh so do come back on bruce if it's not if it's not showing not if it's not showing not if it's not showing um so i'd just like to say that today's um so i'd just like to say that today's um so i'd just like to say that today's presentation is presentation is presentation is um is a collaborative effort so it's not um is a collaborative effort so it's not um is a collaborative effort so it's not just um just um just um me but also um sort of several members me but also um sort of several members me but also um sort of several members of my of my of my uh research group that contributed to uh research group that contributed to uh research group that contributed to the stuff that i'm going to the stuff that i'm going to the stuff that i'm going to share here uh in particular uh marika share here uh in particular uh marika share here uh in particular uh marika strauck um strauck um strauck um shinshu and eddie anthony who've kind of shinshu and eddie anthony who've kind of shinshu and eddie anthony who've kind of contributed contributed contributed um sort of slides or data that i'm gonna um sort of slides or data that i'm gonna um sort of slides or data that i'm gonna be sharing be sharing be sharing uh with you today i just wanted to start uh with you today i just wanted to start uh with you today i just wanted to start here with my here with my here with my take home messages for take home messages for take home messages for today's presentation and so first of all today's presentation and so first of all today's presentation and so first of all i'd just like to say that i'd just like to say that i'd just like to say that um not all sort organic matter is the um not all sort organic matter is the um not all sort organic matter is the same same same it's not all created equal and i'll it's not all created equal and i'll it's not all created equal and i'll introduce you to to three different introduce you to to three different introduce you to to three different key groups of organic matter within key groups of organic matter within key groups of organic matter within soils so particulate soils so particulate soils so particulate organic matter aggregate bound organic organic matter aggregate bound organic organic matter aggregate bound organic matter and mineral associated matter and mineral associated matter and mineral associated organic matter and then i want to organic matter and then i want to organic matter and then i want to introduce you to the concept of carbon introduce you to the concept of carbon introduce you to the concept of carbon use efficiency use efficiency use efficiency of the microbial communities in soils of the microbial communities in soils of the microbial communities in soils and how this can be manipulated and how this can be manipulated and how this can be manipulated in order to increase the amount of in order to increase the amount of in order to increase the amount of organic matter and that organic matter and that organic matter and that becomes stabilized in soil and a few becomes stabilized in soil and a few becomes stabilized in soil and a few strategies that we might want to strategies that we might want to strategies that we might want to employ in order to increase that um uh employ in order to increase that um uh employ in order to increase that um uh stable organic matter stable organic matter stable organic matter in soil so applying labile low um in soil so applying labile low um in soil so applying labile low um carbon to nitrogen ratio amendments carbon to nitrogen ratio amendments carbon to nitrogen ratio amendments perhaps mixing perhaps mixing perhaps mixing um high and low carbon to nitrogen ratio um high and low carbon to nitrogen ratio um high and low carbon to nitrogen ratio amendments amendments amendments and growing plants in in polyculture so and growing plants in in polyculture so and growing plants in in polyculture so we've got diverse we've got diverse we've got diverse amendments and going to the soil and amendments and going to the soil and amendments and going to the soil and then at the end i also kind of want to then at the end i also kind of want to then at the end i also kind of want to highlight that this is highlight that this is highlight that this is a bit of a journey that we're on and a bit of a journey that we're on and a bit of a journey that we're on and that we've still got quite a lot to that we've still got quite a lot to that we've still got quite a lot to learn so i kind of want to share with learn so i kind of want to share with learn so i kind of want to share with you some of the sort of things that i'm you some of the sort of things that i'm you some of the sort of things that i'm thinking about at the moment as to how thinking about at the moment as to how thinking about at the moment as to how we can then advance we can then advance we can then advance um our knowledge of how we might be able um our knowledge of how we might be able um our knowledge of how we might be able to exploit to exploit to exploit uh microbial carbon use efficiency um of uh microbial carbon use efficiency um of uh microbial carbon use efficiency um of our soil microbial communities to help our soil microbial communities to help our soil microbial communities to help build um build um build um soil organic matter but first of all soil organic matter but first of all soil organic matter but first of all just a bit of an introduction just a bit of an introduction just a bit of an introduction um to soil organic matter um so what it um to soil organic matter um so what it um to soil organic matter um so what it what it does for us and what benefits we what it does for us and what benefits we what it does for us and what benefits we can obtain from it can obtain from it can obtain from it and there's a number of different ways and there's a number of different ways and there's a number of different ways in which we can build soil organic in which we can build soil organic in which we can build soil organic matter matter matter in source by adding organic inputs so we in source by adding organic inputs so we in source by adding organic inputs so we can add can add can add manures for example we can add other manures for example we can add other manures for example we can add other soil amendments like composts or soil amendments like composts or soil amendments like composts or anaerobic digestates anaerobic digestates anaerobic digestates we can return the residues of crops um we can return the residues of crops um we can return the residues of crops um into soils into soils into soils we can grow cover crops in between cash we can grow cover crops in between cash we can grow cover crops in between cash crops crops crops as a way of growing having more plant as a way of growing having more plant as a way of growing having more plant material that we can material that we can material that we can add into the soil and also all of these add into the soil and also all of these add into the soil and also all of these um crops and plants that we grow in our um crops and plants that we grow in our um crops and plants that we grow in our soils soils soils will be releasing a root exudate so will be releasing a root exudate so will be releasing a root exudate so that's carbon that's being pumped down that's carbon that's being pumped down that's carbon that's being pumped down um into the soil um from the plants um into the soil um from the plants um into the soil um from the plants and so what what sort of functions are and so what what sort of functions are and so what what sort of functions are these does this organic matter then these does this organic matter then these does this organic matter then uh provide well it's it's it's very uh provide well it's it's it's very uh provide well it's it's it's very importantly a food importantly a food importantly a food for not just the microbial biomass but for not just the microbial biomass but for not just the microbial biomass but for the entire uh soil for the entire uh soil for the entire uh soil food web which themselves provide a lot food web which themselves provide a lot food web which themselves provide a lot of functions and services of functions and services of functions and services so our soil organic matter helps our so our soil organic matter helps our so our soil organic matter helps our soils to retain soils to retain soils to retain water uh and nutrients it helps benefit water uh and nutrients it helps benefit water uh and nutrients it helps benefit our soil structure our soil structure our soil structure and ultimately this uh this crummy sort and ultimately this uh this crummy sort and ultimately this uh this crummy sort of soil structure you get of soil structure you get of soil structure you get um through these stable aggregates that um through these stable aggregates that um through these stable aggregates that are stabilized by the presence of the are stabilized by the presence of the are stabilized by the presence of the carbon and carbon and carbon and helps our soils infiltrate water and helps our soils infiltrate water and helps our soils infiltrate water and helps to to store water helps to to store water helps to to store water ultimately the benefits to land managers ultimately the benefits to land managers ultimately the benefits to land managers are that we get improved crop yield and are that we get improved crop yield and are that we get improved crop yield and quality quality quality we create soils that are potentially we create soils that are potentially we create soils that are potentially more resilient to extreme more resilient to extreme more resilient to extreme weather events and we also weather events and we also weather events and we also are able to grow more crops with reduced are able to grow more crops with reduced are able to grow more crops with reduced inputs so we're able to increase the inputs so we're able to increase the inputs so we're able to increase the efficiency efficiency efficiency of our inputs and ultimately that soil of our inputs and ultimately that soil of our inputs and ultimately that soil organic matter helps to organic matter helps to organic matter helps to bind the soil together preventing bind the soil together preventing bind the soil together preventing erosion and ultimately improving the erosion and ultimately improving the erosion and ultimately improving the quality quality quality of our water both because there's less of our water both because there's less of our water both because there's less nutrients leaching through the profile nutrients leaching through the profile nutrients leaching through the profile and also less soil running off of our and also less soil running off of our and also less soil running off of our fields into rivers fields into rivers fields into rivers but the thing that i was to want to but the thing that i was to want to but the thing that i was to want to focus mostly on today focus mostly on today focus mostly on today is how does organic matter so the is how does organic matter so the is how does organic matter so the organic matter that we apply to soils or organic matter that we apply to soils or organic matter that we apply to soils or that enters that enters that enters soils how does that become soil uh soils how does that become soil uh soils how does that become soil uh organic matter um and until about sort organic matter um and until about sort organic matter um and until about sort of 10 of 10 of 10 years ago or so um the sort of the years ago or so um the sort of the years ago or so um the sort of the prevailing belief was that prevailing belief was that prevailing belief was that sole organic matter was essentially sole organic matter was essentially sole organic matter was essentially undecomposed plant material undecomposed plant material undecomposed plant material so plant material had been entered into so plant material had been entered into so plant material had been entered into the soils which then the soils which then the soils which then plays a little bit of a game of luck plays a little bit of a game of luck plays a little bit of a game of luck whereby some of that is decomposed and whereby some of that is decomposed and whereby some of that is decomposed and some of it isn't some of it isn't some of it isn't and perhaps some of the more and perhaps some of the more and perhaps some of the more recalcitrant compounds were believed to recalcitrant compounds were believed to recalcitrant compounds were believed to be be be those uh things that remain stable in those uh things that remain stable in those uh things that remain stable in soil for soil for soil for a long period of time now over the last a long period of time now over the last a long period of time now over the last sort of approximately 10 sort of approximately 10 sort of approximately 10 years there are our paradigm has shifted years there are our paradigm has shifted years there are our paradigm has shifted so our understanding of how so our understanding of how so our understanding of how soil organic matter um is created in soil organic matter um is created in soil organic matter um is created in soils has changed a little bit soils has changed a little bit soils has changed a little bit and i'll sort of briefly describe the and i'll sort of briefly describe the and i'll sort of briefly describe the sort of the major processes sort of the major processes sort of the major processes um using this diagram here so i um using this diagram here so i um using this diagram here so i appreciate that this is appreciate that this is appreciate that this is limited very much to the um to the limited very much to the um to the limited very much to the um to the extent of my artwork capabilities but extent of my artwork capabilities but extent of my artwork capabilities but this this this over here this picture of this straw over here this picture of this straw over here this picture of this straw represents kind of all plant litter represents kind of all plant litter represents kind of all plant litter that might then enter into soils and that might then enter into soils and that might then enter into soils and what we now know to be true is that the what we now know to be true is that the what we now know to be true is that the majority majority majority um the vast majority of that plant um the vast majority of that plant um the vast majority of that plant litter is decomposed or i should say is litter is decomposed or i should say is litter is decomposed or i should say is um goes into the microbial community is um goes into the microbial community is um goes into the microbial community is decomposed decomposed decomposed by the microbial community and in fact by the microbial community and in fact by the microbial community and in fact the entire soil the entire soil the entire soil food web in a relatively short um period food web in a relatively short um period food web in a relatively short um period of time of time of time and then again the majority of that and then again the majority of that and then again the majority of that carbon that comes in then leaves the carbon that comes in then leaves the carbon that comes in then leaves the system system system as carbon dioxide and occasionally as as carbon dioxide and occasionally as as carbon dioxide and occasionally as methane for example methane for example methane for example but then a small amount of that carbon but then a small amount of that carbon but then a small amount of that carbon is then is then is then stored as biomass in that microbial stored as biomass in that microbial stored as biomass in that microbial community community community and eventually that microbial community and eventually that microbial community and eventually that microbial community will die so will die so will die so microbes will die and those microbes microbes will die and those microbes microbes will die and those microbes will then become will then become will then become the microbial necromancer the dead the microbial necromancer the dead the microbial necromancer the dead microbial microbial microbial community and there that's the stuff community and there that's the stuff community and there that's the stuff that typically gets stored that typically gets stored that typically gets stored uh for a long period of time in soils uh for a long period of time in soils uh for a long period of time in soils and there's two and there's two and there's two primary mechanisms that it gets stored primary mechanisms that it gets stored primary mechanisms that it gets stored so it can become physically protected so it can become physically protected so it can become physically protected within aggregate so there's an aggregate within aggregate so there's an aggregate within aggregate so there's an aggregate that physically separates that physically separates that physically separates that dead organic matter from the live that dead organic matter from the live that dead organic matter from the live organic matter that might organic matter that might organic matter that might goblet up and eat it or also it can goblet up and eat it or also it can goblet up and eat it or also it can become chemically protected become chemically protected become chemically protected as well so it can basically become stuck as well so it can basically become stuck as well so it can basically become stuck to a surface to a surface to a surface of a soil through absorption uh of a soil through absorption uh of a soil through absorption uh processes and because it's stuck to that processes and because it's stuck to that processes and because it's stuck to that surface it's not able to then surface it's not able to then surface it's not able to then dissolve into the soil uh solution and dissolve into the soil uh solution and dissolve into the soil uh solution and become become become again ingested by a soil microbe again ingested by a soil microbe again ingested by a soil microbe but over time we do get some desorption but over time we do get some desorption but over time we do get some desorption and we do get these aggregates um and we do get these aggregates um and we do get these aggregates um breaking up breaking up breaking up and so some of that organic carbon will and so some of that organic carbon will and so some of that organic carbon will then become then become then become what we call that free particulate what we call that free particulate what we call that free particulate organic matter organic matter organic matter and so these three kind of key pools uh and so these three kind of key pools uh and so these three kind of key pools uh the physically protected organic matter the physically protected organic matter the physically protected organic matter the chemically protected organic matter the chemically protected organic matter the chemically protected organic matter and that free particular organic matter and that free particular organic matter and that free particular organic matter um form the three kind of primary um um form the three kind of primary um um form the three kind of primary um pools um of organic matter uh in the uh pools um of organic matter uh in the uh pools um of organic matter uh in the uh in the soil environment and then the in the soil environment and then the in the soil environment and then the system basically keeps cycling around so system basically keeps cycling around so system basically keeps cycling around so that that that that that organic matter that we can that that organic matter that we can that that organic matter that we can become free again become free again become free again comes back to the um the soil biological comes back to the um the soil biological comes back to the um the soil biological community and again we can play that uh community and again we can play that uh community and again we can play that uh game again where some of it will be game again where some of it will be game again where some of it will be retained in the biomass um much of it retained in the biomass um much of it retained in the biomass um much of it will be released as carbon dioxide will be released as carbon dioxide will be released as carbon dioxide but off the bit there is retained in the but off the bit there is retained in the but off the bit there is retained in the biomass that can then become biomass that can then become biomass that can then become necromancer and dead uh microbial necromancer and dead uh microbial necromancer and dead uh microbial matter which then can become stabilized matter which then can become stabilized matter which then can become stabilized in the soil in the soil in the soil again and so the stuff that is really again and so the stuff that is really again and so the stuff that is really old the organic matter that's old the organic matter that's old the organic matter that's been in the soil for a very long period been in the soil for a very long period been in the soil for a very long period of time may have gone round this cycle of time may have gone round this cycle of time may have gone round this cycle on multiple occasions and so it's pretty on multiple occasions and so it's pretty on multiple occasions and so it's pretty unrecognizable unrecognizable unrecognizable from the stuff that originally entered from the stuff that originally entered from the stuff that originally entered into the soil into the soil into the soil now i'm going to focus a little bit more now i'm going to focus a little bit more now i'm going to focus a little bit more on these three on these three on these three major groups or major classifications of major groups or major classifications of major groups or major classifications of of soil organic matter um in the soil of soil organic matter um in the soil of soil organic matter um in the soil we've got that free we've got that free we've got that free particular organic matter um the organic particular organic matter um the organic particular organic matter um the organic matter that protected aggregates matter that protected aggregates matter that protected aggregates um and the organic matter that's um and the organic matter that's um and the organic matter that's associated um with minerals associated um with minerals associated um with minerals and just by way of analogy um i and just by way of analogy um i and just by way of analogy um i i would use the analogy of kind of money i would use the analogy of kind of money i would use the analogy of kind of money or finance to classify these things or finance to classify these things or finance to classify these things so your free particular organic matter so your free particular organic matter so your free particular organic matter is a little bit like your is a little bit like your is a little bit like your your current account or the money that your current account or the money that your current account or the money that you might have in your wallet at any you might have in your wallet at any you might have in your wallet at any given time so the given time so the given time so the the turnover of this free particular the turnover of this free particular the turnover of this free particular organic matter organic matter organic matter is pretty rapid so it doesn't last very is pretty rapid so it doesn't last very is pretty rapid so it doesn't last very long in the soil it gets cobbled up by long in the soil it gets cobbled up by long in the soil it gets cobbled up by by microorganisms and other members of by microorganisms and other members of by microorganisms and other members of the soil um food web the soil um food web the soil um food web and as a result um we need to keep and as a result um we need to keep and as a result um we need to keep replenishing this pool replenishing this pool replenishing this pool of organic matter if we want to build up of organic matter if we want to build up of organic matter if we want to build up um um um a store of it in order to to perform a store of it in order to to perform a store of it in order to to perform some of the functions that we want our some of the functions that we want our some of the functions that we want our soils to perform soils to perform soils to perform um the organic matter that's protected um the organic matter that's protected um the organic matter that's protected aggregates i would aggregates i would aggregates i would maybe use this is a bit of an analogy of maybe use this is a bit of an analogy of maybe use this is a bit of an analogy of your savings account so this is your your savings account so this is your your savings account so this is your relatively long term um store of carbon relatively long term um store of carbon relatively long term um store of carbon um in the soil um in the soil um in the soil but it's also quite easy to blow your but it's also quite easy to blow your but it's also quite easy to blow your savings account so savings account so savings account so if you have a a bit of an issue and you if you have a a bit of an issue and you if you have a a bit of an issue and you need to spend a bit of money quickly need to spend a bit of money quickly need to spend a bit of money quickly then it's quite easy to lose then it's quite easy to lose then it's quite easy to lose um all of that carbon a mineral um all of that carbon a mineral um all of that carbon a mineral associated carbon i would use this associated carbon i would use this associated carbon i would use this analogy of like your assets so this is analogy of like your assets so this is analogy of like your assets so this is your long-term your long-term your long-term um store of finance it's actually a lot um store of finance it's actually a lot um store of finance it's actually a lot harder to get rid of this harder to get rid of this harder to get rid of this store of carbon in the soil and that it store of carbon in the soil and that it store of carbon in the soil and that it is the other two is the other two is the other two versions but equally it takes a very versions but equally it takes a very versions but equally it takes a very long time to build up those assets as long time to build up those assets as long time to build up those assets as well well well so it takes a very long time to build up so it takes a very long time to build up so it takes a very long time to build up that mineral associated that mineral associated that mineral associated organic matter in the soil so what organic matter in the soil so what organic matter in the soil so what functions do these functions do these functions do these different pools deliver so different pools deliver so different pools deliver so the free particular organic matter uh the free particular organic matter uh the free particular organic matter uh the functions that this is providing the functions that this is providing the functions that this is providing is things like nutrient mineralization is things like nutrient mineralization is things like nutrient mineralization so this organic matter contains so this organic matter contains so this organic matter contains nutrients as well as just carbon nutrients as well as just carbon nutrients as well as just carbon and so when it's decomposed those and so when it's decomposed those and so when it's decomposed those nutrients are released and made nutrients are released and made nutrients are released and made available to plants available to plants available to plants it also helps with the source to to hold it also helps with the source to to hold it also helps with the source to to hold water as well water as well water as well the organic matter that protected the organic matter that protected the organic matter that protected aggregates this helps the structure of aggregates this helps the structure of aggregates this helps the structure of the soil by generating those stable the soil by generating those stable the soil by generating those stable aggregates and the mineral associated aggregates and the mineral associated aggregates and the mineral associated organic matter organic matter organic matter this is where you get that kind of this is where you get that kind of this is where you get that kind of ability for that soil to retain ability for that soil to retain ability for that soil to retain nutrients and nutrients and nutrients and prevent them from leaching and also it's prevent them from leaching and also it's prevent them from leaching and also it's our long-term carbon store our long-term carbon store our long-term carbon store in soils as well but all three of these in soils as well but all three of these in soils as well but all three of these pools pools pools are vulnerable to greater or lesser are vulnerable to greater or lesser are vulnerable to greater or lesser extent extent extent probably the most vulnerable pool is the probably the most vulnerable pool is the probably the most vulnerable pool is the free particular organic matter free particular organic matter free particular organic matter but it might be available to increases but it might be available to increases but it might be available to increases in temperature because we know that at in temperature because we know that at in temperature because we know that at higher temperatures we tend to get higher temperatures we tend to get higher temperatures we tend to get higher rates of higher rates of higher rates of of decomposition our aggregate of decomposition our aggregate of decomposition our aggregate protected pool is vulnerable to tillage protected pool is vulnerable to tillage protected pool is vulnerable to tillage so if we plow so if we plow so if we plow up our soils and disrupt those up our soils and disrupt those up our soils and disrupt those aggregates then we're making that carbon aggregates then we're making that carbon aggregates then we're making that carbon available available available um to the to the soil microbial um to the to the soil microbial um to the to the soil microbial community that can metabolize it community that can metabolize it community that can metabolize it um the mineral associated organic matter um the mineral associated organic matter um the mineral associated organic matter is much more stable than the other two is much more stable than the other two is much more stable than the other two um pools but it might be vulnerable for um pools but it might be vulnerable for um pools but it might be vulnerable for example to things like shifts in ph example to things like shifts in ph example to things like shifts in ph so if the ph of the soil changes then so if the ph of the soil changes then so if the ph of the soil changes then that means that the that means that the that means that the the soil organic matter can become the soil organic matter can become the soil organic matter can become dissolved from the surface so for dissolved from the surface so for dissolved from the surface so for example example example land use changes that require large land use changes that require large land use changes that require large shifts in ph might result in release of shifts in ph might result in release of shifts in ph might result in release of some of that some of that some of that stable mineral associated organic matter but one of the key steps that i want to but one of the key steps that i want to but one of the key steps that i want to talk about in the talk about in the talk about in the in the process by which organic matter in the process by which organic matter in the process by which organic matter becomes becomes becomes um soil organic matter is what happens um soil organic matter is what happens um soil organic matter is what happens to this initial resource to this initial resource to this initial resource as it enters into this um soil microbial as it enters into this um soil microbial as it enters into this um soil microbial community community community and ultimately um what we can do is we and ultimately um what we can do is we and ultimately um what we can do is we want to be able to want to be able to want to be able to increase the amount of that carbon that increase the amount of that carbon that increase the amount of that carbon that comes into that microbial community comes into that microbial community comes into that microbial community and decrease the amount that leaves the and decrease the amount that leaves the and decrease the amount that leaves the system system system as carbon dioxide because that means we as carbon dioxide because that means we as carbon dioxide because that means we get more dead get more dead get more dead microbes that then can become that microbes that then can become that microbes that then can become that microbial necromancer microbial necromancer microbial necromancer which ultimately comes our long-term which ultimately comes our long-term which ultimately comes our long-term carbon store carbon store carbon store and the concept of this um this process and the concept of this um this process and the concept of this um this process whereby whereby whereby microbes might either use that carbon to microbes might either use that carbon to microbes might either use that carbon to make their microbial biomass or make their microbial biomass or make their microbial biomass or what we refer to as anabolism um what we refer to as anabolism um what we refer to as anabolism um against what um against um using that against what um against um using that against what um against um using that carbon to respire and use for energy and carbon to respire and use for energy and carbon to respire and use for energy and respiring as carbon dioxide which is respiring as carbon dioxide which is respiring as carbon dioxide which is what we what we what we refer to as catabolism so this is this refer to as catabolism so this is this refer to as catabolism so this is this can be kind of embodied within this idea can be kind of embodied within this idea can be kind of embodied within this idea of carbon use of carbon use of carbon use efficiency so this is the amount of efficiency so this is the amount of efficiency so this is the amount of carbon that the microbes use carbon that the microbes use carbon that the microbes use to build their biomass divided by the to build their biomass divided by the to build their biomass divided by the total amount that's being consumed so total amount that's being consumed so total amount that's being consumed so the the the total amount that's entering into the total amount that's entering into the total amount that's entering into the soil so a saw with a high carbonace soil so a saw with a high carbonace soil so a saw with a high carbonace efficiency efficiency efficiency means that we've got a larger sore means that we've got a larger sore means that we've got a larger sore microbial biomass microbial biomass microbial biomass and ultimately we hope that it becomes a and ultimately we hope that it becomes a and ultimately we hope that it becomes a high soil microbial necromass high soil microbial necromass high soil microbial necromass which can become our long-term stable which can become our long-term stable which can become our long-term stable carbon storm carbon storm carbon storm so ultimately what i'll talk about today so ultimately what i'll talk about today so ultimately what i'll talk about today is ways in which we can increase is ways in which we can increase is ways in which we can increase soil carbon use efficiency and it's soil carbon use efficiency and it's soil carbon use efficiency and it's worth mentioning that compared to a few worth mentioning that compared to a few worth mentioning that compared to a few other different um other different um other different um environments so marine estrogen uh environments so marine estrogen uh environments so marine estrogen uh coastal uh coastal uh coastal uh environments that the soil carbon use environments that the soil carbon use environments that the soil carbon use efficiency efficiency efficiency um is much higher than we see and we um is much higher than we see and we um is much higher than we see and we observe in other observe in other observe in other types of environments but at the same types of environments but at the same types of environments but at the same time the range time the range time the range of carbonyl sufficiencies that our saw of carbonyl sufficiencies that our saw of carbonyl sufficiencies that our saw microbial communities microbial communities microbial communities can exhibit is also quite broad um as can exhibit is also quite broad um as can exhibit is also quite broad um as well well well so we might have some sores that are so we might have some sores that are so we might have some sores that are operating at the very low end operating at the very low end operating at the very low end of this range where most of that carbon of this range where most of that carbon of this range where most of that carbon is being released as co2 is being released as co2 is being released as co2 and we may have other soils that are and we may have other soils that are and we may have other soils that are operating with a very high carbon use operating with a very high carbon use operating with a very high carbon use efficiency efficiency efficiency where most of that carbon is going into where most of that carbon is going into where most of that carbon is going into the microbial biomass the microbial biomass the microbial biomass and some of the key things that can and some of the key things that can and some of the key things that can influence influence influence the extent to which we have a high the extent to which we have a high the extent to which we have a high carbon use efficiency carbon use efficiency carbon use efficiency is the is the investment of those is the is the investment of those is the is the investment of those microbes need to make microbes need to make microbes need to make in acquiring their resources so um carb the amount the the type of so um carb the amount the the type of so um carb the amount the the type of carbon amendment that we add into the carbon amendment that we add into the carbon amendment that we add into the soil the quality of that substrate soil the quality of that substrate soil the quality of that substrate and the nutrients that are available um and the nutrients that are available um and the nutrients that are available um dictate the carbon use efficiency dictate the carbon use efficiency dictate the carbon use efficiency so larger more recalcitrant mod uh so larger more recalcitrant mod uh so larger more recalcitrant mod uh molecules with a high carbon nitrogen molecules with a high carbon nitrogen molecules with a high carbon nitrogen ratio ratio ratio they typically have a low carbon use they typically have a low carbon use they typically have a low carbon use efficiency efficiency efficiency and these kind of remind me of the and these kind of remind me of the and these kind of remind me of the squirrel from the ice age um squirrel from the ice age um squirrel from the ice age um movies so if you've not seen the movie movies so if you've not seen the movie movies so if you've not seen the movie the squirrel kind of pops up every 10 or the squirrel kind of pops up every 10 or the squirrel kind of pops up every 10 or 15 minutes and he spends lots of energy 15 minutes and he spends lots of energy 15 minutes and he spends lots of energy chasing around this chasing around this chasing around this uh acorn and by the end of the the movie uh acorn and by the end of the the movie uh acorn and by the end of the the movie um you kind of wonder whether the um you kind of wonder whether the um you kind of wonder whether the squirrel spent more of its energy squirrel spent more of its energy squirrel spent more of its energy trying to get this acorn than it would trying to get this acorn than it would trying to get this acorn than it would actually gain from actually gain from actually gain from from actually eating it and by way of from actually eating it and by way of from actually eating it and by way of analogy this might um analogy this might um analogy this might um represent sort of straw or so something represent sort of straw or so something represent sort of straw or so something with a high with a high with a high lignan content not very much nitrogen it lignan content not very much nitrogen it lignan content not very much nitrogen it would be very difficult for the would be very difficult for the would be very difficult for the sore microorganisms to break down sore microorganisms to break down sore microorganisms to break down on the flip side we could have low on the flip side we could have low on the flip side we could have low molecular weight compounds so simple molecular weight compounds so simple molecular weight compounds so simple sugars that have perhaps a high sugars that have perhaps a high sugars that have perhaps a high c to n ratio and a much higher carbon c to n ratio and a much higher carbon c to n ratio and a much higher carbon use use use efficiency and so again using an analogy efficiency and so again using an analogy efficiency and so again using an analogy this this this might be simpler to similar to augustus might be simpler to similar to augustus might be simpler to similar to augustus gloop from the gloop from the gloop from the charlie in the chocolate factory uh charlie in the chocolate factory uh charlie in the chocolate factory uh movie so augustus gloops a big fan of movie so augustus gloops a big fan of movie so augustus gloops a big fan of chocolates and sweets and things chocolates and sweets and things chocolates and sweets and things and of course he's very fat as well as a and of course he's very fat as well as a and of course he's very fat as well as a result so this is kind of what we want result so this is kind of what we want result so this is kind of what we want our our our microbial communities to be we want them microbial communities to be we want them microbial communities to be we want them to be fat we want them to become larger to be fat we want them to become larger to be fat we want them to become larger we want to use that carbon we want to use that carbon we want to use that carbon uh to build um biomass and these um uh to build um biomass and these um uh to build um biomass and these um simple sugars might be simple sugars might be simple sugars might be com coming from plants root exudates for com coming from plants root exudates for com coming from plants root exudates for example these sugars that the example these sugars that the example these sugars that the plant root is pumping into the um into plant root is pumping into the um into plant root is pumping into the um into the soil the soil the soil uh of course the plant root hexays uh of course the plant root hexays uh of course the plant root hexays typically don't contain much nitrogen so typically don't contain much nitrogen so typically don't contain much nitrogen so so nitrogen is also required by that so nitrogen is also required by that so nitrogen is also required by that community um in order to build soil community um in order to build soil community um in order to build soil organic matter organic matter organic matter so so what we add into the saw can have so so what we add into the saw can have so so what we add into the saw can have an influence in the carbon use an influence in the carbon use an influence in the carbon use efficiency efficiency efficiency i also want to share this concept here i also want to share this concept here i also want to share this concept here um which is um um which is um um which is um uh published by cynthia gallembak and uh published by cynthia gallembak and uh published by cynthia gallembak and co-authors co-authors co-authors um two years ago now it's a really neat um two years ago now it's a really neat um two years ago now it's a really neat paper basically explains paper basically explains paper basically explains um that each individual microbial um that each individual microbial um that each individual microbial community will have its own community will have its own community will have its own window of carbon use efficiency that it window of carbon use efficiency that it window of carbon use efficiency that it operates within operates within operates within and so you can change the environmental and so you can change the environmental and so you can change the environmental conditions in order to change the carbon conditions in order to change the carbon conditions in order to change the carbon use efficiency of the pre-existing use efficiency of the pre-existing use efficiency of the pre-existing microbial community but at the same time microbial community but at the same time microbial community but at the same time you can also you can also you can also shift the population of the microbial shift the population of the microbial shift the population of the microbial community that you have community that you have community that you have in your soil to one that might operate in your soil to one that might operate in your soil to one that might operate at a higher carbon use efficiency at a higher carbon use efficiency at a higher carbon use efficiency and what was proposed in this paper i and what was proposed in this paper i and what was proposed in this paper i should say the data that's been should say the data that's been should say the data that's been presented on the screen here presented on the screen here presented on the screen here is that you might be able to on one side is that you might be able to on one side is that you might be able to on one side you could have sort of a high you could have sort of a high you could have sort of a high c to n ratio material or a low c to n c to n ratio material or a low c to n c to n ratio material or a low c to n ratio ratio ratio material but there are benefits to be material but there are benefits to be material but there are benefits to be gamed by mixing gamed by mixing gamed by mixing high and low c to n ratio materials in high and low c to n ratio materials in high and low c to n ratio materials in order to optimize order to optimize order to optimize the carbon use efficiency and ultimately the carbon use efficiency and ultimately the carbon use efficiency and ultimately result in more carbon result in more carbon result in more carbon going into the microbial biomass and a going into the microbial biomass and a going into the microbial biomass and a little bit less little bit less little bit less leaving the system as carbon dioxide leaving the system as carbon dioxide leaving the system as carbon dioxide we tried this um in a field experiment we tried this um in a field experiment we tried this um in a field experiment so we mixed some so we mixed some so we mixed some some low c to n ratio compost and some low c to n ratio compost and some low c to n ratio compost and vegetable waste vegetable waste vegetable waste compost with some high c to n ratio compost with some high c to n ratio compost with some high c to n ratio materials like wood chips um or straws materials like wood chips um or straws materials like wood chips um or straws and we did an experiment where we looked and we did an experiment where we looked and we did an experiment where we looked at the um the mixture at the um the mixture at the um the mixture um versus the sum of the parts and then um versus the sum of the parts and then um versus the sum of the parts and then we plotted we we plotted we we plotted we measured a whole bunch of different measured a whole bunch of different measured a whole bunch of different things and plotted them on this graph things and plotted them on this graph things and plotted them on this graph and if they appear on the right hand and if they appear on the right hand and if they appear on the right hand side side side of the graph this means that the mixture of the graph this means that the mixture of the graph this means that the mixture is greater than the sum of the parts is greater than the sum of the parts is greater than the sum of the parts if they appear on the left hand side of if they appear on the left hand side of if they appear on the left hand side of this graph then the mixture is less than this graph then the mixture is less than this graph then the mixture is less than the sum of the parts the sum of the parts the sum of the parts and one of the things we measured was and one of the things we measured was and one of the things we measured was sole organic matter and we found that sole organic matter and we found that sole organic matter and we found that the soil organic matter that we built in the soil organic matter that we built in the soil organic matter that we built in that soil that soil that soil was greater that was greater than the was greater that was greater than the was greater that was greater than the sum of the parts when we applied that sum of the parts when we applied that sum of the parts when we applied that high high high and low c to n ratio mixture together so this cost us thinking a bit more so this cost us thinking a bit more so this cost us thinking a bit more about um diversity and whether it about um diversity and whether it about um diversity and whether it matters whether we matters whether we matters whether we add a more diverse mixture of substrates add a more diverse mixture of substrates add a more diverse mixture of substrates um into our soils i mean here we did a um into our soils i mean here we did a um into our soils i mean here we did a much more controlled experiment much more controlled experiment much more controlled experiment um in the laboratory so it was a very um in the laboratory so it was a very um in the laboratory so it was a very small pot scale experiment small pot scale experiment small pot scale experiment and to every treatment we added the same and to every treatment we added the same and to every treatment we added the same amount of carbon amount of carbon amount of carbon and we either added that carbon uh in and we either added that carbon uh in and we either added that carbon uh in the form of the residues of a single the form of the residues of a single the form of the residues of a single crop or we added that carbon in the crop or we added that carbon in the crop or we added that carbon in the residues of a mixture of four residues of a mixture of four residues of a mixture of four uh different um crops and the crops we uh different um crops and the crops we uh different um crops and the crops we used here were typical cover crops used here were typical cover crops used here were typical cover crops that farmers might grow in between two that farmers might grow in between two that farmers might grow in between two uh cash crops in a cereal rotation uh cash crops in a cereal rotation uh cash crops in a cereal rotation so we have sunflower we have radish we so we have sunflower we have radish we so we have sunflower we have radish we have clover have clover have clover and we have buckwheat and so we then and we have buckwheat and so we then and we have buckwheat and so we then compared compared compared um similar to the last experiment we um similar to the last experiment we um similar to the last experiment we compared compared compared um what happens when you have add the um what happens when you have add the um what happens when you have add the mixture mixture mixture versus the the average of the sum of the versus the the average of the sum of the versus the the average of the sum of the parts parts parts and what we were looking at was the soil and what we were looking at was the soil and what we were looking at was the soil microbial biomass which we measured microbial biomass which we measured microbial biomass which we measured using a technique uh referred to as plfa using a technique uh referred to as plfa using a technique uh referred to as plfa or phospholipid fatty acid or phospholipid fatty acid or phospholipid fatty acid analysis and here we can see our analysis and here we can see our analysis and here we can see our orange or pink bar is higher than our orange or pink bar is higher than our orange or pink bar is higher than our our turquoise bar and what this means is our turquoise bar and what this means is our turquoise bar and what this means is that when we mix that when we mix that when we mix um those four residues together we get um those four residues together we get um those four residues together we get more of that plant-derived carbon going more of that plant-derived carbon going more of that plant-derived carbon going into the microbial biomass into the microbial biomass into the microbial biomass we also looked at the extent to which we also looked at the extent to which we also looked at the extent to which adding these plant residues adding these plant residues adding these plant residues primed the decomposition of the soil primed the decomposition of the soil primed the decomposition of the soil organic matter that was already organic matter that was already organic matter that was already um in the soil and we saw no difference um in the soil and we saw no difference um in the soil and we saw no difference whereas all these treatments did prime whereas all these treatments did prime whereas all these treatments did prime soil organic matter soil organic matter soil organic matter we didn't see any difference between the we didn't see any difference between the we didn't see any difference between the the mixture and the sum of the parts we the mixture and the sum of the parts we the mixture and the sum of the parts we also looked at which also looked at which also looked at which microbial communities were responsible microbial communities were responsible microbial communities were responsible for this difference that we observed for this difference that we observed for this difference that we observed here here here and we saw that the gram positive and we saw that the gram positive and we saw that the gram positive bacteria and our fungi communities bacteria and our fungi communities bacteria and our fungi communities uh were primarily responsible for this uh were primarily responsible for this uh were primarily responsible for this difference and this is consistent with difference and this is consistent with difference and this is consistent with the idea that our the idea that our the idea that our gram-positive microbes and our fungi gram-positive microbes and our fungi gram-positive microbes and our fungi fungal communities fungal communities fungal communities um a little bit they tend to have a um a little bit they tend to have a um a little bit they tend to have a higher carbon use higher carbon use higher carbon use efficiency anyway so we think to some efficiency anyway so we think to some efficiency anyway so we think to some extent there are some benefits to be extent there are some benefits to be extent there are some benefits to be obtained obtained obtained by mixing plant residues as they go into by mixing plant residues as they go into by mixing plant residues as they go into the soil the soil the soil so just to summarize on on carbon new so just to summarize on on carbon new so just to summarize on on carbon new sufficiency so there's kind of three sufficiency so there's kind of three sufficiency so there's kind of three primary primary primary techniques that i'm introducing that we techniques that i'm introducing that we techniques that i'm introducing that we might be able to use to increase the might be able to use to increase the might be able to use to increase the carbonyl sufficiency carbonyl sufficiency carbonyl sufficiency of our amendments um we can either apply of our amendments um we can either apply of our amendments um we can either apply sort of labar sort of labar sort of labar low c-twin ratio amendments so those low c-twin ratio amendments so those low c-twin ratio amendments so those simple sugars that feed things like simple sugars that feed things like simple sugars that feed things like augustus group augustus group augustus group or we can mix some of our high and low c or we can mix some of our high and low c or we can mix some of our high and low c to m ratio to m ratio to m ratio amendments accepting the fact that yeah amendments accepting the fact that yeah amendments accepting the fact that yeah we have these amendments like straw we have these amendments like straw we have these amendments like straw perhaps we can still use them perhaps we can still use them perhaps we can still use them and also there seems to be some benefits and also there seems to be some benefits and also there seems to be some benefits by growing plants in poly cultures so by growing plants in poly cultures so by growing plants in poly cultures so we've got a mixture of diverse we've got a mixture of diverse we've got a mixture of diverse substrates substrates substrates um entering into our soil um entering into our soil um entering into our soil so just to um just to end by thinking a so just to um just to end by thinking a so just to um just to end by thinking a little bit more about the future and to little bit more about the future and to little bit more about the future and to sort of sort of sort of share some ideas i'll be very happy for share some ideas i'll be very happy for share some ideas i'll be very happy for people to use the chat box to let them people to use the chat box to let them people to use the chat box to let them know what know what know what they think of these sort of ideas but they think of these sort of ideas but they think of these sort of ideas but i'm starting to think about i'm starting to think about i'm starting to think about so what are these microbial communities so what are these microbial communities so what are these microbial communities that have got a high that have got a high that have got a high carbon use efficiency look like well we carbon use efficiency look like well we carbon use efficiency look like well we think they probably have a higher fungal think they probably have a higher fungal think they probably have a higher fungal to bacterial ratio to bacterial ratio to bacterial ratio usually they tend to have more sort of usually they tend to have more sort of usually they tend to have more sort of what we call k strategists so these are what we call k strategists so these are what we call k strategists so these are um um um a little bit like using the analogy of a little bit like using the analogy of a little bit like using the analogy of the hair and the tortoise so the hair and the tortoise so the hair and the tortoise so that the tortoise is more like a k that the tortoise is more like a k that the tortoise is more like a k strategist than an r strategist strategist than an r strategist strategist than an r strategist would be more like the hair so they're would be more like the hair so they're would be more like the hair so they're slightly slower um slightly slower um slightly slower um growing um and just broadly speaking growing um and just broadly speaking growing um and just broadly speaking we're looking for species that invest we're looking for species that invest we're looking for species that invest more of their energy in dispersal or more of their energy in dispersal or more of their energy in dispersal or facilitation cooperation facilitation cooperation facilitation cooperation a little bit less in competition or a little bit less in competition or a little bit less in competition or tolerating stress tolerating stress tolerating stress or acquiring their resources so or acquiring their resources so or acquiring their resources so we could think about things like how we we could think about things like how we we could think about things like how we promote biofilm formation in source do promote biofilm formation in source do promote biofilm formation in source do we provide sort of we provide sort of we provide sort of porous materials perhaps biochar porous materials perhaps biochar porous materials perhaps biochar zeolites that kind of thing zeolites that kind of thing zeolites that kind of thing surfaces which might help the creation surfaces which might help the creation surfaces which might help the creation of biofilms because we know that of biofilms because we know that of biofilms because we know that biofilms biofilms biofilms have a slightly higher carbonyl have a slightly higher carbonyl have a slightly higher carbonyl sufficiency um sufficiency um sufficiency um do we need to select or breed plant do we need to select or breed plant do we need to select or breed plant communities that communities that communities that might produce these exudates with a high might produce these exudates with a high might produce these exudates with a high carbon new sufficiency carbon new sufficiency carbon new sufficiency um or are there things that we could um or are there things that we could um or are there things that we could sort of do to the soil amendments before sort of do to the soil amendments before sort of do to the soil amendments before we add them to the soil we add them to the soil we add them to the soil so for example might we ferment them or so for example might we ferment them or so for example might we ferment them or do some other process in which we do some other process in which we do some other process in which we convert that carbon into a form that convert that carbon into a form that convert that carbon into a form that might then have a might then have a might then have a higher carbon use efficiency and i guess higher carbon use efficiency and i guess higher carbon use efficiency and i guess just to shout out that if you're just to shout out that if you're just to shout out that if you're if you're looking to sort of things a if you're looking to sort of things a if you're looking to sort of things a bit of further reading on this as well bit of further reading on this as well bit of further reading on this as well this is a fantastic paper this is a fantastic paper this is a fantastic paper um published almost a a year ago now by um published almost a a year ago now by um published almost a a year ago now by um some authors in switzerland um which um some authors in switzerland um which um some authors in switzerland um which kind of talks through this kind of talks through this kind of talks through this this idea about um how we can use small this idea about um how we can use small this idea about um how we can use small microbial communities and there's a few microbial communities and there's a few microbial communities and there's a few ideas ideas ideas including some on this slide that have including some on this slide that have including some on this slide that have come from this paper come from this paper come from this paper as well so i'll just end with my as well so i'll just end with my as well so i'll just end with my take-home messages so again that there's take-home messages so again that there's take-home messages so again that there's those three different key types of those three different key types of those three different key types of organic matter in the soil they're organic matter in the soil they're organic matter in the soil they're particulate bound particulate bound particulate bound aggregate bound and mineral associated aggregate bound and mineral associated aggregate bound and mineral associated there are strategies that we can adopt there are strategies that we can adopt there are strategies that we can adopt to increase the carbon use efficiency to increase the carbon use efficiency to increase the carbon use efficiency um of the soil organic matter that we um of the soil organic matter that we um of the soil organic matter that we add into our soil add into our soil add into our soil and of course there's a lot more um we and of course there's a lot more um we and of course there's a lot more um we can learn and there's a lot more can learn and there's a lot more can learn and there's a lot more research that needs to be research that needs to be research that needs to be done in the future in order to advance done in the future in order to advance done in the future in order to advance our understanding our understanding our understanding and so with that i'll just share my um and so with that i'll just share my um and so with that i'll just share my um acknowledgements um particularly acknowledgements um particularly acknowledgements um particularly uh marika strauck shinshu and daddy uh marika strauck shinshu and daddy uh marika strauck shinshu and daddy anthony anthony anthony but also a whole bunch of funders and but also a whole bunch of funders and but also a whole bunch of funders and organizations um that we organizations um that we organizations um that we work with uh of course i will thank you work with uh of course i will thank you work with uh of course i will thank you for listening for listening for listening and now i'll hand over uh to bruce who i and now i'll hand over uh to bruce who i and now i'll hand over uh to bruce who i think will uh will introduce julian think will uh will introduce julian think will uh will introduce julian for his presentation yeah for his presentation yeah for his presentation yeah thank you very much tom that was thank you very much tom that was thank you very much tom that was excellent um and just a reminder we will excellent um and just a reminder we will excellent um and just a reminder we will be taking um be taking um be taking um questions for both speakers at the end questions for both speakers at the end questions for both speakers at the end of the the session of the the session of the the session so our next speaker is julian gold so our next speaker is julian gold so our next speaker is julian gold julian is a farmer's son and graduated julian is a farmer's son and graduated julian is a farmer's son and graduated from harpercol adams college with from harpercol adams college with from harpercol adams college with hnd in agriculture after short spell hnd in agriculture after short spell hnd in agriculture after short spell on the family farm we spent the last 33 on the family farm we spent the last 33 on the family farm we spent the last 33 years managing farms and estates years managing farms and estates years managing farms and estates initially with farm management companies initially with farm management companies initially with farm management companies involving short periods on different involving short periods on different involving short periods on different farms farms farms and lately a longer tenure on a and lately a longer tenure on a and lately a longer tenure on a privately owned estate privately owned estate privately owned estate julian is a facts and basis trained julian is a facts and basis trained julian is a facts and basis trained agronomist and has a commitment to agronomist and has a commitment to agronomist and has a commitment to continuing to improve continuing to improve continuing to improve cropping performance but in a cropping performance but in a cropping performance but in a sustainable manner sustainable manner sustainable manner in 2012 he implemented a 10 meter in 2012 he implemented a 10 meter in 2012 he implemented a 10 meter controlled traffic system across the controlled traffic system across the controlled traffic system across the estate estate estate which has given a leap forward in soil which has given a leap forward in soil which has given a leap forward in soil health management health management health management he carries out regular field trials he carries out regular field trials he carries out regular field trials in-house and for external organizations in-house and for external organizations in-house and for external organizations and he is presently in year three of a and he is presently in year three of a and he is presently in year three of a five-year assist trial five-year assist trial five-year assist trial which is a major government-funded trial which is a major government-funded trial which is a major government-funded trial to investigate integrated management to investigate integrated management to investigate integrated management systems systems systems as a way of delivering sustainable as a way of delivering sustainable as a way of delivering sustainable intensification intensification intensification he was one of the first tranche of ahdb he was one of the first tranche of ahdb he was one of the first tranche of ahdb to monitor farms from 2014 to to monitor farms from 2014 to to monitor farms from 2014 to for the pharma to farmer knowledge for the pharma to farmer knowledge for the pharma to farmer knowledge exchange program exchange program exchange program julian is on the sea soil committee and julian is on the sea soil committee and julian is on the sea soil committee and is keen to help improve the flow of is keen to help improve the flow of is keen to help improve the flow of knowledge between farmers knowledge between farmers knowledge between farmers and the scientific community and he was and the scientific community and he was and the scientific community and he was awarded the soil farmer of the year awarded the soil farmer of the year awarded the soil farmer of the year in 2019 so overshoot julian in 2019 so overshoot julian in 2019 so overshoot julian thanks bruce just turn to show my screen right show my screen right show my screen right i cannot see or i cannot see or i cannot see or um seeing it on the screen other than my um seeing it on the screen other than my um seeing it on the screen other than my presentation so hopefully everybody can presentation so hopefully everybody can presentation so hopefully everybody can hear me hear me hear me could somebody just confirm yeah we can could somebody just confirm yeah we can could somebody just confirm yeah we can hear you hear you hear you julian okay thank you um right julian okay thank you um right julian okay thank you um right yes um building on tom's talk i really yes um building on tom's talk i really yes um building on tom's talk i really just want to whiz through just want to whiz through just want to whiz through and show you what this building and and show you what this building and and show you what this building and maintaining soil organic matter looks maintaining soil organic matter looks maintaining soil organic matter looks like on farm like on farm like on farm in practice and some of the problems now in practice and some of the problems now in practice and some of the problems now this is this is this is a very um site specific a very um site specific a very um site specific talk because hendrick estate we haven't talk because hendrick estate we haven't talk because hendrick estate we haven't got any organic amendments really going got any organic amendments really going got any organic amendments really going into the system into the system into the system we're predominantly a cropping farm with we're predominantly a cropping farm with we're predominantly a cropping farm with a few sheep on permanent pasture and a few sheep on permanent pasture and a few sheep on permanent pasture and cover crops cover crops cover crops um so we're trying to build organic um so we're trying to build organic um so we're trying to build organic matter without rotational lays matter without rotational lays matter without rotational lays without a lot of organic amendments like without a lot of organic amendments like without a lot of organic amendments like fym and compost fym and compost fym and compost um so that makes it a little bit harder um so that makes it a little bit harder um so that makes it a little bit harder for us but we are for us but we are for us but we are achieving quite good results hopefully achieving quite good results hopefully achieving quite good results hopefully you'll see um you'll see um you'll see um just thinking about as a farmer just just thinking about as a farmer just just thinking about as a farmer just thinking about soil organic matter thinking about soil organic matter thinking about soil organic matter um that's obviously the big dilemma soil um that's obviously the big dilemma soil um that's obviously the big dilemma soil organic matter do you hoard it or use it organic matter do you hoard it or use it organic matter do you hoard it or use it well as a farmer i want to build soil well as a farmer i want to build soil well as a farmer i want to build soil organic matter in my soil for organic matter in my soil for organic matter in my soil for long term soil health and sustainability long term soil health and sustainability long term soil health and sustainability but i also want organic matter to be but i also want organic matter to be but i also want organic matter to be cycling in the system i want cycling in the system i want cycling in the system i want i don't want to be relying on all my i don't want to be relying on all my i don't want to be relying on all my nutrition from artificial fertilizer nutrition from artificial fertilizer nutrition from artificial fertilizer sources i want to be mineralizing sources i want to be mineralizing sources i want to be mineralizing organic matter and providing nutrients organic matter and providing nutrients organic matter and providing nutrients for crops for crops for crops um to obviously help with our economic um to obviously help with our economic um to obviously help with our economic yield of crops yield of crops yield of crops so it's trying to achieve this happy so it's trying to achieve this happy so it's trying to achieve this happy medium of building soil organic matter medium of building soil organic matter medium of building soil organic matter but also using soil organic matter but also using soil organic matter but also using soil organic matter um and you'll see how we try to do that um and you'll see how we try to do that um and you'll see how we try to do that as i go through the talk as i go through the talk as i go through the talk um this is a slide that i will um this is a slide that i will um this is a slide that i will um go back to a few times um go back to a few times um go back to a few times basically this this summarizes on basically this this summarizes on basically this this summarizes on hendrick estate how hendrick estate how hendrick estate how we're trying to build healthy soil in we're trying to build healthy soil in we're trying to build healthy soil in our system and obviously our system and obviously our system and obviously healthy soil you're talking good healthy soil you're talking good healthy soil you're talking good structure on the left hand side and structure on the left hand side and structure on the left hand side and you're talking about building you're talking about building you're talking about building soil organic matter on the right hand soil organic matter on the right hand soil organic matter on the right hand side and side and side and i've got my little techniques in the i've got my little techniques in the i've got my little techniques in the blue and red boxes blue and red boxes blue and red boxes that i'm going to talk about through the that i'm going to talk about through the that i'm going to talk about through the talk as to how we're achieving this talk as to how we're achieving this talk as to how we're achieving this um also in the middle you'll see the um also in the middle you'll see the um also in the middle you'll see the sort of little one in brackets trying to sort of little one in brackets trying to sort of little one in brackets trying to increase the fungal bacterial ratio in increase the fungal bacterial ratio in increase the fungal bacterial ratio in the soil the soil the soil um i'm very aware that in um i'm very aware that in um i'm very aware that in intensively farmed systems such as ours intensively farmed systems such as ours intensively farmed systems such as ours it's our dominant ratio is bacterial to it's our dominant ratio is bacterial to it's our dominant ratio is bacterial to fungal is higher fungal is higher fungal is higher higher bacterial and fungal but higher bacterial and fungal but higher bacterial and fungal but obviously we've got lots of advantages obviously we've got lots of advantages obviously we've got lots of advantages with increasing fungal numbers you've with increasing fungal numbers you've with increasing fungal numbers you've got got got things like mycorrhizal associations things like mycorrhizal associations things like mycorrhizal associations that are that are that are improving crop yields um you've got improving crop yields um you've got improving crop yields um you've got things like things like things like better carbon use efficiency as tom better carbon use efficiency as tom better carbon use efficiency as tom pointed out with fungi rather than pointed out with fungi rather than pointed out with fungi rather than bacteria bacteria bacteria and you've got just the fungal fungi's and you've got just the fungal fungi's and you've got just the fungal fungi's ability to improve soil aggregation and ability to improve soil aggregation and ability to improve soil aggregation and carbon stability in the soil so i've got carbon stability in the soil so i've got carbon stability in the soil so i've got that one in the middle in brackets that one in the middle in brackets that one in the middle in brackets it's one that i've constantly got in the it's one that i've constantly got in the it's one that i've constantly got in the back of my mind i think in practice it's back of my mind i think in practice it's back of my mind i think in practice it's very difficult very difficult very difficult to influence easily in a commercial to influence easily in a commercial to influence easily in a commercial farming situation farming situation farming situation but just going through all the others but just going through all the others but just going through all the others one by one starting with the one by one starting with the one by one starting with the photosynthesis on the photosynthesis on the photosynthesis on the right hand side um right hand side um right hand side um yeah i really see myself not as a farmer yeah i really see myself not as a farmer yeah i really see myself not as a farmer i see myself as a photosynthesis i see myself as a photosynthesis i see myself as a photosynthesis facilitator facilitator facilitator um and a bit like a method actually i um and a bit like a method actually i um and a bit like a method actually i like to sort of get myself in like to sort of get myself in like to sort of get myself in role for what i'm trying to achieve on role for what i'm trying to achieve on role for what i'm trying to achieve on the farm and i like to sort of try and the farm and i like to sort of try and the farm and i like to sort of try and imagine imagine imagine this sort of fantasy of this intelligent this sort of fantasy of this intelligent this sort of fantasy of this intelligent soil ecosystem and soil ecosystem and soil ecosystem and it's sort of employing crops to grow in it's sort of employing crops to grow in it's sort of employing crops to grow in it to feed the ecosystem with carbon it to feed the ecosystem with carbon it to feed the ecosystem with carbon and it's employing me to tend the crops and it's employing me to tend the crops and it's employing me to tend the crops and for my and for my and for my um work they're sort of giving me the um work they're sort of giving me the um work they're sort of giving me the grains grains grains as a reward for tending the crops um as a reward for tending the crops um as a reward for tending the crops um and that's my sort of fairly naive way and that's my sort of fairly naive way and that's my sort of fairly naive way of just sort of thinking about of just sort of thinking about of just sort of thinking about how i'm managing my farm and my cropping how i'm managing my farm and my cropping how i'm managing my farm and my cropping system looked at another way system looked at another way system looked at another way um and using some of tom's analogies um and using some of tom's analogies um and using some of tom's analogies with the squirrel and augustus gloop with the squirrel and augustus gloop with the squirrel and augustus gloop um you've got the crops growing in the um you've got the crops growing in the um you've got the crops growing in the soil system there with me concentrating soil system there with me concentrating soil system there with me concentrating on feeding the soil system and i think on feeding the soil system and i think on feeding the soil system and i think that that that and taking the grains as wages and i and taking the grains as wages and i and taking the grains as wages and i think that it's interesting that think that it's interesting that think that it's interesting that the actual end result by me the actual end result by me the actual end result by me concentrating on concentrating on concentrating on working for the soil system rather than working for the soil system rather than working for the soil system rather than working for working for working for a big crop yield it gives me a big a big crop yield it gives me a big a big crop yield it gives me a big corporate yield corporate yield corporate yield as a side um as a sort of result of as a side um as a sort of result of as a side um as a sort of result of getting a healthy soil and working on getting a healthy soil and working on getting a healthy soil and working on looking after the soil ecosystem looking after the soil ecosystem looking after the soil ecosystem i naturally get big yields of grains and i naturally get big yields of grains and i naturally get big yields of grains and so so so it's just a sort of different emphasis it's just a sort of different emphasis it's just a sort of different emphasis but it gives you a better but it gives you a better but it gives you a better the same or better end result as the same or better end result as the same or better end result as concentrating on maximizing your crop concentrating on maximizing your crop concentrating on maximizing your crop yield yield yield um and then you've got everything going um and then you've got everything going um and then you've got everything going back into the soil system the carbon in back into the soil system the carbon in back into the soil system the carbon in the straw and you'll see through the the straw and you'll see through the the straw and you'll see through the talk that this is a big talk that this is a big talk that this is a big issue that's caused us a lot of problems issue that's caused us a lot of problems issue that's caused us a lot of problems over the years because i've sort of had over the years because i've sort of had over the years because i've sort of had this fixation on this this fixation on this this fixation on this lower carbon use efficiency straw and lower carbon use efficiency straw and lower carbon use efficiency straw and getting that back into the soil system getting that back into the soil system getting that back into the soil system whereas i'm over the years i think i've whereas i'm over the years i think i've whereas i'm over the years i think i've probably been probably been probably been detrimental to some of the better carbon detrimental to some of the better carbon detrimental to some of the better carbon use efficiency things like root exudates use efficiency things like root exudates use efficiency things like root exudates um going into the system but we'll see um going into the system but we'll see um going into the system but we'll see that as we go through that as we go through that as we go through um so thinking about photosynthesis um so thinking about photosynthesis um so thinking about photosynthesis obviously one of the main things with obviously one of the main things with obviously one of the main things with photosynthesis we need to max out photosynthesis we need to max out photosynthesis we need to max out our utilization of solar radiation and our utilization of solar radiation and our utilization of solar radiation and that's just that's just that's just a graph sort of teaching grandma to suck a graph sort of teaching grandma to suck a graph sort of teaching grandma to suck eggs more sunshine in the summer eggs more sunshine in the summer eggs more sunshine in the summer and obviously with our cash crops as and obviously with our cash crops as and obviously with our cash crops as sunshine's building through the spring sunshine's building through the spring sunshine's building through the spring and early summer and early summer and early summer we're maximizing the photosynthesis and we're maximizing the photosynthesis and we're maximizing the photosynthesis and the biomass yield by judicious use of the biomass yield by judicious use of the biomass yield by judicious use of inputs inputs inputs and um trying to grow the crops as and um trying to grow the crops as and um trying to grow the crops as efficiently as we can um to maximize the efficiently as we can um to maximize the efficiently as we can um to maximize the yield and maximize root exudates and yield and maximize root exudates and yield and maximize root exudates and crop biomass going back into the system crop biomass going back into the system crop biomass going back into the system but then i think the trick is but then i think the trick is but then i think the trick is in buildings organic matter is sort of in buildings organic matter is sort of in buildings organic matter is sort of sneaking in those extra bits of sneaking in those extra bits of sneaking in those extra bits of photosynthesis the big thing for me is photosynthesis the big thing for me is photosynthesis the big thing for me is this july august early september period this july august early september period this july august early september period where you've got a lot of solar where you've got a lot of solar where you've got a lot of solar radiation and radiation and radiation and traditionally you've got no um crops in traditionally you've got no um crops in traditionally you've got no um crops in the system the system the system so this is where you cover crops when so this is where you cover crops when so this is where you cover crops when you catch crops um you catch crops um you catch crops um come in traditionally obviously that's come in traditionally obviously that's come in traditionally obviously that's the sort of scenario you might have seen the sort of scenario you might have seen the sort of scenario you might have seen on farms on farms on farms between summer harvested crops and between summer harvested crops and between summer harvested crops and spring planted crops spring planted crops spring planted crops bare stubbles even plowed cultivated bare stubbles even plowed cultivated bare stubbles even plowed cultivated fields and nothing growing on them fields and nothing growing on them fields and nothing growing on them um a bit of a missed trick really um a bit of a missed trick really um a bit of a missed trick really missing out on photosynthesis missing out on photosynthesis missing out on photosynthesis so we're putting cover crops in um so we're putting cover crops in um so we're putting cover crops in um wherever we can and the other thing wherever we can and the other thing wherever we can and the other thing about cover crops and thinking about about cover crops and thinking about about cover crops and thinking about maxing out that solar radiation maxing out that solar radiation maxing out that solar radiation we need to get the crops in the ground we need to get the crops in the ground we need to get the crops in the ground and growing the drill needs to be in the and growing the drill needs to be in the and growing the drill needs to be in the field with the combine harvester field with the combine harvester field with the combine harvester this is last year um this is last year um this is last year um the field on the right drilled um the field on the right drilled um the field on the right drilled um on the 4th of august on the left exactly on the 4th of august on the left exactly on the 4th of august on the left exactly the same mix on the same soil type the same mix on the same soil type the same mix on the same soil type into the same scenario of chopped wheat into the same scenario of chopped wheat into the same scenario of chopped wheat straw drilled nearly a month later straw drilled nearly a month later straw drilled nearly a month later their photos in october the one on the their photos in october the one on the their photos in october the one on the right is up around your waist right is up around your waist right is up around your waist and the one on the left is barely taller and the one on the left is barely taller and the one on the left is barely taller than the stubble than the stubble than the stubble so again if we're going to utilize this so again if we're going to utilize this so again if we're going to utilize this radiation in the summer we need to get radiation in the summer we need to get radiation in the summer we need to get the crops in the ground and growing the crops in the ground and growing the crops in the ground and growing um the other thing obviously is catch um the other thing obviously is catch um the other thing obviously is catch crops crops crops between um as well as cover crops between um as well as cover crops between um as well as cover crops between between between summer harvested crops and spring crops summer harvested crops and spring crops summer harvested crops and spring crops is whether you can get catch crops in is whether you can get catch crops in is whether you can get catch crops in between summer harvested crops and between summer harvested crops and between summer harvested crops and winter planted crops winter planted crops winter planted crops and people try to do this in the uk we and people try to do this in the uk we and people try to do this in the uk we don't try don't try don't try i think it's too difficult um people i think it's too difficult um people i think it's too difficult um people put mustard crops in and quit growing put mustard crops in and quit growing put mustard crops in and quit growing crops and try and get a bit of a crop crops and try and get a bit of a crop crops and try and get a bit of a crop growing there but growing there but growing there but i think it's quite it's quite difficult i think it's quite it's quite difficult i think it's quite it's quite difficult in uk conditions in uk conditions in uk conditions um cover crops early on um cover crops early on um cover crops early on tended to be about two or three things tended to be about two or three things tended to be about two or three things in the mix high biomass we're aiming for in the mix high biomass we're aiming for in the mix high biomass we're aiming for high biomass cover crops and then high biomass cover crops and then high biomass cover crops and then grazing them off with sheep grazing them off with sheep grazing them off with sheep as the years have gone by the mix has as the years have gone by the mix has as the years have gone by the mix has got more diverse got more diverse got more diverse and more intricate that was last year's and more intricate that was last year's and more intricate that was last year's cover crop mix cover crop mix cover crop mix many more legumes in the mix now and many more legumes in the mix now and many more legumes in the mix now and less cereals less cereals less cereals um various reasons um um various reasons um um various reasons um for mixtures we wanted diversity of root for mixtures we wanted diversity of root for mixtures we wanted diversity of root systems obviously exploring the soil systems obviously exploring the soil systems obviously exploring the soil profile profile profile you've got different microbial you've got different microbial you've got different microbial associations with the different plants associations with the different plants associations with the different plants um and so as tom was pointing out in his um and so as tom was pointing out in his um and so as tom was pointing out in his talk you've potentially got talk you've potentially got talk you've potentially got better community carbon use efficiency better community carbon use efficiency better community carbon use efficiency from different plants from different plants from different plants you've also got a range of cn ratios you've also got a range of cn ratios you've also got a range of cn ratios which has given you which has given you which has given you again a better community carbon use again a better community carbon use again a better community carbon use efficiency it's all about getting efficiency it's all about getting efficiency it's all about getting diversity into the rhizosphere and into diversity into the rhizosphere and into diversity into the rhizosphere and into the the the soil um and just while we're on mixtures soil um and just while we're on mixtures soil um and just while we're on mixtures and and and diversity with our cash crops as well diversity with our cash crops as well diversity with our cash crops as well we're playing around trying to maximize we're playing around trying to maximize we're playing around trying to maximize infield diversity and for the last few infield diversity and for the last few infield diversity and for the last few years been playing around with years been playing around with years been playing around with under stories companion cropping um under stories companion cropping um under stories companion cropping um the ultimate one in the bottom right the ultimate one in the bottom right the ultimate one in the bottom right hand corner agroforestry is one of my hand corner agroforestry is one of my hand corner agroforestry is one of my pet favorites that we haven't really got pet favorites that we haven't really got pet favorites that we haven't really got around to around to around to doing yet but hopefully sometime in the doing yet but hopefully sometime in the doing yet but hopefully sometime in the future future future um right going back to my main slide um right going back to my main slide um right going back to my main slide now to talk a bit about returning crop now to talk a bit about returning crop now to talk a bit about returning crop residues this is something that over the residues this is something that over the residues this is something that over the years years years and as our lady alluded to earlier on and as our lady alluded to earlier on and as our lady alluded to earlier on i've spent a lot of effort on returning i've spent a lot of effort on returning i've spent a lot of effort on returning crop residues and i think a lot of it crop residues and i think a lot of it crop residues and i think a lot of it has been sort of has been sort of has been sort of misguided really and a lot of the misguided really and a lot of the misguided really and a lot of the problems it's caused us have probably problems it's caused us have probably problems it's caused us have probably been detrimental been detrimental been detrimental to our overall soil organic matter to our overall soil organic matter to our overall soil organic matter improvements improvements improvements um obviously you've got a range of um obviously you've got a range of um obviously you've got a range of outcomes outcomes outcomes with um crop residues sort of one with um crop residues sort of one with um crop residues sort of one extreme here is your extreme here is your extreme here is your high cn ratio cereal straws left on the high cn ratio cereal straws left on the high cn ratio cereal straws left on the surface surface surface um and your subsequent crop we've got um and your subsequent crop we've got um and your subsequent crop we've got obviously rate there obviously rate there obviously rate there direct drilled you've got a fungal direct drilled you've got a fungal direct drilled you've got a fungal dominated residue decomposition there dominated residue decomposition there dominated residue decomposition there and these are the situations where and these are the situations where and these are the situations where obviously you're hoping the net end obviously you're hoping the net end obviously you're hoping the net end result into the soil system is result into the soil system is result into the soil system is the best but that gives us the most the best but that gives us the most the best but that gives us the most problems in establishing following crops problems in establishing following crops problems in establishing following crops you've got another extreme here where you've got another extreme here where you've got another extreme here where you might grow low cn ratio you might grow low cn ratio you might grow low cn ratio crops like beans and to an extent also crops like beans and to an extent also crops like beans and to an extent also grape grape grape um if their residues are soil um if their residues are soil um if their residues are soil incorporated incorporated incorporated you're sort of tending to towards a you're sort of tending to towards a you're sort of tending to towards a bacterial dominated residue bacterial dominated residue bacterial dominated residue decomposition decomposition decomposition um not quite so beneficial in the soil um not quite so beneficial in the soil um not quite so beneficial in the soil system system system um we find that these also grape and um we find that these also grape and um we find that these also grape and bean residues bean residues bean residues in practice we don't incorporate them in practice we don't incorporate them in practice we don't incorporate them they're just left on the surface the they're just left on the surface the they're just left on the surface the same as the cereal ones same as the cereal ones same as the cereal ones but they give us very little um problem but they give us very little um problem but they give us very little um problem with establishing following crops with establishing following crops with establishing following crops mainly because it's cereals after them mainly because it's cereals after them mainly because it's cereals after them but obviously but obviously but obviously you haven't got problems with residue you haven't got problems with residue you haven't got problems with residue decomposition because decomposition because decomposition because the low cn ratio they break down much the low cn ratio they break down much the low cn ratio they break down much more quickly and don't tie up nitrogen more quickly and don't tie up nitrogen more quickly and don't tie up nitrogen um just going back to cyril and just um just going back to cyril and just um just going back to cyril and just whizzing through a few slides showing whizzing through a few slides showing whizzing through a few slides showing the problems over the years the problems over the years the problems over the years chopping winter barley straw there a few chopping winter barley straw there a few chopping winter barley straw there a few years ago years ago years ago you can see down the left hand side i you can see down the left hand side i you can see down the left hand side i don't if you can see my pointer we left don't if you can see my pointer we left don't if you can see my pointer we left a straw swath and bailed it and a straw swath and bailed it and a straw swath and bailed it and subsequently direct drilled or seed rape subsequently direct drilled or seed rape subsequently direct drilled or seed rape that's the also that's the also that's the also rape establishment over the whole field rape establishment over the whole field rape establishment over the whole field that's actually after we redrilled it that's actually after we redrilled it that's actually after we redrilled it the first establishment was really poor the first establishment was really poor the first establishment was really poor and then we drilled it for a second time and then we drilled it for a second time and then we drilled it for a second time that's the area in the field that we that's the area in the field that we that's the area in the field that we bale the straw swath bale the straw swath bale the straw swath so you can see we ended up with a crop so you can see we ended up with a crop so you can see we ended up with a crop on the bulk of the field which was a bit on the bulk of the field which was a bit on the bulk of the field which was a bit half a half mast compared to the half a half mast compared to the half a half mast compared to the fantastic crop where we took the straw fantastic crop where we took the straw fantastic crop where we took the straw off off off and you do have to ask yourself the and you do have to ask yourself the and you do have to ask yourself the question you know this question you know this question you know this this crop with a straw came off you've this crop with a straw came off you've this crop with a straw came off you've got big high biomass crop got big high biomass crop got big high biomass crop big root systems good photosynthetic big root systems good photosynthetic big root systems good photosynthetic exudates going down into the soil um exudates going down into the soil um exudates going down into the soil um and you do wonder if you shot yourself and you do wonder if you shot yourself and you do wonder if you shot yourself in the foot a bit because in the foot a bit because in the foot a bit because you've fair enough you've incorporated you've fair enough you've incorporated you've fair enough you've incorporated the straw and the bulk of the field but the straw and the bulk of the field but the straw and the bulk of the field but actually have you ended up with less actually have you ended up with less actually have you ended up with less organic matter organic matter organic matter in the system um could have sold a straw in the system um could have sold a straw in the system um could have sold a straw and ended up with a and ended up with a and ended up with a nicely established crop of rake the end nicely established crop of rake the end nicely established crop of rake the end result actually was very result actually was very result actually was very um satisfactory the whole field averaged um satisfactory the whole field averaged um satisfactory the whole field averaged nearly five ton to the hectare but you nearly five ton to the hectare but you nearly five ton to the hectare but you can see can see can see the bale strip down that left-hand side the bale strip down that left-hand side the bale strip down that left-hand side where i've got the two where i've got the two where i've got the two red lines to market if you look across red lines to market if you look across red lines to market if you look across on the legend on the legend on the legend that bit yielded well over 5.5 ton to that bit yielded well over 5.5 ton to that bit yielded well over 5.5 ton to the hectare so the hectare so the hectare so it was a significant yield increase um it was a significant yield increase um it was a significant yield increase um other issues here direct drilling a other issues here direct drilling a other issues here direct drilling a spring cover crop a cover crop mix spring cover crop a cover crop mix spring cover crop a cover crop mix into chopped spring barley straw and into chopped spring barley straw and into chopped spring barley straw and basically waste basically waste basically waste money on the expensive seeds in the mix money on the expensive seeds in the mix money on the expensive seeds in the mix because only the mustard grew because only the mustard grew because only the mustard grew um everything else failed it's it's too um everything else failed it's it's too um everything else failed it's it's too harsh an environment we harsh an environment we harsh an environment we we've found over the years to try and we've found over the years to try and we've found over the years to try and plant things into the spring barley plant things into the spring barley plant things into the spring barley straw straw straw it's such a massive straw breaking down it's such a massive straw breaking down it's such a massive straw breaking down um um um uh 2016 we had to draw this field twice uh 2016 we had to draw this field twice uh 2016 we had to draw this field twice um first attempt lost to slugs and um first attempt lost to slugs and um first attempt lost to slugs and snails snails snails um also great last year direct drilled um also great last year direct drilled um also great last year direct drilled after chop winter barley straw after chop winter barley straw after chop winter barley straw again slugs have ravaged it um over the again slugs have ravaged it um over the again slugs have ravaged it um over the years we've learned to cope with these years we've learned to cope with these years we've learned to cope with these straw residues though straw residues though straw residues though this was in 2018 drilling lawsuit rape this was in 2018 drilling lawsuit rape this was in 2018 drilling lawsuit rape that was a resulting crop in that was a resulting crop in that was a resulting crop in mid-november the only issues in that mid-november the only issues in that mid-november the only issues in that field field field just two strips down in the middle of just two strips down in the middle of just two strips down in the middle of the field where we were combining the the field where we were combining the the field where we were combining the winter barley winter barley winter barley we uh combined two late in the evening we uh combined two late in the evening we uh combined two late in the evening and the chop quality deteriorated and the chop quality deteriorated and the chop quality deteriorated um where we have poor chop quality we um where we have poor chop quality we um where we have poor chop quality we find real issues with establishing rape find real issues with establishing rape find real issues with establishing rape um but generally we're we're coping with um but generally we're we're coping with um but generally we're we're coping with these high straw loadings now we're these high straw loadings now we're these high straw loadings now we're doing lots of multiple rolling passes to doing lots of multiple rolling passes to doing lots of multiple rolling passes to ensure ensure ensure soil to seed contact and i think as my soil to seed contact and i think as my soil to seed contact and i think as my soil system gets used to a soil system gets used to a soil system gets used to a big load of high cn ratios going back in big load of high cn ratios going back in big load of high cn ratios going back in the whole time the whole time the whole time it's just gobbling up the residues uh it's just gobbling up the residues uh it's just gobbling up the residues uh more quickly and easier than it did in more quickly and easier than it did in more quickly and easier than it did in the past the past the past um obviously the other thing with a lot um obviously the other thing with a lot um obviously the other thing with a lot of high cn ratios of high cn ratios of high cn ratios uh residues on the surfaces they're uh residues on the surfaces they're uh residues on the surfaces they're really good worm food really good worm food really good worm food so um i'm feeding my nice deep boring so um i'm feeding my nice deep boring so um i'm feeding my nice deep boring earthworms earthworms earthworms and we see all over the farm earth and we see all over the farm earth and we see all over the farm earth earthworm middens everywhere earthworm middens everywhere earthworm middens everywhere and they're basically doing the and they're basically doing the and they're basically doing the incorporation for me um incorporation for me um incorporation for me um right next one quickly um right next one quickly um right next one quickly um looking at both sides of the equation looking at both sides of the equation looking at both sides of the equation here or building organic matter and here or building organic matter and here or building organic matter and structure on the structure side structure on the structure side structure on the structure side the minimizing compaction and not the minimizing compaction and not the minimizing compaction and not cultivating cultivating cultivating um that's where control traffic feeds in um that's where control traffic feeds in um that's where control traffic feeds in and also not oxidizing the carbon that and also not oxidizing the carbon that and also not oxidizing the carbon that we've sequestered we've sequestered we've sequestered so this is how we do our controlled so this is how we do our controlled so this is how we do our controlled traffic system traffic system traffic system first of all if you just think about first of all if you just think about first of all if you just think about where farm machinery has gone 40 50 where farm machinery has gone 40 50 where farm machinery has gone 40 50 years ago you might have a tractor and years ago you might have a tractor and years ago you might have a tractor and drill drill drill two or three turn down in the left-hand two or three turn down in the left-hand two or three turn down in the left-hand corner a little grey fergie corner a little grey fergie corner a little grey fergie um nowadays you're talking 20 or 30 ton um nowadays you're talking 20 or 30 ton um nowadays you're talking 20 or 30 ton for an outfit for an outfit for an outfit and fair enough they're on white tracks and fair enough they're on white tracks and fair enough they're on white tracks the ground pressure is the ground pressure is the ground pressure is low on the surface but it's the overall low on the surface but it's the overall low on the surface but it's the overall axle weight acting down on the soil is axle weight acting down on the soil is axle weight acting down on the soil is still a big problem you know imagine a still a big problem you know imagine a still a big problem you know imagine a flimsy sleeper bridge over a dike in the flimsy sleeper bridge over a dike in the flimsy sleeper bridge over a dike in the fence fence fence i know which one i'd rather drive over i know which one i'd rather drive over i know which one i'd rather drive over the um fragile bridge the um fragile bridge the um fragile bridge and it's just thinking about the big and it's just thinking about the big and it's just thinking about the big axle loadings on the soil axle loadings on the soil axle loadings on the soil what we used to do on hendrick estate is what we used to do on hendrick estate is what we used to do on hendrick estate is basically like a lot of other people basically like a lot of other people basically like a lot of other people multiple width implements driving multiple width implements driving multiple width implements driving different directions all over the field different directions all over the field different directions all over the field so we were trafficking 80 so we were trafficking 80 so we were trafficking 80 of the soil surface now we've got of the soil surface now we've got of the soil surface now we've got everything set everything set everything set 10 meters wide on multiples of 10 um 30 10 meters wide on multiples of 10 um 30 10 meters wide on multiples of 10 um 30 meter tramline widths meter tramline widths meter tramline widths and we've turned our trafficking on its and we've turned our trafficking on its and we've turned our trafficking on its head instead of trafficking 80 percent head instead of trafficking 80 percent head instead of trafficking 80 percent we're trafficking 20 percent um we're trafficking 20 percent um we're trafficking 20 percent um this is what it looks like in the field this is what it looks like in the field this is what it looks like in the field that's a neighbour's farm after harvest that's a neighbour's farm after harvest that's a neighbour's farm after harvest so lots of compaction damage randomly so lots of compaction damage randomly so lots of compaction damage randomly all over the field all over the field all over the field they've got to cultivate to alleviate they've got to cultivate to alleviate they've got to cultivate to alleviate that obviously letting that obviously letting that obviously letting carbon out of the system in the process carbon out of the system in the process carbon out of the system in the process and damaging fungal networks and and damaging fungal networks and and damaging fungal networks and all the other problems with cultivation all the other problems with cultivation all the other problems with cultivation our our our system next door basically eighty system next door basically eighty system next door basically eighty percent of it untouched and where we percent of it untouched and where we percent of it untouched and where we have got have got have got if you can see my pointer there um if you can see my pointer there um if you can see my pointer there um between every 30 meter tram lines between every 30 meter tram lines between every 30 meter tram lines there's a couple of there's a couple of there's a couple of infills where we're trying to grow crops infills where we're trying to grow crops infills where we're trying to grow crops if they're compacted we can just run if they're compacted we can just run if they're compacted we can just run down with a two leg subsoiler down with a two leg subsoiler down with a two leg subsoiler and just alleviate that compaction and just alleviate that compaction and just alleviate that compaction without touching most of the soil without touching most of the soil without touching most of the soil surface and that's what it looks like in and that's what it looks like in and that's what it looks like in practice vehicles also sort of using the practice vehicles also sort of using the practice vehicles also sort of using the same set of wheelings same set of wheelings same set of wheelings that's drilling a cover crop type behind that's drilling a cover crop type behind that's drilling a cover crop type behind the combine the combine the combine basically the drills chasing the combine basically the drills chasing the combine basically the drills chasing the combine out of the fields out of the fields out of the fields um the last big topic uh nearly finished um the last big topic uh nearly finished um the last big topic uh nearly finished now now now um this is one that i'm sort of um this is one that i'm sort of um this is one that i'm sort of increasingly we could talk about this increasingly we could talk about this increasingly we could talk about this for hours but i've only got a few for hours but i've only got a few for hours but i've only got a few minutes minutes minutes i'm increasingly motivated by this i'm increasingly motivated by this i'm increasingly motivated by this optimization of synthetic air and to optimization of synthetic air and to optimization of synthetic air and to maximize the building retention of soil maximize the building retention of soil maximize the building retention of soil organic matter organic matter organic matter if we think about it n is it's and ends if we think about it n is it's and ends if we think about it n is it's and ends the elephant in the room really that the elephant in the room really that the elephant in the room really that people don't really talk about that much people don't really talk about that much people don't really talk about that much in relation to soil organic matter and in relation to soil organic matter and in relation to soil organic matter and it's a good guy and it's a bad guy if it's a good guy and it's a bad guy if it's a good guy and it's a bad guy if you think about it you think about it you think about it judicious use of synthetic n one side of judicious use of synthetic n one side of judicious use of synthetic n one side of the the the um balance it's fantastic you're um balance it's fantastic you're um balance it's fantastic you're increasing crop growth photosynthesis increasing crop growth photosynthesis increasing crop growth photosynthesis biomass building soil organic matter biomass building soil organic matter biomass building soil organic matter and i think that's where in a lot of and i think that's where in a lot of and i think that's where in a lot of ways um conventional farmers can hold ways um conventional farmers can hold ways um conventional farmers can hold their heads up high compared their heads up high compared their heads up high compared to organic farmers because we are to organic farmers because we are to organic farmers because we are growing 12 ton crops of wheat instead of growing 12 ton crops of wheat instead of growing 12 ton crops of wheat instead of 14 crops of wheat 14 crops of wheat 14 crops of wheat and we are putting more carbon into the and we are putting more carbon into the and we are putting more carbon into the soils with um soils with um soils with um judicious use of n so it's good but then judicious use of n so it's good but then judicious use of n so it's good but then if you if you if you tilt the scale too far the other way and tilt the scale too far the other way and tilt the scale too far the other way and go into excessive use of synthetic again go into excessive use of synthetic again go into excessive use of synthetic again you start to get lots of problems um you start to get lots of problems um you start to get lots of problems um obviously if there's a lot of synthetic obviously if there's a lot of synthetic obviously if there's a lot of synthetic again in the system soil system again in the system soil system again in the system soil system and the soil biology is looking for and the soil biology is looking for and the soil biology is looking for carbon uh to balance up the cn ratio carbon uh to balance up the cn ratio carbon uh to balance up the cn ratio the only way you can really get it to the only way you can really get it to the only way you can really get it to start eating soil organic matter and start eating soil organic matter and start eating soil organic matter and then we start to get carbon losses into then we start to get carbon losses into then we start to get carbon losses into the atmosphere the atmosphere the atmosphere uh we get the other and the soil organic uh we get the other and the soil organic uh we get the other and the soil organic matter is ultimately reducing matter is ultimately reducing matter is ultimately reducing we also got problems with nitrate we also got problems with nitrate we also got problems with nitrate leaching ammonia emissions nitrous oxide leaching ammonia emissions nitrous oxide leaching ammonia emissions nitrous oxide emissions which emissions which emissions which they're all big problems with excess they're all big problems with excess they're all big problems with excess nitrogen but we can't really go into nitrogen but we can't really go into nitrogen but we can't really go into those those those so i think really there's a new paradigm so i think really there's a new paradigm so i think really there's a new paradigm with with with um soil nitrogen with sorry synthetic um soil nitrogen with sorry synthetic um soil nitrogen with sorry synthetic nitrogen i mean in the old days farmers nitrogen i mean in the old days farmers nitrogen i mean in the old days farmers we're sort of always talking about we're sort of always talking about we're sort of always talking about optimizing synthetic enemies to maximize optimizing synthetic enemies to maximize optimizing synthetic enemies to maximize economic economic yields economic economic yields economic economic yields but i think if we're really serious but i think if we're really serious but i think if we're really serious about climate change and maximizing soil about climate change and maximizing soil about climate change and maximizing soil organic matter organic matter organic matter we really need to think about um we really need to think about um we really need to think about um optimizing synthetic optimizing synthetic optimizing synthetic n for maximizing organic matter n for maximizing organic matter n for maximizing organic matter accumulation in soils which is a accumulation in soils which is a accumulation in soils which is a slightly different slightly different slightly different level of synthetic gain which would be level of synthetic gain which would be level of synthetic gain which would be much lower down the scale much lower down the scale much lower down the scale and i think there's a lot of work to be and i think there's a lot of work to be and i think there's a lot of work to be done on this concept done on this concept done on this concept um just two little side points to do um just two little side points to do um just two little side points to do with n with n with n um there's lots of things to talk about um there's lots of things to talk about um there's lots of things to talk about and it's all about increasing end use and it's all about increasing end use and it's all about increasing end use efficiency which we try and do in lots efficiency which we try and do in lots efficiency which we try and do in lots of ways on the farm but of ways on the farm but of ways on the farm but two other little side points which i two other little side points which i two other little side points which i think are quite interesting um i often think are quite interesting um i often think are quite interesting um i often think about this concept if you're think about this concept if you're think about this concept if you're putting a balanced putting a balanced putting a balanced cn ratio material into soil like a cn ratio material into soil like a cn ratio material into soil like a compost a nice balanced compost compost a nice balanced compost compost a nice balanced compost amendment amendment amendment i often think that the soil biology just i often think that the soil biology just i often think that the soil biology just sort of thinks oh sort of thinks oh sort of thinks oh mr farmer's basically just added soil to mr farmer's basically just added soil to mr farmer's basically just added soil to soil there's nothing for us to do boys soil there's nothing for us to do boys soil there's nothing for us to do boys we'll just we'll just we'll just roll over and go back to sleep but when roll over and go back to sleep but when roll over and go back to sleep but when i'm putting a big load of high cn ratio i'm putting a big load of high cn ratio i'm putting a big load of high cn ratio straw into the system and if i'm putting straw into the system and if i'm putting straw into the system and if i'm putting synthetic end with it as well synthetic end with it as well synthetic end with it as well the obviously the soil biology has got the obviously the soil biology has got the obviously the soil biology has got to wake up to digest that to wake up to digest that to wake up to digest that straw and obviously it'll utilize the straw and obviously it'll utilize the straw and obviously it'll utilize the synthetic end to synthetic end to synthetic end to equalize the cn ratio so you're turning equalize the cn ratio so you're turning equalize the cn ratio so you're turning synthetic air into synthetic air into synthetic air into organic end in the bodies of the soil organic end in the bodies of the soil organic end in the bodies of the soil organisms organisms organisms and obviously eventually these are and obviously eventually these are and obviously eventually these are rotting down and it's becoming rotting down and it's becoming rotting down and it's becoming organic and that becomes slowly organic and that becomes slowly organic and that becomes slowly available to crops but in the meantime available to crops but in the meantime available to crops but in the meantime you're you're you're you're sort of locking up synthetic end you're sort of locking up synthetic end you're sort of locking up synthetic end stopping it leaching over winter stopping it leaching over winter stopping it leaching over winter and turning it into a much better format and turning it into a much better format and turning it into a much better format and the whole thing i always think and the whole thing i always think and the whole thing i always think he's maybe stimulating as long as you've he's maybe stimulating as long as you've he's maybe stimulating as long as you've got enough sword biology there got enough sword biology there got enough sword biology there stimulating it to all work rather than stimulating it to all work rather than stimulating it to all work rather than just putting something that's nicely just putting something that's nicely just putting something that's nicely nicely balanced into the system just a nicely balanced into the system just a nicely balanced into the system just a thought thought thought um the other thing with nearly finished um the other thing with nearly finished um the other thing with nearly finished now i've got now i've got now i've got very two quick slides um limiting very two quick slides um limiting very two quick slides um limiting synthetic end use we're sort of on the synthetic end use we're sort of on the synthetic end use we're sort of on the farm we're trying to integrate legumes farm we're trying to integrate legumes farm we're trying to integrate legumes within the cropping situation within the cropping situation within the cropping situation and obviously this has got lots of and obviously this has got lots of and obviously this has got lots of benefits because it's also balancing cn benefits because it's also balancing cn benefits because it's also balancing cn ratios in the system ratios in the system ratios in the system um and improving sort of nitrogen um and improving sort of nitrogen um and improving sort of nitrogen lock-up situations lock-up situations lock-up situations and improving the sort of overall carbon and improving the sort of overall carbon and improving the sort of overall carbon use efficiency use efficiency use efficiency and also increasingly infill and also increasingly infill and also increasingly infill biodiversity as i spoke about earlier biodiversity as i spoke about earlier biodiversity as i spoke about earlier and getting diverse rise effects fears and getting diverse rise effects fears and getting diverse rise effects fears in the system in the system in the system um so companion cropping um so companion cropping um so companion cropping um works with orcid rape um works with orcid rape um works with orcid rape it's very difficult we've tried to take it's very difficult we've tried to take it's very difficult we've tried to take it to harvest with beans and oats it to harvest with beans and oats it to harvest with beans and oats very difficult to harvest and very very difficult to harvest and very very difficult to harvest and very difficult to separate them so it's work difficult to separate them so it's work difficult to separate them so it's work in progress in progress in progress this sort of clover understory is more this sort of clover understory is more this sort of clover understory is more interesting and again interesting and again interesting and again two last quick points um playing around two last quick points um playing around two last quick points um playing around with a with a with a either an annual or a permanent clover either an annual or a permanent clover either an annual or a permanent clover understory and planting crops annual understory and planting crops annual understory and planting crops annual crops into it crops into it crops into it the permanent one we found doesn't work the permanent one we found doesn't work the permanent one we found doesn't work very well it's very very difficult very well it's very very difficult very well it's very very difficult because the clover gets too established because the clover gets too established because the clover gets too established and it out competes the annual crop but and it out competes the annual crop but and it out competes the annual crop but i think for example planting a clover i think for example planting a clover i think for example planting a clover understory understory understory with the spring barley and then when you with the spring barley and then when you with the spring barley and then when you harvest the spring barley you've already harvest the spring barley you've already harvest the spring barley you've already got got got living green material to harvest that living green material to harvest that living green material to harvest that solar radiation in solar radiation in solar radiation in august and september is a useful concept august and september is a useful concept august and september is a useful concept that we're playing around with that we're playing around with that we're playing around with and also the other idea is and also the other idea is and also the other idea is putting a non-serial legume-based cover putting a non-serial legume-based cover putting a non-serial legume-based cover crop in crop in crop in in the autumn and selectively spraying in the autumn and selectively spraying in the autumn and selectively spraying out the cereal and black grass out the cereal and black grass out the cereal and black grass out of the system and then direct out of the system and then direct out of the system and then direct drilling the spring bar into the living drilling the spring bar into the living drilling the spring bar into the living cover crop cover crop cover crop rather than eating it with sheep or rather than eating it with sheep or rather than eating it with sheep or spraying it off the ground up spraying it off the ground up spraying it off the ground up and then leaving that in the spring and then leaving that in the spring and then leaving that in the spring barley crop as long as you can barley crop as long as you can barley crop as long as you can probably late april early may and probably late april early may and probably late april early may and spraying it out with the selective spraying it out with the selective spraying it out with the selective herbicide herbicide herbicide and that way you've got you've had this and that way you've got you've had this and that way you've got you've had this um legume cover crop in the system um legume cover crop in the system um legume cover crop in the system growing under the spring barley and growing under the spring barley and growing under the spring barley and you've got this you've got this you've got this low cn ratio cover crop rotting down and low cn ratio cover crop rotting down and low cn ratio cover crop rotting down and it's not locking up it's not locking up it's not locking up um nitrogen uh for the growing barley um nitrogen uh for the growing barley um nitrogen uh for the growing barley crop and getting assimilated quickly crop and getting assimilated quickly crop and getting assimilated quickly i think i better leave my last two i think i better leave my last two i think i better leave my last two slides other than just slides other than just slides other than just two quick comments over the years we've two quick comments over the years we've two quick comments over the years we've built with building soil organic matter built with building soil organic matter built with building soil organic matter i reckon over 20 years at a rate of i reckon over 20 years at a rate of i reckon over 20 years at a rate of about about about 0.13 per year so it's not a quick 0.13 per year so it's not a quick 0.13 per year so it's not a quick process and we're not matching the four process and we're not matching the four process and we're not matching the four per thousand initiative yet but per thousand initiative yet but per thousand initiative yet but remember we've not got the rotational remember we've not got the rotational remember we've not got the rotational lays in the system and we've not got lays in the system and we've not got lays in the system and we've not got organic amendments organic amendments organic amendments and the last slide was just a point on and the last slide was just a point on and the last slide was just a point on be careful of soil organic matter be careful of soil organic matter be careful of soil organic matter testing testing testing uh one in the red oval one sample uh one in the red oval one sample uh one in the red oval one sample effectively to three labs and four effectively to three labs and four effectively to three labs and four different soil tests a range of 2.1 different soil tests a range of 2.1 different soil tests a range of 2.1 percent percent percent a more interesting thing is the green a more interesting thing is the green a more interesting thing is the green oval which is oval which is oval which is um a soil sample from a field and a saw um a soil sample from a field and a saw um a soil sample from a field and a saw sample from under the hedge next door to sample from under the hedge next door to sample from under the hedge next door to it sent to the same lab on the same day it sent to the same lab on the same day it sent to the same lab on the same day with the same test with the same test with the same test so it shows me what i'm trying to so it shows me what i'm trying to so it shows me what i'm trying to achieve in the field i've got a sort of achieve in the field i've got a sort of achieve in the field i've got a sort of natural soil organic matter of 7.7 under natural soil organic matter of 7.7 under natural soil organic matter of 7.7 under the hedge the hedge the hedge but i'm managing to achieve six in the but i'm managing to achieve six in the but i'm managing to achieve six in the field where i've got a cropping system field where i've got a cropping system field where i've got a cropping system going on going on going on thanks brilliant thank you julian some great brilliant thank you julian some great brilliant thank you julian some great insights there into the sort of the insights there into the sort of the insights there into the sort of the practical application practical application practical application of the science and some great questions of the science and some great questions of the science and some great questions that you've posed as well i think um that you've posed as well i think um that you've posed as well i think um so tom's been monitoring the questions so tom's been monitoring the questions so tom's been monitoring the questions can i hand over to yourself can i hand over to yourself can i hand over to yourself tom to try and get through as many as we tom to try and get through as many as we tom to try and get through as many as we can yeah thank you bruce yeah can yeah thank you bruce yeah can yeah thank you bruce yeah so we've got a few minutes to get so we've got a few minutes to get so we've got a few minutes to get through some questions i've tried to through some questions i've tried to through some questions i've tried to type some answers type some answers type some answers to individual questions as well um i'll to individual questions as well um i'll to individual questions as well um i'll give julian a break and answer one give julian a break and answer one give julian a break and answer one myself and then i'll i'll ham one to myself and then i'll i'll ham one to myself and then i'll i'll ham one to julian julian julian um but israel asks can you differentiate um but israel asks can you differentiate um but israel asks can you differentiate between the microbial necromancers and between the microbial necromancers and between the microbial necromancers and the microbial the microbial the microbial biomass in the soil are there methods to biomass in the soil are there methods to biomass in the soil are there methods to separate them so separate them so separate them so so yeah there's some quite long um so yeah there's some quite long um so yeah there's some quite long um long-standing methods that long-standing methods that long-standing methods that we can use to um to measure microbial we can use to um to measure microbial we can use to um to measure microbial biomass so biomass so biomass so typically we extract the soil with um typically we extract the soil with um typically we extract the soil with um with a salt solution and we can do that with a salt solution and we can do that with a salt solution and we can do that with by splitting this all into two with by splitting this all into two with by splitting this all into two halves halves halves and one half we would fumigate with and one half we would fumigate with and one half we would fumigate with chloroform first to chloroform first to chloroform first to kill all the microbial biomass and that kill all the microbial biomass and that kill all the microbial biomass and that releases all their carbon releases all their carbon releases all their carbon and that differentiates the living and that differentiates the living and that differentiates the living versus the dead versus the dead versus the dead microbial community in the soil microbial community in the soil microbial community in the soil um i can hand one over to julian i think um i can hand one over to julian i think um i can hand one over to julian i think so there's a question here so there's a question here so there's a question here um about whether returning crop residues um about whether returning crop residues um about whether returning crop residues into the soil causes pest issues such as into the soil causes pest issues such as into the soil causes pest issues such as slugs so do you see these issues slugs so do you see these issues slugs so do you see these issues julian and what might you do to resolve julian and what might you do to resolve julian and what might you do to resolve them yeah i mean as you saw in some of them yeah i mean as you saw in some of them yeah i mean as you saw in some of those pictures those pictures those pictures uh slugs have been a massive issue over uh slugs have been a massive issue over uh slugs have been a massive issue over the years for us the years for us the years for us massive issue um a bit of raking helps massive issue um a bit of raking helps massive issue um a bit of raking helps physical degradation of slugs physical degradation of slugs physical degradation of slugs and slug eggs really helps well in the and slug eggs really helps well in the and slug eggs really helps well in the summer so we summer so we summer so we sometimes rake if we have to we've got a sometimes rake if we have to we've got a sometimes rake if we have to we've got a 10 meter rake that we can use 10 meter rake that we can use 10 meter rake that we can use we roll lots post establishment which we roll lots post establishment which we roll lots post establishment which helps consolidate again it helps uh with helps consolidate again it helps uh with helps consolidate again it helps uh with physical slug control physical slug control physical slug control we've used a relatively large amount we've used a relatively large amount we've used a relatively large amount over the years of over the years of over the years of slug pellets a hastening thread we're slug pellets a hastening thread we're slug pellets a hastening thread we're using phosphate we have been for years using phosphate we have been for years using phosphate we have been for years rather than metal dehyde rather than metal dehyde rather than metal dehyde which is kind to the soil ecosystem um which is kind to the soil ecosystem um which is kind to the soil ecosystem um but also i think the predators and but also i think the predators and but also i think the predators and natural predators the caribbean beetles natural predators the caribbean beetles natural predators the caribbean beetles are building up in our systems we're are building up in our systems we're are building up in our systems we're trying to something i haven't gone into trying to something i haven't gone into trying to something i haven't gone into in this talk but we're trying to put in this talk but we're trying to put in this talk but we're trying to put um six meter wildflower strips um six meter wildflower strips um six meter wildflower strips in amongst our cropping actually down in amongst our cropping actually down in amongst our cropping actually down the middle of our fields as well the middle of our fields as well the middle of our fields as well to give hosts to beneficials and we're to give hosts to beneficials and we're to give hosts to beneficials and we're seeing benefits from that seeing benefits from that seeing benefits from that in slugs in uh in slugs in uh in slugs in uh chop straw situations so yeah it's chop straw situations so yeah it's chop straw situations so yeah it's getting getting getting better and better all the time but in better and better all the time but in better and better all the time but in the early years very problematic okay uh thanks very much julian i can okay uh thanks very much julian i can okay uh thanks very much julian i can see there's a there's a few other see there's a there's a few other see there's a there's a few other questions questions questions um i might uh go through as well so uh um i might uh go through as well so uh um i might uh go through as well so uh so gary asks a question so gary asks a question so gary asks a question um saying that what i said was that all um saying that what i said was that all um saying that what i said was that all of the of the of the stable carbon in the soil is microbial stable carbon in the soil is microbial stable carbon in the soil is microbial necromance but he points out that necromance but he points out that necromance but he points out that is this also the case with sort of is this also the case with sort of is this also the case with sort of really recalcitrant really recalcitrant really recalcitrant carbon like um hardwood tree um carbon like um hardwood tree um carbon like um hardwood tree um wood pieces um so i would say that wood pieces um so i would say that wood pieces um so i would say that yes even in forest systems the the yes even in forest systems the the yes even in forest systems the the long-term organic manic long-term organic manic long-term organic manic organic carbon in soil has still broken organic carbon in soil has still broken organic carbon in soil has still broken down is that i down is that i down is that i even those woody materials um break down even those woody materials um break down even those woody materials um break down so so so when we look at the average age of soil when we look at the average age of soil when we look at the average age of soil organic matter sometimes it comes back organic matter sometimes it comes back organic matter sometimes it comes back as being thousands of years old that as being thousands of years old that as being thousands of years old that isn't the original isn't the original isn't the original plant material that's that that's hung plant material that's that that's hung plant material that's that that's hung around um around um around um however in your comment you would also however in your comment you would also however in your comment you would also sort of mention the word water logging sort of mention the word water logging sort of mention the word water logging as well and i guess it's a as well and i guess it's a as well and i guess it's a it's just worth mentioning that um in in it's just worth mentioning that um in in it's just worth mentioning that um in in this talk i'm mostly talking about this talk i'm mostly talking about this talk i'm mostly talking about um sort of aerobic soil so there's a lot um sort of aerobic soil so there's a lot um sort of aerobic soil so there's a lot of generalizations you have to of generalizations you have to of generalizations you have to make of course we have very different make of course we have very different make of course we have very different ways in which carbon is ways in which carbon is ways in which carbon is installed for example in peatlands where installed for example in peatlands where installed for example in peatlands where that is indeed that is indeed that is indeed undecomposed um plant material undecomposed um plant material undecomposed um plant material um i do want to address a really good um i do want to address a really good um i do want to address a really good question by rebecca here question by rebecca here question by rebecca here who's asked how how might we encourage who's asked how how might we encourage who's asked how how might we encourage mineral associated organic matter mineral associated organic matter mineral associated organic matter instead of our instead of our instead of our aggregate or our particulate-bound stuff aggregate or our particulate-bound stuff aggregate or our particulate-bound stuff this is a this is a this is a fantastic question it's a bit of a grand fantastic question it's a bit of a grand fantastic question it's a bit of a grand challenge i think as well and there's challenge i think as well and there's challenge i think as well and there's um there's this i think there's very few um there's this i think there's very few um there's this i think there's very few sort of solutions sort of solutions sort of solutions um to how we might do this but there's um to how we might do this but there's um to how we might do this but there's some sort of off-the-wall ideas kind of some sort of off-the-wall ideas kind of some sort of off-the-wall ideas kind of thing so we might be able to thing so we might be able to thing so we might be able to to make amendments to our soils um to make amendments to our soils um to make amendments to our soils um of the minerals that we know that of the minerals that we know that of the minerals that we know that organic matter organic matter organic matter absorbs to we might even be able to um absorbs to we might even be able to um absorbs to we might even be able to um to bind those minerals onto to bind those minerals onto to bind those minerals onto surfaces that are very porous so things surfaces that are very porous so things surfaces that are very porous so things like iron oxides and things like that so like iron oxides and things like that so like iron oxides and things like that so there's there's there's i think there's a a lot of um i think there's a a lot of um i think there's a a lot of um a lot of things that we can try kind of a lot of things that we can try kind of a lot of things that we can try kind of thing but i don't think there's any thing but i don't think there's any thing but i don't think there's any off-the-shelf sort of off-the-shelf sort of off-the-shelf sort of methods for doing that just yet methods for doing that just yet methods for doing that just yet um one for julian i think and then we um one for julian i think and then we um one for julian i think and then we might make this the last one or the might make this the last one or the might make this the last one or the penultimate one penultimate one penultimate one um spraying with herbicide so is there a um spraying with herbicide so is there a um spraying with herbicide so is there a is there a solution is there a solution is there a solution um to i think growing cover crops um to i think growing cover crops um to i think growing cover crops while avoiding spraying herbicides while avoiding spraying herbicides while avoiding spraying herbicides incredibly difficult incredibly difficult incredibly difficult in particular if you've got black grass in particular if you've got black grass in particular if you've got black grass in the situation um in the situation um in the situation um incredibly difficult um i think incredibly difficult um i think incredibly difficult um i think ultimately ultimately ultimately if roundup glyphosate disappears from if roundup glyphosate disappears from if roundup glyphosate disappears from the system the system the system we will need to think about rotational we will need to think about rotational we will need to think about rotational ploughing ploughing ploughing coming back into farming systems um coming back into farming systems um coming back into farming systems um to maybe get rid of cover crop biomass to maybe get rid of cover crop biomass to maybe get rid of cover crop biomass um um um it's and i don't think a lot of people a it's and i don't think a lot of people a it's and i don't think a lot of people a lot of no tillers and lot of no tillers and lot of no tillers and regen egg farmers sort of view the plow regen egg farmers sort of view the plow regen egg farmers sort of view the plow as the devil's tool and i think if we've as the devil's tool and i think if we've as the devil's tool and i think if we've got a got a got a rotation that's majoring on building rotation that's majoring on building rotation that's majoring on building soil organic matter soil organic matter soil organic matter and doing everything else it possibly and doing everything else it possibly and doing everything else it possibly can can can i don't think plowing very occasionally i don't think plowing very occasionally i don't think plowing very occasionally is really is really is really the end of the world i mean there's the end of the world i mean there's the end of the world i mean there's plenty of experiments actually all plenty of experiments actually all plenty of experiments actually all planning's planning's planning's actually doing is just re depositing actually doing is just re depositing actually doing is just re depositing organic matter organic matter organic matter lower down the profile and actually it's lower down the profile and actually it's lower down the profile and actually it's not as bad as people think oxidizing not as bad as people think oxidizing not as bad as people think oxidizing organic matter organic matter organic matter but i think it's just farming is a but i think it's just farming is a but i think it's just farming is a compromise and compromise and compromise and herb the herb is we're tending to use herb the herb is we're tending to use herb the herb is we're tending to use herbicides at the moment but if we can't herbicides at the moment but if we can't herbicides at the moment but if we can't use herbicides use herbicides use herbicides we've got to think of other ways of we've got to think of other ways of we've got to think of other ways of doing things doing things doing things thank you julian um i'm just gonna thank you julian um i'm just gonna thank you julian um i'm just gonna answer one final question where someone answer one final question where someone answer one final question where someone highlights biochar as well it's highlights biochar as well it's highlights biochar as well it's something i haven't talked about something i haven't talked about something i haven't talked about but yeah biochar is paralyzed organic but yeah biochar is paralyzed organic but yeah biochar is paralyzed organic carbon so it is recalcitrant carbon so it is recalcitrant carbon so it is recalcitrant uh to decomposition honestly i think if uh to decomposition honestly i think if uh to decomposition honestly i think if we're trying to we're trying to we're trying to solve the climate change problem and solve the climate change problem and solve the climate change problem and store carbon in soils for long term store carbon in soils for long term store carbon in soils for long term so i think the only real viable way that so i think the only real viable way that so i think the only real viable way that we're going to be able to do that in the we're going to be able to do that in the we're going to be able to do that in the kind of quantities that makes a really kind of quantities that makes a really kind of quantities that makes a really big dent in the problem is is using dent in the problem is is using dent in the problem is is using something like biochar but something like biochar but something like biochar but at this point i think we're rapidly at this point i think we're rapidly at this point i think we're rapidly approaching one o'clock so i think i approaching one o'clock so i think i approaching one o'clock so i think i need to need to need to hand over to bruce to say goodbye to you hand over to bruce to say goodbye to you hand over to bruce to say goodbye to you and thanks for participating and thanks for participating and thanks for participating thank you very much tom um so yeah just thank you very much tom um so yeah just thank you very much tom um so yeah just finally on behalf of the the british finally on behalf of the the british finally on behalf of the the british society of source science society of source science society of source science i would like to express our thanks to i would like to express our thanks to i would like to express our thanks to tom and julian for coming along to tom and julian for coming along to tom and julian for coming along to present today present today present today uh and later fraud for for coordinating uh and later fraud for for coordinating uh and later fraud for for coordinating seasonal support i think it's been seasonal support i think it's been seasonal support i think it's been another great another great another great session with some some great insights session with some some great insights session with some some great insights and as ever more questions posed and as ever more questions posed and as ever more questions posed um so thank you all for attending uh um so thank you all for attending uh um so thank you all for attending uh when you leave you'll find a quick when you leave you'll find a quick when you leave you'll find a quick survey survey survey a quick feedback survey um which i hope a quick feedback survey um which i hope a quick feedback survey um which i hope you'll take time to complete you'll take time to complete you'll take time to complete and the recording of this video will be and the recording of this video will be and the recording of this video will be available after this event on our available after this event on our available after this event on our youtube channel for you to watch again youtube channel for you to watch again youtube channel for you to watch again uh so uh so uh so yes finally please keep an eye out on yes finally please keep an eye out on yes finally please keep an eye out on our website for forthcoming events and our website for forthcoming events and our website for forthcoming events and we really do look forward to we really do look forward to we really do look forward to seeing you again on wednesday the 3rd of seeing you again on wednesday the 3rd of seeing you again on wednesday the 3rd of march for zoom into soil march for zoom into soil march for zoom into soil um about soil functions which is now um about soil functions which is now um about soil functions which is now open for registration open for registration open for registration and so with that thank you again and goodbye<br /> }}</div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Zoom_into_Soil:_Peatlands_of_Scotland&diff=11806 2026-05-29T14:08:48Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Ajoute les transcriptions YouTube aux pages vidéo qui n&#039;en ont pas - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/435</p> <hr /> <div>{{vidéo<br /> | Titre = Zoom into Soil: Peatlands of Scotland<br /> | Producteur = British Society of Soil Science<br /> | Vignette = Thumbnail_youtube_qADyI6x8vxc.jpg<br /> | Date de mise en ligne = 2022-04-05<br /> | Durée = 58 minutes<br /> | Production = <br /> | Vidéo = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qADyI6x8vxc<br /> | Intervenants 0 = Andrew McBride<br /> | Intervenants 1 = Dr Rebekka Artz<br /> | Mots-clés = soil, soils, science, environment, geography, geology, earth science, soil science, ecology<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Welcome to the Zoom into Soil: Peatlands of Scotland video from the British Society of Soil Science.<br /> <br /> Supported by Visit Britain and Nature Scot, we welcome Andrew McBride and Dr Rebekka Artz as they present their expert knowledge on the topic of Scottish peat.<br /> <br /> With strong Government backing, peatland restoration in Scotland has made major progress in the last decade. In his presentation 'Peatland Restoration in Scotland - Lessons to learn from the peat face', Andrew considers what we can learn from this experience and with Climate Change impacts increasing, what we can do to respond more quickly in the future.<br /> <br /> Peatlands across the UK currently release around 17.6 Mt CO2e per year (2019 data) instead of functioning as the net carbon sinks they could be, if all areas were in good ecological condition. The realisation of the scale of the problem has led to a significant increase in both public and private funding for peatland restoration efforts over the past decade. Investment is expected to ramp up rapidly in this current decade, the global UN Decade on Restoration. In her presentation 'Optimising peatland restoration to achieve net zero', Dr Rebekka Artz summarises the state of our knowledge on the emissions reductions that peatland restoration brings, in the short to medium term after management interventions and in terms of the likely stability of such emissions reductions in the light of climate change.<br /> <br /> {{Pages liées}}<br /> <br /> {{Transcription<br /> | transcription = good afternoon everyone and welcome to good afternoon everyone and welcome to good afternoon everyone and welcome to the webinar i'm bruce sells president of the webinar i'm bruce sells president of the webinar i'm bruce sells president of the british society of saw science and the british society of saw science and the british society of saw science and i'm really delighted to welcome you to i'm really delighted to welcome you to i'm really delighted to welcome you to our second webinar of this year our second webinar of this year our second webinar of this year before i welcome our panelists i would before i welcome our panelists i would before i welcome our panelists i would like to introduce the the british like to introduce the the british like to introduce the the british society of soil science as hosts of society of soil science as hosts of society of soil science as hosts of today's webinar we're an established today's webinar we're an established today's webinar we're an established international membership organization international membership organization international membership organization and a charity committed to the study of and a charity committed to the study of and a charity committed to the study of soil in its widest aspects we bring soil in its widest aspects we bring soil in its widest aspects we bring together those working within academia together those working within academia together those working within academia and have a growing membership amongst and have a growing membership amongst and have a growing membership amongst practitioners implementing soil science practitioners implementing soil science practitioners implementing soil science in industry in industry in industry and those with a keen interest in soils and those with a keen interest in soils and those with a keen interest in soils today's event is supported by visit today's event is supported by visit today's event is supported by visit britain and nature scott who are both britain and nature scott who are both britain and nature scott who are both also supporting the world congress of also supporting the world congress of also supporting the world congress of soil science um this year in 2022 soil science um this year in 2022 soil science um this year in 2022 for those who may not be aware the for those who may not be aware the for those who may not be aware the congress is the leading international congress is the leading international congress is the leading international soil science conference it's held every soil science conference it's held every soil science conference it's held every four years in different countries and four years in different countries and four years in different countries and can be attended by over 3 000 soil can be attended by over 3 000 soil can be attended by over 3 000 soil scientists from around the globe scientists from around the globe scientists from around the globe the next congress will be held from the the next congress will be held from the the next congress will be held from the 31st of july to the 5th of august this 31st of july to the 5th of august this 31st of july to the 5th of august this year in glasgow and i'm really pleased year in glasgow and i'm really pleased year in glasgow and i'm really pleased that that it's being organized by the that that it's being organized by the that that it's being organized by the british society of saw science on behalf british society of saw science on behalf british society of saw science on behalf of the international union of soil of the international union of soil of the international union of soil sciences sciences sciences and if you're interested have a look at and if you're interested have a look at and if you're interested have a look at our website and you can register through our website and you can register through our website and you can register through through the congress website as well through the congress website as well through the congress website as well nature scott is scotland's nature agency nature scott is scotland's nature agency nature scott is scotland's nature agency and work to improve the natural and work to improve the natural and work to improve the natural environment in scotland and inspire environment in scotland and inspire environment in scotland and inspire everyone to care more about it so that everyone to care more about it so that everyone to care more about it so that all nature in scotland is maintained all nature in scotland is maintained all nature in scotland is maintained enhanced and brings us those benefits enhanced and brings us those benefits enhanced and brings us those benefits that we get from it that we get from it that we get from it nature scott delivered an amazing nature scott delivered an amazing nature scott delivered an amazing exhibition stand at cobb 26 last year exhibition stand at cobb 26 last year exhibition stand at cobb 26 last year where they highlighted the the diversity where they highlighted the the diversity where they highlighted the the diversity of the scottish landscape which showed of the scottish landscape which showed of the scottish landscape which showed the various soil and plant types found the various soil and plant types found the various soil and plant types found throughout scotland and we're really throughout scotland and we're really throughout scotland and we're really thrilled that nature scott will be thrilled that nature scott will be thrilled that nature scott will be delivering the same exhibition at the delivering the same exhibition at the delivering the same exhibition at the world congress all science later this world congress all science later this world congress all science later this year year year and will provide delegates with an and will provide delegates with an and will provide delegates with an opportunity to ask their experts more opportunity to ask their experts more opportunity to ask their experts more about about about scottish diversity scottish diversity scottish diversity so just before we begin some basic so just before we begin some basic so just before we begin some basic housekeeping as there are so many of you housekeeping as there are so many of you housekeeping as there are so many of you here today um here today um here today um all your microphones have been muted all your microphones have been muted all your microphones have been muted we'll be taking questions at the end of we'll be taking questions at the end of we'll be taking questions at the end of both presentations um both presentations um both presentations um and i've got a colleague on the call as and i've got a colleague on the call as and i've got a colleague on the call as well who's going to monitor these for us well who's going to monitor these for us well who's going to monitor these for us so if you've got any questions if you so if you've got any questions if you so if you've got any questions if you can please submit those by 1250 so we can please submit those by 1250 so we can please submit those by 1250 so we can get through as many as we can sorry so pretty much nature scott sorry sorry so pretty much nature scott sorry sorry so pretty much nature scott sorry i'm delighted to welcome dr patricio i'm delighted to welcome dr patricio i'm delighted to welcome dr patricio bruno who is the soil science advisor bruno who is the soil science advisor bruno who is the soil science advisor for nature scott will give us a brief for nature scott will give us a brief for nature scott will give us a brief introduction to scotland's introduction to scotland's introduction to scotland's nature agency uh so thank you for nature agency uh so thank you for nature agency uh so thank you for joining us patricia and over to you joining us patricia and over to you joining us patricia and over to you yeah thank you very much yeah thank you very much yeah thank you very much bruce i think you've already got quite a bruce i think you've already got quite a bruce i think you've already got quite a lot of the information i wanted to share lot of the information i wanted to share lot of the information i wanted to share with the audience so um i've been with the audience so um i've been with the audience so um i've been working for nature scott for a very long working for nature scott for a very long working for nature scott for a very long time as a sole advisor our nature scott time as a sole advisor our nature scott time as a sole advisor our nature scott as you were saying is a conservation as you were saying is a conservation as you were saying is a conservation agency with over 30 years experience agency with over 30 years experience agency with over 30 years experience advising scottish government advising scottish government advising scottish government and we work to enhance our natural and we work to enhance our natural and we work to enhance our natural environment and inspire people to care about what we're doing to care about what we're doing to care about what we're doing and what is very clear now is that soil and what is very clear now is that soil and what is very clear now is that soil is driving nature on its ability to is driving nature on its ability to is driving nature on its ability to adapt and respond to climate change and adapt and respond to climate change and adapt and respond to climate change and this is one of the reason why we decided this is one of the reason why we decided this is one of the reason why we decided to sponsor the conference in august to sponsor the conference in august to sponsor the conference in august because we know with the launch of our because we know with the launch of our because we know with the launch of our new corporate strategy yesterday we have new corporate strategy yesterday we have new corporate strategy yesterday we have even a more uh prominent role i think in even a more uh prominent role i think in even a more uh prominent role i think in trying to protect and restore and value trying to protect and restore and value trying to protect and restore and value nature nature nature and recognizing that seoul is at the and recognizing that seoul is at the and recognizing that seoul is at the heart of it heart of it heart of it so what are we going to do for the world so what are we going to do for the world so what are we going to do for the world conference um so it's the main the main conference um so it's the main the main conference um so it's the main the main aspect of what we're going to do is aspect of what we're going to do is aspect of what we're going to do is related to an exhibition that we related to an exhibition that we related to an exhibition that we presented at cop 26 last year which is presented at cop 26 last year which is presented at cop 26 last year which is called nature called nature called nature is climate and climate is nature is climate and climate is nature is climate and climate is nature and we would use this as an opportunity and we would use this as an opportunity and we would use this as an opportunity to to to explain and promote nature-based explain and promote nature-based explain and promote nature-based solutions that benefit both nature and solutions that benefit both nature and solutions that benefit both nature and people people people and i'm very delighted with the and i'm very delighted with the and i'm very delighted with the presentation we're having today about presentation we're having today about presentation we're having today about the peatland of scotland because the peatland of scotland because the peatland of scotland because peatland restoration is one of the key peatland restoration is one of the key peatland restoration is one of the key activities that nature scott is um activities that nature scott is um activities that nature scott is um managing and for us uh the challenge in managing and for us uh the challenge in managing and for us uh the challenge in scotland is to try to achieve a scotland is to try to achieve a scotland is to try to achieve a restoration of um or peatland um restoration of um or peatland um restoration of um or peatland um and um on i'm going to pass them now to and um on i'm going to pass them now to and um on i'm going to pass them now to um um um broth to introduce the speakers that are broth to introduce the speakers that are broth to introduce the speakers that are going to give you um going to give you um going to give you um a much better detail about a much better detail about a much better detail about what is happening in scotland in what is happening in scotland in what is happening in scotland in relation to peatland restoration which relation to peatland restoration which relation to peatland restoration which is one of the um nature-based solutions is one of the um nature-based solutions is one of the um nature-based solutions that we're promoting sorry um how do i stop sharing sorry um how do i stop sharing sorry um how do i stop sharing thank thank you patricia again apologies thank thank you patricia again apologies thank thank you patricia again apologies for my my confusion no no exactly for my my confusion no no exactly for my my confusion no no exactly what you were um what you were um what you were um uh going to say um and and i'm really uh going to say um and and i'm really uh going to say um and and i'm really really grateful for it for nature's got really grateful for it for nature's got really grateful for it for nature's got support for for our events support for for our events support for for our events on your presence of the world congress on your presence of the world congress on your presence of the world congress as well um so just coming back to some as well um so just coming back to some as well um so just coming back to some of the um sort of uh the housekeeping of the um sort of uh the housekeeping of the um sort of uh the housekeeping i've covered the first uh two points um i've covered the first uh two points um i've covered the first uh two points um today's presentation has also been today's presentation has also been today's presentation has also been awarded basis and nroso cpd points so if awarded basis and nroso cpd points so if awarded basis and nroso cpd points so if you're registered with either of those you're registered with either of those you're registered with either of those bodies bodies bodies please contact us directly um after the please contact us directly um after the please contact us directly um after the event um and just finally then uh please event um and just finally then uh please event um and just finally then uh please be aware that um we are recording be aware that um we are recording be aware that um we are recording today's presentation today's presentation today's presentation so moving on to the the main content and so moving on to the the main content and so moving on to the the main content and i would now like to introduce our first i would now like to introduce our first i would now like to introduce our first presenter andrew mcbride presenter andrew mcbride presenter andrew mcbride andrew has worked for over 30 years in andrew has worked for over 30 years in andrew has worked for over 30 years in nature conservation in scotland whilst nature conservation in scotland whilst nature conservation in scotland whilst graduating from edinburgh he managed graduating from edinburgh he managed graduating from edinburgh he managed three nature reserves and went on to run three nature reserves and went on to run three nature reserves and went on to run his own environmental management his own environmental management his own environmental management consultancy for nine years consultancy for nine years consultancy for nine years looking for a new challenge he joined looking for a new challenge he joined looking for a new challenge he joined nature scott as their lowland wetland nature scott as their lowland wetland nature scott as their lowland wetland ecologist providing advice covering ecologist providing advice covering ecologist providing advice covering planning applications designated site planning applications designated site planning applications designated site monitoring wetland management and monitoring wetland management and monitoring wetland management and training and represented scotland on training and represented scotland on training and represented scotland on several national wetland biodiversity several national wetland biodiversity several national wetland biodiversity and water-based groups and water-based groups and water-based groups as well as offering policy advice on as well as offering policy advice on as well as offering policy advice on peat extraction bulk restoration climate peat extraction bulk restoration climate peat extraction bulk restoration climate change natural flood management diffuse change natural flood management diffuse change natural flood management diffuse pollution and forestry on peatlands pollution and forestry on peatlands pollution and forestry on peatlands for the last nine years andrew has for the last nine years andrew has for the last nine years andrew has managed the award-winning peatland managed the award-winning peatland managed the award-winning peatland action project delivering restoration to action project delivering restoration to action project delivering restoration to scotland's peatlands scotland's peatlands scotland's peatlands andrew recently set up land and habitats andrew recently set up land and habitats andrew recently set up land and habitats an environmental consultancy providing an environmental consultancy providing an environmental consultancy providing advice and assistance to companies and advice and assistance to companies and advice and assistance to companies and projects wishing to invest in a natural projects wishing to invest in a natural projects wishing to invest in a natural environment environment environment andrew has a wide range of land andrew has a wide range of land andrew has a wide range of land management experience covering most management experience covering most management experience covering most scottish habitats but his primary focus scottish habitats but his primary focus scottish habitats but his primary focus is on wetlands is on wetlands is on wetlands key to his work is getting practical key to his work is getting practical key to his work is getting practical information out to those who need it information out to those who need it information out to those who need it and as chief editor he produced the fen and as chief editor he produced the fen and as chief editor he produced the fen management handbook and has made many management handbook and has made many management handbook and has made many short videos and assisted with practical short videos and assisted with practical short videos and assisted with practical management technical and policy guidance management technical and policy guidance management technical and policy guidance documents so over to you andrew thank you very much bruce uh am i thank you very much bruce uh am i thank you very much bruce uh am i sharing my screen yet sharing my screen yet sharing my screen yet no no no not yet yeah we can see that andrew thank you yeah we can see that andrew thank you yeah we can see that andrew thank you you can yeah oh yeah you can see my you can yeah oh yeah you can see my you can yeah oh yeah you can see my screen screen screen fine okay thanks very much uh good fine okay thanks very much uh good fine okay thanks very much uh good afternoon everyone thank you for afternoon everyone thank you for afternoon everyone thank you for inviting inviting me along inviting inviting me along inviting inviting me along uh i'm going to talk a bit about what uh i'm going to talk a bit about what uh i'm going to talk a bit about what we've probably learned in scotland over we've probably learned in scotland over we've probably learned in scotland over the last 30 years with pete and the last 30 years with pete and the last 30 years with pete and restoration um there's a lot to learn restoration um there's a lot to learn restoration um there's a lot to learn and 20 minutes probably wouldn't won't and 20 minutes probably wouldn't won't and 20 minutes probably wouldn't won't cover it at all but i'll try and keep to cover it at all but i'll try and keep to cover it at all but i'll try and keep to the sort of key points the things we've the sort of key points the things we've the sort of key points the things we've actually learned and what we've actually actually learned and what we've actually actually learned and what we've actually been doing been doing been doing uh you'll see that my title of my um uh you'll see that my title of my um uh you'll see that my title of my um presentation is lesson presentation is lesson presentation is lesson to learn from peak face and it is not to learn from peak face and it is not to learn from peak face and it is not lessons learned because unfortunately lessons learned because unfortunately lessons learned because unfortunately history suggests that often we don't history suggests that often we don't history suggests that often we don't learn those but hopefully i'm always learn those but hopefully i'm always learn those but hopefully i'm always hopeful that we can actually learn from hopeful that we can actually learn from hopeful that we can actually learn from the past because there's a lot to learn the past because there's a lot to learn the past because there's a lot to learn from that um for the last two hundred eight years um for the last two hundred eight years um for the last two hundred eight years we've done that down this to actually um we've done that down this to actually um we've done that down this to actually um drain peatlands in this case from the drain peatlands in this case from the drain peatlands in this case from the 18th century 18th century 18th century late 18th century um you can see late 18th century um you can see late 18th century um you can see ditches were dark and not only ditches ditches were dark and not only ditches ditches were dark and not only ditches were dug ball holes were put into the were dug ball holes were put into the were dug ball holes were put into the bottom of those bottom of those bottom of those ditches to actually go through the the ditches to actually go through the the ditches to actually go through the the clays that were below into its more clays that were below into its more clays that were below into its more porous material to actually drain porous material to actually drain porous material to actually drain the bogs the bogs the bogs um i don't know whether this actually um i don't know whether this actually um i don't know whether this actually worked um it doesn't worked um it doesn't worked um it doesn't that there's no detail of where it was that there's no detail of where it was that there's no detail of where it was actually done but the idea was there and actually done but the idea was there and actually done but the idea was there and having seen mining sites under bogs i having seen mining sites under bogs i having seen mining sites under bogs i don't think it probably actually would don't think it probably actually would don't think it probably actually would work but peatlands are tremendously work but peatlands are tremendously work but peatlands are tremendously resistant and often surprising what you resistant and often surprising what you resistant and often surprising what you actually come across in the field when actually come across in the field when actually come across in the field when you look at them so i think we've done you look at them so i think we've done you look at them so i think we've done our damnedest to actually our damnedest to actually our damnedest to actually to try and drain bogs but uh a lot a lot to try and drain bogs but uh a lot a lot to try and drain bogs but uh a lot a lot of cases bugs want to actually continue back in 19 we started in a restoration back in 19 we started in a restoration back in 19 we started in a restoration in the 1980s and 1990s in the 1980s and 1990s in the 1980s and 1990s in scotland and in that time 47 000 in scotland and in that time 47 000 in scotland and in that time 47 000 hectares of been benefited from hectares of been benefited from hectares of been benefited from restoration measures restoration measures restoration measures that's not to say that actually those that's not to say that actually those that's not to say that actually those restoration measures were totally restoration measures were totally restoration measures were totally effective they were often involved effective they were often involved effective they were often involved minimal intervention and were mainly minimal intervention and were mainly minimal intervention and were mainly management changes which meant either management changes which meant either management changes which meant either fencing out livestock or reducing fencing out livestock or reducing fencing out livestock or reducing livestock on on them and i think one of livestock on on them and i think one of livestock on on them and i think one of the first lessons that i learned was the first lessons that i learned was the first lessons that i learned was removing livestock from beet bogs was removing livestock from beet bogs was removing livestock from beet bogs was not necessarily the best way forward it not necessarily the best way forward it not necessarily the best way forward it was very um was very um was very um a responsive to overstocking it wasn't a responsive to overstocking it wasn't a responsive to overstocking it wasn't actually responsive to what the actual actually responsive to what the actual actually responsive to what the actual peatlands needed peatlands needed peatlands needed um the work as i say was very low um the work as i say was very low um the work as i say was very low intervention no hard hats reflective intervention no hard hats reflective intervention no hard hats reflective jackets or gloves it was just a case of jackets or gloves it was just a case of jackets or gloves it was just a case of pushing in corrugated sheets or trying pushing in corrugated sheets or trying pushing in corrugated sheets or trying to make dams out of bits of wood and to make dams out of bits of wood and to make dams out of bits of wood and different things like that there was no different things like that there was no different things like that there was no money available it was always down the money available it was always down the money available it was always down the back of the sofa under spend and that back of the sofa under spend and that back of the sofa under spend and that type of thing so we've come type of thing so we've come type of thing so we've come quite a long way um with that now quite a long way um with that now quite a long way um with that now and it was it was a good start but it and it was it was a good start but it and it was it was a good start but it didn't actually make a big difference to didn't actually make a big difference to didn't actually make a big difference to the boggs the boggs the boggs moving on into more recent years moving on into more recent years moving on into more recent years upscaled massively in scotland and uh upscaled massively in scotland and uh upscaled massively in scotland and uh restaurantation has taken on a different restaurantation has taken on a different restaurantation has taken on a different format with big machines with big format with big machines with big format with big machines with big machines come the hard hats and the machines come the hard hats and the machines come the hard hats and the reflective reflective reflective jackets and a lot of this is well most jackets and a lot of this is well most jackets and a lot of this is well most of this is actually down to of this is actually down to of this is actually down to scottish government policy and also the scottish government policy and also the scottish government policy and also the advent of peatland action as well back advent of peatland action as well back advent of peatland action as well back in 2012 in 2012 in 2012 just to give some idea of the spread of just to give some idea of the spread of just to give some idea of the spread of projects from peatland action the map projects from peatland action the map projects from peatland action the map shows the distribution this map is is shows the distribution this map is is shows the distribution this map is is back in 2020 so there's a lot more back in 2020 so there's a lot more back in 2020 so there's a lot more projects that the projects that the projects that the the green gloves are probably more the green gloves are probably more the green gloves are probably more coalesced now because projects build on coalesced now because projects build on coalesced now because projects build on projects and probably in the same sort projects and probably in the same sort projects and probably in the same sort of places but a lot of work was of places but a lot of work was of places but a lot of work was delivered in that time delivered in that time delivered in that time and that is mainly in response to policy and that is mainly in response to policy and that is mainly in response to policy changes and particularly climate change changes and particularly climate change changes and particularly climate change policies really bringing in peatland policies really bringing in peatland policies really bringing in peatland restoration as part of that package for restoration as part of that package for restoration as part of that package for land use but also part of the package land use but also part of the package land use but also part of the package for for for climate change mitigation climate change mitigation climate change mitigation and adaption and adaption and adaption and that and that and that fortunately brought money and had had fortunately brought money and had had fortunately brought money and had had consequences from from that aspect of it consequences from from that aspect of it consequences from from that aspect of it so we've we've gone a long way in so we've we've gone a long way in so we've we've gone a long way in particular in the last 10 years um and particular in the last 10 years um and particular in the last 10 years um and we've gained a lot of experience in the we've gained a lot of experience in the we've gained a lot of experience in the time since the 1980s as well time since the 1980s as well time since the 1980s as well one of the key lessons about people one of the key lessons about people one of the key lessons about people restoration is that it is all about restoration is that it is all about restoration is that it is all about people people people um the peatlands aspect of it is um the peatlands aspect of it is um the peatlands aspect of it is actually relatively easy relatively actually relatively easy relatively actually relatively easy relatively simple the people aspect of it is simple the people aspect of it is simple the people aspect of it is probably the most time consuming and the probably the most time consuming and the probably the most time consuming and the hardest part in the restoration hardest part in the restoration hardest part in the restoration and particularly with policy is and particularly with policy is and particularly with policy is helping people understand what the helping people understand what the helping people understand what the problem is we're talking about degraded problem is we're talking about degraded problem is we're talking about degraded peatlands which are often remote and peatlands which are often remote and peatlands which are often remote and most people don't actually ever see most people don't actually ever see most people don't actually ever see people in a degraded condition people in a degraded condition people in a degraded condition so with policy makers so with policy makers so with policy makers what we've done in the lessons we've what we've done in the lessons we've what we've done in the lessons we've learned there it's really important to learned there it's really important to learned there it's really important to actually get them out on site and look actually get them out on site and look actually get them out on site and look at that look at the issues if that means at that look at the issues if that means at that look at the issues if that means dragging chairs and tables across dragging chairs and tables across dragging chairs and tables across moorland and tierne's and goodness knows moorland and tierne's and goodness knows moorland and tierne's and goodness knows what that's what you have to do what that's what you have to do what that's what you have to do because you've got to get people out because you've got to get people out because you've got to get people out there you probably need to buy a few there you probably need to buy a few there you probably need to buy a few pairs of wellingtons as well pairs of wellingtons as well pairs of wellingtons as well that makes a big difference to whatever that makes a big difference to whatever that makes a big difference to whatever you can do if you haven't got that you can do if you haven't got that you can do if you haven't got that policy right that policy setting and the policy right that policy setting and the policy right that policy setting and the finance that goes behind that policy finance that goes behind that policy finance that goes behind that policy the rest of it is just not going to the rest of it is just not going to the rest of it is just not going to happen at all happen at all happen at all talking about policy though it's it's talking about policy though it's it's talking about policy though it's it's actually also about integrated policy actually also about integrated policy actually also about integrated policy and i think that's one of the hardest and i think that's one of the hardest and i think that's one of the hardest things that to actually resolve we often things that to actually resolve we often things that to actually resolve we often make policies in isolation and peatland make policies in isolation and peatland make policies in isolation and peatland policy is a good example of that it policy is a good example of that it policy is a good example of that it needs to be actually integrated with needs to be actually integrated with needs to be actually integrated with lots of different policies quite strange lots of different policies quite strange lots of different policies quite strange projects housing policy for example projects housing policy for example projects housing policy for example housing in in rural communities is very housing in in rural communities is very housing in in rural communities is very difficult for difficult for difficult for people to actually live and work in the people to actually live and work in the people to actually live and work in the in the area where they're working and in the area where they're working and in the area where they're working and those sort of policies need to be more those sort of policies need to be more those sort of policies need to be more integrated to the demand for housing for integrated to the demand for housing for integrated to the demand for housing for what are actually key workers in that what are actually key workers in that what are actually key workers in that particular circumstance particular circumstance particular circumstance skills base we've started from a very skills base we've started from a very skills base we've started from a very quite low skill space in terms of quite low skill space in terms of quite low skill space in terms of numbers there's a lot of skill that was numbers there's a lot of skill that was numbers there's a lot of skill that was there that people were doing there that people were doing there that people were doing the work but actually it's actually the work but actually it's actually the work but actually it's actually scaling that up massively so you scaling that up massively so you scaling that up massively so you actually get a lot of restoration done actually get a lot of restoration done actually get a lot of restoration done relatively quickly relatively quickly relatively quickly and the other thing with policy is and the other thing with policy is and the other thing with policy is actually stretching the timeliness actually stretching the timeliness actually stretching the timeliness rather than short term you really need rather than short term you really need rather than short term you really need to have people thinking in long term and to have people thinking in long term and to have people thinking in long term and it's interesting i've said for quite a it's interesting i've said for quite a it's interesting i've said for quite a long time to people we're basically long time to people we're basically long time to people we're basically restoring our peatlands so people in the restoring our peatlands so people in the restoring our peatlands so people in the future will appreciate the fact we've future will appreciate the fact we've future will appreciate the fact we've we've saved the peatlands but how do we we've saved the peatlands but how do we we've saved the peatlands but how do we know what they're actually going to do know what they're actually going to do know what they're actually going to do with them they probably may need to burn with them they probably may need to burn with them they probably may need to burn them them them and if you look at fuel prices going up and if you look at fuel prices going up and if you look at fuel prices going up i can see an increase in the amount of i can see an increase in the amount of i can see an increase in the amount of peat harvesting actually going on for peat harvesting actually going on for peat harvesting actually going on for burning particularly on the islands burning particularly on the islands burning particularly on the islands which rely on oil unless something is which rely on oil unless something is which rely on oil unless something is actually done to actually encourage more actually done to actually encourage more actually done to actually encourage more electricity use particularly from electricity use particularly from electricity use particularly from renewable energy sources but it is renewable energy sources but it is renewable energy sources but it is relatively easy now to go and dig peats relatively easy now to go and dig peats relatively easy now to go and dig peats with a machine with a machine with a machine not have to worry about midges all these not have to worry about midges all these not have to worry about midges all these other factors rain all these sort of other factors rain all these sort of other factors rain all these sort of things have taken out of the equation so things have taken out of the equation so things have taken out of the equation so it's not just a case of actually the it's not just a case of actually the it's not just a case of actually the policy we have at the moment what's policy we have at the moment what's policy we have at the moment what's happening we need a lot more sort of happening we need a lot more sort of happening we need a lot more sort of thinking ahead thinking ahead thinking ahead on the actual restoration practice the on the actual restoration practice the on the actual restoration practice the key thing with restoring peatlands is key thing with restoring peatlands is key thing with restoring peatlands is actually getting a grip of the water and actually getting a grip of the water and actually getting a grip of the water and what gets the grip of the water on a what gets the grip of the water on a what gets the grip of the water on a peatland is the sphagnum moss peatland is the sphagnum moss peatland is the sphagnum moss people people people do not like you calling it a sponge but do not like you calling it a sponge but do not like you calling it a sponge but it is a sponge and it is it is a it is a sponge and it is it is a it is a sponge and it is it is a sphagnum moss that actually keeps the sphagnum moss that actually keeps the sphagnum moss that actually keeps the water on peatland particularly on water on peatland particularly on water on peatland particularly on degraded peatland and kickstarts it into degraded peatland and kickstarts it into degraded peatland and kickstarts it into the next process where it becomes a more the next process where it becomes a more the next process where it becomes a more active peatland active peatland active peatland and and and the comparison with a sponge is a valid the comparison with a sponge is a valid the comparison with a sponge is a valid one i feel because a sponge yes it holds one i feel because a sponge yes it holds one i feel because a sponge yes it holds water and then it will only hold so much water and then it will only hold so much water and then it will only hold so much water sphagnum moss is the same it will water sphagnum moss is the same it will water sphagnum moss is the same it will only hold a certain amount of water but only hold a certain amount of water but only hold a certain amount of water but it delays that flow of water and it it delays that flow of water and it it delays that flow of water and it holds 20 times its dry weight in water holds 20 times its dry weight in water holds 20 times its dry weight in water which a sponge is about six or seven which a sponge is about six or seven which a sponge is about six or seven times so there are differences but it times so there are differences but it times so there are differences but it really is key to everything that you do really is key to everything that you do really is key to everything that you do in restoration you've got to be thinking in restoration you've got to be thinking in restoration you've got to be thinking how are we going to get sphagram to grow how are we going to get sphagram to grow how are we going to get sphagram to grow here and how we're going to get to here and how we're going to get to here and how we're going to get to proliferate this is a good example of this is a good example of this is a good example of from about 31 25 years ago actually of from about 31 25 years ago actually of from about 31 25 years ago actually of what we actually used to do with what we actually used to do with what we actually used to do with blocking ditches you can see the ditch blocking ditches you can see the ditch blocking ditches you can see the ditch on the left that's before it was blocked on the left that's before it was blocked on the left that's before it was blocked and then it was blocked using plastic and then it was blocked using plastic and then it was blocked using plastic piling piling piling we reduced the amount of plastic piling we reduced the amount of plastic piling we reduced the amount of plastic piling we used now um to specific for specific we used now um to specific for specific we used now um to specific for specific purposes um but what we did at that time purposes um but what we did at that time purposes um but what we did at that time we were slightly scared about holding we were slightly scared about holding we were slightly scared about holding too much water and we tended to actually too much water and we tended to actually too much water and we tended to actually just just just hold water up to a certain level and it hold water up to a certain level and it hold water up to a certain level and it never got that the surfaces became wet never got that the surfaces became wet never got that the surfaces became wet and the the wetness just sort of was and the the wetness just sort of was and the the wetness just sort of was focused around the ditches focused around the ditches focused around the ditches what we actually do now is spread the what we actually do now is spread the what we actually do now is spread the water right from the top of that ditch water right from the top of that ditch water right from the top of that ditch um that you're actually seeing there um that you're actually seeing there um that you're actually seeing there right across the whole area and that way right across the whole area and that way right across the whole area and that way you actually are providing conditions you actually are providing conditions you actually are providing conditions for the swag and moss not just around for the swag and moss not just around for the swag and moss not just around the ditch but you're actually providing the ditch but you're actually providing the ditch but you're actually providing those conditions over a much larger area those conditions over a much larger area those conditions over a much larger area you're going to get restoration much you're going to get restoration much you're going to get restoration much quicker and from a climate point of view quicker and from a climate point of view quicker and from a climate point of view getting carbon sequestration and also getting carbon sequestration and also getting carbon sequestration and also actually sealing the surface up with um actually sealing the surface up with um actually sealing the surface up with um a good cover of sphagnum moss as well a good cover of sphagnum moss as well a good cover of sphagnum moss as well i'm a great advocate of learning by i'm a great advocate of learning by i'm a great advocate of learning by doing and doing and doing and a lot of what we did in peatland action a lot of what we did in peatland action a lot of what we did in peatland action is it's just going out there and trying is it's just going out there and trying is it's just going out there and trying different things if you don't try you'll different things if you don't try you'll different things if you don't try you'll never actually find out never actually find out never actually find out very often if you very often if you very often if you have to wait till it's being a full have to wait till it's being a full have to wait till it's being a full experiment or whatever such actually had experiment or whatever such actually had experiment or whatever such actually had to be done all the research has actually to be done all the research has actually to be done all the research has actually done it's getting too late now we need done it's getting too late now we need done it's getting too late now we need to actually respond quickly this is an to actually respond quickly this is an to actually respond quickly this is an example example example a place called blood moss down in a place called blood moss down in a place called blood moss down in dumfries and galloway on forest land dumfries and galloway on forest land dumfries and galloway on forest land scotland land scotland land scotland land and they and they and they did some of the first motion dream did some of the first motion dream did some of the first motion dream motion whole tree mulching on a bog motion whole tree mulching on a bog motion whole tree mulching on a bog there was a raised bog there was a raised bog there was a raised bog and when you went to the site after it and when you went to the site after it and when you went to the site after it had been mulched it was just phenomenal had been mulched it was just phenomenal had been mulched it was just phenomenal it was just horrendous it was just mulch it was just horrendous it was just mulch it was just horrendous it was just mulch a thick layer of mulch everywhere no a thick layer of mulch everywhere no a thick layer of mulch everywhere no plants nothing plants nothing plants nothing and about three years later the slide on and about three years later the slide on and about three years later the slide on the left things had started to grow the left things had started to grow the left things had started to grow where the tracks had sunk in you would where the tracks had sunk in you would where the tracks had sunk in you would actually get sphagnum moss coming into actually get sphagnum moss coming into actually get sphagnum moss coming into those pools those pools those pools i went back there about six years ago i went back there about six years ago i went back there about six years ago and that's what you see is on the right and that's what you see is on the right and that's what you see is on the right hand side you've still got all the chips hand side you've still got all the chips hand side you've still got all the chips and the bits of wood in the ditches you and the bits of wood in the ditches you and the bits of wood in the ditches you can see the waters quite close to the can see the waters quite close to the can see the waters quite close to the surface there but the sphagnum cover is surface there but the sphagnum cover is surface there but the sphagnum cover is just completely over the whole of the just completely over the whole of the just completely over the whole of the moss and you've actually got an active moss and you've actually got an active moss and you've actually got an active bog reforming bog reforming bog reforming and and and on the face of it if you looked at what on the face of it if you looked at what on the face of it if you looked at what we saw beginning you would think this is we saw beginning you would think this is we saw beginning you would think this is not going to be a success and it is not going to be a success and it is not going to be a success and it is actually just by going into it you can actually just by going into it you can actually just by going into it you can actually get relatively quick results or actually get relatively quick results or actually get relatively quick results or an idea of what actually actually is an idea of what actually actually is an idea of what actually actually is going to happen another lesson that i've learned is also another lesson that i've learned is also another lesson that i've learned is also about is going heavy and going now about is going heavy and going now about is going heavy and going now if you think about it a lot of the the if you think about it a lot of the the if you think about it a lot of the the peatlands that we have were originally peatlands that we have were originally peatlands that we have were originally um drained using heavy machinery and um drained using heavy machinery and um drained using heavy machinery and when they were they were drained when they were they were drained when they were they were drained initially they probably looked an initially they probably looked an initially they probably looked an absolute mess we have to probably go in absolute mess we have to probably go in absolute mess we have to probably go in and do much the same and you will lose and do much the same and you will lose and do much the same and you will lose certain biodiversity but we've got good certain biodiversity but we've got good certain biodiversity but we've got good techniques now we've got good operators techniques now we've got good operators techniques now we've got good operators and we've got better machines as well and we've got better machines as well and we've got better machines as well with much lower ground pressure with much lower ground pressure with much lower ground pressure and it's really important to kickstart and it's really important to kickstart and it's really important to kickstart peatlands off we fiddled around at the peatlands off we fiddled around at the peatlands off we fiddled around at the edges for far too long on them rather edges for far too long on them rather edges for far too long on them rather than actually going in there getting the than actually going in there getting the than actually going in there getting the water table right doing it on large water table right doing it on large water table right doing it on large enough areas now we know more what we enough areas now we know more what we enough areas now we know more what we actually need to do and i think the actually need to do and i think the actually need to do and i think the other thing is it's about doing it now other thing is it's about doing it now other thing is it's about doing it now because because because what we found in the past is by not what we found in the past is by not what we found in the past is by not doing something we have lost that doing something we have lost that doing something we have lost that interest we have lost time we've lost interest we have lost time we've lost interest we have lost time we've lost bog we've lost carbon we've lost any of bog we've lost carbon we've lost any of bog we've lost carbon we've lost any of the benefits that we could have had over the benefits that we could have had over the benefits that we could have had over the last 20 or 30 years by not actually the last 20 or 30 years by not actually the last 20 or 30 years by not actually having the confidence to actually go having the confidence to actually go having the confidence to actually go around doing it now that doesn't mean around doing it now that doesn't mean around doing it now that doesn't mean say it works every time say it works every time say it works every time but most times it actually does work and but most times it actually does work and but most times it actually does work and we learn from when we don't actually it we learn from when we don't actually it we learn from when we don't actually it does it's not successful seeing the bigger picture as a saying seeing the bigger picture as a saying seeing the bigger picture as a saying about integration of policy is not just about integration of policy is not just about integration of policy is not just about peatlands you have to think about about peatlands you have to think about about peatlands you have to think about woodlands you're saying bogwoodlands woodlands you're saying bogwoodlands woodlands you're saying bogwoodlands grasslands heathland grasslands heathland grasslands heathland the lot the lot the lot rivers rivers rivers if we think in that way we can actually if we think in that way we can actually if we think in that way we can actually integrate projects to produce much integrate projects to produce much integrate projects to produce much better outcomes rather than just a better outcomes rather than just a better outcomes rather than just a peatland restoration project we can have peatland restoration project we can have peatland restoration project we can have a peatland restoration wetlands a peatland restoration wetlands a peatland restoration wetlands complex river restoration complex complex river restoration complex complex river restoration complex all these things should be fitting all these things should be fitting all these things should be fitting together not in just iso isolated together not in just iso isolated together not in just iso isolated aspects and that i think is one of the aspects and that i think is one of the aspects and that i think is one of the key things where the most gains can come key things where the most gains can come key things where the most gains can come in the future and that's one thing i've in the future and that's one thing i've in the future and that's one thing i've learned from that learned from that learned from that how we actually do resource planning is how we actually do resource planning is how we actually do resource planning is interesting it's very target driven and interesting it's very target driven and interesting it's very target driven and that leads to sort of short-termism and that leads to sort of short-termism and that leads to sort of short-termism and i think that's when you're talking about i think that's when you're talking about i think that's when you're talking about bogs we're talking a thousand years old bogs we're talking a thousand years old bogs we're talking a thousand years old more than thousands of years more than thousands of years more than thousands of years you're actually should be looking at you're actually should be looking at you're actually should be looking at process and the process of how that process and the process of how that process and the process of how that integrates with other other systems as integrates with other other systems as integrates with other other systems as well not just well not just well not just one system you've got to think about one system you've got to think about one system you've got to think about valuing people as well because people valuing people as well because people valuing people as well because people are part of that system but also valuing are part of that system but also valuing are part of that system but also valuing our soil resources and also when we want our soil resources and also when we want our soil resources and also when we want to develop look at the true costs of to develop look at the true costs of to develop look at the true costs of that development that development that development investing in people is is one of the key investing in people is is one of the key investing in people is is one of the key things that we actually have learned things that we actually have learned things that we actually have learned that we need to do and we need to do it that we need to do and we need to do it that we need to do and we need to do it quickly to actually scale up to actually quickly to actually scale up to actually quickly to actually scale up to actually get the restoration done on the ground get the restoration done on the ground get the restoration done on the ground and as emily here from the carbon crime and as emily here from the carbon crime and as emily here from the carbon crime center working for peatland action doing center working for peatland action doing center working for peatland action doing lots of training across scotland but lots of training across scotland but lots of training across scotland but it's actually taking that training to it's actually taking that training to it's actually taking that training to the people who actually need it the people who actually need it the people who actually need it in a location that's relatively close to in a location that's relatively close to in a location that's relatively close to them it's not about drawing people them it's not about drawing people them it's not about drawing people because most most of the people doing because most most of the people doing because most most of the people doing this work are actually living where they this work are actually living where they this work are actually living where they can they live in remote relatively can they live in remote relatively can they live in remote relatively remote areas remote areas remote areas so people and action have been doing so people and action have been doing so people and action have been doing quite a quite a quite a lot of work on their own actually doing lot of work on their own actually doing lot of work on their own actually doing that that that going back to the valuing resources it going back to the valuing resources it going back to the valuing resources it isn't just about people knowing what to isn't just about people knowing what to isn't just about people knowing what to do it's do we actually learn and do we do it's do we actually learn and do we do it's do we actually learn and do we do we act on that learning the slide on do we act on that learning the slide on do we act on that learning the slide on the left when i first visited that i the left when i first visited that i the left when i first visited that i thought has this been the first road thought has this been the first road thought has this been the first road that we've ever built that we've ever built that we've ever built not to know what happens when you dig not to know what happens when you dig not to know what happens when you dig ditches and ditches and ditches and have mud around on the site because it have mud around on the site because it have mud around on the site because it it's almost like going back to basic it's almost like going back to basic it's almost like going back to basic sometimes when you go onto a site and sometimes when you go onto a site and sometimes when you go onto a site and you think um you think um you think um have we progressed and when you look at have we progressed and when you look at have we progressed and when you look at the the advert on the right you think the the advert on the right you think the the advert on the right you think well well well it does suggest that we perhaps haven't it does suggest that we perhaps haven't it does suggest that we perhaps haven't progressed if that that sort of attitude progressed if that that sort of attitude progressed if that that sort of attitude is actually being promoted that i can do is actually being promoted that i can do is actually being promoted that i can do what i want i can drive and i can treat what i want i can drive and i can treat what i want i can drive and i can treat the soil how i want and i think that's the soil how i want and i think that's the soil how i want and i think that's that's a big factor we need to actually that's a big factor we need to actually that's a big factor we need to actually change change change the attitudes of people on on soil and the attitudes of people on on soil and the attitudes of people on on soil and on the value of soil as well using our resource again using our resource again using our resource again are we making the same mistakes this are we making the same mistakes this are we making the same mistakes this photograph is back in the 1980s which photograph is back in the 1980s which photograph is back in the 1980s which you'll all know you'll all know you'll all know large areas of scotland who are planted large areas of scotland who are planted large areas of scotland who are planted up in peatlands particularly planted up up in peatlands particularly planted up up in peatlands particularly planted up with conifers with conifers with conifers quite a few of those conifers and more quite a few of those conifers and more quite a few of those conifers and more recently have blown down the interesting recently have blown down the interesting recently have blown down the interesting question will be and they're growing on question will be and they're growing on question will be and they're growing on deep peat will we replant on those areas deep peat will we replant on those areas deep peat will we replant on those areas that will be i'll leave that open that will be i'll leave that open that will be i'll leave that open because that's something i'm keen to because that's something i'm keen to because that's something i'm keen to watch and see what actually happens also wind farms in development as well also wind farms in development as well also wind farms in development as well are we actually getting what we asked are we actually getting what we asked are we actually getting what we asked for in planning conditions and different for in planning conditions and different for in planning conditions and different things like that i think in most cases things like that i think in most cases things like that i think in most cases yes we are but there are some yes we are but there are some yes we are but there are some outstanding cases where we don't get outstanding cases where we don't get outstanding cases where we don't get what we're actually asking for and that what we're actually asking for and that what we're actually asking for and that is partly because there's no particular is partly because there's no particular is partly because there's no particular follow-up on actually making sure that follow-up on actually making sure that follow-up on actually making sure that we get what we asked for and sometimes we get what we asked for and sometimes we get what we asked for and sometimes that comes back to people not always that comes back to people not always that comes back to people not always knowing what to ask for and ask for it knowing what to ask for and ask for it knowing what to ask for and ask for it quite strongly until until you actually quite strongly until until you actually quite strongly until until you actually get it this is an example here would you get it this is an example here would you get it this is an example here would you like to see this like to see this like to see this or this or this or this this this this or this or this or this for a drain i think you you probably all for a drain i think you you probably all for a drain i think you you probably all agree that the latter is what we're agree that the latter is what we're agree that the latter is what we're actually looking for actually looking for actually looking for so so so i think it's a case of actually i think it's a case of actually i think it's a case of actually making sure we know what we want and making sure we know what we want and making sure we know what we want and actually pushing for that from a soil actually pushing for that from a soil actually pushing for that from a soil point of your peak point of view point of your peak point of view point of your peak point of view whatever we're actually looking at whatever we're actually looking at whatever we're actually looking at because and making it clear because and making it clear because and making it clear how to actually achieve that because how to actually achieve that because how to actually achieve that because sometimes we have to fill in the gaps on sometimes we have to fill in the gaps on sometimes we have to fill in the gaps on that and that's where the learning by that and that's where the learning by that and that's where the learning by doing often actually helps a lot doing often actually helps a lot doing often actually helps a lot so finally so finally so finally the lessons i'm learning because i the lessons i'm learning because i the lessons i'm learning because i haven't finished learning either haven't finished learning either haven't finished learning either i think being prepared to change is a i think being prepared to change is a i think being prepared to change is a big thing that big thing that big thing that you always need to do you always need to do you always need to do and and and we we we using common sense a lot of the time using common sense a lot of the time using common sense a lot of the time that's probably about the best you're that's probably about the best you're that's probably about the best you're actually going to get is being able to actually going to get is being able to actually going to get is being able to use just common sense because the facts use just common sense because the facts use just common sense because the facts aren't always there the facts will aren't always there the facts will aren't always there the facts will follow up and hopefully they will follow up and hopefully they will follow up and hopefully they will confirm what you're actually thinking confirm what you're actually thinking confirm what you're actually thinking from using your experience and knowledge from using your experience and knowledge from using your experience and knowledge and and other scientific experiences as and and other scientific experiences as and and other scientific experiences as well well well but keto we're doing a lot of this is but keto we're doing a lot of this is but keto we're doing a lot of this is actually keeping it simple we as humans actually keeping it simple we as humans actually keeping it simple we as humans we seem to make things very very we seem to make things very very we seem to make things very very complicated complicated complicated restoration it need not be complicated restoration it need not be complicated restoration it need not be complicated at all it is actually relatively simple at all it is actually relatively simple at all it is actually relatively simple it's about looking after sphagnum moss it's about looking after sphagnum moss it's about looking after sphagnum moss looking at how that will actually the looking at how that will actually the looking at how that will actually the conditions that it will actually grow in conditions that it will actually grow in conditions that it will actually grow in and creating those conditions and creating those conditions and creating those conditions and i think one thing that we're often and i think one thing that we're often and i think one thing that we're often guilty of is not asking for more in the guilty of is not asking for more in the guilty of is not asking for more in the environment and i think that's that's environment and i think that's that's environment and i think that's that's changed quite a lot actually i think changed quite a lot actually i think changed quite a lot actually i think people are willing to give more which is people are willing to give more which is people are willing to give more which is absolutely fantastic absolutely fantastic absolutely fantastic um but we still should ask for more than um but we still should ask for more than um but we still should ask for more than we think we actually actually need we think we actually actually need we think we actually actually need because inevitably you won't get all because inevitably you won't get all because inevitably you won't get all that you want and i think the key thing that you want and i think the key thing that you want and i think the key thing in this time of climate change is you in this time of climate change is you in this time of climate change is you have to do it now i was speaking to a have to do it now i was speaking to a have to do it now i was speaking to a site manager and she site manager and she site manager and she had been waiting 17 years for a whole had been waiting 17 years for a whole had been waiting 17 years for a whole set of data to be analyzed and collected set of data to be analyzed and collected set of data to be analyzed and collected and she said well actually i'm only and she said well actually i'm only and she said well actually i'm only going to going to going to advise the same thing to do now as i was advise the same thing to do now as i was advise the same thing to do now as i was going to do 17 years ago and i think going to do 17 years ago and i think going to do 17 years ago and i think well isn't that a shame we could have well isn't that a shame we could have well isn't that a shame we could have had 17 years worth of peatlands being had 17 years worth of peatlands being had 17 years worth of peatlands being restored rather than actually having to restored rather than actually having to restored rather than actually having to wait 17 years wait 17 years wait 17 years so that's my reflections on the sort of so that's my reflections on the sort of so that's my reflections on the sort of lessons we've learned and where we've lessons we've learned and where we've lessons we've learned and where we've got to in scotland thank you thank you andrew that was a fantastic thank you andrew that was a fantastic thank you andrew that was a fantastic presentation and a great set of um you presentation and a great set of um you presentation and a great set of um you know takeaway messages at the end and know takeaway messages at the end and know takeaway messages at the end and particularly that that concept of particularly that that concept of particularly that that concept of learning by doing learning by doing learning by doing um and acting now and not waiting i um and acting now and not waiting i um and acting now and not waiting i agree totally we've we've waited a long agree totally we've we've waited a long agree totally we've we've waited a long time time time thinking about things and thinking about things and thinking about things and you know running things through our you know running things through our you know running things through our minds and i think we just need to get on minds and i think we just need to get on minds and i think we just need to get on and do it and learn from that doing as and do it and learn from that doing as and do it and learn from that doing as well but thank you thank you very much well but thank you thank you very much well but thank you thank you very much um and uh um and uh um and uh hopefully you're all thinking of hopefully you're all thinking of hopefully you're all thinking of questions that you'd like to ask at the questions that you'd like to ask at the questions that you'd like to ask at the end and we'll come back to the questions end and we'll come back to the questions end and we'll come back to the questions at the end of the session at the end of the session at the end of the session so our next speaker is dr rebecca arts so our next speaker is dr rebecca arts so our next speaker is dr rebecca arts rebecca is a senior scientist at the rebecca is a senior scientist at the rebecca is a senior scientist at the james hutton institute she leads the james hutton institute she leads the james hutton institute she leads the restoration and adaptive management team restoration and adaptive management team restoration and adaptive management team and delivers interdisciplinary projects and delivers interdisciplinary projects and delivers interdisciplinary projects on a wide range of land use matters with on a wide range of land use matters with on a wide range of land use matters with teams across various institutions and in teams across various institutions and in teams across various institutions and in co-construction with policy co-construction with policy co-construction with policy she was a co-investigation on a base she was a co-investigation on a base she was a co-investigation on a base funded work to implement peatland funded work to implement peatland funded work to implement peatland emissions reporting in the uk national emissions reporting in the uk national emissions reporting in the uk national inventor in inventory inventor in inventory inventor in inventory and led the derivation of uk specific and led the derivation of uk specific and led the derivation of uk specific emissions factors and area estimates emissions factors and area estimates emissions factors and area estimates which were the source of data for which were the source of data for which were the source of data for calculation of peatland mitigation calculation of peatland mitigation calculation of peatland mitigation potential in the committee on climate potential in the committee on climate potential in the committee on climate changes 2019 net zero assessment report changes 2019 net zero assessment report changes 2019 net zero assessment report she's presented research at cop 25 in she's presented research at cop 25 in she's presented research at cop 25 in madrid in chile and cop 26 in glasgow madrid in chile and cop 26 in glasgow madrid in chile and cop 26 in glasgow she also led hutton components within she also led hutton components within she also led hutton components within scotland's center for expertise on scotland's center for expertise on scotland's center for expertise on climate change between 2017 and 2021 and climate change between 2017 and 2021 and climate change between 2017 and 2021 and is currently on part time to comment to is currently on part time to comment to is currently on part time to comment to lead the technical advice team within lead the technical advice team within lead the technical advice team within nature scott peatland action nature scott peatland action nature scott peatland action she's a principal investigation for the she's a principal investigation for the she's a principal investigation for the mothership nerc large grant which runs mothership nerc large grant which runs mothership nerc large grant which runs from this year to 2027 and the um resas from this year to 2027 and the um resas from this year to 2027 and the um resas strategic research program centerpiece strategic research program centerpiece strategic research program centerpiece project which again runs over the same project which again runs over the same project which again runs over the same time period so over to you rebecca for some reason my screen share option for some reason my screen share option for some reason my screen share option has disappeared i don't know if the has disappeared i don't know if the has disappeared i don't know if the organizers could change that again organizers could change that again organizers could change that again ask for that again please right right right okay um so um i couldn't have asked for okay um so um i couldn't have asked for okay um so um i couldn't have asked for a better introduction and then andrew's a better introduction and then andrew's a better introduction and then andrew's talk and patricia's earlier um because talk and patricia's earlier um because talk and patricia's earlier um because mine is probably a slightly different mine is probably a slightly different mine is probably a slightly different take on take on take on um the very same topic so um um the very same topic so um um the very same topic so um while i'm currently working with um while i'm currently working with um while i'm currently working with um nature's got peach peated action for nature's got peach peated action for nature's got peach peated action for part of my time in fact half of my time part of my time in fact half of my time part of my time in fact half of my time at the moment as well to to deliver at the moment as well to to deliver at the moment as well to to deliver peatland restoration peatland restoration peatland restoration and my and my and my long-term job if you like through the long-term job if you like through the long-term job if you like through the james hutton institute has been more and james hutton institute has been more and james hutton institute has been more and providing the scientific evidence providing the scientific evidence providing the scientific evidence and in terms of current condition of and in terms of current condition of and in terms of current condition of patents and patents and patents and how we might better manage them um in how we might better manage them um in how we might better manage them um in future and monitor the effects of um future and monitor the effects of um future and monitor the effects of um changes in peatland management so changes in peatland management so changes in peatland management so um this isn't entirely scotland-focused um this isn't entirely scotland-focused um this isn't entirely scotland-focused because the remit of my uh my job and because the remit of my uh my job and because the remit of my uh my job and the team of people that i work with um the team of people that i work with um the team of people that i work with um is is more of a an eventually global is is more of a an eventually global is is more of a an eventually global reach so this is effectively a journey reach so this is effectively a journey reach so this is effectively a journey into impedance through space and time um into impedance through space and time um into impedance through space and time um as well as well as well so a quick introduction to why our small a quick introduction to why our small a quick introduction to why our small and scottish and uk peatlands are in and scottish and uk peatlands are in and scottish and uk peatlands are in fact globally important fact globally important fact globally important um as you can see here peatlands are um as you can see here peatlands are um as you can see here peatlands are the world's most amazing terrestrial the world's most amazing terrestrial the world's most amazing terrestrial carbon source because they have very carbon source because they have very carbon source because they have very slowly but um surely squirreled away slowly but um surely squirreled away slowly but um surely squirreled away um um um carbon at a rate of a .04 to one carbon at a rate of a .04 to one carbon at a rate of a .04 to one gigatons of carbon gigatons of carbon gigatons of carbon um so they are now containing um so they are now containing um so they are now containing almost a third of all the global soil almost a third of all the global soil almost a third of all the global soil carbon in general and so in their carbon in general and so in their carbon in general and so in their natural states peatlands would be carbon natural states peatlands would be carbon natural states peatlands would be carbon sinks but unfortunately they are now a sinks but unfortunately they are now a sinks but unfortunately they are now a major carbon source due to regional major carbon source due to regional major carbon source due to regional drainage and land conversion and the two drainage and land conversion and the two drainage and land conversion and the two worst offending areas are worst offending areas are worst offending areas are western europe including the uk and western europe including the uk and western europe including the uk and scotland and also southeast asia so the scotland and also southeast asia so the scotland and also southeast asia so the picture that we're looking at now is picture that we're looking at now is picture that we're looking at now is rather than peatlands globally being a rather than peatlands globally being a rather than peatlands globally being a net sink of carbon and thereby helping net sink of carbon and thereby helping net sink of carbon and thereby helping to combat climate change they're to combat climate change they're to combat climate change they're actually a net contributor and that is actually a net contributor and that is actually a net contributor and that is due to 10 of the peatland area globally due to 10 of the peatland area globally due to 10 of the peatland area globally being drained and only and that's being drained and only and that's being drained and only and that's flipped the entire global carbon sink flipped the entire global carbon sink flipped the entire global carbon sink into a net source to the tune of five into a net source to the tune of five into a net source to the tune of five percent of all anthropogenic emissions percent of all anthropogenic emissions percent of all anthropogenic emissions which is quite astonishing really which is quite astonishing really which is quite astonishing really and so to and so to and so to give you some simple numbers um give you some simple numbers um give you some simple numbers um most of you will know this to stay most of you will know this to stay most of you will know this to stay within our 1.5 degree target um globally within our 1.5 degree target um globally within our 1.5 degree target um globally of of of warming the remaining carbon budget has warming the remaining carbon budget has warming the remaining carbon budget has now been estimated as between 230 and now been estimated as between 230 and now been estimated as between 230 and 440 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide 440 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide 440 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent equivalent equivalent and those were 2020 numbers so um we're and those were 2020 numbers so um we're and those were 2020 numbers so um we're already we've already depleted that at already we've already depleted that at already we've already depleted that at some rate and the rate currently is um some rate and the rate currently is um some rate and the rate currently is um that we're probably still emitting that we're probably still emitting that we're probably still emitting around 60 gigatonnes of camber oxide around 60 gigatonnes of camber oxide around 60 gigatonnes of camber oxide globally per year um steadily declining globally per year um steadily declining globally per year um steadily declining but still not good news um and but still not good news um and but still not good news um and the uk emissions component of that is the uk emissions component of that is the uk emissions component of that is nearly half of a gigaton so when you nearly half of a gigaton so when you nearly half of a gigaton so when you think about the land area of the uk um think about the land area of the uk um think about the land area of the uk um in global terms that's that's not good in global terms that's that's not good in global terms that's that's not good news news news and when you basically then drill this and when you basically then drill this and when you basically then drill this down to the peatlands component um down to the peatlands component um down to the peatlands component um for the uk total um for the uk total um for the uk total um peatland peatland peatland emitted emitted emitted 13.7 megatons in 2019 which actually 13.7 megatons in 2019 which actually 13.7 megatons in 2019 which actually excludes the forestry sector which may excludes the forestry sector which may excludes the forestry sector which may or may not be um a net carbon sink in or may not be um a net carbon sink in or may not be um a net carbon sink in the short term the short term the short term but that figure is astonishing we are a but that figure is astonishing we are a but that figure is astonishing we are a very peat-rich nation and both within very peat-rich nation and both within very peat-rich nation and both within scotland and and also within the uk to a scotland and and also within the uk to a scotland and and also within the uk to a lesser degree when when you look at the lesser degree when when you look at the lesser degree when when you look at the distribution of peatlands and that distribution of peatlands and that distribution of peatlands and that peeling should not be a carbon source um peeling should not be a carbon source um peeling should not be a carbon source um and especially if we're looking at um and especially if we're looking at um and especially if we're looking at um the pathways that we do have the pathways that we do have the pathways that we do have in relation to limiting and global in relation to limiting and global in relation to limiting and global warming to 1.5 degrees ideally without warming to 1.5 degrees ideally without warming to 1.5 degrees ideally without any overshoot we really need to look at any overshoot we really need to look at any overshoot we really need to look at um um um emissions peaking very soon and reaching emissions peaking very soon and reaching emissions peaking very soon and reaching net zero by the early 2050s and of net zero by the early 2050s and of net zero by the early 2050s and of course both scotland and the uk have now course both scotland and the uk have now course both scotland and the uk have now legal instruments to try and get us to legal instruments to try and get us to legal instruments to try and get us to that um ideally even before the 2050 that um ideally even before the 2050 that um ideally even before the 2050 target target target so as was introduced in the introduction so as was introduced in the introduction so as was introduced in the introduction for this talk i've been part of a team for this talk i've been part of a team for this talk i've been part of a team that compiled the emission factors for that compiled the emission factors for that compiled the emission factors for um peatlands to report on in the uk um peatlands to report on in the uk um peatlands to report on in the uk greenhouse gas inventory and since 2019 greenhouse gas inventory and since 2019 greenhouse gas inventory and since 2019 these figures have now been used to these figures have now been used to these figures have now been used to report on report on report on both the current emissions and progress both the current emissions and progress both the current emissions and progress in terms of reducing uh pedal and carbon in terms of reducing uh pedal and carbon in terms of reducing uh pedal and carbon emissions um and i won't go into too emissions um and i won't go into too emissions um and i won't go into too much detail because of the time here but much detail because of the time here but much detail because of the time here but what you can see here is that um there what you can see here is that um there what you can see here is that um there are several component parts that make up are several component parts that make up are several component parts that make up the net losses from peatlands and the the net losses from peatlands and the the net losses from peatlands and the blue bars here are the losses through blue bars here are the losses through blue bars here are the losses through carbon dioxide um carbon dioxide um carbon dioxide um that's so you can see from this just the that's so you can see from this just the that's so you can see from this just the size of the bars and the the top um bars size of the bars and the the top um bars size of the bars and the the top um bars are the near natural state where the are the near natural state where the are the near natural state where the blue is effectively in the negative and blue is effectively in the negative and blue is effectively in the negative and you see the same for re-wetted sides so you see the same for re-wetted sides so you see the same for re-wetted sides so those are carbon dioxide sinks but some those are carbon dioxide sinks but some those are carbon dioxide sinks but some of that of that of that uptake is offset by losses of methane uptake is offset by losses of methane uptake is offset by losses of methane and other um components of the net and other um components of the net and other um components of the net carbon flux the more degraded um carbon flux the more degraded um carbon flux the more degraded um european um through land cover european um through land cover european um through land cover conversion drainage and in the worst conversion drainage and in the worst conversion drainage and in the worst case um conversion to grassland or even case um conversion to grassland or even case um conversion to grassland or even cropland the stronger the net carbon cropland the stronger the net carbon cropland the stronger the net carbon dioxide emissions are dioxide emissions are dioxide emissions are and then on top of that there are also and then on top of that there are also and then on top of that there are also in terms of intensive land use other um in terms of intensive land use other um in terms of intensive land use other um parts of that carbon equation such as parts of that carbon equation such as parts of that carbon equation such as dissolved organic carbon dissolved organic carbon dissolved organic carbon uh particulate organic carbon in their uh particulate organic carbon in their uh particulate organic carbon in their areas in particular and also nitrous areas in particular and also nitrous areas in particular and also nitrous oxide emissions and emissions of methane oxide emissions and emissions of methane oxide emissions and emissions of methane from the ditches so these add up so the from the ditches so these add up so the from the ditches so these add up so the same data reimagined and now with um the same data reimagined and now with um the same data reimagined and now with um the errors and added so these are the errors and added so these are the errors and added so these are the uncertainties in each of the emission uncertainties in each of the emission uncertainties in each of the emission factors factors factors um compiled in quadrature and if you um compiled in quadrature and if you um compiled in quadrature and if you look at the total carbon budget for look at the total carbon budget for look at the total carbon budget for peatlands under different condition on peatlands under different condition on peatlands under different condition on land cover categories it's only the near land cover categories it's only the near land cover categories it's only the near natural sites that we can say with natural sites that we can say with natural sites that we can say with reasonable confidence are currently reasonable confidence are currently reasonable confidence are currently either net sinks or either net sinks or either net sinks or probably statistically speaking not probably statistically speaking not probably statistically speaking not different from zero in terms of their different from zero in terms of their different from zero in terms of their carbon accumulation carbon accumulation carbon accumulation and all others apart from re-wetted and all others apart from re-wetted and all others apart from re-wetted fence are fence are fence are currently very much net sources of currently very much net sources of currently very much net sources of carbon dioxide carbon dioxide carbon dioxide and so you can then use these figures to and so you can then use these figures to and so you can then use these figures to look at potential and abatement look at potential and abatement look at potential and abatement and if these areas were restored so on a and if these areas were restored so on a and if these areas were restored so on a per hectare basis and as you can see per hectare basis and as you can see per hectare basis and as you can see here again adding up all the here again adding up all the here again adding up all the uncertainties in the data it gets quite uncertainties in the data it gets quite uncertainties in the data it gets quite messy but to the best of our knowledge messy but to the best of our knowledge messy but to the best of our knowledge at the moment and and these data are at the moment and and these data are at the moment and and these data are actually still being worked on and actually still being worked on and actually still being worked on and updated on an annual basis and we see updated on an annual basis and we see updated on an annual basis and we see that pretty much any um re-wetting of that pretty much any um re-wetting of that pretty much any um re-wetting of peatlands gives um peatlands gives um peatlands gives um statistically statistically statistically valid abatement potential possibly with valid abatement potential possibly with valid abatement potential possibly with the exception of modified bugs so very the exception of modified bugs so very the exception of modified bugs so very mildly converted bugs where actually our mildly converted bugs where actually our mildly converted bugs where actually our data sources are still quite sparse so data sources are still quite sparse so data sources are still quite sparse so the jury is still a little bit out on the jury is still a little bit out on the jury is still a little bit out on that one and one thing i need to add to that one and one thing i need to add to that one and one thing i need to add to this is that um where we haven't this is that um where we haven't this is that um where we haven't assumed here that abatement potential assumed here that abatement potential assumed here that abatement potential means subtracting the means subtracting the means subtracting the um um um net emissions from degraded borg net emissions from degraded borg net emissions from degraded borg with those of a near natural site we've with those of a near natural site we've with those of a near natural site we've actually with these assessments looked actually with these assessments looked actually with these assessments looked at and the most likely scenario so going at and the most likely scenario so going at and the most likely scenario so going from cropland to um the re-wetted state from cropland to um the re-wetted state from cropland to um the re-wetted state rather than cropland to intact because rather than cropland to intact because rather than cropland to intact because um against the 20 45 or 2050 target it's um against the 20 45 or 2050 target it's um against the 20 45 or 2050 target it's probably not feasible to restore back to probably not feasible to restore back to probably not feasible to restore back to the carbon sink function of a of a the carbon sink function of a of a the carbon sink function of a of a near-natural side so these figures near-natural side so these figures near-natural side so these figures already include um a very um cautious already include um a very um cautious already include um a very um cautious approach in terms of assessing abatement approach in terms of assessing abatement approach in terms of assessing abatement potential potential potential and so this then leads on to um using and so this then leads on to um using and so this then leads on to um using peatland restoration as a as part of the peatland restoration as a as part of the peatland restoration as a as part of the suite of meta methods to achieve net suite of meta methods to achieve net suite of meta methods to achieve net zero so as also andrew has introduced zero so as also andrew has introduced zero so as also andrew has introduced and this is and this is and this is um going forward at great speed um and um going forward at great speed um and um going forward at great speed um and as patricia needs to be speeded up as patricia needs to be speeded up as patricia needs to be speeded up rapidly as well to achieve net zeo we're rapidly as well to achieve net zeo we're rapidly as well to achieve net zeo we're talking about talking about talking about um probably in excess of a million um probably in excess of a million um probably in excess of a million hectares of peatland in scotland alone hectares of peatland in scotland alone hectares of peatland in scotland alone that is in need of some form of that is in need of some form of that is in need of some form of re-wetting or restoration and so we need re-wetting or restoration and so we need re-wetting or restoration and so we need to really speed this up rapidly but we to really speed this up rapidly but we to really speed this up rapidly but we also need to show and that that also need to show and that that also need to show and that that restoration produces robust outcomes and restoration produces robust outcomes and restoration produces robust outcomes and andrew has shown some very great andrew has shown some very great andrew has shown some very great examples of the the interim outcomes um examples of the the interim outcomes um examples of the the interim outcomes um which is fantastic so um i will also which is fantastic so um i will also which is fantastic so um i will also show some show some show some further um of the further um of the further um of the research ongoing research programs here research ongoing research programs here research ongoing research programs here so just as a brief interlude i'll delve so just as a brief interlude i'll delve so just as a brief interlude i'll delve a little bit into a little bit into a little bit into more of the science about how we measure more of the science about how we measure more of the science about how we measure uh specifically carbon emissions uh specifically carbon emissions uh specifically carbon emissions so um with the exception of so um with the exception of so um with the exception of the aqueous losses of carbon um the aqueous losses of carbon um the aqueous losses of carbon um which is shown in these little bottles which is shown in these little bottles which is shown in these little bottles here here here where we are measuring um the color of where we are measuring um the color of where we are measuring um the color of water effectively by looking at water effectively by looking at water effectively by looking at dissolved organic carbon concentrations dissolved organic carbon concentrations dissolved organic carbon concentrations and and and converting that to a flux by converting that to a flux by converting that to a flux by measurements of the amount and volumes measurements of the amount and volumes measurements of the amount and volumes of water and the the of water and the the of water and the the timing of the water flow and the rest of timing of the water flow and the rest of timing of the water flow and the rest of the gaseous emissions are frequently the gaseous emissions are frequently the gaseous emissions are frequently measured with a variety of techniques measured with a variety of techniques measured with a variety of techniques but the the gold standard really here but the the gold standard really here but the the gold standard really here are and these systems which colloquially are and these systems which colloquially are and these systems which colloquially are called flux towers and but these are called flux towers and but these are called flux towers and but these really measure utilize a method called really measure utilize a method called really measure utilize a method called the eddy covariance technique the eddy covariance technique the eddy covariance technique and effectively what this is is and effectively what this is is and effectively what this is is utilizing the fact that um utilizing the fact that um utilizing the fact that um changes in conditions in air movement changes in conditions in air movement changes in conditions in air movement produce a certain amount of turbulence produce a certain amount of turbulence produce a certain amount of turbulence and this turbulence as you can see here and this turbulence as you can see here and this turbulence as you can see here produces effectively eddies of upward produces effectively eddies of upward produces effectively eddies of upward and downward moving air parcels and and downward moving air parcels and and downward moving air parcels and these air parcels carry carbon dioxide these air parcels carry carbon dioxide these air parcels carry carbon dioxide or methane or nitrous oxide if if that's or methane or nitrous oxide if if that's or methane or nitrous oxide if if that's what you're measuring on site so if what you're measuring on site so if what you're measuring on site so if you've got an instrument at a fixed you've got an instrument at a fixed you've got an instrument at a fixed point point point in relation to the movement of airflow in relation to the movement of airflow in relation to the movement of airflow and if you've got a fast measuring and if you've got a fast measuring and if you've got a fast measuring instrument it can measure basically the instrument it can measure basically the instrument it can measure basically the side of these eddies and and decide side of these eddies and and decide side of these eddies and and decide whether the air is moving downward or whether the air is moving downward or whether the air is moving downward or upward and by that you can then upward and by that you can then upward and by that you can then determine the flux determine the flux determine the flux and so because the instrument is in one and so because the instrument is in one and so because the instrument is in one particular point in space and and your particular point in space and and your particular point in space and and your ear movement is three-dimensional we're ear movement is three-dimensional we're ear movement is three-dimensional we're not measuring the same location in space not measuring the same location in space not measuring the same location in space at all times so what we're measuring is at all times so what we're measuring is at all times so what we're measuring is effectively a footprint which varies effectively a footprint which varies effectively a footprint which varies through time in through time in through time in in 3d so that's the kind of exciting bit in 3d so that's the kind of exciting bit in 3d so that's the kind of exciting bit that we can measure of different parcels that we can measure of different parcels that we can measure of different parcels of a landscape of a landscape of a landscape and so just to show you where we're at and so just to show you where we're at and so just to show you where we're at at the moment and this is a map of the at the moment and this is a map of the at the moment and this is a map of the current um greenhouse gas monitoring current um greenhouse gas monitoring current um greenhouse gas monitoring network um using flux towers and that's network um using flux towers and that's network um using flux towers and that's the the most up-to-date situation so at the the most up-to-date situation so at the the most up-to-date situation so at present there are present there are present there are um 10 eddie covariance flux towers on um 10 eddie covariance flux towers on um 10 eddie covariance flux towers on pitland already in place and as of last pitland already in place and as of last pitland already in place and as of last week um week um week um we've received news that there will be we've received news that there will be we've received news that there will be another three added to this so this will another three added to this so this will another three added to this so this will probably add to fill some of the spatial probably add to fill some of the spatial probably add to fill some of the spatial undersampling in this map undersampling in this map undersampling in this map and also we are working with further and also we are working with further and also we are working with further partners um who are also adding partners um who are also adding partners um who are also adding potentially two other towers to these potentially two other towers to these potentially two other towers to these locations predominantly in the central locations predominantly in the central locations predominantly in the central belt and in the southwest of scotland belt and in the southwest of scotland belt and in the southwest of scotland and because this is quite expensive um and because this is quite expensive um and because this is quite expensive um kit and it's this is actually a kit and it's this is actually a kit and it's this is actually a consortium effort between a number of consortium effort between a number of consortium effort between a number of organizations as you can see here on the organizations as you can see here on the organizations as you can see here on the right right right and where this data then also feeds into and where this data then also feeds into and where this data then also feeds into is into a larger european and ultimately is into a larger european and ultimately is into a larger european and ultimately global network of flux parasites so you global network of flux parasites so you global network of flux parasites so you can see there in the image on the right can see there in the image on the right can see there in the image on the right and the representation of um and the representation of um and the representation of um monitoring locations in relation to the monitoring locations in relation to the monitoring locations in relation to the climate regions across europe so in the climate regions across europe so in the climate regions across europe so in the green is the oceanic temperate zone of green is the oceanic temperate zone of green is the oceanic temperate zone of course which is heavily represented by course which is heavily represented by course which is heavily represented by um the uk and ireland and other parts of um the uk and ireland and other parts of um the uk and ireland and other parts of um um um more temperate europe and then we move more temperate europe and then we move more temperate europe and then we move into the blue temperate zone and the into the blue temperate zone and the into the blue temperate zone and the dark blue greyish areas of the boreal dark blue greyish areas of the boreal dark blue greyish areas of the boreal and then into the into the orange and and then into the into the orange and and then into the into the orange and yellow yellows were more into yellow yellows were more into yellow yellows were more into tropical types of climates and of course tropical types of climates and of course tropical types of climates and of course these are ever changing so what this these are ever changing so what this these are ever changing so what this network also allows us to do is to look network also allows us to do is to look network also allows us to do is to look at climate change at climate change at climate change and and and as i said there is and also as others as i said there is and also as others as i said there is and also as others have mentioned before have mentioned before have mentioned before and there are often indicators that we and there are often indicators that we and there are often indicators that we can use um can use um can use um of of of potential potential potential net losses of carbon dioxide and methane net losses of carbon dioxide and methane net losses of carbon dioxide and methane and i was and i was and i was involved in a synthesis of work to look involved in a synthesis of work to look involved in a synthesis of work to look at the potential drivers of carbon at the potential drivers of carbon at the potential drivers of carbon dioxide and methane losses and this was dioxide and methane losses and this was dioxide and methane losses and this was published last year in nature where we published last year in nature where we published last year in nature where we showed that showed that showed that when you look at these very when you look at these very when you look at these very sort of gold standard sites of eddie sort of gold standard sites of eddie sort of gold standard sites of eddie covariance measurements and there is covariance measurements and there is covariance measurements and there is very strong indication that over the very strong indication that over the very strong indication that over the medium term at least when we're talking medium term at least when we're talking medium term at least when we're talking looking at kind of looking at kind of looking at kind of multi-year data sets that there's a multi-year data sets that there's a multi-year data sets that there's a linear relationship of the losses of linear relationship of the losses of linear relationship of the losses of carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide and relative to the net relative to the net relative to the net um losses certainly there's a linear um losses certainly there's a linear um losses certainly there's a linear relationship between the annual water relationship between the annual water relationship between the annual water table depth and the net losses of carbon table depth and the net losses of carbon table depth and the net losses of carbon dioxide and there's a dioxide and there's a dioxide and there's a an inverse relationship between the an inverse relationship between the an inverse relationship between the water table depth and water table depth and water table depth and methane losses which is also non-linear methane losses which is also non-linear methane losses which is also non-linear so in that large graph in the middle so in that large graph in the middle so in that large graph in the middle what you can see is if you superimpose what you can see is if you superimpose what you can see is if you superimpose the two so the green line is the carbon the two so the green line is the carbon the two so the green line is the carbon dioxide losses which increase as you dioxide losses which increase as you dioxide losses which increase as you drain aside and in orange is the line drain aside and in orange is the line drain aside and in orange is the line for methane and methane losses increase for methane and methane losses increase for methane and methane losses increase the more inundated site is and and then the more inundated site is and and then the more inundated site is and and then the black line basically uses um those the black line basically uses um those the black line basically uses um those two in combination and as you can see two in combination and as you can see two in combination and as you can see there's a kind of sweet spot around five there's a kind of sweet spot around five there's a kind of sweet spot around five to ten centimeters below the water below to ten centimeters below the water below to ten centimeters below the water below the surface of a peatland where it's the surface of a peatland where it's the surface of a peatland where it's just right and in net terms you've got just right and in net terms you've got just right and in net terms you've got um a carbon sink um for um a carbon sink um for um a carbon sink um for and the combined balance of carbon and the combined balance of carbon and the combined balance of carbon dioxide and methane and of course there dioxide and methane and of course there dioxide and methane and of course there are small additional elements as we are small additional elements as we are small additional elements as we showed earlier of docpoc and and other showed earlier of docpoc and and other showed earlier of docpoc and and other factors potentially but that's usually factors potentially but that's usually factors potentially but that's usually roughly the sweet spot roughly the sweet spot roughly the sweet spot the issue is what we don't yet know is the issue is what we don't yet know is the issue is what we don't yet know is how stable that sweet spot is and how how stable that sweet spot is and how how stable that sweet spot is and how whether there are regional differences whether there are regional differences whether there are regional differences in relation to in relation to in relation to local climatic factors that influence local climatic factors that influence local climatic factors that influence that sweet spot so this is effectively a that sweet spot so this is effectively a that sweet spot so this is effectively a synthesis of temperate regions synthesis of temperate regions synthesis of temperate regions and might need a lot more work to and might need a lot more work to and might need a lot more work to disentangle that for for local specific disentangle that for for local specific disentangle that for for local specific locations locations locations and so just to briefly introduce in the and so just to briefly introduce in the and so just to briefly introduce in the last few minutes i've got um where all last few minutes i've got um where all last few minutes i've got um where all of this and monitoring network comes in of this and monitoring network comes in of this and monitoring network comes in this into two major new five-year this into two major new five-year this into two major new five-year projects um which are um projects um which are um projects um which are um respectively funded by nerg respectively funded by nerg respectively funded by nerg ukri which is the mothership project and ukri which is the mothership project and ukri which is the mothership project and also by also by also by the recess division within scottish the recess division within scottish the recess division within scottish government which is the centerpiece government which is the centerpiece government which is the centerpiece project and although the fluxtar network project and although the fluxtar network project and although the fluxtar network effectively delivers to both of these effectively delivers to both of these effectively delivers to both of these projects they have slightly different projects they have slightly different projects they have slightly different slightly different focus so the slightly different focus so the slightly different focus so the mothership project is very much about mothership project is very much about mothership project is very much about large-scale modelling and developing large-scale modelling and developing large-scale modelling and developing models and the focus here is on the models and the focus here is on the models and the focus here is on the resilience of peatlands in relation to resilience of peatlands in relation to resilience of peatlands in relation to climate change climate change climate change so at the moment we have fairly short so at the moment we have fairly short so at the moment we have fairly short data series from most of these sites but data series from most of these sites but data series from most of these sites but we can already see for example here that we can already see for example here that we can already see for example here that in drought years following in drought years following in drought years following for example the 2018 example here um for example the 2018 example here um for example the 2018 example here um sites have a tendency um to flip into a sites have a tendency um to flip into a sites have a tendency um to flip into a more more more carbon emitting state and carbon emitting state and carbon emitting state and the long-term observations longer-term the long-term observations longer-term the long-term observations longer-term observations that we will be able to observations that we will be able to observations that we will be able to gather here in this project in relation gather here in this project in relation gather here in this project in relation to already existing data will be able to to already existing data will be able to to already existing data will be able to interrogate in relation to drought interrogate in relation to drought interrogate in relation to drought frequencies frequencies frequencies in a little bit more detail and use in a little bit more detail and use in a little bit more detail and use these to parametrize various models these to parametrize various models these to parametrize various models the centipede project on the other hand the centipede project on the other hand the centipede project on the other hand focuses very much on scottish feedlands focuses very much on scottish feedlands focuses very much on scottish feedlands and what we will look at here is the and what we will look at here is the and what we will look at here is the transitions so at the moment most of the transitions so at the moment most of the transitions so at the moment most of the data series you have that we have are data series you have that we have are data series you have that we have are from sites that have been in a in a from sites that have been in a in a from sites that have been in a in a static state of land use or a land cover static state of land use or a land cover static state of land use or a land cover and very few stations so far have looked and very few stations so far have looked and very few stations so far have looked at the transition especially post at the transition especially post at the transition especially post re-wetting so what we were looking at re-wetting so what we were looking at re-wetting so what we were looking at here is basically the change between the here is basically the change between the here is basically the change between the top and top and top and the bottom state which at the moment the bottom state which at the moment the bottom state which at the moment we're not we're not yet capturing we're not we're not yet capturing we're not we're not yet capturing so these graphs actually show the kind so these graphs actually show the kind so these graphs actually show the kind of cumulative amount of carbon dioxide of cumulative amount of carbon dioxide of cumulative amount of carbon dioxide in in sites so the top one is kind of in in sites so the top one is kind of in in sites so the top one is kind of reflective of a moderately drained site reflective of a moderately drained site reflective of a moderately drained site where in some years it's accumulating where in some years it's accumulating where in some years it's accumulating carbon and zombies it's losing a little carbon and zombies it's losing a little carbon and zombies it's losing a little more carbon over the longer term period more carbon over the longer term period more carbon over the longer term period it's effectively around about zero in it's effectively around about zero in it's effectively around about zero in terms of net accumulation whereas the terms of net accumulation whereas the terms of net accumulation whereas the bottom plot really shows you a strongly bottom plot really shows you a strongly bottom plot really shows you a strongly accumulating intact site so in accumulating intact site so in accumulating intact site so in cumulative terms that's how peatlands cumulative terms that's how peatlands cumulative terms that's how peatlands work they're slow but steady work they're slow but steady work they're slow but steady accumulation and accumulation and accumulation and locations locations locations so so so what we're going to do with these data what we're going to do with these data what we're going to do with these data is not just related to carbon although is not just related to carbon although is not just related to carbon although this has been a very carbon focused um this has been a very carbon focused um this has been a very carbon focused um talk so far um effectively both of these talk so far um effectively both of these talk so far um effectively both of these projects in with slightly different projects in with slightly different projects in with slightly different spatial remits are looking at the spatial remits are looking at the spatial remits are looking at the whole complement of resilience it's not whole complement of resilience it's not whole complement of resilience it's not just about the exchange of carbon it's just about the exchange of carbon it's just about the exchange of carbon it's also about water and energy dynamics so also about water and energy dynamics so also about water and energy dynamics so and how these sites function under and how these sites function under and how these sites function under drought conditions under extreme weather drought conditions under extreme weather drought conditions under extreme weather conditions the other direction and also conditions the other direction and also conditions the other direction and also in the longer term with global warming in the longer term with global warming in the longer term with global warming and all of these projects are augmented and all of these projects are augmented and all of these projects are augmented with a number of earth observations and with a number of earth observations and with a number of earth observations and also on-site hydrological measurements also on-site hydrological measurements also on-site hydrological measurements and modeling of elements such as andre and modeling of elements such as andre and modeling of elements such as andre mentioned the the distribution of water mentioned the the distribution of water mentioned the the distribution of water across the sites and off the sides so across the sites and off the sides so across the sites and off the sides so there are also aspects of modeling uh there are also aspects of modeling uh there are also aspects of modeling uh the lateral flow of water within and and the lateral flow of water within and and the lateral flow of water within and and off each peeling location at different off each peeling location at different off each peeling location at different spatial scales of course spatial scales of course spatial scales of course and so as i finally alluded to both of and so as i finally alluded to both of and so as i finally alluded to both of these projects are also aiming to build these projects are also aiming to build these projects are also aiming to build better and more robust peatland model better and more robust peatland model better and more robust peatland model representations and although the proof representations and although the proof representations and although the proof is in the pudding on site and we don't is in the pudding on site and we don't is in the pudding on site and we don't always have the resources to do always have the resources to do always have the resources to do everything everywhere so this is where everything everywhere so this is where everything everywhere so this is where models can come in handy so within the models can come in handy so within the models can come in handy so within the mothership project we're aiming to mothership project we're aiming to mothership project we're aiming to develop the um uk land surface model develop the um uk land surface model develop the um uk land surface model jewels jewels jewels that also then feeds into earth systems that also then feeds into earth systems that also then feeds into earth systems models and ultimately into the likes of models and ultimately into the likes of models and ultimately into the likes of ipcc assessments so we can really look ipcc assessments so we can really look ipcc assessments so we can really look at potential management and at potential management and at potential management and interventions and their impact on the interventions and their impact on the interventions and their impact on the long-term resilience of peatlands long-term resilience of peatlands long-term resilience of peatlands in in the long term in global terms not in in the long term in global terms not in in the long term in global terms not just um the uk and in a scottish context just um the uk and in a scottish context just um the uk and in a scottish context we we will use a more process based we we will use a more process based we we will use a more process based model called dndc to fine-tune the model called dndc to fine-tune the model called dndc to fine-tune the differences between um different differences between um different differences between um different bioclimatically different regions across bioclimatically different regions across bioclimatically different regions across scotland scotland scotland so i'll just um as a quick warning and so i'll just um as a quick warning and so i'll just um as a quick warning and this comes back to andrew's mention of this comes back to andrew's mention of this comes back to andrew's mention of going heavy and going now um so coming going heavy and going now um so coming going heavy and going now um so coming back to the start of my talk we know back to the start of my talk we know back to the start of my talk we know that we only have a very small remaining that we only have a very small remaining that we only have a very small remaining carbon budget to stay within 1.5 degrees carbon budget to stay within 1.5 degrees carbon budget to stay within 1.5 degrees celsius celsius celsius and i'm an optimist and i have a child and i'm an optimist and i have a child and i'm an optimist and i have a child and so i'd like to say we can do this and so i'd like to say we can do this and so i'd like to say we can do this um but the consequences of not doing um but the consequences of not doing um but the consequences of not doing this and not staying within 1.5 degrees this and not staying within 1.5 degrees this and not staying within 1.5 degrees is it's horrendous for humanity as a is it's horrendous for humanity as a is it's horrendous for humanity as a whole it's also a horrendous for um whole it's also a horrendous for um whole it's also a horrendous for um piglets piglets piglets so at the moment we're working on so at the moment we're working on so at the moment we're working on slightly out of date uh projections but slightly out of date uh projections but slightly out of date uh projections but this is work that we're picking up for this is work that we're picking up for this is work that we're picking up for example in the mothership project and example in the mothership project and example in the mothership project and with with our project partners that's to with with our project partners that's to with with our project partners that's to look at the fate of um peatlands in the look at the fate of um peatlands in the look at the fate of um peatlands in the uk and also um in europe um european uk and also um in europe um european uk and also um in europe um european peatlands alone store 42 gigatons of peatlands alone store 42 gigatons of peatlands alone store 42 gigatons of carbon the scottish peatlands store carbon the scottish peatlands store carbon the scottish peatlands store three and a half gigatons of carbon if three and a half gigatons of carbon if three and a half gigatons of carbon if you put that against the globally you put that against the globally you put that against the globally remaining carbon budget it's not good remaining carbon budget it's not good remaining carbon budget it's not good news news news and if you look at the projections with and if you look at the projections with and if you look at the projections with admittedly out of date and uk admittedly out of date and uk admittedly out of date and uk cp climate scenarios um you can see a cp climate scenarios um you can see a cp climate scenarios um you can see a distinct potential for um the available distinct potential for um the available distinct potential for um the available space for peatlands disappearing so space for peatlands disappearing so space for peatlands disappearing so these these images don't show these these images don't show these these images don't show disappearance of peatlands per se but disappearance of peatlands per se but disappearance of peatlands per se but they show disappearance of the they show disappearance of the they show disappearance of the conditions for peedlings to form so we conditions for peedlings to form so we conditions for peedlings to form so we are really racing against time and so are really racing against time and so are really racing against time and so that's why i wanted to stop we we know that's why i wanted to stop we we know that's why i wanted to stop we we know we've we've got to put diggers on we've we've got to put diggers on we've we've got to put diggers on payments and they use fossil fuel and payments and they use fossil fuel and payments and they use fossil fuel and but it does come back to what andrew but it does come back to what andrew but it does come back to what andrew mentioned so if we don't do this now mentioned so if we don't do this now mentioned so if we don't do this now we're running out of time and i have run we're running out of time and i have run we're running out of time and i have run out of time so i'm just summarizing this out of time so i'm just summarizing this out of time so i'm just summarizing this is what our work contributes and global is what our work contributes and global is what our work contributes and global efforts to understand current and future efforts to understand current and future efforts to understand current and future losses of carbon from peatlands the losses of carbon from peatlands the losses of carbon from peatlands the national efforts to calculate emission national efforts to calculate emission national efforts to calculate emission savings potential verifying also carbon savings potential verifying also carbon savings potential verifying also carbon credit schemes for example the peatland credit schemes for example the peatland credit schemes for example the peatland code and then ultimately um global code and then ultimately um global code and then ultimately um global efforts to model the future peters so i efforts to model the future peters so i efforts to model the future peters so i i have to give credit to an enormous i have to give credit to an enormous i have to give credit to an enormous team of people here who are part of team of people here who are part of team of people here who are part of these projects and so that's i'm just these projects and so that's i'm just these projects and so that's i'm just briefly shown showing them all and with briefly shown showing them all and with briefly shown showing them all and with that i would like to say thank you and that i would like to say thank you and that i would like to say thank you and i'm ready for your questions thank you very much rebecca that was a thank you very much rebecca that was a thank you very much rebecca that was a fantastic follow-on from from andrew's fantastic follow-on from from andrew's fantastic follow-on from from andrew's presentation and i think those two presentation and i think those two presentation and i think those two those two presentations together really those two presentations together really those two presentations together really do hit that message home that we you do hit that message home that we you do hit that message home that we you know we need to do something now and know we need to do something now and know we need to do something now and this is a this is a this is a a fantastic resource but you know a fantastic resource but you know a fantastic resource but you know ultimately a critical resource to get ultimately a critical resource to get ultimately a critical resource to get right in the future um so yeah so thank right in the future um so yeah so thank right in the future um so yeah so thank you both very much for those um i'm you both very much for those um i'm you both very much for those um i'm pleased now to to welcome izzy lloyd who pleased now to to welcome izzy lloyd who pleased now to to welcome izzy lloyd who is one of our early career committee is one of our early career committee is one of our early career committee members um izzy's been monitoring the members um izzy's been monitoring the members um izzy's been monitoring the questions you've been sending in questions you've been sending in questions you've been sending in um it's 12 50 now so hopefully you've um it's 12 50 now so hopefully you've um it's 12 50 now so hopefully you've got all your questions in um and got all your questions in um and got all your questions in um and hopefully you've got time to get through hopefully you've got time to get through hopefully you've got time to get through as many of them as possible so i'll hand as many of them as possible so i'll hand as many of them as possible so i'll hand over to you lizzy now over to you lizzy now over to you lizzy now great thank you yeah we've had loads of great thank you yeah we've had loads of great thank you yeah we've had loads of questions in the chat so um that's great questions in the chat so um that's great questions in the chat so um that's great thank you everyone for sending them in thank you everyone for sending them in thank you everyone for sending them in and thank you again rebecca and andrew and thank you again rebecca and andrew and thank you again rebecca and andrew they were really they were really they were really bad presentations um i'm going to start bad presentations um i'm going to start bad presentations um i'm going to start with this one that's come through um with this one that's come through um with this one that's come through um during andrew's um talk but rebecca of during andrew's um talk but rebecca of during andrew's um talk but rebecca of course if it applies to you as well course if it applies to you as well course if it applies to you as well please feel free to respond so the please feel free to respond so the please feel free to respond so the question is are there any implications question is are there any implications question is are there any implications for restoring peatlands directly after a for restoring peatlands directly after a for restoring peatlands directly after a tree felling event um for example if you tree felling event um for example if you tree felling event um for example if you were transforming forestry to a bog um were transforming forestry to a bog um were transforming forestry to a bog um whereas normally peatlands would be left whereas normally peatlands would be left whereas normally peatlands would be left alone for about three years so are there alone for about three years so are there alone for about three years so are there any kind of differences um in those any kind of differences um in those any kind of differences um in those scenarios scenarios scenarios yeah there is i think what we found from yeah there is i think what we found from yeah there is i think what we found from the point of view it depends on the crop the point of view it depends on the crop the point of view it depends on the crop growth if the crop growth has been good growth if the crop growth has been good growth if the crop growth has been good then you need to actually leave it for a then you need to actually leave it for a then you need to actually leave it for a while to to start the roots actually while to to start the roots actually while to to start the roots actually breaking down if the crop growth is breaking down if the crop growth is breaking down if the crop growth is being poor it's very easy to actually go being poor it's very easy to actually go being poor it's very easy to actually go in there and i think one of the in there and i think one of the in there and i think one of the techniques that i didn't talk about was techniques that i didn't talk about was techniques that i didn't talk about was um stump inversion we've done a lot more um stump inversion we've done a lot more um stump inversion we've done a lot more of that more recently and the results of that more recently and the results of that more recently and the results that have come from doing that have been that have come from doing that have been that have come from doing that have been quite outstanding they're just quite outstanding they're just quite outstanding they're just completely staggering again it's a bit completely staggering again it's a bit completely staggering again it's a bit like the emotion you look at it and you like the emotion you look at it and you like the emotion you look at it and you think crumbs is never going to come back think crumbs is never going to come back think crumbs is never going to come back but within a year you start seeing signs but within a year you start seeing signs but within a year you start seeing signs of bug vegetation so of bug vegetation so of bug vegetation so i think it's it's it's often it's quite i think it's it's it's often it's quite i think it's it's it's often it's quite difficult to to actually say difficult to to actually say difficult to to actually say i think one of the things that people i think one of the things that people i think one of the things that people are concerned people with um like the are concerned people with um like the are concerned people with um like the mulching particularly and also telling mulching particularly and also telling mulching particularly and also telling trees as well is what is the outputs trees as well is what is the outputs trees as well is what is the outputs from that from the point of view of um from that from the point of view of um from that from the point of view of um soil soil soil nutrients being lost nutrients being lost nutrients being lost but but but again i don't think there's been again i don't think there's been again i don't think there's been probably enough research done on that probably enough research done on that probably enough research done on that and that and but i suspect a lot of a and that and but i suspect a lot of a and that and but i suspect a lot of a lot of what's there is actually locked lot of what's there is actually locked lot of what's there is actually locked up because what like the picture i up because what like the picture i up because what like the picture i showed when you dug down below the wood showed when you dug down below the wood showed when you dug down below the wood was in perfect condition underneath and was in perfect condition underneath and was in perfect condition underneath and underneath that sphagnum so i suspect underneath that sphagnum so i suspect underneath that sphagnum so i suspect the acid conditions the higher water the acid conditions the higher water the acid conditions the higher water table and this this comes back to about table and this this comes back to about table and this this comes back to about hitting sites hard because if you if you hitting sites hard because if you if you hitting sites hard because if you if you have a water table that's fluctuating as have a water table that's fluctuating as have a water table that's fluctuating as rebecca was um saying with a methane rebecca was um saying with a methane rebecca was um saying with a methane that's when you start getting much more that's when you start getting much more that's when you start getting much more methane production i'll stop there let methane production i'll stop there let methane production i'll stop there let rework i say something yeah have you got anything to add on yeah have you got anything to add on yeah have you got anything to add on that rebecca that rebecca that rebecca not much to add other than yes there are not much to add other than yes there are not much to add other than yes there are there there there it's likely that there's immobilization it's likely that there's immobilization it's likely that there's immobilization of a lot of these nutrients especially of a lot of these nutrients especially of a lot of these nutrients especially if you do manage to get the water table if you do manage to get the water table if you do manage to get the water table up quite rapidly and what a lot of these up quite rapidly and what a lot of these up quite rapidly and what a lot of these sites have is a quite a depleted sites have is a quite a depleted sites have is a quite a depleted microbial biomass and so and especially microbial biomass and so and especially microbial biomass and so and especially if there's been a long-term change in in if there's been a long-term change in in if there's been a long-term change in in land use preceding a change so they're land use preceding a change so they're land use preceding a change so they're ready and waiting to immobilize ready and waiting to immobilize ready and waiting to immobilize nutrients nutrients nutrients oh brilliant oh brilliant oh brilliant i had another question um which again i had another question um which again i had another question um which again could um go to either of you um in the could um go to either of you um in the could um go to either of you um in the chat saying is there any work underway chat saying is there any work underway chat saying is there any work underway or are there any plans to engage or are there any plans to engage or are there any plans to engage government bodies and the scotch whiskey government bodies and the scotch whiskey government bodies and the scotch whiskey association to drive a change in the association to drive a change in the association to drive a change in the usage of pete in the whiskey industry usage of pete in the whiskey industry usage of pete in the whiskey industry i don't know who's best to take that one i don't know who's best to take that one i don't know who's best to take that one i'll i'll answer answer that because i i'll i'll answer answer that because i i'll i'll answer answer that because i actually um i'm working for a whiskey actually um i'm working for a whiskey actually um i'm working for a whiskey company at the moment and yes it's very company at the moment and yes it's very company at the moment and yes it's very much high on the agenda and not it's much high on the agenda and not it's much high on the agenda and not it's looking they already have looked at how looking they already have looked at how looking they already have looked at how much peak they use and using that peaked much peak they use and using that peaked much peak they use and using that peaked efficiently and the long-term way efficiently and the long-term way efficiently and the long-term way that pete is harvested and also that pete is harvested and also that pete is harvested and also peatland restoration well so peatland restoration well so peatland restoration well so certain certain certain companies within um the scottish whiskey companies within um the scottish whiskey companies within um the scottish whiskey industry are already doing that and industry are already doing that and industry are already doing that and establishing sites where peatland establishing sites where peatland establishing sites where peatland restoration is taking place and looking restoration is taking place and looking restoration is taking place and looking at the whole process because it like for at the whole process because it like for at the whole process because it like for all industries it's not just about one all industries it's not just about one all industries it's not just about one aspect of what you're actually doing aspect of what you're actually doing aspect of what you're actually doing it's the whole carbon aspect of any it's the whole carbon aspect of any it's the whole carbon aspect of any business we had um a question for you during your we had um a question for you during your we had um a question for you during your talk rebecca um regarding the greenhouse talk rebecca um regarding the greenhouse talk rebecca um regarding the greenhouse gas emissions um so someone's asked the gas emissions um so someone's asked the gas emissions um so someone's asked the biggest losses of greenhouse gas biggest losses of greenhouse gas biggest losses of greenhouse gas emissions from peat appear to be from emissions from peat appear to be from emissions from peat appear to be from intensively managed areas that are under intensively managed areas that are under intensively managed areas that are under crop and intensive grassland and the crop and intensive grassland and the crop and intensive grassland and the person is asking if most of these sites person is asking if most of these sites person is asking if most of these sites are outside scotland um so yes to a degree the um so yes to a degree the um so yes to a degree the the worst offenders if you like in terms the worst offenders if you like in terms the worst offenders if you like in terms of net emissions are um are outside of of net emissions are um are outside of of net emissions are um are outside of scotland but um what what is important scotland but um what what is important scotland but um what what is important to note is the relative area so um to note is the relative area so um to note is the relative area so um while scotland may not have that much while scotland may not have that much while scotland may not have that much cropland on pete or intensive grassland cropland on pete or intensive grassland cropland on pete or intensive grassland on page what what is um prevalent is the on page what what is um prevalent is the on page what what is um prevalent is the kind of intermediate and degradation kind of intermediate and degradation kind of intermediate and degradation area so we have around 300 000 hectares area so we have around 300 000 hectares area so we have around 300 000 hectares of eroded peatland we've got probably of eroded peatland we've got probably of eroded peatland we've got probably a few tens of thousands of a few tens of thousands of a few tens of thousands of extensive grassland possibly extensive grassland possibly extensive grassland possibly and we also have a very very in large and we also have a very very in large and we also have a very very in large area of formerly drained um and now area of formerly drained um and now area of formerly drained um and now quite heather dominated or grass quite heather dominated or grass quite heather dominated or grass dominated peatlands so these numbers add dominated peatlands so these numbers add dominated peatlands so these numbers add up so while the multiplier is perhaps up so while the multiplier is perhaps up so while the multiplier is perhaps not as large as the area that is is very not as large as the area that is is very not as large as the area that is is very large large large um um um um i've got another question that's um i've got another question that's um i've got another question that's actually my question um again regarding actually my question um again regarding actually my question um again regarding the greenhouse gas emissions i was just the greenhouse gas emissions i was just the greenhouse gas emissions i was just wondering um wondering um wondering um kind of how soon after beginning a kind of how soon after beginning a kind of how soon after beginning a restoration process do you expect to see restoration process do you expect to see restoration process do you expect to see a change in emissions is it quite sudden a change in emissions is it quite sudden a change in emissions is it quite sudden or a lengthy process or a lengthy process or a lengthy process so this is where one of the big data so this is where one of the big data so this is where one of the big data gaps is so i think as i said in the talk gaps is so i think as i said in the talk gaps is so i think as i said in the talk most of the monitoring has been carried most of the monitoring has been carried most of the monitoring has been carried out on sites that are either already out on sites that are either already out on sites that are either already converted or are still in the starting converted or are still in the starting converted or are still in the starting condition so condition so condition so this is kind of where some of our this is kind of where some of our this is kind of where some of our efforts are now um concentrated and efforts are now um concentrated and efforts are now um concentrated and really fleshing that out from the data really fleshing that out from the data really fleshing that out from the data we've looked at so far um we've looked at so far um we've looked at so far um there is a suggestion that the change is there is a suggestion that the change is there is a suggestion that the change is quite rapid so um the very early quite rapid so um the very early quite rapid so um the very early restoration years we have relatively few restoration years we have relatively few restoration years we have relatively few data on but there's a reasonable body of data on but there's a reasonable body of data on but there's a reasonable body of evidence for data are three years or evidence for data are three years or evidence for data are three years or older post restoration and those are um older post restoration and those are um older post restoration and those are um the emissions settle down very quickly the emissions settle down very quickly the emissions settle down very quickly the the the exception is where a lot of biomass has exception is where a lot of biomass has exception is where a lot of biomass has been put onto the site either the brush been put onto the site either the brush been put onto the site either the brush material from from forestry for example material from from forestry for example material from from forestry for example so that has takes a little while to so that has takes a little while to so that has takes a little while to decompose and it may be a there may be a decompose and it may be a there may be a decompose and it may be a there may be a five-year period during which that brush five-year period during which that brush five-year period during which that brush decomposition adds a little bit to the decomposition adds a little bit to the decomposition adds a little bit to the to the emissions burden um but yeah the to the emissions burden um but yeah the to the emissions burden um but yeah the question people often ask is uh what question people often ask is uh what question people often ask is uh what about methane do you get um a lot of about methane do you get um a lot of about methane do you get um a lot of methane transient methane losses and the methane transient methane losses and the methane transient methane losses and the answer is we don't know for sure but answer is we don't know for sure but answer is we don't know for sure but there there isn't and there there isn't and there there isn't and there isn't a very strong evidence for there isn't a very strong evidence for there isn't a very strong evidence for exception like absolutely high methane exception like absolutely high methane exception like absolutely high methane losses except for when the side water losses except for when the side water losses except for when the side water table isn't managed very well so if you table isn't managed very well so if you table isn't managed very well so if you see sites that are see sites that are see sites that are completely flooded yes then you do see a completely flooded yes then you do see a completely flooded yes then you do see a lot of methane emissions and if there's lot of methane emissions and if there's lot of methane emissions and if there's um kind of fluctuating temporary um kind of fluctuating temporary um kind of fluctuating temporary inundation those sites tend to also be inundation those sites tend to also be inundation those sites tend to also be quite high in in net methane emissions quite high in in net methane emissions quite high in in net methane emissions and that can flip the net budget even and that can flip the net budget even and that can flip the net budget even under re-wetting back into a net carbon under re-wetting back into a net carbon under re-wetting back into a net carbon limiting site limiting site limiting site oh wow amazing really interesting oh wow amazing really interesting oh wow amazing really interesting um we've had a good question which i um we've had a good question which i um we've had a good question which i think is maybe a nice one to end on think is maybe a nice one to end on think is maybe a nice one to end on because we are coming um up to time now because we are coming um up to time now because we are coming um up to time now and again um an open one for both of you and again um an open one for both of you and again um an open one for both of you um is there a capacity building platform um is there a capacity building platform um is there a capacity building platform where aspiring young scientists can have where aspiring young scientists can have where aspiring young scientists can have information and learn about people and information and learn about people and information and learn about people and restoration and i suppose we could restoration and i suppose we could restoration and i suppose we could extend that question to just anybody extend that question to just anybody extend that question to just anybody who's interested so um i'll start with who's interested so um i'll start with who's interested so um i'll start with you andrew have you got any good you andrew have you got any good you andrew have you got any good resources that you could direct people resources that you could direct people resources that you could direct people towards if they want to know more i towards if they want to know more i towards if they want to know more i think i would direct people to the think i would direct people to the think i would direct people to the peatland action website because it has peatland action website because it has peatland action website because it has got a very wide range of information got a very wide range of information got a very wide range of information it's got information about restoration it's got information about restoration it's got information about restoration techniques it's got contact details it's techniques it's got contact details it's techniques it's got contact details it's also got access to their training that also got access to their training that also got access to their training that they do as well so i think that that they do as well so i think that that they do as well so i think that that that is a very good resource that is a very good resource that is a very good resource brilliant have you got any rebecca brilliant have you got any rebecca brilliant have you got any rebecca before we wrap up before we wrap up before we wrap up i was going to say the same but i was i was going to say the same but i was i was going to say the same but i was also going to take it away with me as an also going to take it away with me as an also going to take it away with me as an action point so with another hat on um action point so with another hat on um action point so with another hat on um there there are two there there are two there there are two um bodies that effectively sit around um bodies that effectively sit around um bodies that effectively sit around the table and which include um all of the table and which include um all of the table and which include um all of the major stakeholders in this um so the the major stakeholders in this um so the the major stakeholders in this um so the national peatland plan group includes national peatland plan group includes national peatland plan group includes the the the the major policymakers the scottish win the major policymakers the scottish win the major policymakers the scottish win whiskey industry etc but there's also a whiskey industry etc but there's also a whiskey industry etc but there's also a smaller team which is the uh smaller team which is the uh smaller team which is the uh national peatland research and national peatland research and national peatland research and management group and uh it might be an management group and uh it might be an management group and uh it might be an interesting one if we if we see if interesting one if we if we see if interesting one if we if we see if there's a series of there's a series of there's a series of resources that could be compiled that resources that could be compiled that resources that could be compiled that way because yeah i was going to say the way because yeah i was going to say the way because yeah i was going to say the same people in faction is probably the same people in faction is probably the same people in faction is probably the the easiest routine the easiest routine the easiest routine brilliant definitely definitely one for brilliant definitely definitely one for brilliant definitely definitely one for everybody to check out but it looks like everybody to check out but it looks like everybody to check out but it looks like we've already got a minute left so i'm we've already got a minute left so i'm we've already got a minute left so i'm going to hand back to bruce to wrap up going to hand back to bruce to wrap up going to hand back to bruce to wrap up and just say thank you again for both of and just say thank you again for both of and just say thank you again for both of your talks they're fantastic your talks they're fantastic your talks they're fantastic thank you thank you thank you thank you thank you thank you brilliant thank thank you easy so yeah brilliant thank thank you easy so yeah brilliant thank thank you easy so yeah so just finally on behalf of the british so just finally on behalf of the british so just finally on behalf of the british society of saw science i i would like to society of saw science i i would like to society of saw science i i would like to express our thanks to andrew and rebecca express our thanks to andrew and rebecca express our thanks to andrew and rebecca for coming along to present today on a for coming along to present today on a for coming along to present today on a fantastic topic uh and yourself izzy for fantastic topic uh and yourself izzy for fantastic topic uh and yourself izzy for coordinating the the q a session coordinating the the q a session coordinating the the q a session uh and also thank you to visit britain uh and also thank you to visit britain uh and also thank you to visit britain and nature scott for supporting this and nature scott for supporting this and nature scott for supporting this webinar and for patricia's introduction webinar and for patricia's introduction webinar and for patricia's introduction at the start i'm sorry at the start um at the start i'm sorry at the start um at the start i'm sorry at the start um and and thank you to all for attending and and thank you to all for attending and and thank you to all for attending you'll find a a quick feedback survey you'll find a a quick feedback survey you'll find a a quick feedback survey when you leave the webinar which we hope when you leave the webinar which we hope when you leave the webinar which we hope you'll find time to complete because the you'll find time to complete because the you'll find time to complete because the the information feedback you give just the information feedback you give just the information feedback you give just help us to help us to help us to fine-tune these going forward uh the fine-tune these going forward uh the fine-tune these going forward uh the recording um of this session will be recording um of this session will be recording um of this session will be available after the event on our youtube available after the event on our youtube available after the event on our youtube channel channel channel and during this year we're running eight and during this year we're running eight and during this year we're running eight zoom into store webinars and the next zoom into store webinars and the next zoom into store webinars and the next one is taking place on wednesday the one is taking place on wednesday the one is taking place on wednesday the fourth of may and it'll look at how fourth of may and it'll look at how fourth of may and it'll look at how soils are a record of our past so again soils are a record of our past so again soils are a record of our past so again another very interesting topic coming up another very interesting topic coming up another very interesting topic coming up um and that webinar is now available for um and that webinar is now available for um and that webinar is now available for registration via our website registration via our website registration via our website and we'll also send a link out in our and we'll also send a link out in our and we'll also send a link out in our follow-up email follow-up email follow-up email so just wait and i hope to see you at so just wait and i hope to see you at so just wait and i hope to see you at future events and in the meantime thank future events and in the meantime thank future events and in the meantime thank you again and goodbye<br /> }}</div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=An_Introduction_to_Soil-Water_Transfers&diff=11805 2026-05-29T14:08:44Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Ajoute les transcriptions YouTube aux pages vidéo qui n&#039;en ont pas - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/435</p> <hr /> <div>{{vidéo<br /> | Titre = An Introduction to Soil-Water Transfers<br /> | Producteur = British Society of Soil Science<br /> | Vignette = Thumbnail_youtube_YJpnpt8X-go.jpg<br /> | Date de mise en ligne = 2014-08-24<br /> | Durée = 6 minutes<br /> | Production = <br /> | Vidéo = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJpnpt8X-go<br /> | Mots-clés = soil, soils, science, environment, geography, geology, earth science, soil science, ecology, Lancaster University (College/University), nutrients, contamination, Eden Catchment<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Prof. Phil Haygarth from Lancaster University gives an introduction to Soil-Water Transfer.<br /> <br /> These videos were produced via funding from a NERC Doctoral Training Programme in collaboration with Lancaster University, The James Hutton Institute and the British Society of Soil Science.<br /> <br /> The British Society of Soil Science is an established international membership organisation and charity committed to the study of soil in its widest aspects. It is funded primarily through subscriptions and income from publications. The Society acts as a forum for the exchange of ideas and provides a framework for representing the views of soil scientists to other organisations and decision making bodies. It promotes research by organising several conferences each year and by the publication of its two scientific journals, the European Journal of Soil Science, and Soil Use and Management. It promotes education through a number of initiatives aimed at schools, colleges and universities. The Society has a regular and varied programme of scientific conferences on a wide range of soil-related issues.<br /> <br /> The British Society of Soil Science encourages anyone with an interest in soil, whether this interest lies in the soil itself or its wider use within the environment, to join the society. There is a small membership fee, with discounts for students and those from low income countries.<br /> <br /> {{Pages liées}}<br /> <br /> {{Transcription<br /> | transcription = water water water it's our life source and we're expected it's our life source and we're expected it's our life source and we're expected to look after it by 2027 to look after it by 2027 to look after it by 2027 the European Union expects all water the European Union expects all water the European Union expects all water bodies to have good ecological status bodies to have good ecological status bodies to have good ecological status but the Environment Agency of England but the Environment Agency of England but the Environment Agency of England and Wales estimates that around 30 and Wales estimates that around 30 and Wales estimates that around 30 percent of water bodies are currently percent of water bodies are currently percent of water bodies are currently failing due to agriculture agricultural failing due to agriculture agricultural failing due to agriculture agricultural soils contribute approximately 60% of soils contribute approximately 60% of soils contribute approximately 60% of nitrates 25 percent of the phosphorus nitrates 25 percent of the phosphorus nitrates 25 percent of the phosphorus and 75 percent of the sediments that and 75 percent of the sediments that and 75 percent of the sediments that enter our water bodies with a resulting enter our water bodies with a resulting enter our water bodies with a resulting impact on ecology and public water impact on ecology and public water impact on ecology and public water supply the enrichment of waters due to supply the enrichment of waters due to supply the enrichment of waters due to nutrients is called eutrophication my nutrients is called eutrophication my nutrients is called eutrophication my name's Phil hey Garth and I'm professor name's Phil hey Garth and I'm professor name's Phil hey Garth and I'm professor of soil and water sciences at Lancaster of soil and water sciences at Lancaster of soil and water sciences at Lancaster University in the UK nutrients are University in the UK nutrients are University in the UK nutrients are essential for our food production but essential for our food production but essential for our food production but they also causes problems I'm going to they also causes problems I'm going to they also causes problems I'm going to show you how nutrients can leave show you how nutrients can leave show you how nutrients can leave farmland and make their way into farmland and make their way into farmland and make their way into waterways you'll learn about the central waterways you'll learn about the central waterways you'll learn about the central role that soil plays in processing this role that soil plays in processing this role that soil plays in processing this and I call this journey the transfer and I call this journey the transfer and I call this journey the transfer continuum let's start that journey in order to meet the demands of normal in order to meet the demands of normal in order to meet the demands of normal modern food production farming needs to modern food production farming needs to modern food production farming needs to use fertilizer nutrients nitrogen and use fertilizer nutrients nitrogen and use fertilizer nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus to enhance crop production phosphorus to enhance crop production phosphorus to enhance crop production the farmer makes a choice about how much the farmer makes a choice about how much the farmer makes a choice about how much to apply to the land which is supposed to apply to the land which is supposed to apply to the land which is supposed to match the crop demand if the input to match the crop demand if the input to match the crop demand if the input exceeds the crop demand it will exceeds the crop demand it will exceeds the crop demand it will accumulate in the soil and if this accumulate in the soil and if this accumulate in the soil and if this continues in the long term the soil continues in the long term the soil continues in the long term the soil accumulates nutrients nutrient sources accumulates nutrients nutrient sources accumulates nutrients nutrient sources can also come into the farm via feed can also come into the farm via feed can also come into the farm via feed concentrates like this that are fed to concentrates like this that are fed to concentrates like this that are fed to livestock like these dairy cows and livestock like these dairy cows and livestock like these dairy cows and because their dung and their manure because their dung and their manure because their dung and their manure ultimately ends up in the soil these ultimately ends up in the soil these ultimately ends up in the soil these nutrients also need to be accounted for nutrients also need to be accounted for nutrients also need to be accounted for as part of the farm nutrient balance so as part of the farm nutrient balance so as part of the farm nutrient balance so the sources represent a potential the sources represent a potential the sources represent a potential reservoir for onward transfer through reservoir for onward transfer through reservoir for onward transfer through the continuum to the next step the continuum to the next step the continuum to the next step mobilization mobilization describes the start of the mobilization describes the start of the mobilization describes the start of the journey of the substances as they leave journey of the substances as they leave journey of the substances as they leave the farm the soil is the central the farm the soil is the central the farm the soil is the central processor for this there are three types processor for this there are three types processor for this there are three types of mobilization when soil is bare either of mobilization when soil is bare either of mobilization when soil is bare either through tillage or through trampling by through tillage or through trampling by through tillage or through trampling by livestock like this it's very likely to livestock like this it's very likely to livestock like this it's very likely to become washed away or eroded when the become washed away or eroded when the become washed away or eroded when the soil becomes compacted the rainfall that soil becomes compacted the rainfall that soil becomes compacted the rainfall that hits the surface is more likely to hits the surface is more likely to hits the surface is more likely to channelize and therefore and train channelize and therefore and train channelize and therefore and train particles when this happens we call it particles when this happens we call it particles when this happens we call it mobilization by physical detachment the mobilization by physical detachment the mobilization by physical detachment the actual removal of soil and sediment with actual removal of soil and sediment with actual removal of soil and sediment with nutrients and other potential polluting nutrients and other potential polluting nutrients and other potential polluting substances attached a second form of substances attached a second form of substances attached a second form of mobilization is called solubalization mobilization is called solubalization mobilization is called solubalization and this involves the leaching of and this involves the leaching of and this involves the leaching of nutrients by chemical and biological nutrients by chemical and biological nutrients by chemical and biological processes from within the soil processes from within the soil processes from within the soil chemically when soils exceed their chemically when soils exceed their chemically when soils exceed their sorption capacity they can actually sorption capacity they can actually sorption capacity they can actually release nutrients more likely into release nutrients more likely into release nutrients more likely into solution but there's also biological solution but there's also biological solution but there's also biological processes called mineralization which processes called mineralization which processes called mineralization which also release nutrients into soil the also release nutrients into soil the also release nutrients into soil the interplay between the biology and the interplay between the biology and the interplay between the biology and the chemistry is complex and there's a very chemistry is complex and there's a very chemistry is complex and there's a very fine line between mineralizing enough fine line between mineralizing enough fine line between mineralizing enough nutrients so that the crops can get what nutrients so that the crops can get what nutrients so that the crops can get what they need and not solubilizing enough they need and not solubilizing enough they need and not solubilizing enough nutrient so that it leeches off to water nutrient so that it leeches off to water nutrient so that it leeches off to water a final and easily overlooked form of a final and easily overlooked form of a final and easily overlooked form of mobilization is when fertilizer or mobilization is when fertilizer or mobilization is when fertilizer or manure is spread on the soil surface but manure is spread on the soil surface but manure is spread on the soil surface but gets washed away before it is gets washed away before it is gets washed away before it is equilibrated into the soil these are equilibrated into the soil these are equilibrated into the soil these are called incidental losses the third part of the journey is called the third part of the journey is called the third part of the journey is called delivery this is the part that connects delivery this is the part that connects delivery this is the part that connects the mobilization from the soil to the the mobilization from the soil to the the mobilization from the soil to the river delivery involves substances being river delivery involves substances being river delivery involves substances being washed across all through the soil with washed across all through the soil with washed across all through the soil with flowing water when the surface is flowing water when the surface is flowing water when the surface is impermeable often with depressions or impermeable often with depressions or impermeable often with depressions or hollows overland flow pathways develop hollows overland flow pathways develop hollows overland flow pathways develop which can come and go depending on the which can come and go depending on the which can come and go depending on the intensity of rainfall and runoff as well intensity of rainfall and runoff as well intensity of rainfall and runoff as well as the nature of the soil surface it's as the nature of the soil surface it's as the nature of the soil surface it's easy to forget that as well as over the easy to forget that as well as over the easy to forget that as well as over the surface delivery can also occur through surface delivery can also occur through surface delivery can also occur through the soil the soil the soil perhaps through cracks or macro pores or perhaps through cracks or macro pores or perhaps through cracks or macro pores or through the permeable geology underneath finding a solution to the problem is not finding a solution to the problem is not finding a solution to the problem is not easy when the effects on rivers lakes or easy when the effects on rivers lakes or easy when the effects on rivers lakes or estuaries might be many miles away and estuaries might be many miles away and estuaries might be many miles away and many years later than the start of the many years later than the start of the many years later than the start of the journey here in the River Eden Valley journey here in the River Eden Valley journey here in the River Eden Valley we've started a long-term monitoring we've started a long-term monitoring we've started a long-term monitoring program to study the nutrients in the program to study the nutrients in the program to study the nutrients in the river and work with local farmers to river and work with local farmers to river and work with local farmers to find solutions together so we've been find solutions together so we've been find solutions together so we've been taking some samples to some equipment in taking some samples to some equipment in taking some samples to some equipment in that box six samples every 15 minutes that box six samples every 15 minutes that box six samples every 15 minutes this involves thinking about reducing this involves thinking about reducing this involves thinking about reducing sources to match crop demand accounting sources to match crop demand accounting sources to match crop demand accounting for the fertilizer value of manure and for the fertilizer value of manure and for the fertilizer value of manure and mitigating the detachment of soil or the mitigating the detachment of soil or the mitigating the detachment of soil or the solubilization of nutrients here is an solubilization of nutrients here is an solubilization of nutrients here is an example of where we have installed some example of where we have installed some example of where we have installed some mitigation features to help slow down mitigation features to help slow down mitigation features to help slow down the delivery effectively through the delivery effectively through the delivery effectively through trapping the flowing water so sediment trapping the flowing water so sediment trapping the flowing water so sediment can settle out if we're to meet European standards we if we're to meet European standards we if we're to meet European standards we need to adopt the holistic source need to adopt the holistic source need to adopt the holistic source mobilization delivery impact continuum mobilization delivery impact continuum mobilization delivery impact continuum model and recognize the central role model and recognize the central role model and recognize the central role that song plays at the heart of this that song plays at the heart of this that song plays at the heart of this this will give us the best chance to this will give us the best chance to this will give us the best chance to maximize food security and minimize the maximize food security and minimize the maximize food security and minimize the effects on water quality you<br /> }}</div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Working_With_Soil_Training_Course_(Exposing_and_Describing_a_Soil_Profile)&diff=11804 2026-05-29T14:08:39Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Ajoute les transcriptions YouTube aux pages vidéo qui n&#039;en ont pas - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/435</p> <hr /> <div>{{vidéo<br /> | Titre = Working With Soil Training Course (Exposing and Describing a Soil Profile)<br /> | Producteur = British Society of Soil Science<br /> | Vignette = Thumbnail_youtube_sUcb8pSaeOI.jpg<br /> | Date de mise en ligne = 2017-05-09<br /> | Durée = 2 minutes<br /> | Production = <br /> | Vidéo = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sUcb8pSaeOI<br /> | Mots-clés = soil, soils, science, environment, geography, geology, earth science, soil science, ecology<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The British Society of Soil Science is an established international membership organisation and charity committed to the study of soil in its widest aspects. It is funded primarily through subscriptions and income from publications. The Society acts as a forum for the exchange of ideas and provides a framework for representing the views of soil scientists to other organisations and decision making bodies. It promotes research by organising several conferences each year and by the publication of its two scientific journals, the European Journal of Soil Science, and Soil Use and Management. It promotes education through a number of initiatives aimed at schools, colleges and universities. The Society has a regular and varied programme of scientific conferences on a wide range of soil-related issues.<br /> <br /> The British Society of Soil Science encourages anyone with an interest in soil, whether this interest lies in the soil itself or its wider use within the environment, to join the society. There is a small membership fee, with discounts for students and those from low income countries.<br /> <br /> {{Pages liées}}<br /> <br /> {{Transcription<br /> | transcription = the course that we're running today is the course that we're running today is the course that we're running today is aimed at anybody who's going to be aimed at anybody who's going to be aimed at anybody who's going to be working with sores in the field and that working with sores in the field and that working with sores in the field and that covers a vast range of disciplines at covers a vast range of disciplines at covers a vast range of disciplines at all the whole land-based sector all the whole land-based sector all the whole land-based sector essentially I came on the course because essentially I came on the course because essentially I came on the course because I recently got a jobs working as a I recently got a jobs working as a I recently got a jobs working as a graduate full of scientists my course graduate full of scientists my course graduate full of scientists my course was geology and geography feel though it was geology and geography feel though it was geology and geography feel though it it sort of incorporated a bit of silly it sort of incorporated a bit of silly it sort of incorporated a bit of silly legend when you have a particularly legend when you have a particularly legend when you have a particularly large soil focus and I found that I just large soil focus and I found that I just large soil focus and I found that I just really needed to get that for the really needed to get that for the really needed to get that for the foundation that I didn't get from my foundation that I didn't get from my foundation that I didn't get from my degree one of the things I wanted to do degree one of the things I wanted to do degree one of the things I wanted to do particularly well to get my hands dirty particularly well to get my hands dirty particularly well to get my hands dirty and actually look at the soil to tell and actually look at the soil to tell and actually look at the soil to tell difference by looking at it the program difference by looking at it the program difference by looking at it the program for the day is to work inside in the for the day is to work inside in the for the day is to work inside in the morning and learn all the techniques for morning and learn all the techniques for morning and learn all the techniques for describing the various key saw describing the various key saw describing the various key saw properties and then they everybody goes properties and then they everybody goes properties and then they everybody goes out in the field in the afternoon to dig out in the field in the afternoon to dig out in the field in the afternoon to dig their own pit and then apply the their own pit and then apply the their own pit and then apply the knowledge they've learned in the morning knowledge they've learned in the morning knowledge they've learned in the morning and produce a proper saw description the and produce a proper saw description the and produce a proper saw description the scheme covers what we call the scheme covers what we call the scheme covers what we call the foundation skills which are basically foundation skills which are basically foundation skills which are basically going out in the field and describing a going out in the field and describing a going out in the field and describing a soil consistently and interpreting what soil consistently and interpreting what soil consistently and interpreting what we what you find in the soil profile we what you find in the soil profile we what you find in the soil profile through to more advanced types of work through to more advanced types of work through to more advanced types of work such as agricultural land classification such as agricultural land classification such as agricultural land classification and soul restoration and handling and and soul restoration and handling and and soul restoration and handling and then applying soil science to areas of then applying soil science to areas of then applying soil science to areas of work such as integrated support work such as integrated support work such as integrated support catchment management and wildlife catchment management and wildlife catchment management and wildlife habitat management and by the end of the habitat management and by the end of the habitat management and by the end of the day and they should be fit they've got day and they should be fit they've got day and they should be fit they've got their manual so they should that they're their manual so they should that they're their manual so they should that they're better go away and apply what they've better go away and apply what they've better go away and apply what they've learned in the course of their normal learned in the course of their normal learned in the course of their normal work we manufacture products for urban work we manufacture products for urban work we manufacture products for urban tree planting along with that we supply tree planting along with that we supply tree planting along with that we supply the soil so I'm involved in buying soil the soil so I'm involved in buying soil the soil so I'm involved in buying soil I'm dealing with quarries and soil I'm dealing with quarries and soil I'm dealing with quarries and soil manufactures I need to know what I'm manufactures I need to know what I'm manufactures I need to know what I'm talking about talking about talking about so yes it's been helpful to be able to so yes it's been helpful to be able to so yes it's been helpful to be able to tell difference between different soil tell difference between different soil tell difference between different soil this is really good to just sort of this is really good to just sort of this is really good to just sort of consolidate my learning I've also done a consolidate my learning I've also done a consolidate my learning I've also done a lot of learning within my company but to lot of learning within my company but to lot of learning within my company but to get an outside view as well is really get an outside view as well is really get an outside view as well is really interesting<br /> }}</div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Rain_Gardens&diff=11803 2026-05-29T14:08:35Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Ajoute les transcriptions YouTube aux pages vidéo qui n&#039;en ont pas - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/435</p> <hr /> <div>{{vidéo<br /> | Titre = Rain Gardens<br /> | Producteur = AmericanRivers<br /> | Vignette = Thumbnail_youtube_JlScj9yN6Jw.jpg<br /> | Date de mise en ligne = 2006-10-25<br /> | Durée = 11 minutes<br /> | Production = <br /> | Vidéo = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JlScj9yN6Jw<br /> | Mots-clés = NBSOIL, Green and blue infrastructures<br /> }}<br /> <br /> A rain garden is an attractive landscaping feature planted with perennial native plants. It is a bowl-shaped garden, designed to absorb stormwater run-off from impervious surfaces such as roofs and parking lots. http://www.raingardens.org<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{Pages liées}}<br /> <br /> {{Transcription<br /> | transcription = [Music] a rain Garden can be a beautiful a rain Garden can be a beautiful a rain Garden can be a beautiful addition to your landscape it attracts addition to your landscape it attracts addition to your landscape it attracts birds and butterflies and it's easy to birds and butterflies and it's easy to birds and butterflies and it's easy to install and maintain It's Not Just install and maintain It's Not Just install and maintain It's Not Just Flowers it's a rain Garden a beautiful Flowers it's a rain Garden a beautiful Flowers it's a rain Garden a beautiful solution to water [Music] ution storm water runoff creates ution storm water runoff creates ution storm water runoff creates problems in the water cycle the cycle of problems in the water cycle the cycle of problems in the water cycle the cycle of water moving and being stored on the water moving and being stored on the water moving and being stored on the earth starts out as rain as everybody earth starts out as rain as everybody earth starts out as rain as everybody knows or snow no falls to the ground knows or snow no falls to the ground knows or snow no falls to the ground it'll hit a vegetated area like grass or it'll hit a vegetated area like grass or it'll hit a vegetated area like grass or a farm field when it hits that then the a farm field when it hits that then the a farm field when it hits that then the water infiltrates into the soil moves water infiltrates into the soil moves water infiltrates into the soil moves through the ground and finds its way to through the ground and finds its way to through the ground and finds its way to a river a stream or a lake as soon as it a river a stream or a lake as soon as it a river a stream or a lake as soon as it hits pavement it'll immediately run off hits pavement it'll immediately run off hits pavement it'll immediately run off um and that'll end up usually in a storm um and that'll end up usually in a storm um and that'll end up usually in a storm sewer which goes to a sewer which goes to a sewer which goes to a river the Great Lakes Basin is one of river the Great Lakes Basin is one of river the Great Lakes Basin is one of the largest freshwater systems in the the largest freshwater systems in the the largest freshwater systems in the world World about 20% of the world's world World about 20% of the world's world World about 20% of the world's fresh surface water is stored here which fresh surface water is stored here which fresh surface water is stored here which is about 90% of the fresh surface water is about 90% of the fresh surface water is about 90% of the fresh surface water in the United in the United in the United States up to 70% of pollution in our States up to 70% of pollution in our States up to 70% of pollution in our surface waters is carried there by storm surface waters is carried there by storm surface waters is carried there by storm water and much of this comes from the water and much of this comes from the water and much of this comes from the things we do in our yards streets and things we do in our yards streets and things we do in our yards streets and parking lots well if you go downtown and parking lots well if you go downtown and parking lots well if you go downtown and stand on the roof of a building and look stand on the roof of a building and look stand on the roof of a building and look around everything you see around you around everything you see around you around everything you see around you will be hard surfaces so anytime a drop will be hard surfaces so anytime a drop will be hard surfaces so anytime a drop of rain falls on a roof or a sidewalk or of rain falls on a roof or a sidewalk or of rain falls on a roof or a sidewalk or a parking lot it gathers with other a parking lot it gathers with other a parking lot it gathers with other raindrops and it creates something raindrops and it creates something raindrops and it creates something called sheet flow and the water runs to called sheet flow and the water runs to called sheet flow and the water runs to the low spot by gravity for the most part people think gravity for the most part people think gravity for the most part people think that that stuff just you know after a that that stuff just you know after a that that stuff just you know after a rainstorm all the stuff in the parking rainstorm all the stuff in the parking rainstorm all the stuff in the parking lot will just end up going the way s our lot will just end up going the way s our lot will just end up going the way s our treatment plant but that in fact is not treatment plant but that in fact is not treatment plant but that in fact is not true almost all of it will go to a storm true almost all of it will go to a storm true almost all of it will go to a storm sewer and it won't get treated and it'll sewer and it won't get treated and it'll sewer and it won't get treated and it'll go directly to the river and those go directly to the river and those go directly to the river and those aquatic organisms are not well adapted aquatic organisms are not well adapted aquatic organisms are not well adapted to the salts the heavy metals oil to the salts the heavy metals oil to the salts the heavy metals oil antifreeze any of that stuff we don't antifreeze any of that stuff we don't antifreeze any of that stuff we don't want streams and rivers in lakes with want streams and rivers in lakes with want streams and rivers in lakes with signs up that say unsafe for bodily signs up that say unsafe for bodily signs up that say unsafe for bodily contact you know that's a place where contact you know that's a place where contact you know that's a place where where the water is not safe for people where the water is not safe for people where the water is not safe for people um it's not safe for anything if you put um it's not safe for anything if you put um it's not safe for anything if you put an inch rain on an acre of property and an inch rain on an acre of property and an inch rain on an acre of property and if that property is is asphalt or if that property is is asphalt or if that property is is asphalt or concrete that one acre collects over concrete that one acre collects over concrete that one acre collects over 27,000 gallons of water that goes into a 27,000 gallons of water that goes into a 27,000 gallons of water that goes into a pipe and goes into the river so you can pipe and goes into the river so you can pipe and goes into the river so you can imagine in the city of Grand Rapids imagine in the city of Grand Rapids imagine in the city of Grand Rapids where we have all of these hard surfaces where we have all of these hard surfaces where we have all of these hard surfaces there's lots and lots and lots of water there's lots and lots and lots of water there's lots and lots and lots of water that's collected and channeled into the that's collected and channeled into the that's collected and channeled into the Grand River when the water runs across Grand River when the water runs across Grand River when the water runs across the parking lot or the street or the the parking lot or the street or the the parking lot or the street or the sidewalk all of that stuff from our sidewalk all of that stuff from our sidewalk all of that stuff from our careless axe gets collected and gets put careless axe gets collected and gets put careless axe gets collected and gets put into the river so if we can stop the into the river so if we can stop the into the river so if we can stop the water from doing that then we have water from doing that then we have water from doing that then we have stopped that source of pollution going stopped that source of pollution going stopped that source of pollution going into the river rainwater wasn't meant to into the river rainwater wasn't meant to into the river rainwater wasn't meant to run off our lands rain Gardens are run off our lands rain Gardens are run off our lands rain Gardens are designed to retain absorb and filter designed to retain absorb and filter designed to retain absorb and filter rainwater one of the things that make rainwater one of the things that make rainwater one of the things that make rain Gardens different from traditional rain Gardens different from traditional rain Gardens different from traditional Gardens is that rain Gardens feature the Gardens is that rain Gardens feature the Gardens is that rain Gardens feature the use of perennial plants native to our use of perennial plants native to our use of perennial plants native to our region some traditional non-native region some traditional non-native region some traditional non-native plants may also be used once you get the plants may also be used once you get the plants may also be used once you get the native plants established they don't native plants established they don't native plants established they don't have to be fertilized they don't have to have to be fertilized they don't have to have to be fertilized they don't have to have pesticides have pesticides have pesticides they need little or no watering once they need little or no watering once they need little or no watering once they're established whereas other they're established whereas other they're established whereas other perennials uh really need to be babied perennials uh really need to be babied perennials uh really need to be babied and they're susceptible to a lot of and they're susceptible to a lot of and they're susceptible to a lot of diseases and insects and things like diseases and insects and things like diseases and insects and things like that whereas the natives are really that whereas the natives are really that whereas the natives are really really tough so by using these native really tough so by using these native really tough so by using these native plants back in the landscape we can plants back in the landscape we can plants back in the landscape we can start providing habitat for native birds start providing habitat for native birds start providing habitat for native birds butterflies and animals and really start butterflies and animals and really start butterflies and animals and really start having that back in our communities having that back in our communities having that back in our communities whereas before we were kind of a Wast whereas before we were kind of a Wast whereas before we were kind of a Wast land of land of land of lawn if we allow the water to go where lawn if we allow the water to go where lawn if we allow the water to go where it wants to soak in and and uh flow it wants to soak in and and uh flow it wants to soak in and and uh flow naturally uh that eliminates costly naturally uh that eliminates costly naturally uh that eliminates costly infrastructure and things that we have infrastructure and things that we have infrastructure and things that we have to build and take care of it's going to to build and take care of it's going to to build and take care of it's going to take time it's not going to happen all take time it's not going to happen all take time it's not going to happen all at once but I think over decades I think at once but I think over decades I think at once but I think over decades I think if we change the way that we do things if we change the way that we do things if we change the way that we do things that we can make a huge that we can make a huge that we can make a huge difference and the neat thing about rain difference and the neat thing about rain difference and the neat thing about rain Gardens of West Michigan is that anybody Gardens of West Michigan is that anybody Gardens of West Michigan is that anybody can make a difference can make a difference can make a difference I can make a I can make a I can make a difference installing rain Gardens on difference installing rain Gardens on difference installing rain Gardens on The Lawns of schools businesses and The Lawns of schools businesses and The Lawns of schools businesses and homes can help eliminate storm water homes can help eliminate storm water homes can help eliminate storm water runoff for more information go to runoff for more information go to runoff for more information go to www.r gardens.org www.r gardens.org www.r gardens.org rain Gardens saving the Great Lakes one rain Gardens saving the Great Lakes one rain Gardens saving the Great Lakes one Garden at a time Garden at a time Garden at a time [Music] [Music] a rain Garden can be a beautiful a rain Garden can be a beautiful a rain Garden can be a beautiful addition to your landscape it attracts addition to your landscape it attracts addition to your landscape it attracts birds and butterflies and it's easy to birds and butterflies and it's easy to birds and butterflies and it's easy to install and maintain It's Not Just install and maintain It's Not Just install and maintain It's Not Just Flowers it's a rain Garden a beautiful Flowers it's a rain Garden a beautiful Flowers it's a rain Garden a beautiful solution to water pollution [Music] storm water runoff creates problems in storm water runoff creates problems in storm water runoff creates problems in the water cycle the cycle of water the water cycle the cycle of water the water cycle the cycle of water moving and being stored on the earth moving and being stored on the earth moving and being stored on the earth starts out as rain as everybody knows or starts out as rain as everybody knows or starts out as rain as everybody knows or snow falls to the ground it'll hit a snow falls to the ground it'll hit a snow falls to the ground it'll hit a veget ated area like grass or a farm veget ated area like grass or a farm veget ated area like grass or a farm field when it hits that then the water field when it hits that then the water field when it hits that then the water infiltrates into the soil moves through infiltrates into the soil moves through infiltrates into the soil moves through the ground and finds its way to a river the ground and finds its way to a river the ground and finds its way to a river a stream or a lake as soon as it hits a stream or a lake as soon as it hits a stream or a lake as soon as it hits pavement it'll immediately run off um pavement it'll immediately run off um pavement it'll immediately run off um and that'll end up usually in a storm and that'll end up usually in a storm and that'll end up usually in a storm sewer which goes to a sewer which goes to a sewer which goes to a river the Great Lakes Basin is one of river the Great Lakes Basin is one of river the Great Lakes Basin is one of the largest freshwater systems in the the largest freshwater systems in the the largest freshwater systems in the world about 20% of the world's fresh world about 20% of the world's fresh world about 20% of the world's fresh surface water water is stored here which surface water water is stored here which surface water water is stored here which is about 90% of the fresh surface water is about 90% of the fresh surface water is about 90% of the fresh surface water in the United in the United in the United States up to 70% of pollution in our States up to 70% of pollution in our States up to 70% of pollution in our surface waters is carried there by storm surface waters is carried there by storm surface waters is carried there by storm water and much of this comes from the water and much of this comes from the water and much of this comes from the things we do in our yards streets and things we do in our yards streets and things we do in our yards streets and parking lots well if you go downtown and parking lots well if you go downtown and parking lots well if you go downtown and stand on the roof of a building and look stand on the roof of a building and look stand on the roof of a building and look around everything you see around you around everything you see around you around everything you see around you will be hard surfaces so anytime a drop will be hard surfaces so anytime a drop will be hard surfaces so anytime a drop of rain falls on a roof or a sidewalk or of rain falls on a roof or a sidewalk or of rain falls on a roof or a sidewalk or a parking lot it gathers with other a parking lot it gathers with other a parking lot it gathers with other raindrops and it creates something raindrops and it creates something raindrops and it creates something called sheet flow and the water runs to called sheet flow and the water runs to called sheet flow and the water runs to the low spot by gravity for the most part people think gravity for the most part people think gravity for the most part people think that that stuff just you know after a that that stuff just you know after a that that stuff just you know after a rainstorm all the stuff in the parking rainstorm all the stuff in the parking rainstorm all the stuff in the parking lot will just end up going to the waste lot will just end up going to the waste lot will just end up going to the waste treatment plant but that in fact is not treatment plant but that in fact is not treatment plant but that in fact is not true almost all of it will go to a storm true almost all of it will go to a storm true almost all of it will go to a storm sewer and it won't get treated and it'll sewer and it won't get treated and it'll sewer and it won't get treated and it'll go directly to the river and those go directly to the river and those go directly to the river and those aquatic organisms are not not well aquatic organisms are not not well aquatic organisms are not not well adapted to the salts the heavy metals adapted to the salts the heavy metals adapted to the salts the heavy metals oil antifreeze any of that stuff we oil antifreeze any of that stuff we oil antifreeze any of that stuff we don't want streams and rivers in lakes don't want streams and rivers in lakes don't want streams and rivers in lakes with signs up that say unsafe for bodily with signs up that say unsafe for bodily with signs up that say unsafe for bodily contact you know that's a place where contact you know that's a place where contact you know that's a place where where the water is not safe for people where the water is not safe for people where the water is not safe for people um it's not safe for anything if you put um it's not safe for anything if you put um it's not safe for anything if you put an inch of rain on an acre of property an inch of rain on an acre of property an inch of rain on an acre of property and if that property is is asphalt or and if that property is is asphalt or and if that property is is asphalt or concrete that one acre collects over concrete that one acre collects over concrete that one acre collects over 27,000 gallons of water water that goes 27,000 gallons of water water that goes 27,000 gallons of water water that goes into a pipe and goes into the river so into a pipe and goes into the river so into a pipe and goes into the river so you can imagine in the city of Grand you can imagine in the city of Grand you can imagine in the city of Grand Rapids where we have all of these hard Rapids where we have all of these hard Rapids where we have all of these hard surfaces there's lots and lots and lots surfaces there's lots and lots and lots surfaces there's lots and lots and lots of water that's collected and channeled of water that's collected and channeled of water that's collected and channeled into the Grand River when the water runs into the Grand River when the water runs into the Grand River when the water runs across the parking lot or the street or across the parking lot or the street or across the parking lot or the street or the sidewalk all of that stuff from our the sidewalk all of that stuff from our the sidewalk all of that stuff from our careless axe gets collected and gets put careless axe gets collected and gets put careless axe gets collected and gets put into the river so if we can stop the into the river so if we can stop the into the river so if we can stop the water from doing that then we have water from doing that then we have water from doing that then we have stopped that source of pollution going stopped that source of pollution going stopped that source of pollution going into the river rainwater wasn't meant to into the river rainwater wasn't meant to into the river rainwater wasn't meant to run off our lands rain Gardens are run off our lands rain Gardens are run off our lands rain Gardens are designed to retain absorb and filter designed to retain absorb and filter designed to retain absorb and filter rainwater one of the things that make rainwater one of the things that make rainwater one of the things that make rain Gardens different from traditional rain Gardens different from traditional rain Gardens different from traditional Gardens is that rain Gardens feature the Gardens is that rain Gardens feature the Gardens is that rain Gardens feature the use of perennial plants native to our use of perennial plants native to our use of perennial plants native to our region some traditional non-native region some traditional non-native region some traditional non-native plants may also be used once you get the plants may also be used once you get the plants may also be used once you get the native plants established they don't native plants established they don't native plants established they don't have to be fertilized they don't have to have to be fertilized they don't have to have to be fertilized they don't have to have have have pesticides they need little or no pesticides they need little or no pesticides they need little or no watering once they're established watering once they're established watering once they're established whereas other perennials uh really need whereas other perennials uh really need whereas other perennials uh really need to be babied and they're susceptible to to be babied and they're susceptible to to be babied and they're susceptible to a lot of diseases and insects and things a lot of diseases and insects and things a lot of diseases and insects and things like that whereas the natives are really like that whereas the natives are really like that whereas the natives are really really tough so by using these native really tough so by using these native really tough so by using these native plants back in the landscape we can plants back in the landscape we can plants back in the landscape we can start providing habitat for native birds start providing habitat for native birds start providing habitat for native birds butterflies and animals and really start butterflies and animals and really start butterflies and animals and really start having that back in our communities having that back in our communities having that back in our communities whereas before we were kind of a whereas before we were kind of a whereas before we were kind of a wasteland of wasteland of wasteland of lawn if we allow the water to go where lawn if we allow the water to go where lawn if we allow the water to go where it wants to soak in and and uh flow it wants to soak in and and uh flow it wants to soak in and and uh flow naturally uh that eliminates costly naturally uh that eliminates costly naturally uh that eliminates costly infrastructure and things that we have infrastructure and things that we have infrastructure and things that we have to build and take care of it's going to to build and take care of it's going to to build and take care of it's going to take time it's not going to happen all take time it's not going to happen all take time it's not going to happen all at once but I think over decades I think at once but I think over decades I think at once but I think over decades I think if we change the way that we do things if we change the way that we do things if we change the way that we do things that we can make a huge that we can make a huge that we can make a huge difference and the neat thing about rain difference and the neat thing about rain difference and the neat thing about rain Gardens of West Michigan is that anybody Gardens of West Michigan is that anybody Gardens of West Michigan is that anybody can make a difference I can make a can make a difference I can make a can make a difference I can make a difference in Falling Rain Gardens on difference in Falling Rain Gardens on difference in Falling Rain Gardens on The Lawns of schools businesses and The Lawns of schools businesses and The Lawns of schools businesses and homes can help eliminate storm water homes can help eliminate storm water homes can help eliminate storm water runoff for more information go to runoff for more information go to runoff for more information go to www.r.org www.r.org www.r.org rain Gardens saving the Great Lakes one rain Gardens saving the Great Lakes one rain Gardens saving the Great Lakes one Garden at a time Garden at a time Garden at a time [Music]<br /> }}</div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Allestree_Park,_Derby_-_the_UK%27s_largest_urban_rewilding_project.&diff=11802 2026-05-29T14:08:31Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Ajoute les transcriptions YouTube aux pages vidéo qui n&#039;en ont pas - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/435</p> <hr /> <div>{{vidéo<br /> | Titre = Allestree Park, Derby - the UK's largest urban rewilding project.<br /> | Producteur = Natural England<br /> | Vignette = Thumbnail_youtube_EJ_p9zPy8P4.jpg<br /> | Date de mise en ligne = 2023-02-03<br /> | Durée = 3 minutes<br /> | Production = <br /> | Vidéo = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EJ_p9zPy8P4<br /> | Mots-clés = NBSOIL, Green and blue infrastructures<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Allestree Park, Derby – the UK’s largest urban rewilding project. The vision for Allestree Park was to create a nature rich greenspace where people and wildlife thrive together. Green Infrastructure Standards highlight the vital connectedness between people and nature, making it very relevant to all sections of society.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{Pages liées}}<br /> <br /> {{Transcription<br /> | transcription = we're here at Alistair Park in Derby we're here at Alistair Park in Derby we're here at Alistair Park in Derby thinking about our Urban rewilding thinking about our Urban rewilding thinking about our Urban rewilding strategy for Derby City and we're strategy for Derby City and we're strategy for Derby City and we're looking at natural England's green looking at natural England's green looking at natural England's green infrastructure framework Alistair Park infrastructure framework Alistair Park infrastructure framework Alistair Park is a publicly owned Derby City Council is a publicly owned Derby City Council is a publicly owned Derby City Council Green Space and up until 2020 this part Green Space and up until 2020 this part Green Space and up until 2020 this part used to be a golf course used to be a golf course used to be a golf course it's used every single day by Community it's used every single day by Community it's used every single day by Community groups and we've got people that walk groups and we've got people that walk groups and we've got people that walk dogs that exercise we have the dogs that exercise we have the dogs that exercise we have the opportunity to create the UK's largest opportunity to create the UK's largest opportunity to create the UK's largest urban rewilding project and that sounded urban rewilding project and that sounded urban rewilding project and that sounded incredibly exciting our vision for incredibly exciting our vision for incredibly exciting our vision for Alistair Park is to create a nature-rich Alistair Park is to create a nature-rich Alistair Park is to create a nature-rich green space where people and Wildlife green space where people and Wildlife green space where people and Wildlife Thrive together to make it Wilder Thrive together to make it Wilder Thrive together to make it Wilder provide space for nature to recover for provide space for nature to recover for provide space for nature to recover for biodiversity to reintroduce species that biodiversity to reintroduce species that biodiversity to reintroduce species that should be there in the park now but should be there in the park now but should be there in the park now but aren't wet Landscapes grasslands trees aren't wet Landscapes grasslands trees aren't wet Landscapes grasslands trees and other natural habitats and the other and other natural habitats and the other and other natural habitats and the other thing I think that we would really like thing I think that we would really like thing I think that we would really like to be able to do is to achieve the to be able to do is to achieve the to be able to do is to achieve the accessible green standards and of course accessible green standards and of course accessible green standards and of course the opportunity to generate jobs in the the opportunity to generate jobs in the the opportunity to generate jobs in the green economy green infrastructure green economy green infrastructure green economy green infrastructure standards highlights the vital standards highlights the vital standards highlights the vital connectiveness between people and nature connectiveness between people and nature connectiveness between people and nature making it very relevant to all sections making it very relevant to all sections making it very relevant to all sections of society we're particularly focusing of society we're particularly focusing of society we're particularly focusing on Urban nature recovery and accessible on Urban nature recovery and accessible on Urban nature recovery and accessible green spaces Derby is the third most green spaces Derby is the third most green spaces Derby is the third most densely populated city in the East densely populated city in the East densely populated city in the East Midlands and we saw in the pandemic the Midlands and we saw in the pandemic the Midlands and we saw in the pandemic the importance of Green Space to local importance of Green Space to local importance of Green Space to local people but we also want safe spaces we people but we also want safe spaces we people but we also want safe spaces we want people to actually come to Alistair want people to actually come to Alistair want people to actually come to Alistair and feel welcomed and feel like they're and feel welcomed and feel like they're and feel welcomed and feel like they're represented within the park we want our represented within the park we want our represented within the park we want our volunteering opportunities to be as volunteering opportunities to be as volunteering opportunities to be as broad as possible and to make sure that broad as possible and to make sure that broad as possible and to make sure that we're encouraging as many people as we're encouraging as many people as we're encouraging as many people as possible to take part in what is a possible to take part in what is a possible to take part in what is a really exciting project we want one in really exciting project we want one in really exciting project we want one in four people to be mobilized to take four people to be mobilized to take four people to be mobilized to take action for wildlife like species action for wildlife like species action for wildlife like species reintroduction citizen science and reintroduction citizen science and reintroduction citizen science and monitoring the climate crisis is with us monitoring the climate crisis is with us monitoring the climate crisis is with us right here right now and Allergy Park right here right now and Allergy Park right here right now and Allergy Park provides us the opportunity to respond provides us the opportunity to respond provides us the opportunity to respond to that climate crisis in a really to that climate crisis in a really to that climate crisis in a really really sustainable manageable way that really sustainable manageable way that really sustainable manageable way that will benefit local people we're not the will benefit local people we're not the will benefit local people we're not the experts on everything I think the key experts on everything I think the key experts on everything I think the key thing has been by working in partnership thing has been by working in partnership thing has been by working in partnership with the likes of Derbyshire Wildlife with the likes of Derbyshire Wildlife with the likes of Derbyshire Wildlife trust with the University of derby with trust with the University of derby with trust with the University of derby with rewild in Britain they've got some rewild in Britain they've got some rewild in Britain they've got some fantastic expertise capacity resources fantastic expertise capacity resources fantastic expertise capacity resources we've already delivered different public we've already delivered different public we've already delivered different public consultation through walks talks and consultation through walks talks and consultation through walks talks and events and now we're working with events and now we're working with events and now we're working with individuals and organizations to find individuals and organizations to find individuals and organizations to find out more about how they would use out more about how they would use out more about how they would use Alistair Park so that we can make a Alistair Park so that we can make a Alistair Park so that we can make a really co-produced program we're really co-produced program we're really co-produced program we're igniting a passion for this project igniting a passion for this project igniting a passion for this project we're finding more and more people are we're finding more and more people are we're finding more and more people are engaging with everything to do with engaging with everything to do with engaging with everything to do with wildlife and we want local people and wildlife and we want local people and wildlife and we want local people and local communities to be involved in local communities to be involved in local communities to be involved in engagement projects and well-being engagement projects and well-being engagement projects and well-being programs however we're very aware of the programs however we're very aware of the programs however we're very aware of the voices that are missing within this voices that are missing within this voices that are missing within this project and we're really doing a lot of project and we're really doing a lot of project and we're really doing a lot of work to ensure that our underserved work to ensure that our underserved work to ensure that our underserved communities are involved in the work communities are involved in the work communities are involved in the work that goes into rewarding Alistair Park that goes into rewarding Alistair Park that goes into rewarding Alistair Park we don't have all the answers but we're we don't have all the answers but we're we don't have all the answers but we're reflecting we're learning and we're reflecting we're learning and we're reflecting we're learning and we're starting the work to enable access for starting the work to enable access for starting the work to enable access for all I'm really excited about the all I'm really excited about the all I'm really excited about the opportunities that lie ahead and working opportunities that lie ahead and working opportunities that lie ahead and working with our partners to bring the vision of with our partners to bring the vision of with our partners to bring the vision of a rewired Artistry Park to life we're so a rewired Artistry Park to life we're so a rewired Artistry Park to life we're so excited to see what we can do here at excited to see what we can do here at excited to see what we can do here at Alistair Park and the impact we know it Alistair Park and the impact we know it Alistair Park and the impact we know it will have for the community will have for the community will have for the community [Music]<br /> }}</div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Elephant_Park,_London&diff=11801 2026-05-29T14:08:27Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Ajoute les transcriptions YouTube aux pages vidéo qui n&#039;en ont pas - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/435</p> <hr /> <div>{{vidéo<br /> | Titre = Elephant Park, London<br /> | Producteur = Natural England<br /> | Vignette = Thumbnail_youtube_LgLSJkY7Cw4.jpg<br /> | Date de mise en ligne = 2023-02-03<br /> | Durée = 1 minutes<br /> | Production = <br /> | Vidéo = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LgLSJkY7Cw4<br /> | Intervenants 0 = Ewan Oliver<br /> | Mots-clés = NBSOIL, Green and blue infrastructures<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Elephant Park, London- Ewan Oliver from Lendlease talks about the redevelopment of Elephant Park in London and how they achieved a good UGF: Urban Greening Factor, which is one of the headline standards of the GI Framework. The film illustrates why Green infrastructure requires a different approach to masterplanning.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{Pages liées}}<br /> <br /> {{Transcription<br /> | transcription = [Music] [Music] [Music] our vision for the public Realm was to our vision for the public Realm was to our vision for the public Realm was to create an Urban Oasis that connects create an Urban Oasis that connects create an Urban Oasis that connects people to place and nature a livable people to place and nature a livable people to place and nature a livable place where people and businesses can place where people and businesses can place where people and businesses can Thrive and our vision was for a place Thrive and our vision was for a place Thrive and our vision was for a place that felt relaxed and naturalistic and that felt relaxed and naturalistic and that felt relaxed and naturalistic and welcoming to all and of course a place welcoming to all and of course a place welcoming to all and of course a place that's also home to Nature although that's also home to Nature although that's also home to Nature although ugf didn't exist when the project ugf didn't exist when the project ugf didn't exist when the project started back in 2013 and wasn't part of started back in 2013 and wasn't part of started back in 2013 and wasn't part of our outline planning requirement our outline planning requirement our outline planning requirement increasingly planners have asked for UGA increasingly planners have asked for UGA increasingly planners have asked for UGA assessments to be done on the detail assessments to be done on the detail assessments to be done on the detail planning application planning application planning application and this has really helped to challenge and this has really helped to challenge and this has really helped to challenge the design teams to increase the quantum the design teams to increase the quantum the design teams to increase the quantum and the quality of planting and the quality of planting and the quality of planting we have achieved a ugf score of 0.36 in we have achieved a ugf score of 0.36 in we have achieved a ugf score of 0.36 in order to reach a good ugf score then we order to reach a good ugf score then we order to reach a good ugf score then we needed to turn the traditional methods needed to turn the traditional methods needed to turn the traditional methods of Master planning on the head instead of Master planning on the head instead of Master planning on the head instead of saying where can we fit in green of saying where can we fit in green of saying where can we fit in green infrastructure infrastructure infrastructure instead to say where is it absolutely instead to say where is it absolutely instead to say where is it absolutely necessary to have hard infrastructure necessary to have hard infrastructure necessary to have hard infrastructure UTF has helped to establish some really UTF has helped to establish some really UTF has helped to establish some really high value habitats in elephant park high value habitats in elephant park high value habitats in elephant park because Meadows and trees attract a high because Meadows and trees attract a high because Meadows and trees attract a high score within the ugf calculations this score within the ugf calculations this score within the ugf calculations this has encouraged us to increase the number has encouraged us to increase the number has encouraged us to increase the number of trees of course this links back to creating a of course this links back to creating a of course this links back to creating a place where people can be in contact place where people can be in contact place where people can be in contact with nature natural England's GI with nature natural England's GI with nature natural England's GI framework is crucial if we're to tackle framework is crucial if we're to tackle framework is crucial if we're to tackle the big issues of the 21st century it the big issues of the 21st century it the big issues of the 21st century it clearly sets out the guidance to deliver clearly sets out the guidance to deliver clearly sets out the guidance to deliver good quality schemes and I think that good quality schemes and I think that good quality schemes and I think that generally if you give developers a set generally if you give developers a set generally if you give developers a set of well-defined parameters to work to of well-defined parameters to work to of well-defined parameters to work to they will deliver what's required<br /> }}</div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Mayfield_Park,_Manchester&diff=11800 2026-05-29T14:08:23Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Ajoute les transcriptions YouTube aux pages vidéo qui n&#039;en ont pas - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/435</p> <hr /> <div>{{vidéo<br /> | Titre = Mayfield Park, Manchester<br /> | Producteur = Natural England<br /> | Vignette = Thumbnail_youtube_kLackjOMpXw.jpg<br /> | Date de mise en ligne = 2023-02-03<br /> | Durée = 3 minutes<br /> | Production = <br /> | Vidéo = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kLackjOMpXw<br /> | Mots-clés = NBSOIL, Green and blue infrastructures<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Manchester’s first urban park in over 100 years all within a 1-minute walk of Manchester station.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{Pages liées}}<br /> <br /> {{Transcription<br /> | transcription = thank you natural England's GI standards will natural England's GI standards will natural England's GI standards will provide critical guidance to the public provide critical guidance to the public provide critical guidance to the public and private sector with real life and private sector with real life and private sector with real life examples such as Mayfield Mayfield is a examples such as Mayfield Mayfield is a examples such as Mayfield Mayfield is a massive regeneration project that was massive regeneration project that was massive regeneration project that was working with some heavily contaminated working with some heavily contaminated working with some heavily contaminated land and it now puts people place and land and it now puts people place and land and it now puts people place and nature at its heart nature at its heart nature at its heart Mayfield has contributed to Manchester's Mayfield has contributed to Manchester's Mayfield has contributed to Manchester's green infrastructure agenda by green infrastructure agenda by green infrastructure agenda by delivering one of the first city center delivering one of the first city center delivering one of the first city center parks in almost over 100 years parks in almost over 100 years parks in almost over 100 years Mayfield Park is 2.6 hectares of high Mayfield Park is 2.6 hectares of high Mayfield Park is 2.6 hectares of high quality green space play Space and of quality green space play Space and of quality green space play Space and of course ecological habitat course ecological habitat course ecological habitat this new green space is different this new green space is different this new green space is different because guess what it's a landscape-led because guess what it's a landscape-led because guess what it's a landscape-led approach and this is an approach that approach and this is an approach that approach and this is an approach that where hope is going to be copied where hope is going to be copied where hope is going to be copied elsewhere in the city what's also elsewhere in the city what's also elsewhere in the city what's also different is the creative and Innovative different is the creative and Innovative different is the creative and Innovative design features that have been factored design features that have been factored design features that have been factored in not just the great amazing stuff in not just the great amazing stuff in not just the great amazing stuff that's on top of the surface but below that's on top of the surface but below that's on top of the surface but below ground as well making the site really ground as well making the site really ground as well making the site really adaptable to the extreme conditions of adaptable to the extreme conditions of adaptable to the extreme conditions of climate change that it might face in climate change that it might face in climate change that it might face in particular flooding this place will have particular flooding this place will have particular flooding this place will have a real impact on people in nature a real impact on people in nature a real impact on people in nature because it's because it's because it's free it's accessible it's interesting free it's accessible it's interesting free it's accessible it's interesting and it's a minutes walk from and it's a minutes walk from and it's a minutes walk from Manchester's main train station I think Manchester's main train station I think Manchester's main train station I think if if we were to stumble across this in if if we were to stumble across this in if if we were to stumble across this in any other European city we'd be any other European city we'd be any other European city we'd be absolutely thrilled yeah it's a special absolutely thrilled yeah it's a special absolutely thrilled yeah it's a special place and Nature's in the heart of the place and Nature's in the heart of the place and Nature's in the heart of the city which I think is going to stimulate city which I think is going to stimulate city which I think is going to stimulate investment investment investment Mayfield will benefit people and nature Mayfield will benefit people and nature Mayfield will benefit people and nature in tandem it will put nature right on in tandem it will put nature right on in tandem it will put nature right on the doorstep of so many of Manchester's the doorstep of so many of Manchester's the doorstep of so many of Manchester's residents Mayfield is contributing to residents Mayfield is contributing to residents Mayfield is contributing to tree canopy cover with 156 new trees tree canopy cover with 156 new trees tree canopy cover with 156 new trees following the opening of the park in following the opening of the park in following the opening of the park in September 2022 September 2022 September 2022 Mayfield partnership definitely plans to Mayfield partnership definitely plans to Mayfield partnership definitely plans to apply for a green flag award apply for a green flag award apply for a green flag award [Music] [Music] [Music] why have a green infrastructure strategy why have a green infrastructure strategy why have a green infrastructure strategy I'm a policy officer so I'm slightly I'm a policy officer so I'm slightly I'm a policy officer so I'm slightly biased but as strategy or a plan is a biased but as strategy or a plan is a biased but as strategy or a plan is a rallying point it's a rallying call it rallying point it's a rallying call it rallying point it's a rallying call it allows you to look at allows you to look at allows you to look at where you are where you're going and how where you are where you're going and how where you are where you're going and how you're going to get there and I think you're going to get there and I think you're going to get there and I think that's really really important is that's really really important is that's really really important is establishing that long-term Vision establishing that long-term Vision establishing that long-term Vision alongside helpful and useful alongside helpful and useful alongside helpful and useful environmental evidence such as the green environmental evidence such as the green environmental evidence such as the green infrastructure standards we have the infrastructure standards we have the infrastructure standards we have the cause we've got climate emergency and cause we've got climate emergency and cause we've got climate emergency and ecological emergency what the plans ecological emergency what the plans ecological emergency what the plans allow us to do really is turn those allow us to do really is turn those allow us to do really is turn those strategies and policies into practical strategies and policies into practical strategies and policies into practical action on the ground and Mayfield is a action on the ground and Mayfield is a action on the ground and Mayfield is a great example of this great example of this great example of this Mayfield could of course be done in Mayfield could of course be done in Mayfield could of course be done in other places what you need to deliver other places what you need to deliver other places what you need to deliver something like Mayfield it's partnership something like Mayfield it's partnership something like Mayfield it's partnership working intensive collaboration and a working intensive collaboration and a working intensive collaboration and a vision that everyone can get behind vision that everyone can get behind vision that everyone can get behind these standards could also help local these standards could also help local these standards could also help local authorities emphasize where authorities emphasize where authorities emphasize where opportunities for GI exist and how to opportunities for GI exist and how to opportunities for GI exist and how to exploit them and the thing is here in exploit them and the thing is here in exploit them and the thing is here in Manchester we'd like to think that the Manchester we'd like to think that the Manchester we'd like to think that the world's first industrial city can apply world's first industrial city can apply world's first industrial city can apply these principles and develop more these principles and develop more these principles and develop more climate resilient approaches then we can climate resilient approaches then we can climate resilient approaches then we can all do it all do it all do it look look look [Music] [Music] [Music] foreign<br /> }}</div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Diversification_of_organic_farming_-_A_Polish_Success_Story&diff=11799 2026-05-29T14:08:00Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Ajoute les transcriptions YouTube aux pages vidéo qui n&#039;en ont pas - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/435</p> <hr /> <div>{{vidéo<br /> | Titre = Diversification of organic farming - A Polish Success Story<br /> | Producteur = DiverIMPACTS H2020<br /> | Vignette = Thumbnail_youtube_LBG0VuKmPbA.jpg<br /> | Date de mise en ligne = 2022-04-19<br /> | Durée = 3 minutes<br /> | Production = <br /> | Vidéo = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBG0VuKmPbA<br /> | Intervenants 0 = Tomasz Obszanski<br /> | Mots-clés = NBSOIL<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Tomasz Obszanski, farm owner of Barwy Zdrowia, Poland shares his success story of diversifying his farm through correct crop rotation, intercropping and improving soil health. Tomasz also shares issues that he has faced in previous years and how this issues have affected Barwy Zdrowia.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{Pages liées}}<br /> <br /> {{Transcription<br /> | transcription = [Music] welcome to byways georgia in tonight welcome to byways georgia in tonight welcome to byways georgia in tonight poland thomas a farm owner is currently thomas a farm owner is currently thomas a farm owner is currently standing in the onion field standing in the onion field standing in the onion field next to thomas there is white and red next to thomas there is white and red next to thomas there is white and red cabbage cabbage cabbage on the other side grows a pumpkin patch on the other side grows a pumpkin patch on the other side grows a pumpkin patch as the side of the field is large thomas as the side of the field is large thomas as the side of the field is large thomas is trying to diversify the production is trying to diversify the production is trying to diversify the production through correct crop rotation through correct crop rotation through correct crop rotation the fertilization is purely organic the fertilization is purely organic the fertilization is purely organic based on locally produced fertilizers based on locally produced fertilizers based on locally produced fertilizers such as slurry such as slurry such as slurry this is obtained from a nearby pig farm thomas deals with several problems on thomas deals with several problems on thomas deals with several problems on his farm his farm his farm one that affects him the most is high one that affects him the most is high one that affects him the most is high levels of weed infestations levels of weed infestations levels of weed infestations thomas is also facing a shortage of thomas is also facing a shortage of thomas is also facing a shortage of manpower manpower manpower and therefore trying to rely as much as and therefore trying to rely as much as and therefore trying to rely as much as possible on machinery the weeder harrow possible on machinery the weeder harrow possible on machinery the weeder harrow a mechanical hoe is crucial to tackle a mechanical hoe is crucial to tackle a mechanical hoe is crucial to tackle the weeds the weeds the weeds however weed residues still must be however weed residues still must be however weed residues still must be removed by hand removed by hand removed by hand by using different methods thomas has by using different methods thomas has by using different methods thomas has tried to diversify production on this tried to diversify production on this tried to diversify production on this farm an example of this is the farm an example of this is the farm an example of this is the cultivation of paprika in raspberries cultivation of paprika in raspberries cultivation of paprika in raspberries into rowing can be shown here raspberry is the main crop while pepper raspberry is the main crop while pepper raspberry is the main crop while pepper is the intercrop is the intercrop is the intercrop by doing this they use the full by doing this they use the full by doing this they use the full potential of the field potential of the field potential of the field otherwise these inter roads will be otherwise these inter roads will be otherwise these inter roads will be unmanaged this empty area can be used to grow this empty area can be used to grow this empty area can be used to grow peppers onions or other vegetables peppers onions or other vegetables peppers onions or other vegetables we also have beans growing in the we also have beans growing in the we also have beans growing in the inter-rows of blackcurrants nearby inter-rows of blackcurrants nearby inter-rows of blackcurrants nearby allowing the farm to increase allowing the farm to increase allowing the farm to increase profitability by increasing the number profitability by increasing the number profitability by increasing the number of crops of crops of crops with only 30 hectares there is not with only 30 hectares there is not with only 30 hectares there is not enough space for some crops inter enough space for some crops inter enough space for some crops inter cropping allows for a larger assortment cropping allows for a larger assortment cropping allows for a larger assortment of vegetables to be produced which of vegetables to be produced which of vegetables to be produced which thomas then sells later on farm thomas has tried to diversify his farm thomas has tried to diversify his farm thomas has tried to diversify his farm by sewing and planting various types of by sewing and planting various types of by sewing and planting various types of vegetables in the main crops vegetables in the main crops vegetables in the main crops in this field like currents are grown in this field like currents are grown in this field like currents are grown and intercrotch with onions if machinery and intercrotch with onions if machinery and intercrotch with onions if machinery harvesting is not possible it will be harvesting is not possible it will be harvesting is not possible it will be harvested manually harvested manually harvested manually thomas was afraid that this crop would thomas was afraid that this crop would thomas was afraid that this crop would fail but currently the crop is looking fail but currently the crop is looking fail but currently the crop is looking good good good another example of barbie's soviet another example of barbie's soviet another example of barbie's soviet diversification diversification diversification is a delicately sown white clover that is a delicately sown white clover that is a delicately sown white clover that introduced additional nitrogen and introduced additional nitrogen and introduced additional nitrogen and protects the soil against the loss of protects the soil against the loss of protects the soil against the loss of moisture moisture moisture dumbass is pleased with the experiment dumbass is pleased with the experiment dumbass is pleased with the experiment he did in this field and as you can see he did in this field and as you can see he did in this field and as you can see the onions are on track to be harvested the onions are on track to be harvested the onions are on track to be harvested in a month's time in a month's time in a month's time as shown previously the raspberries are as shown previously the raspberries are as shown previously the raspberries are also looking promising this year too also looking promising this year too also looking promising this year too throughout the year thomas has faced throughout the year thomas has faced throughout the year thomas has faced droughts frosts intensive rainfall and droughts frosts intensive rainfall and droughts frosts intensive rainfall and back to drought again back to drought again back to drought again the weather conditions haven't been very the weather conditions haven't been very the weather conditions haven't been very favorable in poland however in the favorable in poland however in the favorable in poland however in the circumstances of the farm aristorobia circumstances of the farm aristorobia circumstances of the farm aristorobia can be a notable example of successful can be a notable example of successful can be a notable example of successful diversification diversification diversification tomas is a great example for farmers tomas is a great example for farmers tomas is a great example for farmers looking to implement the same farming looking to implement the same farming looking to implement the same farming systems you<br /> }}</div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Lowland_peat_solutions_-_rethinking_farming_on_lowland_peat&diff=11798 2026-05-29T14:07:56Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Ajoute les transcriptions YouTube aux pages vidéo qui n&#039;en ont pas - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/435</p> <hr /> <div>{{vidéo<br /> | Titre = Lowland peat solutions - rethinking farming on lowland peat<br /> | Producteur = The Wildlife Trusts<br /> | Vignette = Thumbnail_youtube_YNbVcQcLtJA.jpg<br /> | Date de mise en ligne = 2025-07-03<br /> | Durée = 44 minutes<br /> | Production = <br /> | Vidéo = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YNbVcQcLtJA<br /> | Intervenants 0 = Vicki Hird<br /> | Intervenants 1 = Phil Jarvis<br /> | Intervenants 2 = Sarah-Jane Taylor<br /> | Intervenants 3 = Sarah Johnson<br /> | Intervenants 4 = Cameron Edwards<br /> | Mots-clés = NBSOIL<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Lowland carbon peat soils are precious - from storing vast amounts of carbon to being a key wildlife, food and hydrological resource. Yet they are severely degraded, leading to soil and nature loss, and greenhouse gas emissions.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> This session will explore the tools we have to rethink agriculture on lowland peat.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Live from Groundswell 2025<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Chair - Vicki Hird (The Wildlife Trusts)<br /> <br /> Panel - Phil Jarvis - Albanwise Ltd<br /> <br /> Sarah-Jane Taylor - Oxwillow<br /> <br /> Sarah Johnson - Lancashire Wildlife Trust<br /> <br /> Cameron Edwards - Farmer<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{Pages liées}}<br /> <br /> {{Transcription<br /> | transcription = [Music] Yeah. Yeah. Welcome everyone. Um, thank you very Welcome everyone. Um, thank you very Welcome everyone. Um, thank you very much for coming um to the Wildlife Trust much for coming um to the Wildlife Trust much for coming um to the Wildlife Trust um nature farming with nature tent. Um um nature farming with nature tent. Um um nature farming with nature tent. Um I'm Vicky Herd and I will be hosting I'm Vicky Herd and I will be hosting I'm Vicky Herd and I will be hosting this session on land pete solutions this session on land pete solutions this session on land pete solutions rethinking farming farming on land pete rethinking farming farming on land pete rethinking farming farming on land pete and we are recording this so welcome to and we are recording this so welcome to and we are recording this so welcome to all the people online um who will be all the people online um who will be all the people online um who will be seeing this um and I hope we can delve seeing this um and I hope we can delve seeing this um and I hope we can delve into we've got a short amount of time into we've got a short amount of time into we've got a short amount of time but we can delve into some of the um but we can delve into some of the um but we can delve into some of the um issues the challenges with farming on issues the challenges with farming on issues the challenges with farming on land peak because it's a fantastic soil land peak because it's a fantastic soil land peak because it's a fantastic soil to grow crops in and to and grassland to grow crops in and to and grassland to grow crops in and to and grassland it's some some is used for grassland it's some some is used for grassland it's some some is used for grassland land. Some is extracted for um Pete for land. Some is extracted for um Pete for land. Some is extracted for um Pete for use as a substrate. And yet it's an use as a substrate. And yet it's an use as a substrate. And yet it's an incredibly important resource. It's an incredibly important resource. It's an incredibly important resource. It's an incredibly important source of carbon incredibly important source of carbon incredibly important source of carbon because the carbon is locked into because the carbon is locked into because the carbon is locked into lowland heat if it's treated if it's lowland heat if it's treated if it's lowland heat if it's treated if it's worked well. It's locked in and um worked well. It's locked in and um worked well. It's locked in and um saving a lot of emissions if it's um saving a lot of emissions if it's um saving a lot of emissions if it's um it's managed well. Um if it's not, you it's managed well. Um if it's not, you it's managed well. Um if it's not, you get a lot of greenhouse gas emissions. get a lot of greenhouse gas emissions. get a lot of greenhouse gas emissions. Um, so 2.2% of agricultural land is Um, so 2.2% of agricultural land is Um, so 2.2% of agricultural land is Pete, land pete, but it represents 29% Pete, land pete, but it represents 29% Pete, land pete, but it represents 29% of our agricultural emissions. So it's a of our agricultural emissions. So it's a of our agricultural emissions. So it's a huge source at the moment. So that's why huge source at the moment. So that's why huge source at the moment. So that's why we're thinking of how it can be changed we're thinking of how it can be changed we're thinking of how it can be changed how we farm on that land and and in some how we farm on that land and and in some how we farm on that land and and in some case not farming on that land in order case not farming on that land in order case not farming on that land in order to stop those carbon emissions but also to stop those carbon emissions but also to stop those carbon emissions but also restore it for nature because it's a restore it for nature because it's a restore it for nature because it's a very natur area with some really unique very natur area with some really unique very natur area with some really unique habitats and species that we want to habitats and species that we want to habitats and species that we want to recover restore and recover which is recover restore and recover which is recover restore and recover which is really important if we're going to really important if we're going to really important if we're going to achieve our um target of 30 by 30 uh 30% achieve our um target of 30 by 30 uh 30% achieve our um target of 30 by 30 uh 30% of nature inland waterways and marine of nature inland waterways and marine of nature inland waterways and marine restored for nature by 2030 which is a restored for nature by 2030 which is a restored for nature by 2030 which is a binding target that we have. Um so we've binding target that we have. Um so we've binding target that we have. Um so we've got a real interest in this and we've got a real interest in this and we've got a real interest in this and we've done a discussion document which you can done a discussion document which you can done a discussion document which you can get on our website um agricultural and get on our website um agricultural and get on our website um agricultural and land petlands um where we look at some land petlands um where we look at some land petlands um where we look at some of the many issues and you can learn of the many issues and you can learn of the many issues and you can learn more if you want to learn more but we more if you want to learn more but we more if you want to learn more but we have some fabulous speakers um talking have some fabulous speakers um talking have some fabulous speakers um talking about their experiences of farming on about their experiences of farming on about their experiences of farming on land pete and um projects in um a land pete and um projects in um a land pete and um projects in um a process called pollutulture which I'm process called pollutulture which I'm process called pollutulture which I'm sure you've heard um it's another phrase sure you've heard um it's another phrase sure you've heard um it's another phrase is wet wetter farming where you rewet is wet wetter farming where you rewet is wet wetter farming where you rewet the petland soils so they stop emitting the petland soils so they stop emitting the petland soils so they stop emitting carbon emissions and start recovering as carbon emissions and start recovering as carbon emissions and start recovering as a a naturous source. But you can still a a naturous source. But you can still a a naturous source. But you can still do some farming. So we're going to learn do some farming. So we're going to learn do some farming. So we're going to learn about that today with some fabulous about that today with some fabulous about that today with some fabulous speakers. Um I'm going to have to take a speakers. Um I'm going to have to take a speakers. Um I'm going to have to take a drink. I get very uh dry mouthed I'm drink. I get very uh dry mouthed I'm drink. I get very uh dry mouthed I'm afraid when I'm speaking. Um but we're afraid when I'm speaking. Um but we're afraid when I'm speaking. Um but we're going to hear from Phil Jarvis who's a going to hear from Phil Jarvis who's a going to hear from Phil Jarvis who's a farmer with many many hats in the past. farmer with many many hats in the past. farmer with many many hats in the past. I'll let them introduce what they've I'll let them introduce what they've I'll let them introduce what they've been doing. Um but I'll just go through been doing. Um but I'll just go through been doing. Um but I'll just go through the panel. We've got Sarah Jane Taylor. the panel. We've got Sarah Jane Taylor. the panel. We've got Sarah Jane Taylor. um who's a farmer in the Cambridge fence um who's a farmer in the Cambridge fence um who's a farmer in the Cambridge fence which is obviously a very rich um which is obviously a very rich um which is obviously a very rich um petland area. Sarah Johnson who's head petland area. Sarah Johnson who's head petland area. Sarah Johnson who's head of Petland Nature Recovery in the um of Petland Nature Recovery in the um of Petland Nature Recovery in the um wildlife trust um of Lanasher Manchester wildlife trust um of Lanasher Manchester wildlife trust um of Lanasher Manchester and North Marsy Mury side. So it's a and North Marsy Mury side. So it's a and North Marsy Mury side. So it's a long one and Cameron Edwards who's a long one and Cameron Edwards who's a long one and Cameron Edwards who's a farmer in Goose Meadow Farming up in farmer in Goose Meadow Farming up in farmer in Goose Meadow Farming up in Lanasher. So two very um important areas Lanasher. So two very um important areas Lanasher. So two very um important areas for Lolan Pete. we will hear from then and um then there we will hear from then and um then there we will hear from then and um then there will be opportunity for you ask will be opportunity for you ask will be opportunity for you ask questions afterwards. So please do think questions afterwards. So please do think questions afterwards. So please do think of any you might have um and uh we'll of any you might have um and uh we'll of any you might have um and uh we'll get on to that as soon as we can. Um so get on to that as soon as we can. Um so get on to that as soon as we can. Um so they're only going to be speak five to they're only going to be speak five to they're only going to be speak five to seven minutes max which isn't enough I'm seven minutes max which isn't enough I'm seven minutes max which isn't enough I'm sure but I'm sure you'll understand and sure but I'm sure you'll understand and sure but I'm sure you'll understand and maybe there'll be time afterwards to maybe there'll be time afterwards to maybe there'll be time afterwards to chat further um after we've closed the chat further um after we've closed the chat further um after we've closed the session. So thank you very much. Thank session. So thank you very much. Thank session. So thank you very much. Thank you for coming and um I'll start with you for coming and um I'll start with you for coming and um I'll start with Phil. please uh introduce your work on Phil. please uh introduce your work on Phil. please uh introduce your work on Loland Pete and uh your experiences and Loland Pete and uh your experiences and Loland Pete and uh your experiences and challenges and messages to government. challenges and messages to government. challenges and messages to government. Okay. Thank you very much indeed Vicki. Okay. Thank you very much indeed Vicki. Okay. Thank you very much indeed Vicki. So I'm going to talk to you about some So I'm going to talk to you about some So I'm going to talk to you about some projects in Norfolk and in Yorkshire projects in Norfolk and in Yorkshire projects in Norfolk and in Yorkshire that I'm involved with uh and they will that I'm involved with uh and they will that I'm involved with uh and they will run to several hundred acres of of Pete run to several hundred acres of of Pete run to several hundred acres of of Pete in both of those places. But the first in both of those places. But the first in both of those places. But the first thing I want to do is I want to thing I want to do is I want to thing I want to do is I want to acknowledge some of my former colleagues acknowledge some of my former colleagues acknowledge some of my former colleagues uh Sarah Akin, Mike Edwards and Andy uh Sarah Akin, Mike Edwards and Andy uh Sarah Akin, Mike Edwards and Andy Miller who put together projects and Miller who put together projects and Miller who put together projects and much of this is about teamwork and and much of this is about teamwork and and much of this is about teamwork and and the stakeholders you work together. It's the stakeholders you work together. It's the stakeholders you work together. It's not just one person who says I'm going not just one person who says I'm going not just one person who says I'm going to save uh Pete. So firstly I was to save uh Pete. So firstly I was to save uh Pete. So firstly I was involved strategically. Now I'm involved involved strategically. Now I'm involved involved strategically. Now I'm involved more practically. Um the experiences and more practically. Um the experiences and more practically. Um the experiences and challenges well um they range from flood challenges well um they range from flood challenges well um they range from flood to drought. uh in there somewhere before to drought. uh in there somewhere before to drought. uh in there somewhere before I forget there's food and farming. Okay. I forget there's food and farming. Okay. I forget there's food and farming. Okay. And can you combine the two um planning And can you combine the two um planning And can you combine the two um planning permissions when you're using public permissions when you're using public permissions when you're using public money that also um flood risk money that also um flood risk money that also um flood risk assessments and permits and and making assessments and permits and and making assessments and permits and and making sure that uh and I might come back to sure that uh and I might come back to sure that uh and I might come back to how we get permits in the future, but it how we get permits in the future, but it how we get permits in the future, but it seems to me we need to be a bit more seems to me we need to be a bit more seems to me we need to be a bit more joined up between stakeholders about joined up between stakeholders about joined up between stakeholders about especially water abstraction and water especially water abstraction and water especially water abstraction and water availability. And any of you who were availability. And any of you who were availability. And any of you who were listening to Tom Bradshshire earlier on, listening to Tom Bradshshire earlier on, listening to Tom Bradshshire earlier on, that was a point about, you know, when that was a point about, you know, when that was a point about, you know, when there's a lot of water around, why are there's a lot of water around, why are there's a lot of water around, why are we pumping it into the north north sea we pumping it into the north north sea we pumping it into the north north sea when a lot of our wet wetting up land is when a lot of our wet wetting up land is when a lot of our wet wetting up land is is available. Um, is available. Um, is available. Um, yeah, and and you know, in any of these yeah, and and you know, in any of these yeah, and and you know, in any of these projects, lots of surveys, lots of projects, lots of surveys, lots of projects, lots of surveys, lots of administration, lots of bureaucracies. administration, lots of bureaucracies. administration, lots of bureaucracies. So, the partners that we're working with So, the partners that we're working with So, the partners that we're working with and the grants we're working with mainly and the grants we're working with mainly and the grants we're working with mainly landscape recovery. We're in four landscape recovery. We're in four landscape recovery. We're in four landscape recoveries. one two of them landscape recoveries. one two of them landscape recoveries. one two of them particularly uh for Pete we're working particularly uh for Pete we're working particularly uh for Pete we're working with a Fen East Pete partnership which with a Fen East Pete partnership which with a Fen East Pete partnership which is uh working very closely with is uh working very closely with is uh working very closely with linkshire wildlife trust and actually linkshire wildlife trust and actually linkshire wildlife trust and actually the benefits of working with people like the benefits of working with people like the benefits of working with people like the RSPB as well is that the the RSPB as well is that the the RSPB as well is that the administration in bureaucracy when administration in bureaucracy when administration in bureaucracy when you've got people from those you've got people from those you've got people from those organizations they do help ease ease can organizations they do help ease ease can organizations they do help ease ease can I say ease the pain a little bit of I say ease the pain a little bit of I say ease the pain a little bit of bureaucracy you know being able to deal bureaucracy you know being able to deal bureaucracy you know being able to deal with that administration uh have have with that administration uh have have with that administration uh have have backup and resources So that's really backup and resources So that's really backup and resources So that's really quite important. Um you know we also quite important. Um you know we also quite important. Um you know we also work with Yorkshire Wildlife Trust we work with Yorkshire Wildlife Trust we work with Yorkshire Wildlife Trust we work with natural England we work with work with natural England we work with work with natural England we work with um the forestry commission as well and um the forestry commission as well and um the forestry commission as well and the mechanisms the mechanisms we're the mechanisms the mechanisms we're the mechanisms the mechanisms we're using. So I've already talked about a using. So I've already talked about a using. So I've already talked about a fenny's peak partnership landscape fenny's peak partnership landscape fenny's peak partnership landscape recover recovery BNG you know is it a recover recovery BNG you know is it a recover recovery BNG you know is it a market is there that private finance how market is there that private finance how market is there that private finance how much do you have to invest before much do you have to invest before much do you have to invest before potentially you see the return from potentially you see the return from potentially you see the return from actually we can go through the process actually we can go through the process actually we can go through the process from monitoring and manage management we from monitoring and manage management we from monitoring and manage management we can go through conservation covenant can go through conservation covenant can go through conservation covenant section 106 we can get it registered on section 106 we can get it registered on section 106 we can get it registered on a register however and people can do all a register however and people can do all a register however and people can do all the metrics to say how much uplift they the metrics to say how much uplift they the metrics to say how much uplift they are you've then got to sell it okay And are you've then got to sell it okay And are you've then got to sell it okay And I think a lot of people who are in that I think a lot of people who are in that I think a lot of people who are in that marketplace, marketplace, marketplace, it's the phase we've got to now where it's the phase we've got to now where it's the phase we've got to now where I'm interested in the brokers who are I'm interested in the brokers who are I'm interested in the brokers who are going to sell it with me rather than going to sell it with me rather than going to sell it with me rather than people and tell me what how much I've people and tell me what how much I've people and tell me what how much I've got and how much I can uplift. So we're got and how much I can uplift. So we're got and how much I can uplift. So we're now getting to the the phase where I'm now getting to the the phase where I'm now getting to the the phase where I'm looking at the financial side of this. looking at the financial side of this. looking at the financial side of this. Corporate social responsibility, Corporate social responsibility, Corporate social responsibility, environmental and social governance are environmental and social governance are environmental and social governance are all areas that might attract funding all areas that might attract funding all areas that might attract funding fear. But once again, that's private fear. But once again, that's private fear. But once again, that's private finance. And of course the other thing finance. And of course the other thing finance. And of course the other thing is countryside stewardship. And I think is countryside stewardship. And I think is countryside stewardship. And I think countryside stewardship has a lot of countryside stewardship has a lot of countryside stewardship has a lot of attractive things about it. You are much attractive things about it. You are much attractive things about it. You are much more control of your own destiny rather more control of your own destiny rather more control of your own destiny rather than some of these landscape recoveries than some of these landscape recoveries than some of these landscape recoveries where I think the the processes by which where I think the the processes by which where I think the the processes by which you get to receive funding on your land you get to receive funding on your land you get to receive funding on your land can be quite complex. So messages to can be quite complex. So messages to can be quite complex. So messages to government. The first thing there's government. The first thing there's government. The first thing there's there's two things here for me. All of there's two things here for me. All of there's two things here for me. All of this that we're talking about, whether this that we're talking about, whether this that we're talking about, whether it be Pete or any other landscape it be Pete or any other landscape it be Pete or any other landscape recovery, this is about biodiversity or recovery, this is about biodiversity or recovery, this is about biodiversity or climate. It's secondly for me about climate. It's secondly for me about climate. It's secondly for me about making sure this is s sustainable making sure this is s sustainable making sure this is s sustainable financially financially financially because it, you know, what it isn't because it, you know, what it isn't because it, you know, what it isn't about is about a project which gets about is about a project which gets about is about a project which gets bigger than those things altogether. So bigger than those things altogether. So bigger than those things altogether. So when we're doing these things, these when we're doing these things, these when we're doing these things, these landscape recoveries, these grants are landscape recoveries, these grants are landscape recoveries, these grants are all about a vehicle that gets us in a all about a vehicle that gets us in a all about a vehicle that gets us in a streamlined way to to a lot of bi good streamlined way to to a lot of bi good streamlined way to to a lot of bi good biodiversity, climate change, net zero, biodiversity, climate change, net zero, biodiversity, climate change, net zero, but also makes it sustainable in the but also makes it sustainable in the but also makes it sustainable in the long term for land owners who are long term for land owners who are long term for land owners who are committing their land for a long time. committing their land for a long time. committing their land for a long time. Some of these projects can be you know Some of these projects can be you know Some of these projects can be you know if it's neut neutrality 90 years and or if it's neut neutrality 90 years and or if it's neut neutrality 90 years and or 30 years for conservation covenants and 30 years for conservation covenants and 30 years for conservation covenants and section 106 and it has to be streamlined section 106 and it has to be streamlined section 106 and it has to be streamlined and you have to think about the and you have to think about the and you have to think about the financial implications. So Vicki I think financial implications. So Vicki I think financial implications. So Vicki I think I'll I'll stop there. Um but I would I'll I'll stop there. Um but I would I'll I'll stop there. Um but I would like to send that message out to like to send that message out to like to send that message out to government in future schemes payments up government in future schemes payments up government in future schemes payments up front as well rather than expecting land front as well rather than expecting land front as well rather than expecting land owners to fund it and then claim in a owners to fund it and then claim in a owners to fund it and then claim in a rears you know it there's there's some rears you know it there's there's some rears you know it there's there's some big cash flow issues there as well. big cash flow issues there as well. big cash flow issues there as well. Yeah. Well, maybe we can cover that in Yeah. Well, maybe we can cover that in Yeah. Well, maybe we can cover that in the questions more as well. Thank you. the questions more as well. Thank you. the questions more as well. Thank you. Um, so Sarah Jane Taylor from um, Um, so Sarah Jane Taylor from um, Um, so Sarah Jane Taylor from um, Oxillow in the Cambridge fence, similar Oxillow in the Cambridge fence, similar Oxillow in the Cambridge fence, similar area that you've been working although area that you've been working although area that you've been working although you've done Yorkshire, but really you've done Yorkshire, but really you've done Yorkshire, but really interested in your experience of working interested in your experience of working interested in your experience of working with. with. with. Yeah. So, um, I work on a landscape Yeah. So, um, I work on a landscape Yeah. So, um, I work on a landscape recovery project um, alongside Phil. Um, recovery project um, alongside Phil. Um, recovery project um, alongside Phil. Um, we're all Yeah. all in it together. I we're all Yeah. all in it together. I we're all Yeah. all in it together. I very much echo everything Phil has said. very much echo everything Phil has said. very much echo everything Phil has said. Yeah. We we talk about it almost daily Yeah. We we talk about it almost daily Yeah. We we talk about it almost daily at the moment as we're trying to take at the moment as we're trying to take at the moment as we're trying to take the project forward. Um yeah, also the project forward. Um yeah, also the project forward. Um yeah, also involved in biodiversity net gain. We involved in biodiversity net gain. We involved in biodiversity net gain. We have our own habitat bank on the farm have our own habitat bank on the farm have our own habitat bank on the farm that we set up quite early on and again that we set up quite early on and again that we set up quite early on and again it's a really difficult space to try and it's a really difficult space to try and it's a really difficult space to try and navigate at the moment with so much navigate at the moment with so much navigate at the moment with so much uncertainty from the government and the uncertainty from the government and the uncertainty from the government and the markets. Um yeah, other things that we s markets. Um yeah, other things that we s markets. Um yeah, other things that we s I'll probably focus on because Phil's I'll probably focus on because Phil's I'll probably focus on because Phil's made so many brilliant points is our made so many brilliant points is our made so many brilliant points is our pollutulture trials in collaboration pollutulture trials in collaboration pollutulture trials in collaboration with UK center for ecology and with UK center for ecology and with UK center for ecology and hydrarology. Um that's a way that we're hydrarology. Um that's a way that we're hydrarology. Um that's a way that we're really trying to work out, you know, the really trying to work out, you know, the really trying to work out, you know, the future of land farming on Pete and how future of land farming on Pete and how future of land farming on Pete and how we can learn to do things differently or we can learn to do things differently or we can learn to do things differently or more sustainably. Um we do also have more sustainably. Um we do also have more sustainably. Um we do also have what we call sustainable farming trials what we call sustainable farming trials what we call sustainable farming trials on Pete alongside the pollutulture where on Pete alongside the pollutulture where on Pete alongside the pollutulture where we are um sort of comparing how the we are um sort of comparing how the we are um sort of comparing how the crops act on sort of business as usual crops act on sort of business as usual crops act on sort of business as usual Pete versus wet Pete. So for example Pete versus wet Pete. So for example Pete versus wet Pete. So for example things like mscanthus. Um yeah I can't things like mscanthus. Um yeah I can't things like mscanthus. Um yeah I can't say too much about what we're growing at say too much about what we're growing at say too much about what we're growing at the moment. There's going to be a big the moment. There's going to be a big the moment. There's going to be a big press release coming in the next few press release coming in the next few press release coming in the next few weeks which we're really excited for. weeks which we're really excited for. weeks which we're really excited for. Um, so look out for that on Oxillow Um, so look out for that on Oxillow Um, so look out for that on Oxillow social media and also uh UKCh's, social media and also uh UKCh's, social media and also uh UKCh's, but it's it's been a really great but it's it's been a really great but it's it's been a really great journey so far with the Pluto trials. journey so far with the Pluto trials. journey so far with the Pluto trials. We've managed to prove that a plastic We've managed to prove that a plastic We've managed to prove that a plastic liner can work as long as you get it liner can work as long as you get it liner can work as long as you get it into the right sort of clay. We tried into the right sort of clay. We tried into the right sort of clay. We tried three different sites across the farm three different sites across the farm three different sites across the farm before we found the right one. So before we found the right one. So before we found the right one. So geology is so important. Um, also water geology is so important. Um, also water geology is so important. Um, also water availability availability availability um is fairly obvious. We're lucky where um is fairly obvious. We're lucky where um is fairly obvious. We're lucky where we are that we are next to a tidal river we are that we are next to a tidal river we are that we are next to a tidal river that has a lot of water that we can let that has a lot of water that we can let that has a lot of water that we can let into the system. But saying that, this into the system. But saying that, this into the system. But saying that, this week we are almost on a complete ban for week we are almost on a complete ban for week we are almost on a complete ban for irrigation and abstraction. So that was irrigation and abstraction. So that was irrigation and abstraction. So that was a really good start to an early trial. a really good start to an early trial. a really good start to an early trial. But so far it's it's coping okay and you But so far it's it's coping okay and you But so far it's it's coping okay and you know hopefully the weather will um know hopefully the weather will um know hopefully the weather will um behave. But yeah, again I just need to behave. But yeah, again I just need to behave. But yeah, again I just need to echo everything that Phil has said and echo everything that Phil has said and echo everything that Phil has said and probably add to the government that we probably add to the government that we probably add to the government that we really need some more like research and really need some more like research and really need some more like research and development in the sector on land. development in the sector on land. development in the sector on land. um more education and yeah, just more um more education and yeah, just more um more education and yeah, just more support to to keep going with it and support to to keep going with it and support to to keep going with it and keep learning what is the right way to keep learning what is the right way to keep learning what is the right way to go so that we can continue working, you go so that we can continue working, you go so that we can continue working, you know, with food, farming, um know, with food, farming, um know, with food, farming, um biodiversity, emissions, just everything biodiversity, emissions, just everything biodiversity, emissions, just everything and and try and make it all work and and try and make it all work and and try and make it all work together and some joined up thinking together and some joined up thinking together and some joined up thinking would really be great. Is is the picture would really be great. Is is the picture would really be great. Is is the picture that you you've given us on the on the that you you've given us on the on the that you you've given us on the on the screen one of your trials? Yeah. So the screen one of your trials? Yeah. So the screen one of your trials? Yeah. So the top picture across there, that's one of top picture across there, that's one of top picture across there, that's one of our biodiversity net gain sites. Um our biodiversity net gain sites. Um our biodiversity net gain sites. Um that's on our skirt land. So it is a that's on our skirt land. So it is a that's on our skirt land. So it is a little bit pety down the bottom, but little bit pety down the bottom, but little bit pety down the bottom, but it's not a full representation of sort it's not a full representation of sort it's not a full representation of sort of land pete. Um but yeah, that's other of land pete. Um but yeah, that's other of land pete. Um but yeah, that's other neutral grassland on there. And there neutral grassland on there. And there neutral grassland on there. And there are some wet areas at the bottom. And are some wet areas at the bottom. And are some wet areas at the bottom. And then in the bottom right, you've got the then in the bottom right, you've got the then in the bottom right, you've got the Pluto trials. So on the bright green Pluto trials. So on the bright green Pluto trials. So on the bright green strip there, that's where the plastic strip there, that's where the plastic strip there, that's where the plastic liner is. Um, and you can just see the liner is. Um, and you can just see the liner is. Um, and you can just see the really ochre colored dyke, which is is really ochre colored dyke, which is is really ochre colored dyke, which is is actually, I'm happy to say, now gone actually, I'm happy to say, now gone actually, I'm happy to say, now gone completely crystal clear. Um, that was completely crystal clear. Um, that was completely crystal clear. Um, that was sort of an early picture of when we sort of an early picture of when we sort of an early picture of when we first rewetted it. Um, and you know, you first rewetted it. Um, and you know, you first rewetted it. Um, and you know, you get a lot of leeching out of the land at get a lot of leeching out of the land at get a lot of leeching out of the land at first, but that has now gone clear. So, first, but that has now gone clear. So, first, but that has now gone clear. So, there's mscanthampus growing in there. there's mscanthampus growing in there. there's mscanthampus growing in there. And then the bottom left, that's some of And then the bottom left, that's some of And then the bottom left, that's some of our sustainable farming trials where our sustainable farming trials where our sustainable farming trials where we're sort of growing some different we're sort of growing some different we're sort of growing some different mixes for wildlife on Pete and and it's mixes for wildlife on Pete and and it's mixes for wildlife on Pete and and it's that's been a real joy to have alongside that's been a real joy to have alongside that's been a real joy to have alongside arable farming because it's just arable farming because it's just arable farming because it's just absolutely humming with wildlife. What absolutely humming with wildlife. What absolutely humming with wildlife. What what wildlife have you seen? Just so what wildlife have you seen? Just so what wildlife have you seen? Just so interesting. Just about every kind of interesting. Just about every kind of interesting. Just about every kind of pollinator. I mean, I'm not really up on pollinator. I mean, I'm not really up on pollinator. I mean, I'm not really up on on all of them, but just bees, on all of them, but just bees, on all of them, but just bees, butterflies, birds, um hairs running butterflies, birds, um hairs running butterflies, birds, um hairs running around. It's been really lovely. It's, around. It's been really lovely. It's, around. It's been really lovely. It's, you can see it's been a safe haven in you can see it's been a safe haven in you can see it's been a safe haven in quite a quite plain landscape at the quite a quite plain landscape at the quite a quite plain landscape at the moment where everything just flocks to, moment where everything just flocks to, moment where everything just flocks to, you know, when it when it needs to hide. you know, when it when it needs to hide. you know, when it when it needs to hide. So, it's been a real joy to do. So, it's been a real joy to do. So, it's been a real joy to do. Excellent. Excellent. Thank you very Excellent. Excellent. Thank you very Excellent. Excellent. Thank you very much, much, much, Sarah. Um, from uh as head of petland Sarah. Um, from uh as head of petland Sarah. Um, from uh as head of petland nature recovery at the wildlife trust um nature recovery at the wildlife trust um nature recovery at the wildlife trust um Lancaster, Manchester and North Mosy Lancaster, Manchester and North Mosy Lancaster, Manchester and North Mosy side um you've done a lot of work in side um you've done a lot of work in side um you've done a lot of work in this area and polluted culture trials. this area and polluted culture trials. this area and polluted culture trials. I'm interested to hear about how they're I'm interested to hear about how they're I'm interested to hear about how they're going. Yes. So yes, so um obviously yeah going. Yes. So yes, so um obviously yeah going. Yes. So yes, so um obviously yeah we work in the northwest of England and we work in the northwest of England and we work in the northwest of England and um in our area um we've got some of the um in our area um we've got some of the um in our area um we've got some of the largest remaining extents of um pet lan largest remaining extents of um pet lan largest remaining extents of um pet lan pet soils and the vast majority of those pet soils and the vast majority of those pet soils and the vast majority of those pet soils as elsewhere in the UK have pet soils as elsewhere in the UK have pet soils as elsewhere in the UK have been drained and converted largely for been drained and converted largely for been drained and converted largely for agriculture and um I guess in agriculture and um I guess in agriculture and um I guess in recognition that um you know these areas recognition that um you know these areas recognition that um you know these areas will continue to be strategically will continue to be strategically will continue to be strategically important for the regional economy so important for the regional economy so important for the regional economy so there isn't the option to take most of there isn't the option to take most of there isn't the option to take most of those areas is out of agriculture. Um those areas is out of agriculture. Um those areas is out of agriculture. Um but at the same time as we've seen you but at the same time as we've seen you but at the same time as we've seen you know elsewhere as well we're looking at know elsewhere as well we're looking at know elsewhere as well we're looking at sort of the climatees um you know longer sort of the climatees um you know longer sort of the climatees um you know longer droughts drought periods and then droughts drought periods and then droughts drought periods and then intense rainfall periods and you know intense rainfall periods and you know intense rainfall periods and you know everyone is seeing sort of issues with everyone is seeing sort of issues with everyone is seeing sort of issues with soil degradation and loss of oxidizing soil degradation and loss of oxidizing soil degradation and loss of oxidizing of those those peak soils in dry areas. of those those peak soils in dry areas. of those those peak soils in dry areas. So um I think talking with farmers that So um I think talking with farmers that So um I think talking with farmers that we're engaged with there's a recognition we're engaged with there's a recognition we're engaged with there's a recognition that in some areas there's only a that in some areas there's only a that in some areas there's only a significant amount of Pete's going to be significant amount of Pete's going to be significant amount of Pete's going to be left for the next 50 years or so. So we left for the next 50 years or so. So we left for the next 50 years or so. So we need to think of how we can do things need to think of how we can do things need to think of how we can do things differently and try and the challenge differently and try and the challenge differently and try and the challenge and opportunity has been to try and find and opportunity has been to try and find and opportunity has been to try and find solutions that will still balance the solutions that will still balance the solutions that will still balance the needs of the environment and the climate needs of the environment and the climate needs of the environment and the climate but also the needs of the people who are but also the needs of the people who are but also the needs of the people who are living and working in those areas. So um living and working in those areas. So um living and working in those areas. So um languual wildife trust um we sort of languual wildife trust um we sort of languual wildife trust um we sort of started out I guess you know we've been started out I guess you know we've been started out I guess you know we've been working in on pete soils for over three working in on pete soils for over three working in on pete soils for over three decades and that used to be on the decades and that used to be on the decades and that used to be on the restoration of those core conservation restoration of those core conservation restoration of those core conservation areas but looking in the landscape we areas but looking in the landscape we areas but looking in the landscape we realized that looking and work at those realized that looking and work at those realized that looking and work at those agricultural areas and working with agricultural areas and working with agricultural areas and working with those who are living and working there those who are living and working there those who are living and working there is the best way forward we want to try is the best way forward we want to try is the best way forward we want to try and you know make that our big gains we and you know make that our big gains we and you know make that our big gains we want to see for the climate and the want to see for the climate and the want to see for the climate and the environment. So we've been working with environment. So we've been working with environment. So we've been working with partners such as Cam and his mom Lisa partners such as Cam and his mom Lisa partners such as Cam and his mom Lisa here and others in the farm is trying to here and others in the farm is trying to here and others in the farm is trying to find ways forward that will work for find ways forward that will work for find ways forward that will work for everyone. So we kind of embarked in our everyone. So we kind of embarked in our everyone. So we kind of embarked in our first wetter farming trial back in 2020. first wetter farming trial back in 2020. first wetter farming trial back in 2020. Um Lanasher Wild Trust um has a what we Um Lanasher Wild Trust um has a what we Um Lanasher Wild Trust um has a what we call our flagship nature reserve in call our flagship nature reserve in call our flagship nature reserve in North Laner with Marley Moss and we North Laner with Marley Moss and we North Laner with Marley Moss and we managed to acquire some um pets directly managed to acquire some um pets directly managed to acquire some um pets directly adjacent to the trips. So we wanted to adjacent to the trips. So we wanted to adjacent to the trips. So we wanted to explore what could be um done explore what could be um done explore what could be um done differently on so what these more differently on so what these more differently on so what these more marginal more difficult to manage land. marginal more difficult to manage land. marginal more difficult to manage land. The reason the person sold it to us The reason the person sold it to us The reason the person sold it to us because it was it was you know because it was it was you know because it was it was you know underwater for several months of the underwater for several months of the underwater for several months of the year. So that was where we set up our year. So that was where we set up our year. So that was where we set up our Wimali carbon farm. So that was we Wimali carbon farm. So that was we Wimali carbon farm. So that was we essentially raised the water table and essentially raised the water table and essentially raised the water table and planted a um permanent cover crop of planted a um permanent cover crop of planted a um permanent cover crop of swag and moss. So the product if you swag and moss. So the product if you swag and moss. So the product if you like of that was the carbon that would like of that was the carbon that would like of that was the carbon that would be um protected in the peak soles and in be um protected in the peak soles and in be um protected in the peak soles and in much longer term sequested. And so we much longer term sequested. And so we much longer term sequested. And so we were looking at how it could be done how were looking at how it could be done how were looking at how it could be done how we could raise the water table and not we could raise the water table and not we could raise the water table and not flood you know the neighboring land flood you know the neighboring land flood you know the neighboring land which is a key concern of anyone who's which is a key concern of anyone who's which is a key concern of anyone who's looking at this from a farming point of looking at this from a farming point of looking at this from a farming point of view and what would be the carbon view and what would be the carbon view and what would be the carbon savings from doing that and we've seen savings from doing that and we've seen savings from doing that and we've seen really positive results in terms of really positive results in terms of really positive results in terms of massive reduction in um carbon emissions massive reduction in um carbon emissions massive reduction in um carbon emissions from the carbon farm compared to the from the carbon farm compared to the from the carbon farm compared to the sort of surrounding land. So that's been sort of surrounding land. So that's been sort of surrounding land. So that's been really positive and that's been going really positive and that's been going really positive and that's been going since 2020 2021 and we've got a quite since 2020 2021 and we've got a quite since 2020 2021 and we've got a quite really great sort of carpet of the really great sort of carpet of the really great sort of carpet of the spagen mosses and it's more or less sort spagen mosses and it's more or less sort spagen mosses and it's more or less sort of managing itself. We have to do some of managing itself. We have to do some of managing itself. We have to do some sort of um you know so weed management sort of um you know so weed management sort of um you know so weed management but it's looking pretty good and we've but it's looking pretty good and we've but it's looking pretty good and we've seen as you've mentioned wildlife moving seen as you've mentioned wildlife moving seen as you've mentioned wildlife moving across without us bringing it in because across without us bringing it in because across without us bringing it in because we're not we're not harvesting it. We we're not we're not harvesting it. We we're not we're not harvesting it. We don't need to be a pure crop. So we're don't need to be a pure crop. So we're don't need to be a pure crop. So we're seeing you know bog plants coming seeing you know bog plants coming seeing you know bog plants coming through and other um wildlife moving in through and other um wildlife moving in through and other um wildlife moving in to use the area. That's really positive. to use the area. That's really positive. to use the area. That's really positive. But that was our first trial. Um, and we But that was our first trial. Um, and we But that was our first trial. Um, and we had did a lot of we're very keen to had did a lot of we're very keen to had did a lot of we're very keen to bring farmers onto the site to ask them bring farmers onto the site to ask them bring farmers onto the site to ask them what do you think about what we're what do you think about what we're what do you think about what we're doing? What would you do differently? doing? What would you do differently? doing? What would you do differently? What are the questions that it raises? What are the questions that it raises? What are the questions that it raises? And so one of them was like, how do we And so one of them was like, how do we And so one of them was like, how do we make sure we don't flood neighboring make sure we don't flood neighboring make sure we don't flood neighboring lands? But also, what about food lands? But also, what about food lands? But also, what about food security? This is great you're doing security? This is great you're doing security? This is great you're doing this, but we can't take all the areas this, but we can't take all the areas this, but we can't take all the areas that we're growing food out to do even that we're growing food out to do even that we're growing food out to do even to do this kind of um alternative thing. to do this kind of um alternative thing. to do this kind of um alternative thing. So we thought okay let's look at that So we thought okay let's look at that So we thought okay let's look at that question what can be grown what food question what can be grown what food question what can be grown what food crops can we grow so uh we managed to crops can we grow so uh we managed to crops can we grow so uh we managed to buy some um other petals in greater buy some um other petals in greater buy some um other petals in greater Manchester again it'd been used for Manchester again it'd been used for Manchester again it'd been used for growing potatoes and other crops but growing potatoes and other crops but growing potatoes and other crops but again it become increasingly difficult again it become increasingly difficult again it become increasingly difficult for the farmer to manage and that's why for the farmer to manage and that's why for the farmer to manage and that's why they were selling it. So we wanted to they were selling it. So we wanted to they were selling it. So we wanted to look at growing conventional food crops look at growing conventional food crops look at growing conventional food crops to try and look at the questions of what to try and look at the questions of what to try and look at the questions of what crops can be grown, how high can we crops can be grown, how high can we crops can be grown, how high can we raise the water table and still get a raise the water table and still get a raise the water table and still get a crop and what what does that do for crop and what what does that do for crop and what what does that do for carbon emissions. So we first set out at carbon emissions. So we first set out at carbon emissions. So we first set out at the moment we've got um blueberries the moment we've got um blueberries the moment we've got um blueberries which will be cropping this year. We've which will be cropping this year. We've which will be cropping this year. We've tried um celery and lettuce to varying tried um celery and lettuce to varying tried um celery and lettuce to varying degrees of success. And we're also this degrees of success. And we're also this degrees of success. And we're also this year we have Chinese leaf and radishes year we have Chinese leaf and radishes year we have Chinese leaf and radishes which are doing well and we're hoping to which are doing well and we're hoping to which are doing well and we're hoping to harvest um in the next few weeks. So we harvest um in the next few weeks. So we harvest um in the next few weeks. So we don't want to look at niche crops. We don't want to look at niche crops. We don't want to look at niche crops. We were trying to look at the crops that were trying to look at the crops that were trying to look at the crops that are grown already in the region to not are grown already in the region to not are grown already in the region to not put in too many new variables just see put in too many new variables just see put in too many new variables just see what what works and what doesn't and what what works and what doesn't and what what works and what doesn't and trying to get the data around carbon trying to get the data around carbon trying to get the data around carbon emissions and yields that can be fed emissions and yields that can be fed emissions and yields that can be fed into policy as well. so we can try and into policy as well. so we can try and into policy as well. so we can try and develop the policy and the funding develop the policy and the funding develop the policy and the funding mechanism that will support a scaling mechanism that will support a scaling mechanism that will support a scaling up. So that's ongoing and more recently up. So that's ongoing and more recently up. So that's ongoing and more recently we've been working with with Cameron um we've been working with with Cameron um we've been working with with Cameron um and another farmer looking at uh bull and another farmer looking at uh bull and another farmer looking at uh bull rush typher. So again, another kind of rush typher. So again, another kind of rush typher. So again, another kind of wetter farming crop, obviously not a wetter farming crop, obviously not a wetter farming crop, obviously not a food crop, although I think there are food crop, although I think there are food crop, although I think there are potentially food things you can do with potentially food things you can do with potentially food things you can do with Cypher, but we're looking at we're Cypher, but we're looking at we're Cypher, but we're looking at we're working with a company called Ponder, working with a company called Ponder, working with a company called Ponder, who some people might have heard of, who who some people might have heard of, who who some people might have heard of, who are looking at plant-based um textiles, are looking at plant-based um textiles, are looking at plant-based um textiles, so insulation for puffer jackets, so so insulation for puffer jackets, so so insulation for puffer jackets, so obviously like a potentially high-end obviously like a potentially high-end obviously like a potentially high-end market, and the seed heads from the B market, and the seed heads from the B market, and the seed heads from the B rush are harvested and created into this rush are harvested and created into this rush are harvested and created into this plant-based textile and they've got plant-based textile and they've got plant-based textile and they've got links to the fashion industry. So really links to the fashion industry. So really links to the fashion industry. So really try and looking at the business models try and looking at the business models try and looking at the business models that can support different types of that can support different types of that can support different types of wetter farming and um yes so we had one wetter farming and um yes so we had one wetter farming and um yes so we had one trial which set up through the culture trial which set up through the culture trial which set up through the culture exploration fund in Greater Manchester exploration fund in Greater Manchester exploration fund in Greater Manchester and we're hoping to harvest this year and we're hoping to harvest this year and we're hoping to harvest this year and that's that's again it's we're it's and that's that's again it's we're it's and that's that's again it's we're it's a learnings about how do you do the a learnings about how do you do the a learnings about how do you do the setup? How do you control the water setup? How do you control the water setup? How do you control the water table and stabilize the water table? table and stabilize the water table? table and stabilize the water table? What do you do when you got prolonged What do you do when you got prolonged What do you do when you got prolonged dry periods or intense rainfall? How do dry periods or intense rainfall? How do dry periods or intense rainfall? How do you manage that and and all the you manage that and and all the you manage that and and all the questions around it? So we and we're questions around it? So we and we're questions around it? So we and we're trying to get the a lot of environmental trying to get the a lot of environmental trying to get the a lot of environmental data to back up what is happening again data to back up what is happening again data to back up what is happening again to feed into policy and funding to feed into policy and funding to feed into policy and funding mechanisms for the future. And then mechanisms for the future. And then mechanisms for the future. And then through the land agricultural Pete Worth through the land agricultural Pete Worth through the land agricultural Pete Worth discovery pilot, not a good catchy name. discovery pilot, not a good catchy name. discovery pilot, not a good catchy name. Um we've got our second type of trial Um we've got our second type of trial Um we've got our second type of trial working with Cameron and his his mother working with Cameron and his his mother working with Cameron and his his mother um looking at that. And the key thing um looking at that. And the key thing um looking at that. And the key thing for these last two trials, we we're for these last two trials, we we're for these last two trials, we we're wildlife trust. We are not farmers. So wildlife trust. We are not farmers. So wildlife trust. We are not farmers. So we're very keen to go on a learning we're very keen to go on a learning we're very keen to go on a learning journey together and so Cameron has been journey together and so Cameron has been journey together and so Cameron has been you know he has done the groundworks and you know he has done the groundworks and you know he has done the groundworks and worked with us on the design. Um Cameron worked with us on the design. Um Cameron worked with us on the design. Um Cameron is managing the site and will be you is managing the site and will be you is managing the site and will be you know the harvesting side things. We got know the harvesting side things. We got know the harvesting side things. We got a scrap heat challenge ongoing which a scrap heat challenge ongoing which a scrap heat challenge ongoing which Cameron will talk about looking at what Cameron will talk about looking at what Cameron will talk about looking at what how do you mechanize the process of how do you mechanize the process of how do you mechanize the process of harvesting the crop because that's one harvesting the crop because that's one harvesting the crop because that's one of the biggest challenge has been not so of the biggest challenge has been not so of the biggest challenge has been not so much raising the water table but um much raising the water table but um much raising the water table but um keeping the water table where you want keeping the water table where you want keeping the water table where you want it but also how do you get on to harvest it but also how do you get on to harvest it but also how do you get on to harvest these wetter areas be it like how you these wetter areas be it like how you these wetter areas be it like how you set up the land so you got areas to get set up the land so you got areas to get set up the land so you got areas to get machinery on or do you have to think of machinery on or do you have to think of machinery on or do you have to think of things slight differently. So we've used things slight differently. So we've used things slight differently. So we've used a drone to um seed, you know, do the the a drone to um seed, you know, do the the a drone to um seed, you know, do the the sewing. And so it's looking at the sewing. And so it's looking at the sewing. And so it's looking at the technological answers um as well as technological answers um as well as technological answers um as well as getting the data to um show what is getting the data to um show what is getting the data to um show what is happening below the surface as well as happening below the surface as well as happening below the surface as well as on top and feed that into the policy on top and feed that into the policy on top and feed that into the policy that we need to support it. If we want that we need to support it. If we want that we need to support it. If we want this to scale up, there has to be the this to scale up, there has to be the this to scale up, there has to be the policy and funding mechanism because no policy and funding mechanism because no policy and funding mechanism because no business is going to go into something business is going to go into something business is going to go into something that is a big unknown. So we need to that is a big unknown. So we need to that is a big unknown. So we need to demonstrate the business viability of demonstrate the business viability of demonstrate the business viability of it. So you're actually doing drone it. So you're actually doing drone it. So you're actually doing drone seeding. Yeah. Yeah. So we did that on seeding. Yeah. Yeah. So we did that on seeding. Yeah. Yeah. So we did that on both our um uh both the the pep site and both our um uh both the the pep site and both our um uh both the the pep site and the lapwood site. So these like it's the lapwood site. So these like it's the lapwood site. So these like it's like feels a bit like war of the world. like feels a bit like war of the world. like feels a bit like war of the world. It's like huge mega drone coming It's like huge mega drone coming It's like huge mega drone coming forwards like with we looked at using um forwards like with we looked at using um forwards like with we looked at using um clay pellets with the seas encapsulated clay pellets with the seas encapsulated clay pellets with the seas encapsulated as well as using this kind of gel like as well as using this kind of gel like as well as using this kind of gel like ghostbuster type approach and it ghostbuster type approach and it ghostbuster type approach and it minimizes the disturbance of a habitat. minimizes the disturbance of a habitat. minimizes the disturbance of a habitat. Absolutely. Yes. So if we can minimize Absolutely. Yes. So if we can minimize Absolutely. Yes. So if we can minimize the disturbance of the pete soils. So the disturbance of the pete soils. So the disturbance of the pete soils. So that's why also in terms of where we're that's why also in terms of where we're that's why also in terms of where we're doing our food crop growing, we're doing our food crop growing, we're doing our food crop growing, we're looking at um I think the way for might looking at um I think the way for might looking at um I think the way for might be more towards perennial rather than be more towards perennial rather than be more towards perennial rather than annual crops. So you're minimizing the annual crops. So you're minimizing the annual crops. So you're minimizing the source. So it's all those kind of source. So it's all those kind of source. So it's all those kind of questions we need to keep thinking about questions we need to keep thinking about questions we need to keep thinking about and working with the farmers because as and working with the farmers because as and working with the farmers because as I say we're wildlife trust, we're not I say we're wildlife trust, we're not I say we're wildlife trust, we're not farmers and we need to learn as much farmers and we need to learn as much farmers and we need to learn as much from those who are who have been from those who are who have been from those who are who have been managing the man for decades and decades managing the man for decades and decades managing the man for decades and decades before us. Could I just come in there before us. Could I just come in there before us. Could I just come in there because um we'll be seing 250 acres in because um we'll be seing 250 acres in because um we'll be seing 250 acres in Norfolk with a drone. probably the same Norfolk with a drone. probably the same Norfolk with a drone. probably the same drone huge like 50 kilo payload um you drone huge like 50 kilo payload um you drone huge like 50 kilo payload um you know probably 10 hectares ago if we get know probably 10 hectares ago if we get know probably 10 hectares ago if we get the seed rate right um we might be the seed rate right um we might be the seed rate right um we might be leading using a wooden kitty litter with leading using a wooden kitty litter with leading using a wooden kitty litter with it to make it distribute it so yeah no it to make it distribute it so yeah no it to make it distribute it so yeah no drone technology is funded by the defa drone technology is funded by the defa drone technology is funded by the defa fund work so the our typher both our fund work so the our typher both our fund work so the our typher both our typher trials one was they're both for typher trials one was they're both for typher trials one was they're both for the nature for climate pot I suppose so the nature for climate pot I suppose so the nature for climate pot I suppose so one was um the first was with the pluto one was um the first was with the pluto one was um the first was with the pluto culture exploration fund and the same culture exploration fund and the same culture exploration fund and the same with what What we call the lapwing the with what What we call the lapwing the with what What we call the lapwing the lapwood the lone a peach water scurry lapwood the lone a peach water scurry lapwood the lone a peach water scurry pine one yeah is that is that's the pine one yeah is that is that's the pine one yeah is that is that's the lapwing fun that's what I call it in my lapwing fun that's what I call it in my lapwing fun that's what I call it in my head because it's too long time but yeah head because it's too long time but yeah head because it's too long time but yeah and we're lucky to have both of those and we're lucky to have both of those and we're lucky to have both of those projects have just been extended for projects have just been extended for projects have just been extended for another year so it's great I mean it has another year so it's great I mean it has another year so it's great I mean it has to be said that deer have put quite a to be said that deer have put quite a to be said that deer have put quite a lot into doing projects and things with lot into doing projects and things with lot into doing projects and things with the lum task force recommendations yeah the lum task force recommendations yeah the lum task force recommendations yeah I I kind of feel that um I I kind of feel that um I I kind of feel that um there used to be much more focus on I there used to be much more focus on I there used to be much more focus on I guess upland land restoration that is guess upland land restoration that is guess upland land restoration that is still yeah very important but I think it still yeah very important but I think it still yeah very important but I think it used to feel like lands were thought used to feel like lands were thought used to feel like lands were thought it's too difficult it's too challenging it's too difficult it's too challenging it's too difficult it's too challenging we're just not even going to go there we're just not even going to go there we're just not even going to go there but I think the penny has dropped on the but I think the penny has dropped on the but I think the penny has dropped on the carbon emissions that are coming from carbon emissions that are coming from carbon emissions that are coming from land peak that we can't not look at that land peak that we can't not look at that land peak that we can't not look at that area yes it is more challenging because area yes it is more challenging because area yes it is more challenging because of you know we we grow a lot of food of you know we we grow a lot of food of you know we we grow a lot of food crops there and other challenges but crops there and other challenges but crops there and other challenges but that is where a lot of the solutions can that is where a lot of the solutions can that is where a lot of the solutions can be found if we work together with all be found if we work together with all be found if we work together with all those people who are working on that those people who are working on that those people who are working on that land yeah it's worth noting I think 35% land yeah it's worth noting I think 35% land yeah it's worth noting I think 35% % of our vegetables that we eat in the % of our vegetables that we eat in the % of our vegetables that we eat in the UK come from land. So there's a big UK come from land. So there's a big UK come from land. So there's a big challenge there. But you're really challenge there. But you're really challenge there. But you're really looking at options for that in a way. looking at options for that in a way. looking at options for that in a way. And that's Yeah, I think we have to look And that's Yeah, I think we have to look And that's Yeah, I think we have to look at all options to see what what and it's at all options to see what what and it's at all options to see what what and it's not going to be one one thing that's not going to be one one thing that's not going to be one one thing that's going to be answered. It's going to be a going to be answered. It's going to be a going to be answered. It's going to be a mosaic of of solutions, I think. And mosaic of of solutions, I think. And mosaic of of solutions, I think. And that's that's has to be recognized both that's that's has to be recognized both that's that's has to be recognized both because regionally east of England and because regionally east of England and because regionally east of England and the northwest the rainfall differences the northwest the rainfall differences the northwest the rainfall differences are you know massive and and in the are you know massive and and in the are you know massive and and in the northwest at the moment we don't have uh northwest at the moment we don't have uh northwest at the moment we don't have uh internal drainage board whereas internal drainage board whereas internal drainage board whereas obviously that is saturation elsewhere. obviously that is saturation elsewhere. obviously that is saturation elsewhere. So there's different challenges but So there's different challenges but So there's different challenges but there are commonalities in terms of is there are commonalities in terms of is there are commonalities in terms of is how do you you know look at managing how do you you know look at managing how do you you know look at managing acid carbon source. Yeah. Thank you very acid carbon source. Yeah. Thank you very acid carbon source. Yeah. Thank you very much. I'm intrigued to know what the much. I'm intrigued to know what the much. I'm intrigued to know what the food source from Typher is but let's see food source from Typher is but let's see food source from Typher is but let's see I'll hear that later. Um Cameron over to I'll hear that later. Um Cameron over to I'll hear that later. Um Cameron over to you now. Um and your experience of of you now. Um and your experience of of you now. Um and your experience of of working on these lowland soils and new working on these lowland soils and new working on these lowland soils and new projects. Thank you. Uh yes. So I'm projects. Thank you. Uh yes. So I'm projects. Thank you. Uh yes. So I'm Cameron. Um where farmers from southwest Cameron. Um where farmers from southwest Cameron. Um where farmers from southwest Lancasher um are growing mainly Lancasher um are growing mainly Lancasher um are growing mainly combinable crops and potatoes. Uh most combinable crops and potatoes. Uh most combinable crops and potatoes. Uh most of the farm's on deep. Um some of it up of the farm's on deep. Um some of it up of the farm's on deep. Um some of it up to four meters deep. Um at least 100 to four meters deep. Um at least 100 to four meters deep. Um at least 100 acres of the farm is right in the middle acres of the farm is right in the middle acres of the farm is right in the middle of the bowl. Um which is uh really of the bowl. Um which is uh really of the bowl. Um which is uh really really wet and it's becoming really really wet and it's becoming really really wet and it's becoming really difficult to try farm as we have done difficult to try farm as we have done difficult to try farm as we have done for the last 100 years. Um so we started for the last 100 years. Um so we started for the last 100 years. Um so we started looking at alternatives. looking at alternatives. looking at alternatives. Um so a project came up with a wildlife Um so a project came up with a wildlife Um so a project came up with a wildlife trust um with the Lowerland Agriculture trust um with the Lowerland Agriculture trust um with the Lowerland Agriculture Pete Water Discovery Pilot um growing Pete Water Discovery Pilot um growing Pete Water Discovery Pilot um growing typher. So we uh we we started a six typher. So we uh we we started a six typher. So we uh we we started a six hectare typher trial um field scale. So hectare typher trial um field scale. So hectare typher trial um field scale. So um we we started it in August last year um we we started it in August last year um we we started it in August last year and I did all the ground works myself. and I did all the ground works myself. and I did all the ground works myself. So I went in with my digger and put a So I went in with my digger and put a So I went in with my digger and put a bund right around the exterior of the bund right around the exterior of the bund right around the exterior of the six hector field. And the idea with that six hector field. And the idea with that six hector field. And the idea with that was to keep the water table in the field was to keep the water table in the field was to keep the water table in the field and not wet any of the surrounding and not wet any of the surrounding and not wet any of the surrounding fields so we can still farm them as we fields so we can still farm them as we fields so we can still farm them as we were. So we did that. Uh that all went were. So we did that. Uh that all went were. So we did that. Uh that all went well. No major disasters. We didn't get well. No major disasters. We didn't get well. No major disasters. We didn't get stuck. So that was good. And you've you stuck. So that was good. And you've you stuck. So that was good. And you've you did the best bunding apparently that did the best bunding apparently that did the best bunding apparently that we've ever seen. So yeah. Wow. Great. Do we've ever seen. So yeah. Wow. Great. Do we've ever seen. So yeah. Wow. Great. Do you want to actually explain what bund you want to actually explain what bund you want to actually explain what bund is? Because some people in the room is? Because some people in the room is? Because some people in the room might not. Yeah. So um we we used a might not. Yeah. So um we we used a might not. Yeah. So um we we used a method called a deep trench bund which method called a deep trench bund which method called a deep trench bund which is where you use the pete to make a is where you use the pete to make a is where you use the pete to make a watertight bund and you go in and you watertight bund and you go in and you watertight bund and you go in and you kind of like invert it. Yeah. Um so you kind of like invert it. Yeah. Um so you kind of like invert it. Yeah. Um so you invert the pete sort of one one and a invert the pete sort of one one and a invert the pete sort of one one and a half meters down and then as you do that half meters down and then as you do that half meters down and then as you do that you then compact it again and then when you then compact it again and then when you then compact it again and then when that rewets it swells and plugs any gaps that rewets it swells and plugs any gaps that rewets it swells and plugs any gaps and uh it's it's quite impressive cuz it and uh it's it's quite impressive cuz it and uh it's it's quite impressive cuz it has worked. Yeah. Um you'll have it you has worked. Yeah. Um you'll have it you has worked. Yeah. Um you'll have it you know really wet on one side and you can know really wet on one side and you can know really wet on one side and you can drive with your tractor no trouble on drive with your tractor no trouble on drive with your tractor no trouble on the other. Um, so that's worked quite the other. Um, so that's worked quite the other. Um, so that's worked quite well. So we did that and then re rewet well. So we did that and then re rewet well. So we did that and then re rewet the field. Um, so we just used our the field. Um, so we just used our the field. Um, so we just used our irrigation irrigation irrigation equipment and uh set two for about a equipment and uh set two for about a equipment and uh set two for about a week rewetting it and that brought the week rewetting it and that brought the week rewetting it and that brought the uh water table up. Luckily the field is uh water table up. Luckily the field is uh water table up. Luckily the field is situated right by a main slle which situated right by a main slle which situated right by a main slle which comes out of a water treatment works. So comes out of a water treatment works. So comes out of a water treatment works. So we have an endless supply of water. we have an endless supply of water. we have an endless supply of water. Yeah. and nitrogen and phosphates and Yeah. and nitrogen and phosphates and Yeah. and nitrogen and phosphates and all that stuff that comes with it. Um, all that stuff that comes with it. Um, all that stuff that comes with it. Um, so we've got an endless supply of water. so we've got an endless supply of water. so we've got an endless supply of water. So, um, I don't, well, it's not been a So, um, I don't, well, it's not been a So, um, I don't, well, it's not been a problem this year and we've had a an problem this year and we've had a an problem this year and we've had a an 8week drought uh, and that never ran 8week drought uh, and that never ran 8week drought uh, and that never ran dry. Um, so we've managed to keep it dry. Um, so we've managed to keep it dry. Um, so we've managed to keep it wet. Um, so we did that and then we got wet. Um, so we did that and then we got wet. Um, so we did that and then we got a drone in to sew it uh, in autumn. a drone in to sew it uh, in autumn. a drone in to sew it uh, in autumn. However, we think that was a bit too However, we think that was a bit too However, we think that was a bit too late for the for the typher to want to late for the for the typher to want to late for the for the typher to want to germinate and grow. um as it it likes germinate and grow. um as it it likes germinate and grow. um as it it likes sunlight. So we were a bit a bit too sunlight. So we were a bit a bit too sunlight. So we were a bit a bit too late in the season. So that was a bit late in the season. So that was a bit late in the season. So that was a bit unsuccessful. So we waited till April unsuccessful. So we waited till April unsuccessful. So we waited till April this year and we sewed again and that's this year and we sewed again and that's this year and we sewed again and that's been a lot more successful but it's been a lot more successful but it's been a lot more successful but it's still been quite patchy. Um because still been quite patchy. Um because still been quite patchy. Um because we're at a field scale, managing the we're at a field scale, managing the we're at a field scale, managing the water level is quite difficult because water level is quite difficult because water level is quite difficult because the field might look flat but it isn't. the field might look flat but it isn't. the field might look flat but it isn't. It's uh and the pee swells. I think they It's uh and the pee swells. I think they It's uh and the pee swells. I think they found it swelled about 4 and a half cm found it swelled about 4 and a half cm found it swelled about 4 and a half cm um throughout the field. So, uh some um throughout the field. So, uh some um throughout the field. So, uh some areas of the field are a lot deeper in areas of the field are a lot deeper in areas of the field are a lot deeper in water than others. And we found it's water than others. And we found it's water than others. And we found it's grown really well where the water wasn't grown really well where the water wasn't grown really well where the water wasn't that deep, where it was just boggy. Um that deep, where it was just boggy. Um that deep, where it was just boggy. Um so now we're just trying to get it to so now we're just trying to get it to so now we're just trying to get it to grow where the water was a bit deeper by grow where the water was a bit deeper by grow where the water was a bit deeper by managing the water levels a lot more. managing the water levels a lot more. managing the water levels a lot more. almost bringing the water level up to almost bringing the water level up to almost bringing the water level up to keep the higher bits wet, but then keep the higher bits wet, but then keep the higher bits wet, but then lowering it down for a week or two to lowering it down for a week or two to lowering it down for a week or two to try and germinate the the lower the try and germinate the the lower the try and germinate the the lower the lower areas of the field. Um, so lower areas of the field. Um, so lower areas of the field. Um, so hopefully by this time next year, we'll hopefully by this time next year, we'll hopefully by this time next year, we'll have a full coverage or near enough full have a full coverage or near enough full have a full coverage or near enough full coverage. Um, and we're hoping for a coverage. Um, and we're hoping for a coverage. Um, and we're hoping for a harvest next September. harvest next September. harvest next September. Um, so in that time, I'm also working on Um, so in that time, I'm also working on Um, so in that time, I'm also working on a harvesting machine. So, we uh we a harvesting machine. So, we uh we a harvesting machine. So, we uh we bought an old track dumper that had been bought an old track dumper that had been bought an old track dumper that had been converted to Harvest Apples out of converted to Harvest Apples out of converted to Harvest Apples out of Heraford. Um, so that's had loads of Heraford. Um, so that's had loads of Heraford. Um, so that's had loads of extra hydraulics uh and all that kind of extra hydraulics uh and all that kind of extra hydraulics uh and all that kind of stuff fitted to it. So, I've been busy stuff fitted to it. So, I've been busy stuff fitted to it. So, I've been busy in the workshop last winter converting in the workshop last winter converting in the workshop last winter converting it to have conveyor belt, like a it to have conveyor belt, like a it to have conveyor belt, like a conveyor belt system to fill potato conveyor belt system to fill potato conveyor belt system to fill potato boxes. And then this winter I'll be boxes. And then this winter I'll be boxes. And then this winter I'll be working on the cutter bar. Um, so we're working on the cutter bar. Um, so we're working on the cutter bar. Um, so we're going to convert an old combine header going to convert an old combine header going to convert an old combine header um to make a cut and collect system that um to make a cut and collect system that um to make a cut and collect system that will cut the cut the seed head off uh will cut the cut the seed head off uh will cut the cut the seed head off uh and then collect it into a uh potato box and then collect it into a uh potato box and then collect it into a uh potato box at the back and uh hope I don't get at the back and uh hope I don't get at the back and uh hope I don't get stuck. Yeah. Wow, that's amazing. Yeah, stuck. Yeah. Wow, that's amazing. Yeah, stuck. Yeah. Wow, that's amazing. Yeah, thank you. Well, that's brilliant. And I thank you. Well, that's brilliant. And I thank you. Well, that's brilliant. And I should I should say last year we did a a should I should say last year we did a a should I should say last year we did a a session on wetter farming and we had session on wetter farming and we had session on wetter farming and we had some typhers um and uh products from some typhers um and uh products from some typhers um and uh products from that in in the room. So, if you want to that in in the room. So, if you want to that in in the room. So, if you want to have a look at that um session from last have a look at that um session from last have a look at that um session from last year as as well as being in this one um year as as well as being in this one um year as as well as being in this one um you can see what it looks like and it's you can see what it looks like and it's you can see what it looks like and it's a fantastic alternative to um uh fossil a fantastic alternative to um uh fossil a fantastic alternative to um uh fossil fuel sourced microfers for puffer fuel sourced microfers for puffer fuel sourced microfers for puffer jackets and all sorts really exciting jackets and all sorts really exciting jackets and all sorts really exciting and potential area and and we have a and potential area and and we have a and potential area and and we have a stall from BCN. Um what what number is stall from BCN. Um what what number is stall from BCN. Um what what number is it the stall? it the stall? it the stall? 25 25 over there. You can have a look at 25 25 over there. You can have a look at 25 25 over there. You can have a look at look at some of those kind of um look at some of those kind of um look at some of those kind of um projects and uh products. Really projects and uh products. Really projects and uh products. Really exciting to see um from one of the other exciting to see um from one of the other exciting to see um from one of the other wildlife trusts over there. You won't be wildlife trusts over there. You won't be wildlife trusts over there. You won't be able to miss it. Actually, you've got able to miss it. Actually, you've got able to miss it. Actually, you've got great signs over there. Big wildlife great signs over there. Big wildlife great signs over there. Big wildlife trust signs. Yeah, go that way. Anyway, trust signs. Yeah, go that way. Anyway, trust signs. Yeah, go that way. Anyway, um we now have an opportunity for um we now have an opportunity for um we now have an opportunity for questions. I mean, there's lots of questions. I mean, there's lots of questions. I mean, there's lots of things. I did a run a session on this at things. I did a run a session on this at things. I did a run a session on this at the Oxford Royal Farming Conference and the Oxford Royal Farming Conference and the Oxford Royal Farming Conference and and the chair of the uh Len Peak task and the chair of the uh Len Peak task and the chair of the uh Len Peak task force he gave a great speech talked force he gave a great speech talked force he gave a great speech talked about where what they'd found as a task about where what they'd found as a task about where what they'd found as a task force and there's lots of issues as as force and there's lots of issues as as force and there's lots of issues as as we've heard here and lots of challenges we've heard here and lots of challenges we've heard here and lots of challenges but also lots of opportunities but he but also lots of opportunities but he but also lots of opportunities but he said at the end of his talk it's it's said at the end of his talk it's it's said at the end of his talk it's it's all about water water you know getting all about water water you know getting all about water water you know getting that right and understanding how we need that right and understanding how we need that right and understanding how we need to manage that water and you talked to manage that water and you talked to manage that water and you talked about sort of really managing the water about sort of really managing the water about sort of really managing the water to to get your harvest so it's a it's a to to get your harvest so it's a it's a to to get your harvest so it's a it's a fascinating area and there will be fascinating area and there will be fascinating area and there will be grants to available for farmers to do grants to available for farmers to do grants to available for farmers to do that wetting up to 30 cm and then up to that wetting up to 30 cm and then up to that wetting up to 30 cm and then up to the to the surface. So, it's an exciting the to the surface. So, it's an exciting the to the surface. So, it's an exciting time to be talking about this. Anyway, time to be talking about this. Anyway, time to be talking about this. Anyway, enough from me. Um, questions, please. enough from me. Um, questions, please. enough from me. Um, questions, please. We have one in your Do we have mics? I We have one in your Do we have mics? I We have one in your Do we have mics? I should have checked. Are we going to should have checked. Are we going to should have checked. Are we going to Brilliant Mike over there? Lady over Brilliant Mike over there? Lady over Brilliant Mike over there? Lady over there with the gray top. Do put the mic nearer to your mouth. Do put the mic nearer to your mouth. Do put the mic nearer to your mouth. Thanks. Hello. Hi. Thanks. Hello. Hi. Thanks. Hello. Hi. Um it's very interesting and rewetting Um it's very interesting and rewetting Um it's very interesting and rewetting petland it is important for car for petland it is important for car for petland it is important for car for sequestering carbon but I have a sequestering carbon but I have a sequestering carbon but I have a question regarding um nutrients and question regarding um nutrients and question regarding um nutrients and pollution because obviously this land pollution because obviously this land pollution because obviously this land pet when we were drained they were also pet when we were drained they were also pet when we were drained they were also stuck with the fertilizer and amendments stuck with the fertilizer and amendments stuck with the fertilizer and amendments and when you raise the water table you and when you raise the water table you and when you raise the water table you have that legacy of nutrients that can have that legacy of nutrients that can have that legacy of nutrients that can be lost through diffused pollution and be lost through diffused pollution and be lost through diffused pollution and also because it's all about carbon, also because it's all about carbon, also because it's all about carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus. You might have uh nitrogen, phosphorus. You might have uh nitrogen, phosphorus. You might have uh emission of greenhouse gases and I was emission of greenhouse gases and I was emission of greenhouse gases and I was just wondering how are you managing just wondering how are you managing just wondering how are you managing these risks if you have a plan in place these risks if you have a plan in place these risks if you have a plan in place in terms of how do you strip the in terms of how do you strip the in terms of how do you strip the nutrients before wetting it water table nutrients before wetting it water table nutrients before wetting it water table movement and stuff. Thank you. And are movement and stuff. Thank you. And are movement and stuff. Thank you. And are you working in in that area or your you working in in that area or your you working in in that area or your farmer or your research? I am a farmer or your research? I am a farmer or your research? I am a catchment scientist. I am British catchment scientist. I am British catchment scientist. I am British Society of Soul Science. Excellent. Society of Soul Science. Excellent. Society of Soul Science. Excellent. Thank you very much for your question. Thank you very much for your question. Thank you very much for your question. Would you like to answer that anybody? Would you like to answer that anybody? Would you like to answer that anybody? Yeah. Well, there there's several ways. Yeah. Well, there there's several ways. Yeah. Well, there there's several ways. I mean, one of the ways the fen is I mean, one of the ways the fen is I mean, one of the ways the fen is inherently fertile anyway naturally um inherently fertile anyway naturally um inherently fertile anyway naturally um because of its organic matter. So, you because of its organic matter. So, you because of its organic matter. So, you know, growing a crop with no nutrients know, growing a crop with no nutrients know, growing a crop with no nutrients before you go into these is one way of before you go into these is one way of before you go into these is one way of stripping it out. The other way is um stripping it out. The other way is um stripping it out. The other way is um actually converting them to something actually converting them to something actually converting them to something else. So for example, keeping your else. So for example, keeping your else. So for example, keeping your ground covered, okay, and growing ground covered, okay, and growing ground covered, okay, and growing something out of it and either something out of it and either something out of it and either converting it into maybe animal protein, converting it into maybe animal protein, converting it into maybe animal protein, so with some form of grazing, um I I so with some form of grazing, um I I so with some form of grazing, um I I think make making sure that and also you think make making sure that and also you think make making sure that and also you can you can mow and take away. So and can you can mow and take away. So and can you can mow and take away. So and these wetlands in order to create these wetlands in order to create these wetlands in order to create something that's been farmed for something that's been farmed for something that's been farmed for probably hundreds of years, it's going probably hundreds of years, it's going probably hundreds of years, it's going to be a long-term plan. It may take 30 to be a long-term plan. It may take 30 to be a long-term plan. It may take 30 years for to to strip all these years for to to strip all these years for to to strip all these nutrients out. But having a plan to get nutrients out. But having a plan to get nutrients out. But having a plan to get there, you know, first with a crop, there, you know, first with a crop, there, you know, first with a crop, secondly with with cover, bail it or secondly with with cover, bail it or secondly with with cover, bail it or convert it into something else using convert it into something else using convert it into something else using animals. Um I I mean that's a point I animals. Um I I mean that's a point I animals. Um I I mean that's a point I did want to make in general as well is did want to make in general as well is did want to make in general as well is that that that this is combining food and farming with this is combining food and farming with this is combining food and farming with environment. So, I I'm very keen on environment. So, I I'm very keen on environment. So, I I'm very keen on making sure that we get some form of making sure that we get some form of making sure that we get some form of produce off the land because the produce off the land because the produce off the land because the environmental benefits of livestock on environmental benefits of livestock on environmental benefits of livestock on there for whether it be um there for whether it be um there for whether it be um making it an environment for insects and making it an environment for insects and making it an environment for insects and all the other things that thrive or for all the other things that thrive or for all the other things that thrive or for wild birds and scrapes and stuff like wild birds and scrapes and stuff like wild birds and scrapes and stuff like they play a valuable part, but they also they play a valuable part, but they also they play a valuable part, but they also play a valuable part in our diet as play a valuable part in our diet as play a valuable part in our diet as well. And I think we we should remember well. And I think we we should remember well. And I think we we should remember that. David, you'll you'll agree with that. David, you'll you'll agree with that. David, you'll you'll agree with that. Excellent. He didn't pay me. that. Excellent. He didn't pay me. that. Excellent. He didn't pay me. David, then can I just go on? Yeah. So David, then can I just go on? Yeah. So David, then can I just go on? Yeah. So we found that um on on our our food crop we found that um on on our our food crop we found that um on on our our food crop trial in Rindle in Greater Manchester. trial in Rindle in Greater Manchester. trial in Rindle in Greater Manchester. So the first year um we wanted to try So the first year um we wanted to try So the first year um we wanted to try and compare as much as possible with and compare as much as possible with and compare as much as possible with sort of um business as usual you know sort of um business as usual you know sort of um business as usual you know how it would be on our site but the how it would be on our site but the how it would be on our site but the first year when we planted the celery we first year when we planted the celery we first year when we planted the celery we didn't add any we just you know we were didn't add any we just you know we were didn't add any we just you know we were looking at difference in the water we looking at difference in the water we looking at difference in the water we didn't want to add any extra nutrients didn't want to add any extra nutrients didn't want to add any extra nutrients so we didn't and that we were told that so we didn't and that we were told that so we didn't and that we were told that when we planted celery it would probably when we planted celery it would probably when we planted celery it would probably die within six weeks. It lasted and grew die within six weeks. It lasted and grew die within six weeks. It lasted and grew very well until at least two weeks very well until at least two weeks very well until at least two weeks before harvest because of it you amount before harvest because of it you amount before harvest because of it you amount of nutrients that were still left in the of nutrients that were still left in the of nutrients that were still left in the system. So although the ultimate weren't system. So although the ultimate weren't system. So although the ultimate weren't able to harvest the crop so that wasn't able to harvest the crop so that wasn't able to harvest the crop so that wasn't great but we it was able to demonstrate great but we it was able to demonstrate great but we it was able to demonstrate that actually yeah growing crops to that actually yeah growing crops to that actually yeah growing crops to strip the nutrients before moving to the strip the nutrients before moving to the strip the nutrients before moving to the next stage is one way of looking at it. next stage is one way of looking at it. next stage is one way of looking at it. Um so that's where and we are trying to Um so that's where and we are trying to Um so that's where and we are trying to monitor we are monitoring what the monitor we are monitoring what the monitor we are monitoring what the impact is of raising the water table impact is of raising the water table impact is of raising the water table what's happening with you know the what's happening with you know the what's happening with you know the different nutrients and different things different nutrients and different things different nutrients and different things in the system and the impact on sort of in the system and the impact on sort of in the system and the impact on sort of greenhouse gas emissions as well. So greenhouse gas emissions as well. So greenhouse gas emissions as well. So we're we're trying to gather that data we're we're trying to gather that data we're we're trying to gather that data in order to sort of feed into the next in order to sort of feed into the next in order to sort of feed into the next steps. Did you actually harvest the steps. Did you actually harvest the steps. Did you actually harvest the celery? So it wasn't then going back celery? So it wasn't then going back celery? So it wasn't then going back into the I no it wasn't it wasn't half I into the I no it wasn't it wasn't half I into the I no it wasn't it wasn't half I think some of it was some we did try and think some of it was some we did try and think some of it was some we did try and take to market but people were like oh take to market but people were like oh take to market but people were like oh no no um that is one problem with these no no um that is one problem with these no no um that is one problem with these systems you might get you might need systems you might get you might need systems you might get you might need customer education is part about yeah customer education is part about yeah customer education is part about yeah consumer um what people think a crop a consumer um what people think a crop a consumer um what people think a crop a product should look like and what people product should look like and what people product should look like and what people willing to accept and also thinking okay willing to accept and also thinking okay willing to accept and also thinking okay if it's not right for supermarket if it's not right for supermarket if it's not right for supermarket shelves is there something else the shelves is there something else the shelves is there something else the seller can use for but that's a seller can use for but that's a seller can use for but that's a different grade. So just trying to think different grade. So just trying to think different grade. So just trying to think about it differently. Yeah. Sorry. Next about it differently. Yeah. Sorry. Next about it differently. Yeah. Sorry. Next question. Um oh gentleman over there. question. Um oh gentleman over there. question. Um oh gentleman over there. Thank you. And then sorry we'll take Thank you. And then sorry we'll take Thank you. And then sorry we'll take next sorry next sorry next sorry thanks Chris Evans UKCH. Um hi it was a thanks Chris Evans UKCH. Um hi it was a thanks Chris Evans UKCH. Um hi it was a question about scalability. You question about scalability. You question about scalability. You mentioned scalability and how important mentioned scalability and how important mentioned scalability and how important that was and I would but then pretty and that was and I would but then pretty and that was and I would but then pretty and pretty much everything I think that's pretty much everything I think that's pretty much everything I think that's just been talked about is is reliant on just been talked about is is reliant on just been talked about is is reliant on some form of defa grant with a terrible some form of defa grant with a terrible some form of defa grant with a terrible acronym to yes how how what's the route acronym to yes how how what's the route acronym to yes how how what's the route to really being able to scale this to really being able to scale this to really being able to scale this because to scale it has to be commercial because to scale it has to be commercial because to scale it has to be commercial and how far off are you from the point and how far off are you from the point and how far off are you from the point where any of this could be done without where any of this could be done without where any of this could be done without a defra with a terrible accent yeah yeah a defra with a terrible accent yeah yeah a defra with a terrible accent yeah yeah good good question I mean maybe it's good good question I mean maybe it's good good question I mean maybe it's early days yet because a lot changed early days yet because a lot changed early days yet because a lot changed recently does anybody want recently does anybody want recently does anybody want I think that's really key. You're I think that's really key. You're I think that's really key. You're absolutely right. Like um we need to absolutely right. Like um we need to absolutely right. Like um we need to think about how to scale it up and I think about how to scale it up and I think about how to scale it up and I think it's difficult to say whether it think it's difficult to say whether it think it's difficult to say whether it will ever be um totally without sort of will ever be um totally without sort of will ever be um totally without sort of um you know grants through countryside um you know grants through countryside um you know grants through countryside stewardship options. I know there's some stewardship options. I know there's some stewardship options. I know there's some more public goods grants for I think I'm more public goods grants for I think I'm more public goods grants for I think I'm not I'm not a farmer but I would imagine not I'm not a farmer but I would imagine not I'm not a farmer but I would imagine ultimately they want to you want it to ultimately they want to you want it to ultimately they want to you want it to be another uh crop produced that you be another uh crop produced that you be another uh crop produced that you know is is as profitable as what else is know is is as profitable as what else is know is is as profitable as what else is is grow. I mean maybe Cameron on the is grow. I mean maybe Cameron on the is grow. I mean maybe Cameron on the farmers and panel want to take talk farmers and panel want to take talk farmers and panel want to take talk about that. Yeah. I I mean I'd just add about that. Yeah. I I mean I'd just add about that. Yeah. I I mean I'd just add to that I think the benefit you've got to that I think the benefit you've got to that I think the benefit you've got with a lot of landscape recovery with a lot of landscape recovery with a lot of landscape recovery projects you've got a lot of growers so projects you've got a lot of growers so projects you've got a lot of growers so you have got scalability. I think the you have got scalability. I think the you have got scalability. I think the other thing you've got is you've great other thing you've got is you've great other thing you've got is you've great got great provenence. So what might have got great provenence. So what might have got great provenence. So what might have started as an environmental project started as an environmental project started as an environmental project whether it be for watervol or lapwing or whether it be for watervol or lapwing or whether it be for watervol or lapwing or something else is there is a great something else is there is a great something else is there is a great marketing tool as well. So, you know, marketing tool as well. So, you know, marketing tool as well. So, you know, you we're we're pump priming it. No, no you we're we're pump priming it. No, no you we're we're pump priming it. No, no pun intended for the water pumps anyway, pun intended for the water pumps anyway, pun intended for the water pumps anyway, but you've actually got the ability to but you've actually got the ability to but you've actually got the ability to use the skill set of farmers or use the skill set of farmers or use the skill set of farmers or associated people within those business associated people within those business associated people within those business to market your produce off that land, to market your produce off that land, to market your produce off that land, not just environmental goods, but but not just environmental goods, but but not just environmental goods, but but food as well with local provenence. And food as well with local provenence. And food as well with local provenence. And that's with a scalability, that's with a scalability, that's with a scalability, then you've got even more chance of then you've got even more chance of then you've got even more chance of getting into, you know, local markets or getting into, you know, local markets or getting into, you know, local markets or even national markets. even national markets. even national markets. Sarah Jane or Karen did you want? Yeah, Sarah Jane or Karen did you want? Yeah, Sarah Jane or Karen did you want? Yeah, I would probably add we would like to I would probably add we would like to I would probably add we would like to scale this up as we've previously spoken scale this up as we've previously spoken scale this up as we've previously spoken about, but again that involved a defa about, but again that involved a defa about, but again that involved a defa grant for a start. Um I don't know from grant for a start. Um I don't know from grant for a start. Um I don't know from a rewetting perspective if I ever see us a rewetting perspective if I ever see us a rewetting perspective if I ever see us being able to make enough money off of a being able to make enough money off of a being able to make enough money off of a pollutulture crop without receiving some pollutulture crop without receiving some pollutulture crop without receiving some kind of countryside stewardship or kind of countryside stewardship or kind of countryside stewardship or something SFI grant, you know, to pay something SFI grant, you know, to pay something SFI grant, you know, to pay for that rewetting aspect. Um that for that rewetting aspect. Um that for that rewetting aspect. Um that remains to be seen, but yeah, there's remains to be seen, but yeah, there's remains to be seen, but yeah, there's definitely a willingness amongst farmers definitely a willingness amongst farmers definitely a willingness amongst farmers to scale up if it's possible. Um you to scale up if it's possible. Um you to scale up if it's possible. Um you know, we've had conversations this week know, we've had conversations this week know, we've had conversations this week with some local ones that really with some local ones that really with some local ones that really surprised me that I would never have surprised me that I would never have surprised me that I would never have expected to be interested in rewetting, expected to be interested in rewetting, expected to be interested in rewetting, but they love the area they live in. but they love the area they live in. but they love the area they live in. They're passionate about it. they can They're passionate about it. they can They're passionate about it. they can see that change is coming and they would see that change is coming and they would see that change is coming and they would rather consider rewetting their land, rather consider rewetting their land, rather consider rewetting their land, you know, to e either for biodiversity you know, to e either for biodiversity you know, to e either for biodiversity or for crop than see the fence go to or for crop than see the fence go to or for crop than see the fence go to what, you know, is alternatives which is what, you know, is alternatives which is what, you know, is alternatives which is possibly flooding. So, um yeah, there's possibly flooding. So, um yeah, there's possibly flooding. So, um yeah, there's definitely a willingness there. Um I I definitely a willingness there. Um I I definitely a willingness there. Um I I think again we need more re research and think again we need more re research and think again we need more re research and development before we can get to that development before we can get to that development before we can get to that point. Well, that's very positive to point. Well, that's very positive to point. Well, that's very positive to hear that Cameron. Uh yeah, I think hear that Cameron. Uh yeah, I think hear that Cameron. Uh yeah, I think there is scalability. Um certainly on there is scalability. Um certainly on there is scalability. Um certainly on our farm we're six hectares already. We our farm we're six hectares already. We our farm we're six hectares already. We can prove that works. Uh we we easily go can prove that works. Uh we we easily go can prove that works. Uh we we easily go up to more acres. Um we've already got up to more acres. Um we've already got up to more acres. Um we've already got the drone sewing and working on the the drone sewing and working on the the drone sewing and working on the harvester that can harvest them. Um harvester that can harvest them. Um harvester that can harvest them. Um ponder seem to be making making moves in ponder seem to be making making moves in ponder seem to be making making moves in the uh in the clothing world. So, uh, I the uh in the clothing world. So, uh, I the uh in the clothing world. So, uh, I think we we have, especially for Typher, think we we have, especially for Typher, think we we have, especially for Typher, we have almost a whole, um, product we have almost a whole, um, product we have almost a whole, um, product line, you know, from from start to line, you know, from from start to line, you know, from from start to finish. Um, that could potentially be finish. Um, that could potentially be finish. Um, that could potentially be done without any any funding. Um, and done without any any funding. Um, and done without any any funding. Um, and then you get the obviously the the then you get the obviously the the then you get the obviously the the funding, the stuff on top from SFI and funding, the stuff on top from SFI and funding, the stuff on top from SFI and all that is a bonus, but uh, in the long all that is a bonus, but uh, in the long all that is a bonus, but uh, in the long term, I can see it being just the same term, I can see it being just the same term, I can see it being just the same as a potato crop or or anything like as a potato crop or or anything like as a potato crop or or anything like that. and ponder can use the marketing that. and ponder can use the marketing that. and ponder can use the marketing as you describe to to really sell it as as you describe to to really sell it as as you describe to to really sell it as an alternative to plastic and an alternative to plastic and an alternative to plastic and microplastic creating um clothes. I microplastic creating um clothes. I microplastic creating um clothes. I think um there is a point as well that think um there is a point as well that think um there is a point as well that we kind of touched upon it earlier about we kind of touched upon it earlier about we kind of touched upon it earlier about consumers and I think so talking to some consumers and I think so talking to some consumers and I think so talking to some of the um other farmers we work with of the um other farmers we work with of the um other farmers we work with like it might be the big supermarkets like it might be the big supermarkets like it might be the big supermarkets are putting pressure on them to to be are putting pressure on them to to be are putting pressure on them to to be low carbon on their farms but they're low carbon on their farms but they're low carbon on their farms but they're not getting the the financial benefits not getting the the financial benefits not getting the the financial benefits of that. So, if we want to see these of that. So, if we want to see these of that. So, if we want to see these products on the shelves, cuz that we're products on the shelves, cuz that we're products on the shelves, cuz that we're talking a lot about Pluto culture, but talking a lot about Pluto culture, but talking a lot about Pluto culture, but there isn't actually anything on the on there isn't actually anything on the on there isn't actually anything on the on the shop shelves yet, and that's where the shop shelves yet, and that's where the shop shelves yet, and that's where we need to get to. Um, but I think the, we need to get to. Um, but I think the, we need to get to. Um, but I think the, you know, the the the buyers, the you know, the the the buyers, the you know, the the the buyers, the supermarkets have to also recognize what supermarkets have to also recognize what supermarkets have to also recognize what they're asking for and and, you know, they're asking for and and, you know, they're asking for and and, you know, financially reward that. And I think financially reward that. And I think financially reward that. And I think there needs to be education around there needs to be education around there needs to be education around consumers so they understand the impact consumers so they understand the impact consumers so they understand the impact of the things they're buying. Yeah, we of the things they're buying. Yeah, we of the things they're buying. Yeah, we had a question over here. Lady with a um had a question over here. Lady with a um had a question over here. Lady with a um red jacket. Thank you. red jacket. Thank you. red jacket. Thank you. How am I doing? How am I doing? How am I doing? Hi. Um my question was um we've had some Hi. Um my question was um we've had some Hi. Um my question was um we've had some um talk of benefits in terms of reducing um talk of benefits in terms of reducing um talk of benefits in terms of reducing greenhouse gases. How is that being greenhouse gases. How is that being greenhouse gases. How is that being measured and monitored? How are we measured and monitored? How are we measured and monitored? How are we measuring and monitoring? measuring and monitoring? measuring and monitoring? Um Um Um do you want to go first? Um yeah, I can do you want to go first? Um yeah, I can do you want to go first? Um yeah, I can go first. I might ask CH to jump in go first. I might ask CH to jump in go first. I might ask CH to jump in there for me too. So actually yesterday there for me too. So actually yesterday there for me too. So actually yesterday I was really excited to see that we had I was really excited to see that we had I was really excited to see that we had our first uh set of measurements taken our first uh set of measurements taken our first uh set of measurements taken on the Pluto trials. Um don't ask me how on the Pluto trials. Um don't ask me how on the Pluto trials. Um don't ask me how it works. I'm not a scientist. I just it works. I'm not a scientist. I just it works. I'm not a scientist. I just stand there looking rather beused at at stand there looking rather beused at at stand there looking rather beused at at the chambers and all the really cool the chambers and all the really cool the chambers and all the really cool equipment they use. Um but yeah, they've equipment they use. Um but yeah, they've equipment they use. Um but yeah, they've told me it's going to be monthly. We're told me it's going to be monthly. We're told me it's going to be monthly. We're having um these measurements taken. And having um these measurements taken. And having um these measurements taken. And they were looking at N2O, uh, CO2, they were looking at N2O, uh, CO2, they were looking at N2O, uh, CO2, methane, methane. Yeah. Um, so yeah, methane, methane. Yeah. Um, so yeah, methane, methane. Yeah. Um, so yeah, monthly. Um, is there anything else? monthly. Um, is there anything else? monthly. Um, is there anything else? Yeah, we have the flux tower. Um, in Yeah, we have the flux tower. Um, in Yeah, we have the flux tower. Um, in that's been there for a while. That's that's been there for a while. That's that's been there for a while. That's with the miscampus looking at the with the miscampus looking at the with the miscampus looking at the emissions from that, from the crop, from emissions from that, from the crop, from emissions from that, from the crop, from the ground and everything, the whole the the ground and everything, the whole the the ground and everything, the whole the whole thing. Yeah. whole thing. Yeah. whole thing. Yeah. Yeah. structure over the top of the we Yeah. structure over the top of the we Yeah. structure over the top of the we have um I suppose they might be similar have um I suppose they might be similar have um I suppose they might be similar what what we have it's like a like a a what what we have it's like a like a a what what we have it's like a like a a greenhouse gas column it's about it's greenhouse gas column it's about it's greenhouse gas column it's about it's like a dinner plate I suppose a smaller like a dinner plate I suppose a smaller like a dinner plate I suppose a smaller things and you could do like monthly things and you could do like monthly things and you could do like monthly sort of well what however often you want sort of well what however often you want sort of well what however often you want to measure the the the greenhouse gas to measure the the the greenhouse gas to measure the the the greenhouse gas emissions so it's yeah greenhouse gases emissions so it's yeah greenhouse gases emissions so it's yeah greenhouse gases so it's not just carbon it's the other so it's not just carbon it's the other so it's not just carbon it's the other other gases that you need to be looking other gases that you need to be looking other gases that you need to be looking at also the fluial emissions as well um at also the fluial emissions as well um at also the fluial emissions as well um and one of our sites we also dated the and one of our sites we also dated the and one of our sites we also dated the carbon that was coming off from the site carbon that was coming off from the site carbon that was coming off from the site So, it's kind of we're kind of thinking So, it's kind of we're kind of thinking So, it's kind of we're kind of thinking about it could be um almost a proxy for about it could be um almost a proxy for about it could be um almost a proxy for uh how well you're rehydrating the the uh how well you're rehydrating the the uh how well you're rehydrating the the soil. So, if the the idea is that um if soil. So, if the the idea is that um if soil. So, if the the idea is that um if you still got older emissions coming you still got older emissions coming you still got older emissions coming off, it means it's still dry out, still off, it means it's still dry out, still off, it means it's still dry out, still oxidizing lower down the peak profile. oxidizing lower down the peak profile. oxidizing lower down the peak profile. Or if there's any newer emissions, that Or if there's any newer emissions, that Or if there's any newer emissions, that means, you know, the water table's at a means, you know, the water table's at a means, you know, the water table's at a a better height. So, that's one way of a better height. So, that's one way of a better height. So, that's one way of also looking at what's happening, which also looking at what's happening, which also looking at what's happening, which I think is really cool. I think is really cool. I think is really cool. This this gives me an opportunity to say This this gives me an opportunity to say This this gives me an opportunity to say I agree with everything that Sarah says I agree with everything that Sarah says I agree with everything that Sarah says now and made some brilliant points. But now and made some brilliant points. But now and made some brilliant points. But I I would go to say that um we've got a I I would go to say that um we've got a I I would go to say that um we've got a few experts measuring greenhouse gases few experts measuring greenhouse gases few experts measuring greenhouse gases in the room here. I can see one or two in the room here. I can see one or two in the room here. I can see one or two of them with measuring nitrous oxide of them with measuring nitrous oxide of them with measuring nitrous oxide methane. Um the good thing about flux methane. Um the good thing about flux methane. Um the good thing about flux towers is that they stand out all the towers is that they stand out all the towers is that they stand out all the time and sometimes we probably don't go time and sometimes we probably don't go time and sometimes we probably don't go out in the rain when it's warm rainy out in the rain when it's warm rainy out in the rain when it's warm rainy because it's rainy and warm. But because it's rainy and warm. But because it's rainy and warm. But actually that's the real benefit. what actually that's the real benefit. what actually that's the real benefit. what happens to when things soils are wet and happens to when things soils are wet and happens to when things soils are wet and it's and it's raining on top of them it's and it's raining on top of them it's and it's raining on top of them what's it's releasing and it's not just what's it's releasing and it's not just what's it's releasing and it's not just from once you cover it and stop from once you cover it and stop from once you cover it and stop disturbing it that's the greenhouse gas disturbing it that's the greenhouse gas disturbing it that's the greenhouse gas savings you're making so the fact that savings you're making so the fact that savings you're making so the fact that you're not turning it over you're not you're not turning it over you're not you're not turning it over you're not growing crops on it that and but there's growing crops on it that and but there's growing crops on it that and but there's plenty of ways of me measuring it and plenty of ways of me measuring it and plenty of ways of me measuring it and monitoring it that sounds great like a monitoring it that sounds great like a monitoring it that sounds great like a flux capacitor from the back to the flux capacitor from the back to the flux capacitor from the back to the future I know I was going to say on um I future I know I was going to say on um I future I know I was going to say on um I don't know if you guys want to talk don't know if you guys want to talk don't know if you guys want to talk about this we've got those like Crazy about this we've got those like Crazy about this we've got those like Crazy ones and we're Marley that open and ones and we're Marley that open and ones and we're Marley that open and close. We unfortunately have to wrap up close. We unfortunately have to wrap up close. We unfortunately have to wrap up quite soon but maybe I'll go and talk to quite soon but maybe I'll go and talk to quite soon but maybe I'll go and talk to those guys over there. Go to the C. Oh those guys over there. Go to the C. Oh those guys over there. Go to the C. Oh yeah, go to the store. Brilliant. Um yeah, go to the store. Brilliant. Um yeah, go to the store. Brilliant. Um check check that out. The stall at the check check that out. The stall at the check check that out. The stall at the CIE. Is it CH? Yeah, CH. Yeah, sorry. CIE. Is it CH? Yeah, CH. Yeah, sorry. CIE. Is it CH? Yeah, CH. Yeah, sorry. That's really useful and I'm sorry we That's really useful and I'm sorry we That's really useful and I'm sorry we haven't got any more time for questions. haven't got any more time for questions. haven't got any more time for questions. People are going to have to leave to get People are going to have to leave to get People are going to have to leave to get to the next session. And thanks for for to the next session. And thanks for for to the next session. And thanks for for watching. Um I hope you enjoyed it. And watching. Um I hope you enjoyed it. And watching. Um I hope you enjoyed it. And as I said last year's we also talked as I said last year's we also talked as I said last year's we also talked about blue culture other aspects. So, about blue culture other aspects. So, about blue culture other aspects. So, um, thank you very much. Thank you very um, thank you very much. Thank you very um, thank you very much. Thank you very much to our panelists. Round of much to our panelists. Round of much to our panelists. Round of applause, please. applause, please. applause, please. [Applause] Thank you very much.<br /> }}</div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Raising_the_water_table_at_Langley_Abbey_to_protect_peat_-_Paludiculture_in_the_Broads_National_Park&diff=11797 2026-05-29T14:07:51Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Ajoute les transcriptions YouTube aux pages vidéo qui n&#039;en ont pas - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/435</p> <hr /> <div>{{vidéo<br /> | Titre = Raising the water table at Langley Abbey to protect peat - Paludiculture in the Broads National Park<br /> | Producteur = Broads Authority<br /> | Vignette = Thumbnail_youtube_pPn17SAqb9I.jpg<br /> | Date de mise en ligne = 2025-05-23<br /> | Durée = 8 minutes<br /> | Production = <br /> | Vidéo = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pPn17SAqb9I<br /> | Mots-clés = NBSOIL<br /> }}<br /> <br /> In this video we discover how scientists and farmers are teaming up in the Broads National Park to tackle climate change by rewetting peat soils. This video takes you to Langley Abbey, Chestnut Farm and Horsey Estate, where innovative monitoring tools and sustainable farming practices are helping to raise water tables, reduce carbon emissions, and restore vital ecosystems.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Learn how peat cameras, water table models, and wetland crops like reedmace are being used to monitor peat health and explore new eco-friendly materials. This project aims to inspire a future of climate-smart farming, carbon storage, and nature recovery in one of the UK’s most important wetlands.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> For more information please see: https://www.broads-authority.gov.uk/looking-after/projects<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{Pages liées}}<br /> <br /> {{Transcription<br /> | transcription = [Music] [Music] [Music] The broads is a mosaic of clay and pete The broads is a mosaic of clay and pete The broads is a mosaic of clay and pete soils. They store a huge amount of soils. They store a huge amount of soils. They store a huge amount of carbon and they're a sponge. And when carbon and they're a sponge. And when carbon and they're a sponge. And when they're drained for agricultural they're drained for agricultural they're drained for agricultural development, all of that carbon tends to development, all of that carbon tends to development, all of that carbon tends to go up to the atmosphere and we don't go up to the atmosphere and we don't go up to the atmosphere and we don't have that storage capacity in the flood have that storage capacity in the flood have that storage capacity in the flood plane that's so important for the broads plane that's so important for the broads plane that's so important for the broads national park. national park. national park. [Music] Pete soils accumulate under water logged Pete soils accumulate under water logged Pete soils accumulate under water logged conditions in which there's no oxygen. conditions in which there's no oxygen. conditions in which there's no oxygen. When we drain them, we're introducing When we drain them, we're introducing When we drain them, we're introducing oxygen. It allows the bugs in the soil oxygen. It allows the bugs in the soil oxygen. It allows the bugs in the soil to eat the pete, convert it into carbon. to eat the pete, convert it into carbon. to eat the pete, convert it into carbon. So the deeper the water table is, the So the deeper the water table is, the So the deeper the water table is, the greater the greenhouse gas or carbon greater the greenhouse gas or carbon greater the greenhouse gas or carbon emissions. Pete generally accumulates about 1 mm Pete generally accumulates about 1 mm Pete generally accumulates about 1 mm per year. This is round about thousands per year. This is round about thousands per year. This is round about thousands of years of efforts. The pete at the of years of efforts. The pete at the of years of efforts. The pete at the top. So these layers are the one that top. So these layers are the one that top. So these layers are the one that are the decomposed one because they have are the decomposed one because they have are the decomposed one because they have been experiencing the drying cycles all been experiencing the drying cycles all been experiencing the drying cycles all through the years. But as we go down to through the years. But as we go down to through the years. But as we go down to the the the bottom, these layers have still their bottom, these layers have still their bottom, these layers have still their plant structure intact and they have plant structure intact and they have plant structure intact and they have been like preserving carbons over the been like preserving carbons over the been like preserving carbons over the years. And if they stay wet, they will years. And if they stay wet, they will years. And if they stay wet, they will continue doing so in the future as well. We're here at the Langley Abbey Estate We're here at the Langley Abbey Estate We're here at the Langley Abbey Estate and here with me today is Hana Yavani and here with me today is Hana Yavani and here with me today is Hana Yavani from UK CH. Hana, can you tell us a from UK CH. Hana, can you tell us a from UK CH. Hana, can you tell us a little bit about the peak monitoring little bit about the peak monitoring little bit about the peak monitoring equipment we've got here? Yes, Andrea. equipment we've got here? Yes, Andrea. equipment we've got here? Yes, Andrea. So, here we have two pit cameras and So, here we have two pit cameras and So, here we have two pit cameras and with the pit cameras, we are trying to with the pit cameras, we are trying to with the pit cameras, we are trying to monitor the pit surface elevation, how monitor the pit surface elevation, how monitor the pit surface elevation, how much it moves up and down, responding to much it moves up and down, responding to much it moves up and down, responding to changes in the hydraology. changes in the hydraology. changes in the hydraology. This is our pit camera that sits on top This is our pit camera that sits on top This is our pit camera that sits on top of a stool and the stool is anchored of a stool and the stool is anchored of a stool and the stool is anchored into the pit surface. It's anchored by into the pit surface. It's anchored by into the pit surface. It's anchored by 10 15 cm. We also have an antenna and 10 15 cm. We also have an antenna and 10 15 cm. We also have an antenna and the antenna allows the the system to the antenna allows the the system to the antenna allows the the system to send the data to a cloud service in send the data to a cloud service in send the data to a cloud service in where we can retrieve the data and make where we can retrieve the data and make where we can retrieve the data and make it publicly available to everyone. We it publicly available to everyone. We it publicly available to everyone. We have a special ruler that we we have have a special ruler that we we have have a special ruler that we we have designed ourself and it has aruka designed ourself and it has aruka designed ourself and it has aruka markers and those aruka markers are a markers and those aruka markers are a markers and those aruka markers are a special codes our camera can detect special codes our camera can detect special codes our camera can detect where they are. So we can calculate the where they are. So we can calculate the where they are. So we can calculate the distance in pixels and in millimeters distance in pixels and in millimeters distance in pixels and in millimeters from those markers to the from those markers to the from those markers to the surface. We can also measure water table surface. We can also measure water table surface. We can also measure water table depth using a pressure transucer sensor depth using a pressure transucer sensor depth using a pressure transucer sensor that sits inside this pometer. It's that sits inside this pometer. It's that sits inside this pometer. It's about 2 m into the soil. It will allow about 2 m into the soil. It will allow about 2 m into the soil. It will allow us to determine whether the pit is in us to determine whether the pit is in us to determine whether the pit is in good or in bad condition depending on good or in bad condition depending on good or in bad condition depending on where the water sits and also pit where the water sits and also pit where the water sits and also pit subsidance and pit motion is completely subsidance and pit motion is completely subsidance and pit motion is completely related with water table changes. So related with water table changes. So related with water table changes. So they basically track each other. With the flax tower we can other. With the flax tower we can other. With the flax tower we can measure the carbon balance of the measure the carbon balance of the measure the carbon balance of the ecosystem. So we can determine whether ecosystem. So we can determine whether ecosystem. So we can determine whether the soil is losing carbon or if we are the soil is losing carbon or if we are the soil is losing carbon or if we are storing carbon and is being accumulated storing carbon and is being accumulated storing carbon and is being accumulated into the soil. So Cranfield University have produced a So Cranfield University have produced a So Cranfield University have produced a water table model. So they've cast water table model. So they've cast water table model. So they've cast across the landscape and that will across the landscape and that will across the landscape and that will describe the amount of carbon emissions describe the amount of carbon emissions describe the amount of carbon emissions and it will also describe the amount of and it will also describe the amount of and it will also describe the amount of nature, the amount of water that we've nature, the amount of water that we've nature, the amount of water that we've got in ditches. How important will that got in ditches. How important will that got in ditches. How important will that be for the estate? Of course, you can be for the estate? Of course, you can be for the estate? Of course, you can look into any one of these ditches on a look into any one of these ditches on a look into any one of these ditches on a given day and see the height of the given day and see the height of the given day and see the height of the water table, but it doesn't always give water table, but it doesn't always give water table, but it doesn't always give an accurate reflection of the water an accurate reflection of the water an accurate reflection of the water table in the field itself. And so having table in the field itself. And so having table in the field itself. And so having that modeling, we have a much clearer that modeling, we have a much clearer that modeling, we have a much clearer understanding as to where we currently understanding as to where we currently understanding as to where we currently are, but also what we would need to are, but also what we would need to are, but also what we would need to implement to get where we want to be. So implement to get where we want to be. So implement to get where we want to be. So Hono, what do you hope this project Hono, what do you hope this project Hono, what do you hope this project might achieve? We are hoping to develop might achieve? We are hoping to develop might achieve? We are hoping to develop a monitoring, reporting, and a monitoring, reporting, and a monitoring, reporting, and verification tool. And this is something verification tool. And this is something verification tool. And this is something that could be used for carbon credits that could be used for carbon credits that could be used for carbon credits projects, restoration projects. But in projects, restoration projects. But in projects, restoration projects. But in the short term, we are hoping to develop the short term, we are hoping to develop the short term, we are hoping to develop a web app and then you can actually see a web app and then you can actually see a web app and then you can actually see what the site is doing, how much the pit what the site is doing, how much the pit what the site is doing, how much the pit has moved up and down, what's the water has moved up and down, what's the water has moved up and down, what's the water table deploy makers to to take decisions deploy makers to to take decisions deploy makers to to take decisions regarding pit condition and then help regarding pit condition and then help regarding pit condition and then help them develop policies according to the them develop policies according to the them develop policies according to the needs of nowadays. needs of nowadays. needs of nowadays. [Music] [Music] [Music] If farmers can raise their water tables, If farmers can raise their water tables, If farmers can raise their water tables, which in some pets in the country can be which in some pets in the country can be which in some pets in the country can be as deep as 2 m, then we reduce the as deep as 2 m, then we reduce the as deep as 2 m, then we reduce the greenhouse gas emissions very quickly greenhouse gas emissions very quickly greenhouse gas emissions very quickly from these soils. And with very high from these soils. And with very high from these soils. And with very high water tables, like we'd find under some water tables, like we'd find under some water tables, like we'd find under some of the classic broadland fence, we can of the classic broadland fence, we can of the classic broadland fence, we can have almost zero greenhouse gas have almost zero greenhouse gas have almost zero greenhouse gas emissions. We can switch off the pete emissions. We can switch off the pete emissions. We can switch off the pete soils as a source of greenhouse soils as a source of greenhouse soils as a source of greenhouse gases. gases. gases. [Music] Close to the coast in the Broads Close to the coast in the Broads Close to the coast in the Broads National Park is the Horsey estate. And National Park is the Horsey estate. And National Park is the Horsey estate. And here we're working in partnership to here we're working in partnership to here we're working in partnership to look at a pioneering wetland farming look at a pioneering wetland farming look at a pioneering wetland farming project about the future of farming in project about the future of farming in project about the future of farming in Britain's largest protected wetland. What motivated me to use this land What motivated me to use this land What motivated me to use this land really it was enthusiasm of the broads really it was enthusiasm of the broads really it was enthusiasm of the broads authority and it's a particularly good authority and it's a particularly good authority and it's a particularly good site for treating orange dirty water site for treating orange dirty water site for treating orange dirty water coming into the broads. So we've planted coming into the broads. So we've planted coming into the broads. So we've planted over 20,000 plug plants with the support over 20,000 plug plants with the support over 20,000 plug plants with the support of some fantastic local volunteers. of some fantastic local volunteers. of some fantastic local volunteers. We're taking water from the river and We're taking water from the river and We're taking water from the river and then we're flowing it through these five then we're flowing it through these five then we're flowing it through these five compartments like one of the ones behind compartments like one of the ones behind compartments like one of the ones behind me here. me here. me here. By opening the SLLE, the water flows By opening the SLLE, the water flows By opening the SLLE, the water flows through. You can see that it's full of through. You can see that it's full of through. You can see that it's full of ochre, which is this naturally occurring ochre, which is this naturally occurring ochre, which is this naturally occurring iron compound. We want to filter this iron compound. We want to filter this iron compound. We want to filter this out and we'll do that by flowing the out and we'll do that by flowing the out and we'll do that by flowing the water through this series of reed water through this series of reed water through this series of reed beds. We're going to be harvesting the beds. We're going to be harvesting the beds. We're going to be harvesting the reed mace here and then working with our reed mace here and then working with our reed mace here and then working with our partners, we're going to be turning that partners, we're going to be turning that partners, we're going to be turning that into construction materials such as into construction materials such as into construction materials such as insulation or pressed board. So, really insulation or pressed board. So, really insulation or pressed board. So, really looking at whether we can add value to looking at whether we can add value to looking at whether we can add value to this crop. We're working with scientists and policy We're working with scientists and policy We're working with scientists and policy makers to get polluted culture adopted makers to get polluted culture adopted makers to get polluted culture adopted into agricultural policy and create that into agricultural policy and create that into agricultural policy and create that network of expertise and knowledge that network of expertise and knowledge that network of expertise and knowledge that can be translated into other projects. can be translated into other projects. can be translated into other projects. So I'm really hopeful here that this So I'm really hopeful here that this So I'm really hopeful here that this site will show how you can make site will show how you can make site will show how you can make commercial reed or typher growing commercial reed or typher growing commercial reed or typher growing possible. which would be great. which would be great. which would be great. We're hoping that we can demonstrate how We're hoping that we can demonstrate how We're hoping that we can demonstrate how we can rewet these PT soils to reduce we can rewet these PT soils to reduce we can rewet these PT soils to reduce carbon emissions and then also how we carbon emissions and then also how we carbon emissions and then also how we can grow, read, and readmace for really can grow, read, and readmace for really can grow, read, and readmace for really innovative construction products. It's not an easy option, but it's a It's not an easy option, but it's a It's not an easy option, but it's a fantastic way of preserving the nature fantastic way of preserving the nature fantastic way of preserving the nature which evolves around Petland. The main thing I'm hoping this project The main thing I'm hoping this project The main thing I'm hoping this project will achieve will be a successful case will achieve will be a successful case will achieve will be a successful case study of how farmers can raise their study of how farmers can raise their study of how farmers can raise their water tables and achieve lower water tables and achieve lower water tables and achieve lower greenhouse gas emissions. greenhouse gas emissions. greenhouse gas emissions. So Henry, what do you hope will be So Henry, what do you hope will be So Henry, what do you hope will be achieved for this project? So our achieved for this project? So our achieved for this project? So our aspirations here at Lang A Laby is to aspirations here at Lang A Laby is to aspirations here at Lang A Laby is to see a Y Valley landscape indeed a wider see a Y Valley landscape indeed a wider see a Y Valley landscape indeed a wider broads landscape teameming with broads landscape teameming with broads landscape teameming with wildlife all whilst delivering those wildlife all whilst delivering those wildlife all whilst delivering those vital ecosystem services. But of course, vital ecosystem services. But of course, vital ecosystem services. But of course, it all starts and ends with how we it all starts and ends with how we it all starts and ends with how we manage our water table and how well we manage our water table and how well we manage our water table and how well we can conserve our pet soils. This is about rethinking our soils. This is about rethinking our soils. This is about rethinking our relationship with nature and finding new relationship with nature and finding new relationship with nature and finding new ways to work with the changing landscape ways to work with the changing landscape ways to work with the changing landscape of the broads.<br /> }}</div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=How_to_paludiculture%3F&diff=11796 2026-05-29T14:07:44Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Ajoute les transcriptions YouTube aux pages vidéo qui n&#039;en ont pas - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/435</p> <hr /> <div>{{vidéo<br /> | Titre = How to paludiculture?<br /> | Producteur = Greifswald Moor Centrum<br /> | Vignette = Thumbnail_youtube_VIvPsrww74.jpg<br /> | Date de mise en ligne = 2023-05-11<br /> | Durée = 4 minutes<br /> | Production = <br /> | Vidéo = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_VIvPsrww74<br /> | Intervenants 0 = Caitriona Brady Halmschlag<br /> | Mots-clés = NBSOIL<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Paludiculture is not just a buzzword, it's an urgently needed sustainable concept of agriculture on formerly drained peatlands in oder to protect the climate. But how to transform conventional agriculture on drained peatland? On a 5-day study tour more than 50 people- farmers, landowners and policy makers - from various European countries visited GMC sites for paludiculture research and implementation<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Sources<br /> <br /> This film was prepared in the EUKI Project “Carbon capturing by Baltic farmers” https://www.succow-stiftung.de/en/peatland-climate/euki-carbon-capturing-by-baltic-peatland-farmers<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Learn more<br /> <br /> The paludiculture study tour guide:<br /> <br /> https://www.succow-stiftung.de/fileadmin/Ablage/Dokumente/EUKI_Kohlenstoffarming_Baltikum/Paludiculture_Study_Tour_Guide_2022_A4_final.pdf<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Animated information film on Peatlands, Climate and Paludiculture:<br /> <br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uXuRiLtH5ds&amp;t=3s<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Credits<br /> <br /> Speaker Caitriona Brady Halmschlag<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Footage &amp; film design<br /> <br /> Lucas Treise – BioFilm 2023 – https://www.bio-film.org/<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Supplementary footage:<br /> <br /> Hans von Sonntag – www.vonsonntag.com<br /> <br /> Swantje Furtak – www.swantjefurtak.de<br /> <br /> Greifswald Mire Centre – www.greifswaldmoor.de<br /> <br /> Normunds Stivrins – www.epicentrs.lv<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Disclaimer<br /> <br /> This film was prepared in the project “Carbon capturing by Baltic peatland farmers” which is financed by the European Climate Initiative (EUKI). EUKI is a project financing instrument by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action. It is the overarching goal of the EUKI to foster climate cooperation within the European Union in order to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. It does so through strengthening cross-border dialogue and cooperation as well as exchange of knowledge and experience. The authors are fully responsible for the content of this film, the European Climate Initiative (EUKI) and the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action have no liability.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Cofunding<br /> <br /> Umwelt Stiftung Michael Otto / toMOORow initiative – www.tomoorow.org<br /> <br /> Wetlands international – European Association / EU LIFE – https://europe.wetlands.org/<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Disclaimer<br /> <br /> Cofunded by the European Union. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or CINEA. Neither the European Union nor CINEA can be held responsible for them.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{Pages liées}}<br /> <br /> {{Transcription<br /> | transcription = [Music] [Music] [Music] polluti culture the wet agriculture on polluti culture the wet agriculture on polluti culture the wet agriculture on re-wetted peatland provides renewable re-wetted peatland provides renewable re-wetted peatland provides renewable biomass for climate-friendly products biomass for climate-friendly products biomass for climate-friendly products while preserving peatlands and the while preserving peatlands and the while preserving peatlands and the climate it's both Innovative and it climate it's both Innovative and it climate it's both Innovative and it supports needed Transformations however supports needed Transformations however supports needed Transformations however so far only Pioneers can do it and it so far only Pioneers can do it and it so far only Pioneers can do it and it lacks consistent agricultural policies lacks consistent agricultural policies lacks consistent agricultural policies advisory services and established Market advisory services and established Market advisory services and established Market structures so is polluti culture a real structures so is polluti culture a real structures so is polluti culture a real option farmers and entrepreneurs are option farmers and entrepreneurs are option farmers and entrepreneurs are skeptical we invited 50 International skeptical we invited 50 International skeptical we invited 50 International stakeholders from 10 different EU stakeholders from 10 different EU stakeholders from 10 different EU countries to Germany from farmer to countries to Germany from farmer to countries to Germany from farmer to decision maker all are learning from decision maker all are learning from decision maker all are learning from experts and from one another in Ireland experts and from one another in Ireland experts and from one another in Ireland we can actually reduce a huge amount of we can actually reduce a huge amount of we can actually reduce a huge amount of the Agricultural emissions by peatland the Agricultural emissions by peatland the Agricultural emissions by peatland restoration that's very much the same restoration that's very much the same restoration that's very much the same across the EU in Poland that the across the EU in Poland that the across the EU in Poland that the interest of local businesses is to go interest of local businesses is to go interest of local businesses is to go carbon neutral so our challenge is to carbon neutral so our challenge is to carbon neutral so our challenge is to restore and to manage more sustainably restore and to manage more sustainably restore and to manage more sustainably the peatlands and actually in Estonia the peatlands and actually in Estonia the peatlands and actually in Estonia the peat mine the peat mine the peat mine although we export most of the mine peat although we export most of the mine peat although we export most of the mine peat has also very big share in our has also very big share in our has also very big share in our greenhouse gas emissions lithium greenhouse gas emissions lithium greenhouse gas emissions lithium operators should put more efforts to operators should put more efforts to operators should put more efforts to spread information about farming and spread information about farming and spread information about farming and pitlands educating people about their pitlands educating people about their pitlands educating people about their peatlands what is the impact to climate peatlands what is the impact to climate peatlands what is the impact to climate change we need a good pilot to show that change we need a good pilot to show that change we need a good pilot to show that it is really working we have four it is really working we have four it is really working we have four Petland pilots in Germany they are Petland pilots in Germany they are Petland pilots in Germany they are funded by the Federal Ministry of the funded by the Federal Ministry of the funded by the Federal Ministry of the environment which gives about 45 million environment which gives about 45 million environment which gives about 45 million euro over the next 10 years for politic euro over the next 10 years for politic euro over the next 10 years for politic culture but they show that they are culture but they show that they are culture but they show that they are actually products you can use and which actually products you can use and which actually products you can use and which exist and which can be also utilized exist and which can be also utilized exist and which can be also utilized this is very warm welcome here in christwell at very warm welcome here in christwell at very warm welcome here in christwell at our study trip on peatland restoration our study trip on peatland restoration our study trip on peatland restoration and paluti culture of course we also and paluti culture of course we also and paluti culture of course we also want to get into a discussion into want to get into a discussion into want to get into a discussion into exchange we said there are no emissions exchange we said there are no emissions exchange we said there are no emissions out of dry peatlands by 2040 and that out of dry peatlands by 2040 and that out of dry peatlands by 2040 and that means that we need to restore about 10 means that we need to restore about 10 means that we need to restore about 10 000 hectares per year which is massive 000 hectares per year which is massive 000 hectares per year which is massive our task is to provide a framework that our task is to provide a framework that our task is to provide a framework that others can do the job properly another others can do the job properly another others can do the job properly another objective is to take the risk there are objective is to take the risk there are objective is to take the risk there are farmers enable Pokemon who are willing farmers enable Pokemon who are willing farmers enable Pokemon who are willing to make the pigments but the scooter is to make the pigments but the scooter is to make the pigments but the scooter is Generations foreign foreign [Music] I came to Germany basically to I came to Germany basically to I came to Germany basically to understand more of what is the best understand more of what is the best understand more of what is the best practice we need an official way of practice we need an official way of practice we need an official way of calculating the carbon footprint as well calculating the carbon footprint as well calculating the carbon footprint as well as carbon offset and ecological services as carbon offset and ecological services as carbon offset and ecological services that Wetlands can provide we see here in that Wetlands can provide we see here in that Wetlands can provide we see here in Germany that more Futures it's a good Germany that more Futures it's a good Germany that more Futures it's a good standard well scientifically background standard well scientifically background standard well scientifically background with the principles the standard in with the principles the standard in with the principles the standard in place the potential of keeping land wet place the potential of keeping land wet place the potential of keeping land wet reducing greenhouse gas emissions and reducing greenhouse gas emissions and reducing greenhouse gas emissions and indeed earning a good income for Farmers indeed earning a good income for Farmers indeed earning a good income for Farmers is I think a win-win-win proposition is I think a win-win-win proposition is I think a win-win-win proposition this is the only way that there is a this is the only way that there is a this is the only way that there is a balance between the interests of balance between the interests of balance between the interests of landowners the climate challenges and landowners the climate challenges and landowners the climate challenges and that we can preserve and or even that we can preserve and or even that we can preserve and or even accumulate more carbon into the soils accumulate more carbon into the soils accumulate more carbon into the soils makes a lot of challenges and we have to makes a lot of challenges and we have to makes a lot of challenges and we have to overcome them actually a lot is needed overcome them actually a lot is needed overcome them actually a lot is needed to develop a carbon project or a to develop a carbon project or a to develop a carbon project or a politiculture project just go further politiculture project just go further politiculture project just go further don't stop and please share your don't stop and please share your don't stop and please share your experience with other Farmers approaches experience with other Farmers approaches experience with other Farmers approaches and Pioneers for polluti culture are and Pioneers for polluti culture are and Pioneers for polluti culture are already out there don't hesitate to get already out there don't hesitate to get already out there don't hesitate to get into contact and start foreign foreign foreign [Music]<br /> }}</div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Peatlands,_Climate_and_Paludiculture&diff=11795 2026-05-29T14:07:38Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Ajoute les transcriptions YouTube aux pages vidéo qui n&#039;en ont pas - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/435</p> <hr /> <div>{{vidéo<br /> | Titre = Peatlands, Climate and Paludiculture<br /> | Producteur = Greifswald Moor Centrum<br /> | Vignette = Thumbnail_youtube_uXuRiLtH5ds.jpg<br /> | Date de mise en ligne = 2023-01-03<br /> | Durée = 7 minutes<br /> | Production = <br /> | Vidéo = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uXuRiLtH5ds<br /> | Intervenants 0 = Christopher Gray<br /> | Mots-clés = NBSOIL<br /> }}<br /> <br /> What's a peatland? Why are peatlands dry but should be rewetted? Why is this important to us and the global climate? How can we protect and simultanously use wet peatlands - especially in the Batlics? All answered and beautifully animated in this film.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Sources<br /> <br /> This film was prepared in the EUKI Project “Carbon capturing by Baltic farmers”<br /> <br /> https://www.succow-stiftung.de/en/peatland-climate/euki-carbon-capturing-by-baltic-peatland-farmers<br /> <br /> Information on impact of peatland drainage and conventional agricultural peatland use, rewetting and paludiculture - Greifswald Mire Centre (GMC) authors collective - www.greifswaldmoor.de<br /> <br /> Data of GHG emission from drained peatland under agricultural use in the EU and the Baltic countries: National Inventory Report (NIR) 2019, GMC 2019<br /> <br /> https://www.greifswaldmoor.de/files/dokumente/Infopapiere_Briefings/202111_Opportunities-for-paludiculture-in-CAP-1.pdf<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Credits<br /> <br /> Graphics by Sarah Heuzeroth - www.sarah-heuzeroth.de<br /> <br /> Speaker Christopher Gray<br /> <br /> Animation and film design by BioFilm - www.bio-film.org<br /> <br /> Photos:<br /> <br /> A.Haberl - Michael Succow Foundation, partner in the Greifswald Mire Centre (GMC)<br /> <br /> R.Hurding - ZELFO® Technology GmbH<br /> <br /> C.Lühr - Leibniz-Institut für Agrartechnik und Bioökonomie e.V. (ATB)<br /> <br /> S.Manzel - Greifswald Mire Centre (GMC)<br /> <br /> A.Nordt - Greifswald Mire Centre (GMC)<br /> <br /> P.Schroeder - www.lensescape.org<br /> <br /> J.Schulz - www.PALUDiMED.eu<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Disclaimer<br /> <br /> This film was prepared in the frame of the project “Carbon capturing by Baltic peatland farmers” which is financed by the European Climate Initiative (EUKI). EUKI is a project financing instrument by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action. It is the overarching goal of the EUKI to foster climate cooperation within the European Union in order to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. It does so through strengthening cross-border dialogue and cooperation as well as exchange of knowledge and experience. The authors are fully responsible for the content of this film, the European Climate Initiative (EUKI) and the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action have no liability.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{Pages liées}}<br /> <br /> {{Transcription<br /> | transcription = what is a Maya Amaya is a wetland in what is a Maya Amaya is a wetland in what is a Maya Amaya is a wetland in which the dead plant matter of the Maya which the dead plant matter of the Maya which the dead plant matter of the Maya vegetation cannot be decomposed entirely vegetation cannot be decomposed entirely vegetation cannot be decomposed entirely by microorganisms due to the waterlogged by microorganisms due to the waterlogged by microorganisms due to the waterlogged site conditions the plants consist of site conditions the plants consist of site conditions the plants consist of carbon which is then sequestered into carbon which is then sequestered into carbon which is then sequestered into the Maya deposits we call this dead the Maya deposits we call this dead the Maya deposits we call this dead organic matter peat and over time the organic matter peat and over time the organic matter peat and over time the Maya vegetation develops into peatland Maya vegetation develops into peatland Maya vegetation develops into peatland patrons in the temperate climate region patrons in the temperate climate region patrons in the temperate climate region thus grow 0.5 to 1 millimeter in height thus grow 0.5 to 1 millimeter in height thus grow 0.5 to 1 millimeter in height per year all over the world peatlands per year all over the world peatlands per year all over the world peatlands have developed undisturbed over have developed undisturbed over have developed undisturbed over centuries to Millennia and have removed centuries to Millennia and have removed centuries to Millennia and have removed large amounts of carbon from the global large amounts of carbon from the global large amounts of carbon from the global carbon cycle what is the current state carbon cycle what is the current state carbon cycle what is the current state of peatlands worldwide globally of peatlands worldwide globally of peatlands worldwide globally peedlands cover only three percent of peedlands cover only three percent of peedlands cover only three percent of the land surface but they store twice as the land surface but they store twice as the land surface but they store twice as much carbon in their peat as all the much carbon in their peat as all the much carbon in their peat as all the forests on Earth which cover 30 of the forests on Earth which cover 30 of the forests on Earth which cover 30 of the land surface worldwide only 15 percent land surface worldwide only 15 percent land surface worldwide only 15 percent of peatlands have been drained which is of peatlands have been drained which is of peatlands have been drained which is about 0.4 percent of the global land about 0.4 percent of the global land about 0.4 percent of the global land surface surface surface however this today causes five percent however this today causes five percent however this today causes five percent of all man-made greenhouse gas emissions of all man-made greenhouse gas emissions of all man-made greenhouse gas emissions the majority of the world's drained the majority of the world's drained the majority of the world's drained peatlands are used for agriculture peatlands are used for agriculture peatlands are used for agriculture conventional agriculture drains conventional agriculture drains conventional agriculture drains peatlands and manages water levels by peatlands and manages water levels by peatlands and manages water levels by digging ditches and installing drainage digging ditches and installing drainage digging ditches and installing drainage infrastructure infrastructure infrastructure drained peatlands are usually used in drained peatlands are usually used in drained peatlands are usually used in agriculture for the production of hay or agriculture for the production of hay or agriculture for the production of hay or grazing of animals often in intensive grazing of animals often in intensive grazing of animals often in intensive regimes with two to three Cuts per year regimes with two to three Cuts per year regimes with two to three Cuts per year and high fertilizer application and high fertilizer application and high fertilizer application peatlands are also converted to arable peatlands are also converted to arable peatlands are also converted to arable land for further uses such as Maize land for further uses such as Maize land for further uses such as Maize cultivation for animal feed production cultivation for animal feed production cultivation for animal feed production or biogas production or biogas production or biogas production drainage causes the water levels in the drainage causes the water levels in the drainage causes the water levels in the peatland to fall and the once peatland to fall and the once peatland to fall and the once water-logged peat is exposed to oxygen water-logged peat is exposed to oxygen water-logged peat is exposed to oxygen allowing aerobic microorganisms to allowing aerobic microorganisms to allowing aerobic microorganisms to convert the organic substance stored in convert the organic substance stored in convert the organic substance stored in the peat the peat the peat thus the sequestered carbon is released thus the sequestered carbon is released thus the sequestered carbon is released to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide under temperate climate one hectare of under temperate climate one hectare of under temperate climate one hectare of heavily drained peatland used as heavily drained peatland used as heavily drained peatland used as grassland releases about 30 tonne CO2 grassland releases about 30 tonne CO2 grassland releases about 30 tonne CO2 equivalent greenhouse gas emissions per equivalent greenhouse gas emissions per equivalent greenhouse gas emissions per year year year conventionally managed arable land on conventionally managed arable land on conventionally managed arable land on peatland releases about 40 tons of CO2 peatland releases about 40 tons of CO2 peatland releases about 40 tons of CO2 equivalent greenhouse gas emissions equivalent greenhouse gas emissions equivalent greenhouse gas emissions annually annually annually on average this corresponds to 150 000 on average this corresponds to 150 000 on average this corresponds to 150 000 kilometers driven in a medium-sized car kilometers driven in a medium-sized car kilometers driven in a medium-sized car literally speaking that's almost four literally speaking that's almost four literally speaking that's almost four circumnavigations of the World circumnavigations of the World circumnavigations of the World as a result the peatland loses one to as a result the peatland loses one to as a result the peatland loses one to two centimeters of surface level per two centimeters of surface level per two centimeters of surface level per year and it has to be drained deeper and year and it has to be drained deeper and year and it has to be drained deeper and deeper in order to continue conventional deeper in order to continue conventional deeper in order to continue conventional use use use in the long run conventional agriculture in the long run conventional agriculture in the long run conventional agriculture on peatlands destroys its own basis for on peatlands destroys its own basis for on peatlands destroys its own basis for production production production the soil and the operating costs for the soil and the operating costs for the soil and the operating costs for maintaining drainage and counteracting maintaining drainage and counteracting maintaining drainage and counteracting the deterioration of soil properties the deterioration of soil properties the deterioration of soil properties increase continuously this has already increase continuously this has already increase continuously this has already led to the abandonment of farming in led to the abandonment of farming in led to the abandonment of farming in many places many places many places in the agricultural sector peatlands in the agricultural sector peatlands in the agricultural sector peatlands occupy only a small fraction of the occupy only a small fraction of the occupy only a small fraction of the total production area however they total production area however they total production area however they produce disproportionately high amounts produce disproportionately high amounts produce disproportionately high amounts of greenhouse gas emissions of greenhouse gas emissions of greenhouse gas emissions by focusing climate action on a by focusing climate action on a by focusing climate action on a relatively small area significant relatively small area significant relatively small area significant climate change mitigation targets could climate change mitigation targets could climate change mitigation targets could be achieved in the agricultural sector be achieved in the agricultural sector be achieved in the agricultural sector that are in line with the Paris that are in line with the Paris that are in line with the Paris agreement agreement agreement how can petlands contribute to climate how can petlands contribute to climate how can petlands contribute to climate protection protection protection if feedlands are re-wetted properly they if feedlands are re-wetted properly they if feedlands are re-wetted properly they remain permanently wet and there will be remain permanently wet and there will be remain permanently wet and there will be no more CO2 emissions no more CO2 emissions no more CO2 emissions the average water level must be kept the average water level must be kept the average water level must be kept just below the surface throughout the just below the surface throughout the just below the surface throughout the whole course of the Year I.E at 10 whole course of the Year I.E at 10 whole course of the Year I.E at 10 centimeters to 20 centimeters below the centimeters to 20 centimeters below the centimeters to 20 centimeters below the surface surface surface the ideal water level is actually the ideal water level is actually the ideal water level is actually surface level surface level surface level this helps to protect the climate by this helps to protect the climate by this helps to protect the climate by avoiding emissions the ecosystem avoiding emissions the ecosystem avoiding emissions the ecosystem regenerates and new habitats and Wetland regenerates and new habitats and Wetland regenerates and new habitats and Wetland biodiversity develop in the re-wetted biodiversity develop in the re-wetted biodiversity develop in the re-wetted landscape in addition water availability landscape in addition water availability landscape in addition water availability improves on landscape level as the water improves on landscape level as the water improves on landscape level as the water is held back in the restored peatland is held back in the restored peatland is held back in the restored peatland sites sites sites furthermore the water quality in furthermore the water quality in furthermore the water quality in Connected water bodies increases because Connected water bodies increases because Connected water bodies increases because the discharge of nutrients caused by the discharge of nutrients caused by the discharge of nutrients caused by peat decomposition is stopped and the peat decomposition is stopped and the peat decomposition is stopped and the plants growing in the peatlands filter plants growing in the peatlands filter plants growing in the peatlands filter the water as it flows through the site the water as it flows through the site the water as it flows through the site is agricultural production possible on is agricultural production possible on is agricultural production possible on re-wetted peatlands re-wetted peatlands re-wetted peatlands the agricultural use of wet or re-wetted the agricultural use of wet or re-wetted the agricultural use of wet or re-wetted peat soils is called paludi culture the peat soils is called paludi culture the peat soils is called paludi culture the term is derived from the Latin Palace term is derived from the Latin Palace term is derived from the Latin Palace swamp and culture meaning the swamp and culture meaning the swamp and culture meaning the cultivation cultivation cultivation in conventional agriculture on piedland in conventional agriculture on piedland in conventional agriculture on piedland the site is adapted to the required the site is adapted to the required the site is adapted to the required production production production conventional agriculture drains and conventional agriculture drains and conventional agriculture drains and interferes with the soil resulting in interferes with the soil resulting in interferes with the soil resulting in very high emissions in contrast polluti very high emissions in contrast polluti very high emissions in contrast polluti culture adapts production schemes to the culture adapts production schemes to the culture adapts production schemes to the wet site conditions thus significantly wet site conditions thus significantly wet site conditions thus significantly lower or even zero emissions are lower or even zero emissions are lower or even zero emissions are achieved achieved achieved polluti culture is an Innovative wet polluti culture is an Innovative wet polluti culture is an Innovative wet agriculture on peatland that conserves agriculture on peatland that conserves agriculture on peatland that conserves soil and protects the climate it follows soil and protects the climate it follows soil and protects the climate it follows three principles farming on wet three principles farming on wet three principles farming on wet including re-wetted peatland soils including re-wetted peatland soils including re-wetted peatland soils working with sight adapted species soil working with sight adapted species soil working with sight adapted species soil conserving harvesting of above ground conserving harvesting of above ground conserving harvesting of above ground biomass biomass biomass polluti culture is climate protection it polluti culture is climate protection it polluti culture is climate protection it enables the production of renewable enables the production of renewable enables the production of renewable biomasses for climate neutral products biomasses for climate neutral products biomasses for climate neutral products and value chains these products can be and value chains these products can be and value chains these products can be used to replace conventional products used to replace conventional products used to replace conventional products based on fossil raw materials based on fossil raw materials based on fossil raw materials so-called climate negative products can so-called climate negative products can so-called climate negative products can even be produced if they can find the even be produced if they can find the even be produced if they can find the carbon permanently and replace products carbon permanently and replace products carbon permanently and replace products manufactured from fossil resources manufactured from fossil resources manufactured from fossil resources examples are durable fiber and examples are durable fiber and examples are durable fiber and construction materials polluti culture construction materials polluti culture construction materials polluti culture can also provide renewable biomassers can also provide renewable biomassers can also provide renewable biomassers for climate-friendly energy production for climate-friendly energy production for climate-friendly energy production animal feed food medicine and substrate animal feed food medicine and substrate animal feed food medicine and substrate raw materials for Horticultural raw materials for Horticultural raw materials for Horticultural substrates substrates substrates patrons must be wet and agriculture can patrons must be wet and agriculture can patrons must be wet and agriculture can be wet<br /> }}</div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Paludiculture_and_Wetter_Farming_-_An_Opportunity_for_Agriculture%3F&diff=11794 2026-05-29T14:07:34Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Ajoute les transcriptions YouTube aux pages vidéo qui n&#039;en ont pas - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/435</p> <hr /> <div>{{vidéo<br /> | Titre = Paludiculture and Wetter Farming - An Opportunity for Agriculture?<br /> | Producteur = Meet the Farmers Podcast<br /> | Vignette = Thumbnail_youtube_SGv7JMfr81Q.jpg<br /> | Date de mise en ligne = 2025-05-05<br /> | Durée = 29 minutes<br /> | Production = <br /> | Vidéo = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGv7JMfr81Q<br /> | Intervenants 0 = Jenny Bennion<br /> | Intervenants 1 = Sarah Johnson<br /> | Intervenants 2 = Ben Eagle<br /> | Mots-clés = NBSOIL<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Today on the show we’re talking about paludiculture. You might not have heard the term before, but paludiculture is the practice of wetland farming—essentially growing crops on rewetted lands, usually peatlands. Paludiculture is emerging as a way to restore peatlands, reduce carbon emissions, and explore the creation of new income opportunities for farmers and landowners.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Peatlands play a critical role in ecosystems. They store vast amounts of carbon, support biodiversity, and regulate water levels. However, draining peatlands releases huge amounts of carbon into the atmosphere. The big question is: can we farm in a way that both protects and restores these landscapes?<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Jenny Bennion and Sarah Johnson from Lancashire Wildlife Trust believe that paludiculture could provide at least some of the answers.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> For more info on paludiculture visit - www.paludiculture.org.uk (https://www.paludiculture.org.uk/)<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Meet the Farmers is produced by RuralPod Media, the only specialist rural podcast production agency.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Please note that this podcast does not constitute advice. Our podcast disclaimer can be found here.  (https://www.ruralpodmedia.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/RuralPod-Media-Podcast-Disclaimer-for-Meet-the-Farmers-Podcast-and-Rural-Business-Focus-Podcast.pdf)<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> About Ben and  RuralPod Media<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Ben Eagle is the founder and Head of Podcasts at RuralPod Media (https://www.ruralpodmedia.co.uk/) , a specialist rural podcast production agency. He is also a freelance rural affairs and agricultural journalist. You can find out more at ruralpodmedia.co.uk (https://www.ruralpodmedia.co.uk/) or benjamineagle.co.uk  (https://benjamineagle.co.uk/)<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> If you have a business interested in getting involved with podcasting check us out at RuralPod Media. We'd love to help you spread your message.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Please subscribe to the show and leave us a review wherever you are listening.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Follow us on social media<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Instagram @mtf_podcast (https://www.instagram.com/mtf_podcast/)<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Twitter @mtf_podcast (https://twitter.com/MTF_podcast)<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Watch us on Youtube here (https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDXcKpxgrJel0rbwthqh8Ww/featured)<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{Pages liées}}<br /> <br /> {{Transcription<br /> | transcription = You're listening to the Meet the Farmers You're listening to the Meet the Farmers You're listening to the Meet the Farmers podcast with me, your host, Ben Eagle. podcast with me, your host, Ben Eagle. podcast with me, your host, Ben Eagle. Please remember to subscribe to the show Please remember to subscribe to the show Please remember to subscribe to the show wherever you are listening. [Music] Hello everyone and welcome to episode Hello everyone and welcome to episode Hello everyone and welcome to episode 291 of the Meet the Farmers podcast. I 291 of the Meet the Farmers podcast. I 291 of the Meet the Farmers podcast. I am your host Ben Eagle and today on the am your host Ben Eagle and today on the am your host Ben Eagle and today on the show we're talking about pollutulture. show we're talking about pollutulture. show we're talking about pollutulture. You might not have heard of it uh but You might not have heard of it uh but You might not have heard of it uh but polluture is the practice of wetland polluture is the practice of wetland polluture is the practice of wetland farming. um essentially growing crops on farming. um essentially growing crops on farming. um essentially growing crops on rewetted lands, usually pete lands. And rewetted lands, usually pete lands. And rewetted lands, usually pete lands. And polluttor culture is emerging as a way polluttor culture is emerging as a way polluttor culture is emerging as a way to restore petlands and reduce carbon to restore petlands and reduce carbon to restore petlands and reduce carbon emissions. But it's also exploring the emissions. But it's also exploring the emissions. But it's also exploring the creation of new income opportunities for creation of new income opportunities for creation of new income opportunities for farmers and land owners who face wet farmers and land owners who face wet farmers and land owners who face wet conditions. Petlands, as many of you conditions. Petlands, as many of you conditions. Petlands, as many of you know, play a critical role in our know, play a critical role in our know, play a critical role in our natural environment. They store vast natural environment. They store vast natural environment. They store vast amounts of carbon, support biodiversity, amounts of carbon, support biodiversity, amounts of carbon, support biodiversity, and regulate water levels. However, and regulate water levels. However, and regulate water levels. However, draining petlands releases huge amounts draining petlands releases huge amounts draining petlands releases huge amounts of carbon into the atmosphere. But the of carbon into the atmosphere. But the of carbon into the atmosphere. But the big question is, can we farm in a way big question is, can we farm in a way big question is, can we farm in a way that both protects and restores these that both protects and restores these that both protects and restores these landscapes? And could polluture provide landscapes? And could polluture provide landscapes? And could polluture provide some of the answers? To help us some of the answers? To help us some of the answers? To help us understand more, I'm joined today by two understand more, I'm joined today by two understand more, I'm joined today by two guests from the Wildlife Trust for guests from the Wildlife Trust for guests from the Wildlife Trust for Lancasher Manchester and North Muryside. Lancasher Manchester and North Muryside. Lancasher Manchester and North Muryside. Jenny Benyan, who is senior Jenny Benyan, who is senior Jenny Benyan, who is senior communications officer, and Sarah communications officer, and Sarah communications officer, and Sarah Johnson who is head of Petland Landscape Johnson who is head of Petland Landscape Johnson who is head of Petland Landscape Recovery. Sarah and Jenny, welcome to Recovery. Sarah and Jenny, welcome to Recovery. Sarah and Jenny, welcome to the show. Can you uh can you introduce the show. Can you uh can you introduce the show. Can you uh can you introduce yourselves, please? Yeah, so hi. Uh my yourselves, please? Yeah, so hi. Uh my yourselves, please? Yeah, so hi. Uh my name is Jenny. As Ben said, I'm one of name is Jenny. As Ben said, I'm one of name is Jenny. As Ben said, I'm one of the communication officers at the the communication officers at the the communication officers at the Wildlife Trust for Lancaster, Wildlife Trust for Lancaster, Wildlife Trust for Lancaster, Manchester, and North Mury side. Um, one Manchester, and North Mury side. Um, one Manchester, and North Mury side. Um, one of the the things that I do as part of of the the things that I do as part of of the the things that I do as part of my day-to-day role is trying to kind of my day-to-day role is trying to kind of my day-to-day role is trying to kind of tell people about the work we're doing tell people about the work we're doing tell people about the work we're doing around Polludiculture or sometimes we around Polludiculture or sometimes we around Polludiculture or sometimes we call it wet farming. Um, just kind of call it wet farming. Um, just kind of call it wet farming. Um, just kind of getting that story out there, um, getting that story out there, um, getting that story out there, um, answering people's questions and things answering people's questions and things answering people's questions and things like that. Fantastic. Sarah. Yeah. Hi, like that. Fantastic. Sarah. Yeah. Hi, like that. Fantastic. Sarah. Yeah. Hi, my name is Sarah Johnson and I'm a head my name is Sarah Johnson and I'm a head my name is Sarah Johnson and I'm a head of pet nature recovery for Lanasher of pet nature recovery for Lanasher of pet nature recovery for Lanasher Wildlife Trust. So I've been involved Wildlife Trust. So I've been involved Wildlife Trust. So I've been involved with Peters for a long time but Laner with Peters for a long time but Laner with Peters for a long time but Laner Wildlife Trust for about 5 years and we Wildlife Trust for about 5 years and we Wildlife Trust for about 5 years and we do sort of off the what I call do sort of off the what I call do sort of off the what I call conventional pet and restoration but conventional pet and restoration but conventional pet and restoration but increasingly we're working with land increasingly we're working with land increasingly we're working with land managers and farmers across sort of the managers and farmers across sort of the managers and farmers across sort of the northwest region looking at different northwest region looking at different northwest region looking at different ways we can manage agricultural pet ways we can manage agricultural pet ways we can manage agricultural pet soils in a way that is good for the soils in a way that is good for the soils in a way that is good for the environment but also can still provide environment but also can still provide environment but also can still provide that income for farmers in the area as that income for farmers in the area as that income for farmers in the area as well. Let's start with the basics. What well. Let's start with the basics. What well. Let's start with the basics. What exactly is polluted culture? Um, and why exactly is polluted culture? Um, and why exactly is polluted culture? Um, and why is it important? is it important? is it important? Okay. So, I I guess I I'll actually Okay. So, I I guess I I'll actually Okay. So, I I guess I I'll actually start with why it's important. So, for start with why it's important. So, for start with why it's important. So, for example, now our region in sort of example, now our region in sort of example, now our region in sort of northwest England, the patch we cover, northwest England, the patch we cover, northwest England, the patch we cover, Lancasher, Greater Manion, North Mury Lancasher, Greater Manion, North Mury Lancasher, Greater Manion, North Mury side. They was historically large areas side. They was historically large areas side. They was historically large areas of what we call lo and raise bog um or of what we call lo and raise bog um or of what we call lo and raise bog um or fen pet pee soils as well. Um, and these fen pet pee soils as well. Um, and these fen pet pee soils as well. Um, and these pixels are amazing in terms of the pixels are amazing in terms of the pixels are amazing in terms of the amount of carbon they can store and amount of carbon they can store and amount of carbon they can store and sequester in the longer term when sequester in the longer term when sequester in the longer term when they're sort of water logged natural they're sort of water logged natural they're sort of water logged natural conditions and also homes for amazing conditions and also homes for amazing conditions and also homes for amazing wildlife as well. But over the last few wildlife as well. But over the last few wildlife as well. But over the last few hundred years, a lot of the pets have hundred years, a lot of the pets have hundred years, a lot of the pets have been been been drained and converted for agriculture drained and converted for agriculture drained and converted for agriculture grade one agricultural land in our area grade one agricultural land in our area grade one agricultural land in our area and also drained for, you know, housing and also drained for, you know, housing and also drained for, you know, housing developments and all sorts of things. developments and all sorts of things. developments and all sorts of things. But a large amount of the the peak souls But a large amount of the the peak souls But a large amount of the the peak souls in our area are now agricultural peaks. in our area are now agricultural peaks. in our area are now agricultural peaks. There's really been this balance that we There's really been this balance that we There's really been this balance that we need to strike between still providing need to strike between still providing need to strike between still providing the incomes for the farmers and the the incomes for the farmers and the the incomes for the farmers and the farming communities in our area, but farming communities in our area, but farming communities in our area, but also realizing that those peak souls also realizing that those peak souls also realizing that those peak souls when they're drained and drying out are when they're drained and drying out are when they're drained and drying out are not playing the vital role they could not playing the vital role they could not playing the vital role they could play for the environment and for climate play for the environment and for climate play for the environment and for climate mitigation, etc. So that's why they're mitigation, etc. So that's why they're mitigation, etc. So that's why they're so important. They're amazing places. so important. They're amazing places. so important. They're amazing places. Yeah, we need to find a way that they Yeah, we need to find a way that they Yeah, we need to find a way that they can be great places for en environment, can be great places for en environment, can be great places for en environment, wildlife and people as well. And that's wildlife and people as well. And that's wildlife and people as well. And that's where pluto culture comes in because as where pluto culture comes in because as where pluto culture comes in because as you mentioned your introduction, pluto you mentioned your introduction, pluto you mentioned your introduction, pluto culture, we like to call it wetter culture, we like to call it wetter culture, we like to call it wetter farming. I think that's more says what farming. I think that's more says what farming. I think that's more says what it is on the tin so to speak than it is on the tin so to speak than it is on the tin so to speak than plutoulture which is quite a yeah plutoulture which is quite a yeah plutoulture which is quite a yeah unknown term. So that involves basically unknown term. So that involves basically unknown term. So that involves basically raising the water table sufficiently to raising the water table sufficiently to raising the water table sufficiently to then grow crops that thrive in sort of then grow crops that thrive in sort of then grow crops that thrive in sort of more water yeah wetter conditions. It more water yeah wetter conditions. It more water yeah wetter conditions. It maintains that agriculture in the area maintains that agriculture in the area maintains that agriculture in the area but grows crops that can thrive in those but grows crops that can thrive in those but grows crops that can thrive in those wetter conditions. I mean a lot of our wetter conditions. I mean a lot of our wetter conditions. I mean a lot of our listeners um they may drive if they're listeners um they may drive if they're listeners um they may drive if they're farmers they may drive through the fence farmers they may drive through the fence farmers they may drive through the fence say um look at this incredible gra soil say um look at this incredible gra soil say um look at this incredible gra soil and look on it with great jealousy. Um and look on it with great jealousy. Um and look on it with great jealousy. Um but actually uh as you're saying here a but actually uh as you're saying here a but actually uh as you're saying here a a a that landscape hasn't been like that a a that landscape hasn't been like that a a that landscape hasn't been like that forever which I think is always forever which I think is always forever which I think is always important to remember actually sort of important to remember actually sort of important to remember actually sort of seeing landscapes in context but also is seeing landscapes in context but also is seeing landscapes in context but also is this about sort of looking to the long this about sort of looking to the long this about sort of looking to the long term is this about sort of imagining term is this about sort of imagining term is this about sort of imagining that actually this isn't going to be the that actually this isn't going to be the that actually this isn't going to be the case forever. So how do we find some case forever. So how do we find some case forever. So how do we find some sort of middle ground? sort of middle ground? sort of middle ground? Yeah, absolutely. Because um in the Yeah, absolutely. Because um in the Yeah, absolutely. Because um in the reality is that when you sort of drain reality is that when you sort of drain reality is that when you sort of drain and dry out the peak, that peak soils and dry out the peak, that peak soils and dry out the peak, that peak soils soil is is oxidizing and it's being soil is is oxidizing and it's being soil is is oxidizing and it's being blown away when it's drying out. And so blown away when it's drying out. And so blown away when it's drying out. And so in terms of the long-term in terms of the long-term in terms of the long-term sustainability, the conventional farming sustainability, the conventional farming sustainability, the conventional farming that we see, you know, the drainage that we see, you know, the drainage that we see, you know, the drainage based farm that we see in our in based farm that we see in our in based farm that we see in our in agriculture peaks or areas isn't going agriculture peaks or areas isn't going agriculture peaks or areas isn't going to be sustainable into the long term. to be sustainable into the long term. to be sustainable into the long term. just with with climate change, we're just with with climate change, we're just with with climate change, we're seeing more erratic weather patterns or seeing more erratic weather patterns or seeing more erratic weather patterns or prolonged drought periods and intense prolonged drought periods and intense prolonged drought periods and intense rainfall. And the farmers that we have rainfall. And the farmers that we have rainfall. And the farmers that we have been working with and talking to in our been working with and talking to in our been working with and talking to in our area, I think all of them know that at area, I think all of them know that at area, I think all of them know that at least, you know, an area on their farm least, you know, an area on their farm least, you know, an area on their farm where they're finding increasingly where they're finding increasingly where they're finding increasingly difficult to manage profitably. Maybe difficult to manage profitably. Maybe difficult to manage profitably. Maybe they can get on to sew crops, but then they can get on to sew crops, but then they can get on to sew crops, but then they can't get on to harvest them later they can't get on to harvest them later they can't get on to harvest them later on because the ground's too wet or on because the ground's too wet or on because the ground's too wet or they're simply not able to graze it any they're simply not able to graze it any they're simply not able to graze it any longer for a large part of the year longer for a large part of the year longer for a large part of the year because it's it's too wet. So those because it's it's too wet. So those because it's it's too wet. So those areas, they're not currently profitable areas, they're not currently profitable areas, they're not currently profitable and they're looking forward with climate and they're looking forward with climate and they're looking forward with climate change. We need to think about how we change. We need to think about how we change. We need to think about how we can farm areas, some areas differently can farm areas, some areas differently can farm areas, some areas differently into the future so that farming can into the future so that farming can into the future so that farming can continue, but also we can use these continue, but also we can use these continue, but also we can use these areas to help with climate mitigation. areas to help with climate mitigation. areas to help with climate mitigation. So Jenny, can you give us some examples So Jenny, can you give us some examples So Jenny, can you give us some examples maybe of of some of these areas um that maybe of of some of these areas um that maybe of of some of these areas um that Sarah's been alluding to? Absolutely. So Sarah's been alluding to? Absolutely. So Sarah's been alluding to? Absolutely. So we're basically looking at a lot of our we're basically looking at a lot of our we're basically looking at a lot of our kind of kind of kind of lowerlying areas. Currently a lot of the lowerlying areas. Currently a lot of the lowerlying areas. Currently a lot of the work is around looking at lowland pete work is around looking at lowland pete work is around looking at lowland pete soils um specifically with that kind of soils um specifically with that kind of soils um specifically with that kind of environmental message in mind. environmental message in mind. environmental message in mind. Currently 3% of overall UK greenhouse Currently 3% of overall UK greenhouse Currently 3% of overall UK greenhouse gas emissions come just from drained gas emissions come just from drained gas emissions come just from drained land agricultural pete which land agricultural pete which land agricultural pete which proportionally is just wildly out of proportionally is just wildly out of proportionally is just wildly out of proportion for the the actual amount of proportion for the the actual amount of proportion for the the actual amount of land that that covers. So, we're talking land that that covers. So, we're talking land that that covers. So, we're talking about these areas that have been about these areas that have been about these areas that have been historically drained, but that actually historically drained, but that actually historically drained, but that actually we're not going to be able to carry on we're not going to be able to carry on we're not going to be able to carry on farming all of these in that on that farming all of these in that on that farming all of these in that on that kind of drainage based um model that kind of drainage based um model that kind of drainage based um model that we're using at the moment. Um, with some we're using at the moment. Um, with some we're using at the moment. Um, with some of the areas that we're working with of the areas that we're working with of the areas that we're working with sort of up in the Northwest, we've sort of up in the Northwest, we've sort of up in the Northwest, we've worked out that there's probably no more worked out that there's probably no more worked out that there's probably no more than 80 100 years left under current than 80 100 years left under current than 80 100 years left under current drainage based agriculture until drainage based agriculture until drainage based agriculture until actually all of that pete soil has gone actually all of that pete soil has gone actually all of that pete soil has gone and then you're down to the sort of and then you're down to the sort of and then you're down to the sort of glacial clay underneath which is glacial clay underneath which is glacial clay underneath which is certainly not going to be grade one certainly not going to be grade one certainly not going to be grade one agricultural land. Um so it is about agricultural land. Um so it is about agricultural land. Um so it is about looking to find a way that we can looking to find a way that we can looking to find a way that we can protect this soil and we can protect the protect this soil and we can protect the protect this soil and we can protect the carbon that's in it but we can also carbon that's in it but we can also carbon that's in it but we can also protect that land so that it can be protect that land so that it can be protect that land so that it can be farmed into the future. Um so it's farmed into the future. Um so it's farmed into the future. Um so it's definitely tricky and you know we're not definitely tricky and you know we're not definitely tricky and you know we're not saying that this is going to be a saying that this is going to be a saying that this is going to be a onesizefits all but it's about finding a onesizefits all but it's about finding a onesizefits all but it's about finding a way that it's going to work for the way that it's going to work for the way that it's going to work for the environment and for farmers at the same environment and for farmers at the same environment and for farmers at the same time. time. time. It's worth noting as well actually that It's worth noting as well actually that It's worth noting as well actually that um polluted culture or wet farming is um polluted culture or wet farming is um polluted culture or wet farming is not actually totally new. So if think not actually totally new. So if think not actually totally new. So if think about um the north broads there's been about um the north broads there's been about um the north broads there's been practices going back generations where practices going back generations where practices going back generations where you know there's traditions of managing you know there's traditions of managing you know there's traditions of managing and harvesting reed to provide that for and harvesting reed to provide that for and harvesting reed to provide that for housing. So that is wetter farming. Um housing. So that is wetter farming. Um housing. So that is wetter farming. Um so we're not in it's not a totally new so we're not in it's not a totally new so we're not in it's not a totally new concept uh that we're talking about concept uh that we're talking about concept uh that we're talking about here. It is something that has been done here. It is something that has been done here. It is something that has been done in the past and and does take place in the past and and does take place in the past and and does take place elsewhere in other countries as well. H elsewhere in other countries as well. H elsewhere in other countries as well. H so you mentioned thatching as one um one so you mentioned thatching as one um one so you mentioned thatching as one um one example in terms of cropping in terms of example in terms of cropping in terms of example in terms of cropping in terms of outputs that we're thinking of when outputs that we're thinking of when outputs that we're thinking of when we're thinking of uh cropping these we're thinking of uh cropping these we're thinking of uh cropping these these areas of land. What are the these areas of land. What are the these areas of land. What are the options? What are some of the options? What are some of the options? What are some of the innovations that people are actually innovations that people are actually innovations that people are actually doing? So yeah, there's quite a few doing? So yeah, there's quite a few doing? So yeah, there's quite a few different options actually that are that different options actually that are that different options actually that are that are out there and that are being triled are out there and that are being triled are out there and that are being triled at the moment. So up here on our patch, at the moment. So up here on our patch, at the moment. So up here on our patch, we've got one trial where we're looking we've got one trial where we're looking we've got one trial where we're looking at growing conventional food crops. So a at growing conventional food crops. So a at growing conventional food crops. So a lot of the land Pete in our region is lot of the land Pete in our region is lot of the land Pete in our region is farmed for salads. Um so we're kind of farmed for salads. Um so we're kind of farmed for salads. Um so we're kind of trying to to mirror that but at a higher trying to to mirror that but at a higher trying to to mirror that but at a higher water table to see actually does it water table to see actually does it water table to see actually does it work? Is there a difference in yield? work? Is there a difference in yield? work? Is there a difference in yield? What do we need to do differently? That What do we need to do differently? That What do we need to do differently? That kind of thing. Um, so we've got a trial kind of thing. Um, so we've got a trial kind of thing. Um, so we've got a trial and we've grown celery, we've got and we've grown celery, we've got and we've grown celery, we've got blueberries growing, we've grown blueberries growing, we've grown blueberries growing, we've grown lettuce. We're going to look at some lettuce. We're going to look at some lettuce. We're going to look at some other crops um as well this year, things other crops um as well this year, things other crops um as well this year, things like maybe rhubarb. And then there's like maybe rhubarb. And then there's like maybe rhubarb. And then there's also a lot of work looking into kind of also a lot of work looking into kind of also a lot of work looking into kind of more like novel crops. Um, one of which more like novel crops. Um, one of which more like novel crops. Um, one of which is spagnum moss. So spagnum moss is is spagnum moss. So spagnum moss is is spagnum moss. So spagnum moss is essentially what makes Pete like it's essentially what makes Pete like it's essentially what makes Pete like it's the sort of keystone species of the sort of keystone species of the sort of keystone species of petlands but there is a market for petlands but there is a market for petlands but there is a market for growing spagnum as a commercial crop and growing spagnum as a commercial crop and growing spagnum as a commercial crop and basically what you do is you harvest basically what you do is you harvest basically what you do is you harvest that it gets dried out and it gets used that it gets dried out and it gets used that it gets dried out and it gets used to create growing media or compost. So to create growing media or compost. So to create growing media or compost. So obviously with the shift away from using obviously with the shift away from using obviously with the shift away from using Pete in bagged compost in horiculture Pete in bagged compost in horiculture Pete in bagged compost in horiculture and things like that um we're going to and things like that um we're going to and things like that um we're going to need to replace that with something and need to replace that with something and need to replace that with something and spagnum essentially is just Pete before spagnum essentially is just Pete before spagnum essentially is just Pete before it's become Pete. It has all those it's become Pete. It has all those it's become Pete. It has all those really great water holding qualities. Um really great water holding qualities. Um really great water holding qualities. Um so it makes fantastic Pete free growing so it makes fantastic Pete free growing so it makes fantastic Pete free growing media. So there's definitely um quite a media. So there's definitely um quite a media. So there's definitely um quite a potentially quite big market there. Um, potentially quite big market there. Um, potentially quite big market there. Um, another crop that we're triing is um, another crop that we're triing is um, another crop that we're triing is um, Tyifer or Bull Rushes as we call them Tyifer or Bull Rushes as we call them Tyifer or Bull Rushes as we call them sort of locally and there's a couple of sort of locally and there's a couple of sort of locally and there's a couple of uses for those. So, we're working with a uses for those. So, we're working with a uses for those. So, we're working with a company called Ponder who take, you company called Ponder who take, you company called Ponder who take, you know, the fluffy seed heads and they know, the fluffy seed heads and they know, the fluffy seed heads and they have developed a process that turns that have developed a process that turns that have developed a process that turns that into padding for uh, filling for padded into padding for uh, filling for padded into padding for uh, filling for padded jackets. So instead of using either jackets. So instead of using either jackets. So instead of using either polyester or goose down, you can use polyester or goose down, you can use polyester or goose down, you can use bull rush, which is pretty cool. And bull rush, which is pretty cool. And bull rush, which is pretty cool. And then also there's a lot of work going on then also there's a lot of work going on then also there's a lot of work going on with the um the stalks and the leaves of with the um the stalks and the leaves of with the um the stalks and the leaves of the bull rushes. They can create a the bull rushes. They can create a the bull rushes. They can create a really good fiber board to be used in really good fiber board to be used in really good fiber board to be used in the building industry. Uh we're also the building industry. Uh we're also the building industry. Uh we're also working with a research group who are working with a research group who are working with a research group who are looking at turning them into packaging looking at turning them into packaging looking at turning them into packaging for like takeaway food. And there's for like takeaway food. And there's for like takeaway food. And there's quite a lot of sort of other more like quite a lot of sort of other more like quite a lot of sort of other more like novel crops out there that could be novel crops out there that could be novel crops out there that could be used. So maybe, you know, we're looking used. So maybe, you know, we're looking used. So maybe, you know, we're looking at some kind of kind of combination of at some kind of kind of combination of at some kind of kind of combination of some food crops perhaps, some novel some food crops perhaps, some novel some food crops perhaps, some novel crops. Um, and just seeing, you know, crops. Um, and just seeing, you know, crops. Um, and just seeing, you know, what's going to be best for different what's going to be best for different what's going to be best for different areas of land, what's going to, you areas of land, what's going to, you areas of land, what's going to, you know, work out financially. Who ever know, work out financially. Who ever know, work out financially. Who ever knew that you could do so much with a knew that you could do so much with a knew that you could do so much with a bull rush? I can almost hear any any bull rush? I can almost hear any any bull rush? I can almost hear any any farmers out there who who have some on farmers out there who who have some on farmers out there who who have some on their land thinking, &quot;Ah, there's money their land thinking, &quot;Ah, there's money their land thinking, &quot;Ah, there's money making potential.&quot; Sarah, anything to making potential.&quot; Sarah, anything to making potential.&quot; Sarah, anything to add? Well, no. I mean, you you talk add? Well, no. I mean, you you talk add? Well, no. I mean, you you talk about that, you know, farmers seeing about that, you know, farmers seeing about that, you know, farmers seeing that they they might have bull rush tuer that they they might have bull rush tuer that they they might have bull rush tuer growing on their land. It is, if you growing on their land. It is, if you growing on their land. It is, if you think about these pen areas, they're think about these pen areas, they're think about these pen areas, they're going to be things that grow there going to be things that grow there going to be things that grow there already. So, it's not necessarily think already. So, it's not necessarily think already. So, it's not necessarily think about the no crop. So yeah, bull rush t about the no crop. So yeah, bull rush t about the no crop. So yeah, bull rush t is a great one that we see it growing in is a great one that we see it growing in is a great one that we see it growing in ditches and in areas of farmed anyway. ditches and in areas of farmed anyway. ditches and in areas of farmed anyway. So why not think about how you can So why not think about how you can So why not think about how you can utilize that and use it to generate utilize that and use it to generate utilize that and use it to generate income. One of the areas that excites me income. One of the areas that excites me income. One of the areas that excites me quite a lot other than the the typher quite a lot other than the the typher quite a lot other than the the typher and the spagnum is the looking at what and the spagnum is the looking at what and the spagnum is the looking at what food can be grown as a high water table. food can be grown as a high water table. food can be grown as a high water table. What conventional food crops that we What conventional food crops that we What conventional food crops that we already grow on a drainage based way can already grow on a drainage based way can already grow on a drainage based way can be grown at a high water level. So I be grown at a high water level. So I be grown at a high water level. So I think because there's a lot of concerns think because there's a lot of concerns think because there's a lot of concerns or there have been concerns when we talk or there have been concerns when we talk or there have been concerns when we talk to farms that what about food security. to farms that what about food security. to farms that what about food security. So we can't take you know a lot of the So we can't take you know a lot of the So we can't take you know a lot of the agriculture pets which be used for food agriculture pets which be used for food agriculture pets which be used for food production out of food production. So we production out of food production. So we production out of food production. So we need to look at how we can make that need to look at how we can make that need to look at how we can make that work still. What are the differences in work still. What are the differences in work still. What are the differences in in yields if you grow you know in yields if you grow you know in yields if you grow you know conventional food crops at high water conventional food crops at high water conventional food crops at high water table. So this year we're going to be table. So this year we're going to be table. So this year we're going to be looking at as Jenny mentioned we've got looking at as Jenny mentioned we've got looking at as Jenny mentioned we've got blueberries. Um we're going to be blueberries. Um we're going to be blueberries. Um we're going to be looking at Chinese leaf this year and looking at Chinese leaf this year and looking at Chinese leaf this year and radishes. And yeah, we're looking at uh radishes. And yeah, we're looking at uh radishes. And yeah, we're looking at uh also crops that we grown over winter to also crops that we grown over winter to also crops that we grown over winter to reduce the amount of bare pet. So we'll reduce the amount of bare pet. So we'll reduce the amount of bare pet. So we'll probably looking at things like kale as probably looking at things like kale as probably looking at things like kale as well. So looking at those crops that you well. So looking at those crops that you well. So looking at those crops that you know already end up in our on our know already end up in our on our know already end up in our on our supermarket shelves as opposed to yeah supermarket shelves as opposed to yeah supermarket shelves as opposed to yeah normal crops. But it's going to be about normal crops. But it's going to be about normal crops. But it's going to be about looking at the landscape and looking at looking at the landscape and looking at looking at the landscape and looking at what grows best where. And it's not what grows best where. And it's not what grows best where. And it's not taking you everything out of taking you everything out of taking you everything out of conventional production and putting into conventional production and putting into conventional production and putting into wet farming. is looking at a mosaic of a wet farming. is looking at a mosaic of a wet farming. is looking at a mosaic of a landscape scale and adding another tool landscape scale and adding another tool landscape scale and adding another tool to the farm toolbox I would say. So is to the farm toolbox I would say. So is to the farm toolbox I would say. So is there much collaboration with people there much collaboration with people there much collaboration with people working together on this? Languual trust working together on this? Languual trust working together on this? Languual trust as a whole we we're always very keen and as a whole we we're always very keen and as a whole we we're always very keen and see the need to work in partnership with see the need to work in partnership with see the need to work in partnership with people across the landscapes where we people across the landscapes where we people across the landscapes where we work because I think that's where work because I think that's where work because I think that's where success comes when you bring different success comes when you bring different success comes when you bring different people together to find out what the the people together to find out what the the people together to find out what the the challenges are and find solutions challenges are and find solutions challenges are and find solutions together. So in terms of um the together. So in terms of um the together. So in terms of um the environment and climate change and the environment and climate change and the environment and climate change and the role that the pizzas can play. So it's role that the pizzas can play. So it's role that the pizzas can play. So it's by talking to the farmers and the by talking to the farmers and the by talking to the farmers and the farming groups and other land managers farming groups and other land managers farming groups and other land managers in the area and finding out okay how are in the area and finding out okay how are in the area and finding out okay how are you managing your land currently? Where you managing your land currently? Where you managing your land currently? Where are the issues? What the challenge are the issues? What the challenge are the issues? What the challenge you're facing and how can we work you're facing and how can we work you're facing and how can we work together to find solutions. That's together to find solutions. That's together to find solutions. That's always been our approach. So from our always been our approach. So from our always been our approach. So from our first project where we had funding first project where we had funding first project where we had funding through um it's actually EU funding to through um it's actually EU funding to through um it's actually EU funding to set up our what we call a carbon farm. set up our what we call a carbon farm. set up our what we call a carbon farm. That was our first sort of step into That was our first sort of step into That was our first sort of step into wetter farming world. Um and that was wetter farming world. Um and that was wetter farming world. Um and that was growing a essentially a permanent cover growing a essentially a permanent cover growing a essentially a permanent cover crop of spagnum mosses. So we rewet this crop of spagnum mosses. So we rewet this crop of spagnum mosses. So we rewet this area of land that we purchased and then area of land that we purchased and then area of land that we purchased and then used that to demonstrate what was used that to demonstrate what was used that to demonstrate what was possible to grow there and what the possible to grow there and what the possible to grow there and what the economics would be the business model economics would be the business model economics would be the business model for it. And we use that to sort of um for it. And we use that to sort of um for it. And we use that to sort of um engage different groups of people, bring engage different groups of people, bring engage different groups of people, bring on um people from the NFU and other on um people from the NFU and other on um people from the NFU and other farmers in the area to say what do you farmers in the area to say what do you farmers in the area to say what do you think about this? Could it work? What think about this? Could it work? What think about this? Could it work? What could we do differently? What would your could we do differently? What would your could we do differently? What would your thoughts on this be? You know, what are thoughts on this be? You know, what are thoughts on this be? You know, what are the issues? And is by having those the issues? And is by having those the issues? And is by having those conversations, we've managed to then go conversations, we've managed to then go conversations, we've managed to then go on to to try other approaches to wetter on to to try other approaches to wetter on to to try other approaches to wetter farming. For example, you know, growing farming. For example, you know, growing farming. For example, you know, growing conventional food crops, looking at conventional food crops, looking at conventional food crops, looking at typher. And so I think that's it's typher. And so I think that's it's typher. And so I think that's it's really important because by doing this really important because by doing this really important because by doing this we can look at how different ways a we can look at how different ways a we can look at how different ways a managed land can help tackle um managed land can help tackle um managed land can help tackle um environmental challenges we have and the environmental challenges we have and the environmental challenges we have and the climate change challenges we have but climate change challenges we have but climate change challenges we have but also at the same time looking at the also at the same time looking at the also at the same time looking at the farming challenges there are there for farming challenges there are there for farming challenges there are there for example areas on farmland where they're example areas on farmland where they're example areas on farmland where they're too wet to manage productively and make too wet to manage productively and make too wet to manage productively and make a profit from and what can we do a profit from and what can we do a profit from and what can we do differently in those areas for example differently in those areas for example differently in those areas for example that can yeah tick all the boxes for that can yeah tick all the boxes for that can yeah tick all the boxes for envir environment, climate and farming. envir environment, climate and farming. envir environment, climate and farming. So, I think collaboration is really key So, I think collaboration is really key So, I think collaboration is really key and we've been really we've made some and we've been really we've made some and we've been really we've made some really good partnerships with farmers in really good partnerships with farmers in really good partnerships with farmers in the area through that. Um and so some of the area through that. Um and so some of the area through that. Um and so some of the trials we're working with the the trials we're working with the the trials we're working with the farmers and they are the ones who are farmers and they are the ones who are farmers and they are the ones who are managing the trial sites and do you know managing the trial sites and do you know managing the trial sites and do you know have done the the groundwork to set up have done the the groundwork to set up have done the the groundwork to set up the air the trial area and have sewn the the air the trial area and have sewn the the air the trial area and have sewn the crops and are managing it and manage the crops and are managing it and manage the crops and are managing it and manage the water levels and we'll be doing the water levels and we'll be doing the water levels and we'll be doing the harvesting and they're working with us harvesting and they're working with us harvesting and they're working with us and they are we've set a scrap heat and they are we've set a scrap heat and they are we've set a scrap heat challenge to um create um adapt existing challenge to um create um adapt existing challenge to um create um adapt existing machinery to be able to harvest crops on machinery to be able to harvest crops on machinery to be able to harvest crops on these sort of high water table areas. these sort of high water table areas. these sort of high water table areas. So, it's it's a really collaborative So, it's it's a really collaborative So, it's it's a really collaborative approach that we're going for because at approach that we're going for because at approach that we're going for because at the end of the day, we're Lancaster the end of the day, we're Lancaster the end of the day, we're Lancaster Wildlife Trust. We're not farmers. So, Wildlife Trust. We're not farmers. So, Wildlife Trust. We're not farmers. So, if we want to make this work, it has to if we want to make this work, it has to if we want to make this work, it has to work from a financial point of view for work from a financial point of view for work from a financial point of view for the farmers and we need expertise from the farmers and we need expertise from the farmers and we need expertise from all different areas. Jenny, yeah, I all different areas. Jenny, yeah, I all different areas. Jenny, yeah, I mean, basically, we couldn't do this mean, basically, we couldn't do this mean, basically, we couldn't do this without the input of both farmers that without the input of both farmers that without the input of both farmers that we're working with and also, you know, we're working with and also, you know, we're working with and also, you know, other farmers that might just be coming other farmers that might just be coming other farmers that might just be coming along to the sites, coming to a visit. along to the sites, coming to a visit. along to the sites, coming to a visit. we're talking to at events, things like we're talking to at events, things like we're talking to at events, things like that. That input is just absolutely that. That input is just absolutely that. That input is just absolutely invaluable. As Sarah said, you know, we invaluable. As Sarah said, you know, we invaluable. As Sarah said, you know, we came to this sort of from a conservation came to this sort of from a conservation came to this sort of from a conservation background and have realized, well, background and have realized, well, background and have realized, well, okay, clearly we cannot restore every okay, clearly we cannot restore every okay, clearly we cannot restore every area of Pete in the entire of the UK area of Pete in the entire of the UK area of Pete in the entire of the UK back to pristine natural bulk. It it's back to pristine natural bulk. It it's back to pristine natural bulk. It it's just completely, you know, that would be just completely, you know, that would be just completely, you know, that would be silly. It seems unfeasible. So let's silly. It seems unfeasible. So let's silly. It seems unfeasible. So let's find ways that we can kind of make this find ways that we can kind of make this find ways that we can kind of make this land work both environmentally but also land work both environmentally but also land work both environmentally but also for farmers for the farming community. for farmers for the farming community. for farmers for the farming community. Like I come from a farming family, you Like I come from a farming family, you Like I come from a farming family, you know. No, no one goes into farming for know. No, no one goes into farming for know. No, no one goes into farming for all the money and the time off. You you all the money and the time off. You you all the money and the time off. You you go into farming because you love to farm go into farming because you love to farm go into farming because you love to farm and you know you're good at it. You know and you know you're good at it. You know and you know you're good at it. You know your land. Like no one knows their land your land. Like no one knows their land your land. Like no one knows their land better than a farmer. So that's why we better than a farmer. So that's why we better than a farmer. So that's why we really really need to kind of have those really really need to kind of have those really really need to kind of have those conversations to work with people to conversations to work with people to conversations to work with people to build those build those build those relationships. And yeah, I mean, as relationships. And yeah, I mean, as relationships. And yeah, I mean, as Sarah said, one of the big questions Sarah said, one of the big questions Sarah said, one of the big questions we've been asked quite correctly time we've been asked quite correctly time we've been asked quite correctly time and time again is like, how are you and time again is like, how are you and time again is like, how are you going to harvest this from a, you know, going to harvest this from a, you know, going to harvest this from a, you know, field with a higher water table? And for field with a higher water table? And for field with a higher water table? And for a while, we were like, we don't really a while, we were like, we don't really a while, we were like, we don't really know. know. know. Um and um yeah, now one of the farmers Um and um yeah, now one of the farmers Um and um yeah, now one of the farmers that we're working with in his amazing that we're working with in his amazing that we're working with in his amazing workshop is creating well she's known as workshop is creating well she's known as workshop is creating well she's known as Edna, our bull rush harvester who was Edna, our bull rush harvester who was Edna, our bull rush harvester who was once an apple or or sorry who was once once an apple or or sorry who was once once an apple or or sorry who was once an apple harvester um and is just an apple harvester um and is just an apple harvester um and is just getting yeah scrappy challenged away but getting yeah scrappy challenged away but getting yeah scrappy challenged away but without that kind of expertise and without that kind of expertise and without that kind of expertise and without that knowledge we'd be stuck. without that knowledge we'd be stuck. without that knowledge we'd be stuck. Yeah. So it it's just incredibly Yeah. So it it's just incredibly Yeah. So it it's just incredibly important that we kind of build those important that we kind of build those important that we kind of build those relationships and and can share that relationships and and can share that relationships and and can share that knowledge. To what extent is this part knowledge. To what extent is this part knowledge. To what extent is this part of policy makers thinking at the moment? of policy makers thinking at the moment? of policy makers thinking at the moment? And could we be in a position where And could we be in a position where And could we be in a position where wetter farming is is part of landscape wetter farming is is part of landscape wetter farming is is part of landscape recovery schemes uh recovery schemes uh recovery schemes uh SFI specific schemes? Yeah, absolutely. SFI specific schemes? Yeah, absolutely. SFI specific schemes? Yeah, absolutely. So I think when I first came into sort So I think when I first came into sort So I think when I first came into sort of definitely petland restoration and of definitely petland restoration and of definitely petland restoration and conservation there's definitely it felt conservation there's definitely it felt conservation there's definitely it felt as more a focus on sort of upland as more a focus on sort of upland as more a focus on sort of upland petland I guess cuz there so much of the petland I guess cuz there so much of the petland I guess cuz there so much of the lone areas have been sort of drained and lone areas have been sort of drained and lone areas have been sort of drained and converted for sort of quite you know converted for sort of quite you know converted for sort of quite you know grade one agriculture. it wasn't really grade one agriculture. it wasn't really grade one agriculture. it wasn't really thought of as an area that that things thought of as an area that that things thought of as an area that that things could be done differently possibly but I could be done differently possibly but I could be done differently possibly but I think increasingly policy makers are think increasingly policy makers are think increasingly policy makers are seeing that obviously in terms of the uh seeing that obviously in terms of the uh seeing that obviously in terms of the uh carbon emissions and reducing sort of UK carbon emissions and reducing sort of UK carbon emissions and reducing sort of UK car emissions moving towards net zero car emissions moving towards net zero car emissions moving towards net zero loan agriculture areas have a really big loan agriculture areas have a really big loan agriculture areas have a really big role to play so I think that's my from role to play so I think that's my from role to play so I think that's my from my opinion I think that's switched to my opinion I think that's switched to my opinion I think that's switched to focus a bit and land agriculture areas focus a bit and land agriculture areas focus a bit and land agriculture areas are sort of being thought of from a are sort of being thought of from a are sort of being thought of from a policy point of view about what policy point of view about what policy point of view about what different management options And I think different management options And I think different management options And I think that's reflected in sort of some of the that's reflected in sort of some of the that's reflected in sort of some of the um financial incentives that might come um financial incentives that might come um financial incentives that might come through sort of the changes in the ELMS through sort of the changes in the ELMS through sort of the changes in the ELMS scheme and sort of the some of the the scheme and sort of the some of the the scheme and sort of the some of the the um options for loan pete in the sort of um options for loan pete in the sort of um options for loan pete in the sort of SFI schemes and things like that where SFI schemes and things like that where SFI schemes and things like that where some of the options for raising the some of the options for raising the some of the options for raising the water level in cropped or arable pet pee water level in cropped or arable pet pee water level in cropped or arable pet pee soils the payments per hectare are soils the payments per hectare are soils the payments per hectare are really quite good compared to what they really quite good compared to what they really quite good compared to what they used to be. So I think that's sort of used to be. So I think that's sort of used to be. So I think that's sort of demonstrating I guess the importance demonstrating I guess the importance demonstrating I guess the importance that uh policy makers are placing on that uh policy makers are placing on that uh policy makers are placing on agriculture pizza or areas. But just agriculture pizza or areas. But just agriculture pizza or areas. But just going back to the previous point I want going back to the previous point I want going back to the previous point I want to say that it doesn't have to be either to say that it doesn't have to be either to say that it doesn't have to be either or sort of either farming or or sort of either farming or or sort of either farming or conservation. I think the two can sit conservation. I think the two can sit conservation. I think the two can sit side by side. So in a lot of areas where side by side. So in a lot of areas where side by side. So in a lot of areas where we are working you might you might have we are working you might you might have we are working you might you might have your core conservation areas which are your core conservation areas which are your core conservation areas which are managed purely for for wildlife that managed purely for for wildlife that managed purely for for wildlife that might be you know sort of our our nature might be you know sort of our our nature might be you know sort of our our nature reserves and then surrounding that you reserves and then surrounding that you reserves and then surrounding that you might have your your wetter farming might have your your wetter farming might have your your wetter farming areas where you got the high water table areas where you got the high water table areas where you got the high water table but it's still farming it but they allow but it's still farming it but they allow but it's still farming it but they allow more movement and and corridors for more movement and and corridors for more movement and and corridors for wildlife to move throughout the wildlife to move throughout the wildlife to move throughout the landscape. And then you might still have landscape. And then you might still have landscape. And then you might still have your more sort of drainage based your more sort of drainage based your more sort of drainage based conventional farming with that wet farm conventional farming with that wet farm conventional farming with that wet farm providing a buffer between the core providing a buffer between the core providing a buffer between the core conservation and your conventional conservation and your conventional conservation and your conventional farming area. So I think we really need farming area. So I think we really need farming area. So I think we really need to think about a mosaic which can work to think about a mosaic which can work to think about a mosaic which can work for wildlife and people. Jenny, I'm interested in the Jenny, I'm interested in the Jenny, I'm interested in the conversations that you have with farmers conversations that you have with farmers conversations that you have with farmers on this when it comes to rewetting and on this when it comes to rewetting and on this when it comes to rewetting and the range of responses that you get. the range of responses that you get. the range of responses that you get. Um it is a real range. Um one of the Um it is a real range. Um one of the Um it is a real range. Um one of the things we tend to get a lot of the time things we tend to get a lot of the time things we tend to get a lot of the time is like wetter farming. The bloody lands is like wetter farming. The bloody lands is like wetter farming. The bloody lands wet enough. wet enough. wet enough. Um and that does sort of you know it Um and that does sort of you know it Um and that does sort of you know it makes sense. A lot of people are really makes sense. A lot of people are really makes sense. A lot of people are really battling with sort of water log land battling with sort of water log land battling with sort of water log land that is getting more and more difficult that is getting more and more difficult that is getting more and more difficult to farm. And so, you know, they're kind to farm. And so, you know, they're kind to farm. And so, you know, they're kind of interested in finding out a bit more, of interested in finding out a bit more, of interested in finding out a bit more, like, all right, so I could potentially like, all right, so I could potentially like, all right, so I could potentially turn this land that's currently really turn this land that's currently really turn this land that's currently really hard work, that's really unprofitable hard work, that's really unprofitable hard work, that's really unprofitable actually into something that might, you actually into something that might, you actually into something that might, you know, I might be able to farm again, know, I might be able to farm again, know, I might be able to farm again, might be able to make me some money. At might be able to make me some money. At might be able to make me some money. At the end of the day, there's always going the end of the day, there's always going the end of the day, there's always going to be a a scale and it's not going to be to be a a scale and it's not going to be to be a a scale and it's not going to be right for everyone. Not everyone's going right for everyone. Not everyone's going right for everyone. Not everyone's going to want to investigate it. But what I've to want to investigate it. But what I've to want to investigate it. But what I've noticed, I'd say probably over the past noticed, I'd say probably over the past noticed, I'd say probably over the past few years, is that there's certainly few years, is that there's certainly few years, is that there's certainly more awareness of some of the issues and more awareness of some of the issues and more awareness of some of the issues and that sort of wetter farming or polluture that sort of wetter farming or polluture that sort of wetter farming or polluture could potentially be could potentially be could potentially be something that could be used to kind of something that could be used to kind of something that could be used to kind of address some of these. So, you know, address some of these. So, you know, address some of these. So, you know, we've been going to agricultural shows we've been going to agricultural shows we've been going to agricultural shows for a couple of years, and I remember for a couple of years, and I remember for a couple of years, and I remember standing on a stall with that had a standing on a stall with that had a standing on a stall with that had a great big pollutulture banner on the top great big pollutulture banner on the top great big pollutulture banner on the top of it, and a couple of years ago of it, and a couple of years ago of it, and a couple of years ago standing on that store and people standing on that store and people standing on that store and people walking past going, &quot;Polid what?&quot; Yeah. walking past going, &quot;Polid what?&quot; Yeah. walking past going, &quot;Polid what?&quot; Yeah. And Yeah, absolutely. Some people still, And Yeah, absolutely. Some people still, And Yeah, absolutely. Some people still, you know, it's a completely new word, you know, it's a completely new word, you know, it's a completely new word, but that's going down. And actually, but that's going down. And actually, but that's going down. And actually, there's more people being like, &quot;Oh, there's more people being like, &quot;Oh, there's more people being like, &quot;Oh, I've heard of this. Tell me more. I've heard of this. Tell me more. I've heard of this. Tell me more. Explain it to me. how could this work on Explain it to me. how could this work on Explain it to me. how could this work on my land? Um, and what is also really my land? Um, and what is also really my land? Um, and what is also really useful actually is people will come and useful actually is people will come and useful actually is people will come and talk and challenge because those you talk and challenge because those you talk and challenge because those you know know know challenging and asking questions is so challenging and asking questions is so challenging and asking questions is so important and it's really really useful. important and it's really really useful. important and it's really really useful. Um, and you know that's how we we figure Um, and you know that's how we we figure Um, and you know that's how we we figure out where the issues lie and how to try out where the issues lie and how to try out where the issues lie and how to try and work around those. And I think you and work around those. And I think you and work around those. And I think you know as Sarah mentioned there are some know as Sarah mentioned there are some know as Sarah mentioned there are some of the um new payment schemes that were of the um new payment schemes that were of the um new payment schemes that were in have been announced in SFI. Obviously in have been announced in SFI. Obviously in have been announced in SFI. Obviously that's paused at the moment which is a a that's paused at the moment which is a a that's paused at the moment which is a a different it's a conversation for a different it's a conversation for a different it's a conversation for a different day. Um, but you know, some of different day. Um, but you know, some of different day. Um, but you know, some of those payments are really those payments are really those payments are really good. And once you start being able to good. And once you start being able to good. And once you start being able to to give people some kind of ideas of to give people some kind of ideas of to give people some kind of ideas of whether or not you can make any money whether or not you can make any money whether or not you can make any money out of this, then that really helps to out of this, then that really helps to out of this, then that really helps to move that conversation on as well. So, a move that conversation on as well. So, a move that conversation on as well. So, a lot of the work we've been doing has lot of the work we've been doing has lot of the work we've been doing has been kind of been kind of been kind of sitting almost in the background. Um sitting almost in the background. Um sitting almost in the background. Um because as a wildlife trust, one of the because as a wildlife trust, one of the because as a wildlife trust, one of the things we are able to do is sort of sit things we are able to do is sort of sit things we are able to do is sort of sit in a bit of a bridge in between farmers in a bit of a bridge in between farmers in a bit of a bridge in between farmers and policy makers. So as much as we work and policy makers. So as much as we work and policy makers. So as much as we work with farmers, we actually we're on with farmers, we actually we're on with farmers, we actually we're on firstname terms with a lot of the people firstname terms with a lot of the people firstname terms with a lot of the people in DERA because a lot of the work we're in DERA because a lot of the work we're in DERA because a lot of the work we're doing and you know the monitoring the doing and you know the monitoring the doing and you know the monitoring the the data we're getting out of that we're the data we're getting out of that we're the data we're getting out of that we're feeding directly to those policy makers. feeding directly to those policy makers. feeding directly to those policy makers. Um, you know, we're bringing people, Um, you know, we're bringing people, Um, you know, we're bringing people, we're bringing deafer out onto the we're bringing deafer out onto the we're bringing deafer out onto the sites. We're bringing, you know, sites. We're bringing, you know, sites. We're bringing, you know, ministers and people out onto some of ministers and people out onto some of ministers and people out onto some of our sites to say, &quot;Look, this is what our sites to say, &quot;Look, this is what our sites to say, &quot;Look, this is what we're doing. This is why we're doing it. we're doing. This is why we're doing it. we're doing. This is why we're doing it. We need you to know about this. Here are We need you to know about this. Here are We need you to know about this. Here are some of the issues. What can you do to some of the issues. What can you do to some of the issues. What can you do to help address these or support it?&quot; Um, help address these or support it?&quot; Um, help address these or support it?&quot; Um, so yeah, having those conversations is so yeah, having those conversations is so yeah, having those conversations is really important. But yeah, absolutely. really important. But yeah, absolutely. really important. But yeah, absolutely. We still have quite a lot of We still have quite a lot of We still have quite a lot of conversations with people being like, conversations with people being like, conversations with people being like, &quot;Are you mad? &quot;Are you mad? &quot;Are you mad? My fields are already extremely wet. Why My fields are already extremely wet. Why My fields are already extremely wet. Why would I want to make them wetter? would I want to make them wetter? would I want to make them wetter? I think there is also although yes, the I think there is also although yes, the I think there is also although yes, the Northwest is renowned for the amount of Northwest is renowned for the amount of Northwest is renowned for the amount of rainfall we get compared to the east of rainfall we get compared to the east of rainfall we get compared to the east of England. So the the challenges for well England. So the the challenges for well England. So the the challenges for well future wetter farmers will be different future wetter farmers will be different future wetter farmers will be different in the northwest and the east of in the northwest and the east of in the northwest and the east of England, but we're all going to be England, but we're all going to be England, but we're all going to be facing that changing climate where the facing that changing climate where the facing that changing climate where the weather patterns are more unpredictable. weather patterns are more unpredictable. weather patterns are more unpredictable. So you might have prolonged dry periods So you might have prolonged dry periods So you might have prolonged dry periods even, you know, as well as those sort of even, you know, as well as those sort of even, you know, as well as those sort of intense rainfall periods as well. And intense rainfall periods as well. And intense rainfall periods as well. And and that's what we hear a lot from and that's what we hear a lot from and that's what we hear a lot from farmers like wanting to think about how farmers like wanting to think about how farmers like wanting to think about how they can manage water differently. So they can manage water differently. So they can manage water differently. So you might be need to think about you you might be need to think about you you might be need to think about you know water storage for some parts of the know water storage for some parts of the know water storage for some parts of the year. Yeah. When it is you are having year. Yeah. When it is you are having year. Yeah. When it is you are having that intense rainfall in order to be that intense rainfall in order to be that intense rainfall in order to be able to deal with a prolonged dry able to deal with a prolonged dry able to deal with a prolonged dry periods as well. But each region has its periods as well. But each region has its periods as well. But each region has its own challenges. For example the own challenges. For example the own challenges. For example the northwest especially where we're working northwest especially where we're working northwest especially where we're working we don't have um internal drainage we don't have um internal drainage we don't have um internal drainage boards but obviously they exist in other boards but obviously they exist in other boards but obviously they exist in other parts of the country. So that poses parts of the country. So that poses parts of the country. So that poses different opportunities and challenges different opportunities and challenges different opportunities and challenges for for each each region. But I imagine for for each each region. But I imagine for for each each region. But I imagine we face a lot of the same questions. So we face a lot of the same questions. So we face a lot of the same questions. So which have been very valid questions which have been very valid questions which have been very valid questions when we've brought people out to our when we've brought people out to our when we've brought people out to our trial site. So you know how will I not trial site. So you know how will I not trial site. So you know how will I not uh flood my neighbors land. That was one uh flood my neighbors land. That was one uh flood my neighbors land. That was one of the key things. So trying to de of the key things. So trying to de of the key things. So trying to de demonstrate how what we've done in terms demonstrate how what we've done in terms demonstrate how what we've done in terms of ground preparation in order to be of ground preparation in order to be of ground preparation in order to be able to prevent any sort of flooding on able to prevent any sort of flooding on able to prevent any sort of flooding on neighbors land. And then we had the neighbors land. And then we had the neighbors land. And then we had the question about but what about food question about but what about food question about but what about food security? So that's why in another of security? So that's why in another of security? So that's why in another of our trials we said okay let's look at our trials we said okay let's look at our trials we said okay let's look at what food crops can be grown. So those what food crops can be grown. So those what food crops can be grown. So those conversations, even if they're conversations, even if they're conversations, even if they're challenging ones, are really good. But challenging ones, are really good. But challenging ones, are really good. But the bottom line will be demonstrating the bottom line will be demonstrating the bottom line will be demonstrating the financial opportunities for West the financial opportunities for West the financial opportunities for West Army if we really want it to be scaled Army if we really want it to be scaled Army if we really want it to be scaled up and rolled out further. And that will up and rolled out further. And that will up and rolled out further. And that will come through both support through for come through both support through for come through both support through for example um DERA and environmental example um DERA and environmental example um DERA and environmental stewardship payments, but also stewardship payments, but also stewardship payments, but also demonstrating how this can fit within demonstrating how this can fit within demonstrating how this can fit within sort of green finance, blended finance sort of green finance, blended finance sort of green finance, blended finance options through carbon. a fascinating conversation today. Uh I'm a fascinating conversation today. Uh I'm a fascinating conversation today. Uh I'm sure that listeners will have many other sure that listeners will have many other sure that listeners will have many other questions going through their minds. Um questions going through their minds. Um questions going through their minds. Um if a farmer or land owner or anyone else if a farmer or land owner or anyone else if a farmer or land owner or anyone else for that matter is interesting is is for that matter is interesting is is for that matter is interesting is is listening to this and is interested in listening to this and is interested in listening to this and is interested in wetter farming, where can they go to wetter farming, where can they go to wetter farming, where can they go to find out more information or support? Is find out more information or support? Is find out more information or support? Is there anything you can signpost them to? there anything you can signpost them to? there anything you can signpost them to? One of the great places you can go to is One of the great places you can go to is One of the great places you can go to is just um our website. So that's just um our website. So that's just um our website. So that's lxswt.org. org.uk. Um you can email us lxswt.org. org.uk. Um you can email us lxswt.org. org.uk. Um you can email us as well which is just info@langswt.org.uk. Um there's also info@langswt.org.uk. Um there's also info@langswt.org.uk. Um there's also another really nice website um called another really nice website um called another really nice website um called polludiculture.org.uk and that's got polludiculture.org.uk and that's got polludiculture.org.uk and that's got details of like all the different details of like all the different details of like all the different trials, all the different sort of trials, all the different sort of trials, all the different sort of organizations who are involved and organizations who are involved and organizations who are involved and contact details on there as well. And contact details on there as well. And contact details on there as well. And yeah, basically you know we're always yeah, basically you know we're always yeah, basically you know we're always really happy to talk. We're always really happy to talk. We're always really happy to talk. We're always really keen to talk to people, to answer really keen to talk to people, to answer really keen to talk to people, to answer questions, to be challenged. So, yeah, questions, to be challenged. So, yeah, questions, to be challenged. So, yeah, get in touch. Give us a shout. We'd love get in touch. Give us a shout. We'd love get in touch. Give us a shout. We'd love to hear from you. Brilliant. Well, we to hear from you. Brilliant. Well, we to hear from you. Brilliant. Well, we will leave it there. But, um, Jenny and will leave it there. But, um, Jenny and will leave it there. But, um, Jenny and Sarah, thank you so much for coming on Sarah, thank you so much for coming on Sarah, thank you so much for coming on the show. Um, it's definitely it's a new the show. Um, it's definitely it's a new the show. Um, it's definitely it's a new a new subject for me um and a new a new subject for me um and a new a new subject for me um and a new subject, I'm sure, for many of our subject, I'm sure, for many of our subject, I'm sure, for many of our listeners. So, it will have got brains listeners. So, it will have got brains listeners. So, it will have got brains thinking for sure. Um, but thank you so thinking for sure. Um, but thank you so thinking for sure. Um, but thank you so much for your time and for coming on the much for your time and for coming on the much for your time and for coming on the podcast. and thank you for having us on podcast. and thank you for having us on podcast. and thank you for having us on too. That is it for today. We will leave too. That is it for today. We will leave too. That is it for today. We will leave it there. Um, a big thank you to my it there. Um, a big thank you to my it there. Um, a big thank you to my guests Jenny Benyan and Sarah Johnson guests Jenny Benyan and Sarah Johnson guests Jenny Benyan and Sarah Johnson for coming on the show and thank you for coming on the show and thank you for coming on the show and thank you very much for listening. Um, I hope you very much for listening. Um, I hope you very much for listening. Um, I hope you can join me next time, but for now I'm can join me next time, but for now I'm can join me next time, but for now I'm Ben Eagle. This has been Meet the Ben Eagle. This has been Meet the Ben Eagle. This has been Meet the Farmers and thank you very much for Farmers and thank you very much for Farmers and thank you very much for listening.<br /> }}</div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Zoom_into_Soil:_Green_and_Sustainable_Remediation_of_Contaminated_Sites&diff=11793 2026-05-29T14:07:29Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Ajoute les transcriptions YouTube aux pages vidéo qui n&#039;en ont pas - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/435</p> <hr /> <div>{{vidéo<br /> | Titre = Zoom into Soil: Green and Sustainable Remediation of Contaminated Sites<br /> | Producteur = British Society of Soil Science<br /> | Vignette = Thumbnail_youtube_TZ-rdgbQ_qY.jpg<br /> | Date de mise en ligne = 2023-10-05<br /> | Durée = 61 minutes<br /> | Production = <br /> | Vidéo = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TZ-rdgbQ_qY<br /> | Intervenants 0 = Deyi Hou<br /> | Intervenants 1 = Paul Nathanail<br /> | Mots-clés = NBSOIL<br /> }}<br /> <br /> In this webinar, Deyi Hou, Editor of the Soil Use and Management journal, and Paul Nathanail, Director at Land Quality Management Ltd, discuss Green and Sustainable Remediation of Contaminated Sites.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Prof. Deyi Hou is the Head of Soil and Groundwater Division at Tsinghua University. He is also serving as the Vice Chair of the UN-FAO International Network of Soil Pollution (INSOP). His research has focused on contaminant transport and distribution in soil and groundwater, synthesis of innovative environmental functional materials, green and sustainable remediation. Prof. Hou has conducted numerous projects involving soil and groundwater pollution at site-level, regional-level, and national level. He has published 5 books and over 200 journal papers on top journals including Nature, Science, Nature Climate Change, Nature Sustainability, Nature Review Earth &amp; Environment, etc. Prof. Deyi Hou is currently serving as the Editor-in-Chief for Soil Use and Management, and Associate Editor for Science of the Total Environment.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Dr Paul Nathanail is a Specialist in Land Condition (SiLC), Suitably Qualified Person under the NQMS and a Chartered Geologist. He is Director at Land Quality Management Ltd that offers specialist services in the assessment and remediation of contaminated sites. Dr Nathanail has a long standing interest in improving professional standards in land contamination risk management and sustainable brownfield regeneration. He has consulted on and provided expert evidence for many landfill redevelopment projects. He also led the team that wrote the ISO on sustainable remediation.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> The British Society of Soil Science is an established international membership organisation and charity committed to the study of soil in its widest aspects.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Keep up to date with our events and training - https://soils.org.uk/events/<br /> <br /> Check out our Annual Conference - https://members.soils.org.uk/event-5055572<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> #landremediation #sustainableremediation #britishsocietyofsoilscience #soilscience #soil #remediation<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{Pages liées}}<br /> <br /> {{Transcription<br /> | transcription = hello there welcome to the webinar I'm hello there welcome to the webinar I'm hello there welcome to the webinar I'm Jack Hannon I'm president of the British Jack Hannon I'm president of the British Jack Hannon I'm president of the British Society of soil science and I'm really Society of soil science and I'm really Society of soil science and I'm really delighted to welcome you to our seventh delighted to welcome you to our seventh delighted to welcome you to our seventh webinar this year um before I welcome webinar this year um before I welcome webinar this year um before I welcome our presenters I'd just like to our presenters I'd just like to our presenters I'd just like to introduce the British Society of soil introduce the British Society of soil introduce the British Society of soil science so we're host of today's webinar science so we're host of today's webinar science so we're host of today's webinar and we're an established membership and we're an established membership and we're an established membership organization and charity and we're organization and charity and we're organization and charity and we're committed to the study of the soil in committed to the study of the soil in committed to the study of the soil in its widest aspects and and we bring its widest aspects and and we bring its widest aspects and and we bring together those working in Academia and together those working in Academia and together those working in Academia and we've got a really big growing we've got a really big growing we've got a really big growing membership amongst practitioners who are membership amongst practitioners who are membership amongst practitioners who are implementing soil science in implementing soil science in implementing soil science in industry and we also obviously welcome industry and we also obviously welcome industry and we also obviously welcome anybody that has a keen interest in anybody that has a keen interest in anybody that has a keen interest in soils to join the society too um we'll soils to join the society too um we'll soils to join the society too um we'll be hosting eight webinars during 2023 so be hosting eight webinars during 2023 so be hosting eight webinars during 2023 so keep an eye out for our last one uh on keep an eye out for our last one uh on keep an eye out for our last one uh on the website for further the website for further the website for further details and just before we details and just before we details and just before we begin uh just a bit of basic begin uh just a bit of basic begin uh just a bit of basic housekeeping we've got a lot of you uh housekeeping we've got a lot of you uh housekeeping we've got a lot of you uh on the call um your microphones have on the call um your microphones have on the call um your microphones have been been been muted um we will take questions right at muted um we will take questions right at muted um we will take questions right at the end of both the end of both the end of both presentations um and we'll be monitoring presentations um and we'll be monitoring presentations um and we'll be monitoring those throughout the webinar so do pop those throughout the webinar so do pop those throughout the webinar so do pop your questions as we go along in the your questions as we go along in the your questions as we go along in the questions box and just try and do that questions box and just try and do that questions box and just try and do that by by by 1250 and that'll allow us to get through 1250 and that'll allow us to get through 1250 and that'll allow us to get through as many we as we can after the two as many we as we can after the two as many we as we can after the two presentations at the presentations at the presentations at the end U you might have noticed there is a end U you might have noticed there is a end U you might have noticed there is a your hand button but we're not going to your hand button but we're not going to your hand button but we're not going to use that uh during the webinar unless use that uh during the webinar unless use that uh during the webinar unless the presenter specifically ask for a the presenter specifically ask for a the presenter specifically ask for a show of hands during their show of hands during their show of hands during their presentation um today's uh webinar has presentation um today's uh webinar has presentation um today's uh webinar has been awarded both basis and NRS so CPD been awarded both basis and NRS so CPD been awarded both basis and NRS so CPD points so if you're registered with points so if you're registered with points so if you're registered with either of those please do please do either of those please do please do either of those please do please do contact us after the event so that you contact us after the event so that you contact us after the event so that you can be awarded your CPD points for the can be awarded your CPD points for the can be awarded your CPD points for the webinar and just to make you aware um we webinar and just to make you aware um we webinar and just to make you aware um we are recording today's presentation it are recording today's presentation it are recording today's presentation it will be available on our YouTube channel will be available on our YouTube channel will be available on our YouTube channel uh after the uh after the uh after the webinar so enough for me um I'd really webinar so enough for me um I'd really webinar so enough for me um I'd really like to welcome our first like to welcome our first like to welcome our first presenter um this is Professor de who presenter um this is Professor de who presenter um this is Professor de who and he's head of the soul and and he's head of the soul and and he's head of the soul and groundwater division at chingad groundwater division at chingad groundwater division at chingad University and he's serving as the vice University and he's serving as the vice University and he's serving as the vice chair of the UN FAO International chair of the UN FAO International chair of the UN FAO International Network on soil Network on soil Network on soil pollution and his re research is focused pollution and his re research is focused pollution and his re research is focused on contaminate transport and on contaminate transport and on contaminate transport and distribution both in soils and distribution both in soils and distribution both in soils and groundw synthesis of innovative groundw synthesis of innovative groundw synthesis of innovative environmental functions and materials environmental functions and materials environmental functions and materials and green and sustainable and green and sustainable and green and sustainable remediation he's conducted numerous remediation he's conducted numerous remediation he's conducted numerous projects involving soil and groundwater projects involving soil and groundwater projects involving soil and groundwater pollution both at site Regional and pollution both at site Regional and pollution both at site Regional and National level um he's published over National level um he's published over National level um he's published over five books uh 200 Journal papers in top five books uh 200 Journal papers in top five books uh 200 Journal papers in top journals including nature nature science journals including nature nature science journals including nature nature science nature climate change nature nature climate change nature nature climate change nature sustainability nature review amongst sustainability nature review amongst sustainability nature review amongst others um and we're really delighted others um and we're really delighted others um and we're really delighted that um da is currently serving as the that um da is currently serving as the that um da is currently serving as the editor and chief for one of our journals editor and chief for one of our journals editor and chief for one of our journals saw uson management and he's also an saw uson management and he's also an saw uson management and he's also an associate editor for science of the associate editor for science of the associate editor for science of the total total total environment so I'm really excited to environment so I'm really excited to environment so I'm really excited to hear what you've got to say um da so uh hear what you've got to say um da so uh hear what you've got to say um da so uh it's over to you to do your presentation it's over to you to do your presentation it's over to you to do your presentation thank you Jack um do you see my screen thank you Jack um do you see my screen thank you Jack um do you see my screen now yeah that's absolutely perfect yep now yeah that's absolutely perfect yep now yeah that's absolutely perfect yep go ahead okay great thanks great uh good go ahead okay great thanks great uh good go ahead okay great thanks great uh good morning ladies and gentlemen um my morning ladies and gentlemen um my morning ladies and gentlemen um my friends um it's a great pleasure uh to friends um it's a great pleasure uh to friends um it's a great pleasure uh to talk at this seminar talk at this seminar talk at this seminar series um and uh today I'm going to talk series um and uh today I'm going to talk series um and uh today I'm going to talk about the green and the sustainable about the green and the sustainable about the green and the sustainable remediation of contaminated sites um I remediation of contaminated sites um I remediation of contaminated sites um I have been studying uh sustainable have been studying uh sustainable have been studying uh sustainable remediation uh since I did my PhD um remediation uh since I did my PhD um remediation uh since I did my PhD um over a decade ago at University of over a decade ago at University of over a decade ago at University of Cambridge uh and uh it's it's great job Cambridge uh and uh it's it's great job Cambridge uh and uh it's it's great job joy to talk to our friends uh in the UK joy to talk to our friends uh in the UK joy to talk to our friends uh in the UK about this about this about this topic um first I want to give a short topic um first I want to give a short topic um first I want to give a short introduction introduction introduction um you probably are all are familiar um you probably are all are familiar um you probably are all are familiar with um soil and uh the United Nations with um soil and uh the United Nations with um soil and uh the United Nations sustainable development goals and uh if sustainable development goals and uh if sustainable development goals and uh if we look at this chart um we can see that we look at this chart um we can see that we look at this chart um we can see that soil pollution can affect another of SGS soil pollution can affect another of SGS soil pollution can affect another of SGS ranging from uh no poverty zero hunger ranging from uh no poverty zero hunger ranging from uh no poverty zero hunger to climate action and B diversity and so to climate action and B diversity and so to climate action and B diversity and so on um Brownfield side POS a particular on um Brownfield side POS a particular on um Brownfield side POS a particular challenge to um soil pollution challenge to um soil pollution challenge to um soil pollution prevention um and prevention um and prevention um and mitigation um globally um based on the mitigation um globally um based on the mitigation um globally um based on the existing data and some regression existing data and some regression existing data and some regression analysis we estimated that there are analysis we estimated that there are analysis we estimated that there are over 5 million br fides um in China over 5 million br fides um in China over 5 million br fides um in China alone uh we estimate there is over 1 alone uh we estimate there is over 1 alone uh we estimate there is over 1 million potential contamin sites um the remediation of uh sites um the remediation of uh sites um the remediation of uh contaminate sites um has started uh contaminate sites um has started uh contaminate sites um has started uh since the last century um the since the last century um the since the last century um the the the primarily um begin with um a few the the primarily um begin with um a few the the primarily um begin with um a few Pro high-profile cases in the US and the Pro high-profile cases in the US and the Pro high-profile cases in the US and the L L L um one of the most famous one is the L um one of the most famous one is the L um one of the most famous one is the L canal inent and and because of those canal inent and and because of those canal inent and and because of those high profile cases and the public high profile cases and the public high profile cases and the public pressure during the early days um the pressure during the early days um the pressure during the early days um the remediation industry uh mostly take a remediation industry uh mostly take a remediation industry uh mostly take a removal oil removal oil removal oil approach um which means that uh um the approach um which means that uh um the approach um which means that uh um the public um and The Regulators want the public um and The Regulators want the public um and The Regulators want the the polluters and the remediation party the polluters and the remediation party the polluters and the remediation party is to remove all contaminated media is to remove all contaminated media is to remove all contaminated media including soil and ground water which including soil and ground water which including soil and ground water which was found later to be um unfeasible um was found later to be um unfeasible um was found later to be um unfeasible um one example is um for groundwater one example is um for groundwater one example is um for groundwater remediation um it's extremely difficult remediation um it's extremely difficult remediation um it's extremely difficult to reach the maximum cleanup level um in to reach the maximum cleanup level um in to reach the maximum cleanup level um in the um the MCL um in the US is a the um the MCL um in the US is a the um the MCL um in the US is a drinking water standard um so um in the drinking water standard um so um in the drinking water standard um so um in the 1990s and 2000s um the risk based clean 1990s and 2000s um the risk based clean 1990s and 2000s um the risk based clean approach um is increasingly approach um is increasingly approach um is increasingly adopted and um it also aligns with an adopted and um it also aligns with an adopted and um it also aligns with an initiative Initiative for sustainable initiative Initiative for sustainable initiative Initiative for sustainable Land Land Land Management um more recently um the Management um more recently um the Management um more recently um the remediation industry um are increasingly remediation industry um are increasingly remediation industry um are increasingly looking at sustainable looking at sustainable looking at sustainable remediation remediation remediation um so if we look at this chart we can um so if we look at this chart we can um so if we look at this chart we can see uh scientific literature related to see uh scientific literature related to see uh scientific literature related to green and sustainable remediation has green and sustainable remediation has green and sustainable remediation has grown rapidly over the last uh decade or grown rapidly over the last uh decade or grown rapidly over the last uh decade or so um it's pretty much in exponential so um it's pretty much in exponential so um it's pretty much in exponential growth and during this period we can see growth and during this period we can see growth and during this period we can see uh in the early days uh life cycle uh in the early days uh life cycle uh in the early days uh life cycle analysis paved the way for better analysis paved the way for better analysis paved the way for better understanding of what sustainability understanding of what sustainability understanding of what sustainability means for the remediation industry and means for the remediation industry and means for the remediation industry and uh in 2006 um the sustainable remedi uh in 2006 um the sustainable remedi uh in 2006 um the sustainable remedi Forum was first founded in the US um and Forum was first founded in the US um and Forum was first founded in the US um and uh um also um USP and many other uh um also um USP and many other uh um also um USP and many other governments all around the world are governments all around the world are governments all around the world are establishing um policies and um establishing um policies and um establishing um policies and um regulatory requirements around regulatory requirements around regulatory requirements around sustainable remediation uh there are sustainable remediation uh there are sustainable remediation uh there are also a few International standards uh also a few International standards uh also a few International standards uh including the iso standard um which I'm including the iso standard um which I'm including the iso standard um which I'm sure Co will talk um in the uh next next presentation um next I want to talk presentation um next I want to talk presentation um next I want to talk about the life cycle net benefit of about the life cycle net benefit of about the life cycle net benefit of remediation first let's look at the remediation first let's look at the remediation first let's look at the definition of sustainable remediation definition of sustainable remediation definition of sustainable remediation and green remediation um sustainable and green remediation um sustainable and green remediation um sustainable remediation is more broadly U adopted um remediation is more broadly U adopted um remediation is more broadly U adopted um in the remediation industry around the in the remediation industry around the in the remediation industry around the world and uh um its main message is to world and uh um its main message is to world and uh um its main message is to maximize the overall environment Al maximize the overall environment Al maximize the overall environment Al social and economic benefits of social and economic benefits of social and economic benefits of remediation green remediation was more remediation green remediation was more remediation green remediation was more widely um adopted in the US and uh um it widely um adopted in the US and uh um it widely um adopted in the US and uh um it is uh mainly looking at the is uh mainly looking at the is uh mainly looking at the environmental uh benefit more specific environmental uh benefit more specific environmental uh benefit more specific the net environment benefit of remediation so to support um green and remediation so to support um green and remediation so to support um green and sustainable remediation it's um sustainable remediation it's um sustainable remediation it's um essential to conduct some sort of essential to conduct some sort of essential to conduct some sort of sustainability assessment either sustainability assessment either sustainability assessment either quantitative or semi quantitative or quantitative or semi quantitative or quantitative or semi quantitative or quantitative and a um core value of quantitative and a um core value of quantitative and a um core value of sustainability assessment is to capture sustainability assessment is to capture sustainability assessment is to capture the the the externalities that are not included in externalities that are not included in externalities that are not included in the traditional decision making the traditional decision making the traditional decision making framework for example uh when we talk framework for example uh when we talk framework for example uh when we talk about uh uh remediation um we RAR talk about uh uh remediation um we RAR talk about uh uh remediation um we RAR talk about carbon emission or so about carbon emission or so about carbon emission or so biodiversity um all air pollution biodiversity um all air pollution biodiversity um all air pollution associated with the manufacturer of the associated with the manufacturer of the associated with the manufacturer of the equipment of the materials used in equipment of the materials used in equipment of the materials used in remediation and all these are considered remediation and all these are considered remediation and all these are considered the externality um that are part of the the externality um that are part of the the externality um that are part of the remediation uh life cycle remediation uh life cycle remediation uh life cycle processes in the um ongoing movement of processes in the um ongoing movement of processes in the um ongoing movement of sustainable remediation and we ought to sustainable remediation and we ought to sustainable remediation and we ought to uh capture these um additional um uh capture these um additional um uh capture these um additional um factors this is a chart take from taken from an this is a chart take from taken from an this is a chart take from taken from an USP publication it shows three levels of USP publication it shows three levels of USP publication it shows three levels of considerations around remediation level considerations around remediation level considerations around remediation level one is at the middle uh of the um of the one is at the middle uh of the um of the one is at the middle uh of the um of the chart it shows uh the processes chart it shows uh the processes chart it shows uh the processes occurring at the contaminant site and occurring at the contaminant site and occurring at the contaminant site and level two is the transport process um level two is the transport process um level two is the transport process um associated with the materials that are associated with the materials that are associated with the materials that are used at the site and the thir level is used at the site and the thir level is used at the site and the thir level is the um process in which people make the the um process in which people make the the um process in which people make the raw material and Equipment um this this raw material and Equipment um this this raw material and Equipment um this this level three activities may occur level three activities may occur level three activities may occur thousands of kilometers away from the thousands of kilometers away from the thousands of kilometers away from the contaminate s in order to do a holistic s in order to do a holistic s in order to do a holistic sustainability assessment we need to go sustainability assessment we need to go sustainability assessment we need to go beyond uh some existing boundaries in beyond uh some existing boundaries in beyond uh some existing boundaries in traditional decision making processes traditional decision making processes traditional decision making processes one is on the spatial scale while one is on the spatial scale while one is on the spatial scale while traditionally we mainly look at the traditionally we mainly look at the traditionally we mainly look at the onside processes um for sustainability onside processes um for sustainability onside processes um for sustainability assessment we need to look at U Regional assessment we need to look at U Regional assessment we need to look at U Regional even Global um impacts for example the even Global um impacts for example the even Global um impacts for example the green high gas emission and global green high gas emission and global green high gas emission and global warming warming warming potentials uh on the temporal scale um potentials uh on the temporal scale um potentials uh on the temporal scale um we needed to not only look at the we needed to not only look at the we needed to not only look at the current St use but also the Futures that current St use but also the Futures that current St use but also the Futures that are use and also when it comes to the are use and also when it comes to the are use and also when it comes to the impact category we need to look at the impact category we need to look at the impact category we need to look at the environmental but also social and environmental but also social and environmental but also social and economic economic economic impacts and there are also three levels impacts and there are also three levels impacts and there are also three levels of uh impact the primary impact of uh impact the primary impact of uh impact the primary impact secondary impact and tertiary impact secondary impact and tertiary impact secondary impact and tertiary impact these are um special terms that we are these are um special terms that we are these are um special terms that we are using in the using in the using in the remediation uh research Community remediation uh research Community remediation uh research Community primary impact fact refers to the impact primary impact fact refers to the impact primary impact fact refers to the impact associated with uh the physical state um associated with uh the physical state um associated with uh the physical state um of the site and quite often we can use of the site and quite often we can use of the site and quite often we can use risk assessment uh to uh evaluate some risk assessment uh to uh evaluate some risk assessment uh to uh evaluate some of those uh impacts the secondary impact of those uh impacts the secondary impact of those uh impacts the secondary impact is the life cycle impact associated with is the life cycle impact associated with is the life cycle impact associated with the remediation processes um which the remediation processes um which the remediation processes um which reflect the the CH that I showed earlier reflect the the CH that I showed earlier reflect the the CH that I showed earlier which was taken from the USP I which was taken from the USP I which was taken from the USP I different levels of for um secondary different levels of for um secondary different levels of for um secondary impact and S the level which still not impact and S the level which still not impact and S the level which still not widely done uh refers to tertiary impact widely done uh refers to tertiary impact widely done uh refers to tertiary impact is a consequential impact of remediation is a consequential impact of remediation is a consequential impact of remediation um it matters uh due to the change of s um it matters uh due to the change of s um it matters uh due to the change of s of use so that's why it is a of use so that's why it is a of use so that's why it is a consequential consequential consequential impact uh the next challenge um I want impact uh the next challenge um I want impact uh the next challenge um I want to talk about to talk about to talk about um is is is um I want to show the reason um is is is um I want to show the reason um is is is um I want to show the reason of um talking about the green of um talking about the green of um talking about the green sustainable remediation um and sustainable remediation um and sustainable remediation um and sustainable assessment traditionally we sustainable assessment traditionally we sustainable assessment traditionally we use the health risk assessment um now use the health risk assessment um now use the health risk assessment um now more than a few decades but there are more than a few decades but there are more than a few decades but there are some shortcomings for example um it some shortcomings for example um it some shortcomings for example um it doesn't relate the risk of contaminant doesn't relate the risk of contaminant doesn't relate the risk of contaminant level with the volume of contaminated level with the volume of contaminated level with the volume of contaminated media as I show on this um the two media as I show on this um the two media as I show on this um the two figures below um for sat a um and S B figures below um for sat a um and S B figures below um for sat a um and S B the the marginal benefit the the marginal benefit the the marginal benefit uh differs greatly so um in theory we uh differs greatly so um in theory we uh differs greatly so um in theory we should allocate different levels of should allocate different levels of should allocate different levels of resource for the remediation of the two resource for the remediation of the two resource for the remediation of the two sites um to achieve uh different goals sites um to achieve uh different goals sites um to achieve uh different goals but in reality we often only look at in but in reality we often only look at in but in reality we often only look at in arbitrarily set levels for example in arbitrarily set levels for example in arbitrarily set levels for example in China we always look at the 10p minus 6 China we always look at the 10p minus 6 China we always look at the 10p minus 6 um which is not necessarily um the best um which is not necessarily um the best um which is not necessarily um the best of value for the whole of value for the whole of value for the whole society um and in another Factor is um society um and in another Factor is um society um and in another Factor is um the level of efforts quickly increase as the level of efforts quickly increase as the level of efforts quickly increase as a remediation standard becomes more a remediation standard becomes more a remediation standard becomes more stringent especially on the lower end so stringent especially on the lower end so stringent especially on the lower end so combining these two efforts um we can combining these two efforts um we can combining these two efforts um we can see that the difference between uh the see that the difference between uh the see that the difference between uh the benefit of the remediation and the benefit of the remediation and the benefit of the remediation and the environmental cost of the remediation is environmental cost of the remediation is environmental cost of the remediation is the net environmental benefit and this the net environmental benefit and this the net environmental benefit and this net environment benefit um needs to be net environment benefit um needs to be net environment benefit um needs to be maximized during um the sustainable maximized during um the sustainable maximized during um the sustainable remediation decision- making remediation decision- making remediation decision- making process and here uh we're showing a process and here uh we're showing a process and here uh we're showing a study that we did which showed that on study that we did which showed that on study that we did which showed that on the different C levels the uh net the different C levels the uh net the different C levels the uh net environment benefit uh can maximize at a environment benefit uh can maximize at a environment benefit uh can maximize at a certain level um it's not necessarily uh certain level um it's not necessarily uh certain level um it's not necessarily uh the B with a lower or more stringent K the B with a lower or more stringent K the B with a lower or more stringent K level now I want to talk about a case level now I want to talk about a case level now I want to talk about a case study about the primary secondary and study about the primary secondary and study about the primary secondary and tertiary impacts um again I already talked about impacts um again I already talked about impacts um again I already talked about the definition of primary secondary the definition of primary secondary the definition of primary secondary impact uh so I'll uh skip this impact uh so I'll uh skip this impact uh so I'll uh skip this slide um so we did this study um for slide um so we did this study um for slide um so we did this study um for City level assessment uh we chose San City level assessment uh we chose San City level assessment uh we chose San Francisco um as the case study site um Francisco um as the case study site um Francisco um as the case study site um and um for uh the primary and um for uh the primary and um for uh the primary we look at the the contaminate we look at the the contaminate we look at the the contaminate degradation landscape a change for the degradation landscape a change for the degradation landscape a change for the secondary impact we look at the onsite secondary impact we look at the onsite secondary impact we look at the onsite and the offsite remediation uh disposal and the offsite remediation uh disposal and the offsite remediation uh disposal transportation and etc for the teral transportation and etc for the teral transportation and etc for the teral impact uh we look at the um C impact uh we look at the um C impact uh we look at the um C preparation mity rework uh energy preparation mity rework uh energy preparation mity rework uh energy intensity in the intensity in the intensity in the operation uh in order to capture the ter operation uh in order to capture the ter operation uh in order to capture the ter impact we have to have a um a comparable impact we have to have a um a comparable impact we have to have a um a comparable uh Baseline and um in this case we uh Baseline and um in this case we uh Baseline and um in this case we choose um Green Field sites uh to as a choose um Green Field sites uh to as a choose um Green Field sites uh to as a supplement of contamin Remediation in supplement of contamin Remediation in supplement of contamin Remediation in order to get the net uh greenhouse gas order to get the net uh greenhouse gas order to get the net uh greenhouse gas emission um we we also use the the the emission um we we also use the the the emission um we we also use the the the geot tracker database which by the way geot tracker database which by the way geot tracker database which by the way is a very good database in the US which is a very good database in the US which is a very good database in the US which um through which we can search for um um through which we can search for um um through which we can search for um data for all the contam sites in data for all the contam sites in data for all the contam sites in California so we used that to get data California so we used that to get data California so we used that to get data for the city of San for the city of San for the city of San Francisco um and we also obtained a Francisco um and we also obtained a Francisco um and we also obtained a number of parameters for electricity number of parameters for electricity number of parameters for electricity natural gas usage and fuel usage and so natural gas usage and fuel usage and so natural gas usage and fuel usage and so on uh this uh figure shows um the the on uh this uh figure shows um the the on uh this uh figure shows um the the estimate for individual estimate for individual estimate for individual sites um and this shows the combined sites um and this shows the combined sites um and this shows the combined results as we can see here um results as we can see here um results as we can see here um for this city level assessment what we for this city level assessment what we for this city level assessment what we found was that um the secondary impact found was that um the secondary impact found was that um the secondary impact was quite significant more way more was quite significant more way more was quite significant more way more significant than the primary impact significant than the primary impact significant than the primary impact however um however um however um a surprising result I mean to ourselves a surprising result I mean to ourselves a surprising result I mean to ourselves is that the tertial impact was over one is that the tertial impact was over one is that the tertial impact was over one order of magnitud higher which really order of magnitud higher which really order of magnitud higher which really shows the importance of including the shows the importance of including the shows the importance of including the consequential impact uh of remediation consequential impact uh of remediation consequential impact uh of remediation uh some summary of the findings um the uh some summary of the findings um the uh some summary of the findings um the secondary impact is significant uh secondary impact is significant uh secondary impact is significant uh tertiary impact is even higher um most tertiary impact is even higher um most tertiary impact is even higher um most importantly we found the climate change importantly we found the climate change importantly we found the climate change mitigation potential by doing this mitigation potential by doing this mitigation potential by doing this sustainable remediation operation at the sustainable remediation operation at the sustainable remediation operation at the CT level can reduce the annual emission CT level can reduce the annual emission CT level can reduce the annual emission of greenhouse gas emission by 14% for 70 of greenhouse gas emission by 14% for 70 of greenhouse gas emission by 14% for 70 years which can be really pivotal for years which can be really pivotal for years which can be really pivotal for realizing the the zero emission goal of realizing the the zero emission goal of realizing the the zero emission goal of the city of San Francisco next I want to talk about uh Francisco next I want to talk about uh Francisco next I want to talk about uh um in sustainability assessment for in um in sustainability assessment for in um in sustainability assessment for in individual individual individual s um this we did this study for Mega s um this we did this study for Mega s um this we did this study for Mega site uh in China and uh um we build the site uh in China and uh um we build the site uh in China and uh um we build the sustainability indicator framework um sustainability indicator framework um sustainability indicator framework um with both International uh consensus on with both International uh consensus on with both International uh consensus on various sustainability various sustainability various sustainability considerations but also we included um considerations but also we included um considerations but also we included um country specific considerations in China um we established a system China um we established a system China um we established a system boundary for two different Alternatives boundary for two different Alternatives boundary for two different Alternatives one is soil washing and other is one is soil washing and other is one is soil washing and other is excavation and oversight disposal and and this uh this chart disposal and and this uh this chart disposal and and this uh this chart shows the uh inventory results um here um we are showing uh the results um here um we are showing uh the results um here um we are showing uh the process contribution um as we can see process contribution um as we can see process contribution um as we can see for the different for the different for the different Alternatives um excavation um and Alternatives um excavation um and Alternatives um excavation um and offside disposal um excavation uh um offside disposal um excavation uh um offside disposal um excavation uh um accounts for a accounts for a accounts for a um significant um significant um significant um portion but I mean the majority is um portion but I mean the majority is um portion but I mean the majority is attributed to Hazard with attributed to Hazard with attributed to Hazard with disposal uh for excavation offside disposal uh for excavation offside disposal uh for excavation offside disposal u in this case because some of disposal u in this case because some of disposal u in this case because some of the contaminants uh were removed in so the contaminants uh were removed in so the contaminants uh were removed in so washing and some other were removed in washing and some other were removed in washing and some other were removed in thermodesorption uh we can see the thermodesorption uh we can see the thermodesorption uh we can see the energy consumption uh in Thal dsorption energy consumption uh in Thal dsorption energy consumption uh in Thal dsorption caused a um a a a a big um portion of caused a um a a a a big um portion of caused a um a a a a big um portion of the overall environmental cost of this the overall environmental cost of this the overall environmental cost of this alternative so by doing this um we can alternative so by doing this um we can alternative so by doing this um we can um come up with better Solutions I mean um come up with better Solutions I mean um come up with better Solutions I mean first of all is to select the optimum first of all is to select the optimum first of all is to select the optimum between different Alternatives in other between different Alternatives in other between different Alternatives in other is I mean more recently we are seeing is I mean more recently we are seeing is I mean more recently we are seeing increasing interest in nature based increasing interest in nature based increasing interest in nature based solution um and these B Solutions can solution um and these B Solutions can solution um and these B Solutions can offer uh great social economic and offer uh great social economic and offer uh great social economic and environmental environmental environmental benefits just to give a few examples P benefits just to give a few examples P benefits just to give a few examples P um here in this case um practitioner um here in this case um practitioner um here in this case um practitioner used the constructed weatherland to used the constructed weatherland to used the constructed weatherland to treat the contaminated water at a broni treat the contaminated water at a broni treat the contaminated water at a broni site and in this case uh people are site and in this case uh people are site and in this case uh people are combining landscape design with phal combining landscape design with phal combining landscape design with phal remediation uh and in this case um remediation uh and in this case um remediation uh and in this case um practitioners develop bronfield uh and practitioners develop bronfield uh and practitioners develop bronfield uh and converted into industrial Heritage Park converted into industrial Heritage Park converted into industrial Heritage Park um so these nature based Solutions um so these nature based Solutions um so these nature based Solutions um really offer a lot of benefits but on really offer a lot of benefits but on really offer a lot of benefits but on the other hand uh we also need to look the other hand uh we also need to look the other hand uh we also need to look at the resilience of um different at the resilience of um different at the resilience of um different remedial Alternatives including nature remedial Alternatives including nature remedial Alternatives including nature based Solutions uh we did one study for based Solutions uh we did one study for based Solutions uh we did one study for a um study site in in the San Francisco a um study site in in the San Francisco a um study site in in the San Francisco Bay area and U what we did was to Bay area and U what we did was to Bay area and U what we did was to evaluate a phal remediation system along evaluate a phal remediation system along evaluate a phal remediation system along the coast line it sa a huge cost for the the coast line it sa a huge cost for the the coast line it sa a huge cost for the set owner we estimated that the F remed set owner we estimated that the F remed set owner we estimated that the F remed system can save uh over 90% of the cost system can save uh over 90% of the cost system can save uh over 90% of the cost in comparison with um bio remediation or in comparison with um bio remediation or in comparison with um bio remediation or insute chemical insute chemical insute chemical Foundation however um we also uh want to Foundation however um we also uh want to Foundation however um we also uh want to look at uh the scenario of global change look at uh the scenario of global change look at uh the scenario of global change most specifically uh the rising sea most specifically uh the rising sea most specifically uh the rising sea level uh because the F remediation uh level uh because the F remediation uh level uh because the F remediation uh system in this case case is a long-term system in this case case is a long-term system in this case case is a long-term risk management uh system and what we risk management uh system and what we risk management uh system and what we found was that under uh low or more found was that under uh low or more found was that under uh low or more moderate level of sea level rise um the moderate level of sea level rise um the moderate level of sea level rise um the system has good resilience but under system has good resilience but under system has good resilience but under high sea level rise scenario uh the high sea level rise scenario uh the high sea level rise scenario uh the system can um pass in the tpping point system can um pass in the tpping point system can um pass in the tpping point and fail abruptly uh toward the end I I want to abruptly uh toward the end I I want to abruptly uh toward the end I I want to talk a little bit about the adoption of talk a little bit about the adoption of talk a little bit about the adoption of Greenland remediation both globally and Greenland remediation both globally and Greenland remediation both globally and in in in China um here um I'm showing a um survey China um here um I'm showing a um survey China um here um I'm showing a um survey study that we did um several years ago study that we did um several years ago study that we did um several years ago what we found was that um in developed what we found was that um in developed what we found was that um in developed countries the adoption rate is relative countries the adoption rate is relative countries the adoption rate is relative high and in developing countries is high and in developing countries is high and in developing countries is still relatively still relatively still relatively low um we also did a um survey in China low um we also did a um survey in China low um we also did a um survey in China uh we found that um people um have heard uh we found that um people um have heard uh we found that um people um have heard of or know some thing about the graen of or know some thing about the graen of or know some thing about the graen and sustain liation uh and nearly all and sustain liation uh and nearly all and sustain liation uh and nearly all the um survey participants we survey the the um survey participants we survey the the um survey participants we survey the nearly 300 participants um remediation nearly 300 participants um remediation nearly 300 participants um remediation practitioners in China we found that practitioners in China we found that practitioners in China we found that nearly all of them consider nearly all of them consider nearly all of them consider sustainability necessary uh in becoming sustainability necessary uh in becoming sustainability necessary uh in becoming a criteria in choosing remedies um however um it's not remedies um however um it's not remedies um however um it's not effective uh it's not effectively uh effective uh it's not effectively uh effective uh it's not effectively uh being adopted in China and uh with that being adopted in China and uh with that being adopted in China and uh with that in mind um I led a team um in China to in mind um I led a team um in China to in mind um I led a team um in China to develop the first green and sustainable develop the first green and sustainable develop the first green and sustainable remediation technal standard we started remediation technal standard we started remediation technal standard we started uh to work on it in 2016 uh after four uh to work on it in 2016 uh after four uh to work on it in 2016 uh after four years we were able to uh publish it in years we were able to uh publish it in years we were able to uh publish it in 2020 and this is a screenshot of the 2020 and this is a screenshot of the 2020 and this is a screenshot of the final uh technal standard um so for the future um to in standard um so for the future um to in standard um so for the future um to in order to promote green and sustainable order to promote green and sustainable order to promote green and sustainable remediation we think we need to educate remediation we think we need to educate remediation we think we need to educate um both college students and um both college students and um both college students and professionals and the general professionals and the general professionals and the general public and as for technology development public and as for technology development public and as for technology development we needed to conduct more research on we needed to conduct more research on we needed to conduct more research on Institute remediation which tended to Institute remediation which tended to Institute remediation which tended to have a smaller environment for the print have a smaller environment for the print have a smaller environment for the print we need to minimize energy and material we need to minimize energy and material we need to minimize energy and material consumption develop Innovative green consumption develop Innovative green consumption develop Innovative green remediate materials and probably uh we remediate materials and probably uh we remediate materials and probably uh we also need to promote the adoption of also need to promote the adoption of also need to promote the adoption of monit natural tation techniques uh I think I probably have techniques uh I think I probably have techniques uh I think I probably have like one minute left I want to give a like one minute left I want to give a like one minute left I want to give a short introduction of inap the short introduction of inap the short introduction of inap the international Network on soil pollution international Network on soil pollution international Network on soil pollution um inap um aims to um facilitate the um inap um aims to um facilitate the um inap um aims to um facilitate the global agenda on stoping soil pollution global agenda on stoping soil pollution global agenda on stoping soil pollution and achieving the global goal of zero and achieving the global goal of zero and achieving the global goal of zero pollution uh we want to work with our pollution uh we want to work with our pollution uh we want to work with our members to improve knowledge on the full members to improve knowledge on the full members to improve knowledge on the full cycle of soil pollution for assessment cycle of soil pollution for assessment cycle of soil pollution for assessment to remediation as well as on the effect to remediation as well as on the effect to remediation as well as on the effect on environmental and human health and on environmental and human health and on environmental and human health and the provision of so ecosystem functions the provision of so ecosystem functions the provision of so ecosystem functions and services we aim to strengthen and services we aim to strengthen and services we aim to strengthen technical capacities and the legislative technical capacities and the legislative technical capacities and the legislative framework for the prevention of framework for the prevention of framework for the prevention of pollution and to promote the exchange of pollution and to promote the exchange of pollution and to promote the exchange of experiences and Technologies for experiences and Technologies for experiences and Technologies for sustainable management and Remediation sustainable management and Remediation sustainable management and Remediation of poed soil and on this uh slide I also of poed soil and on this uh slide I also of poed soil and on this uh slide I also have a barcode um you're welcome to scan have a barcode um you're welcome to scan have a barcode um you're welcome to scan the QR code um to join inside but the QR code um to join inside but the QR code um to join inside but there's a very short survey form um once there's a very short survey form um once there's a very short survey form um once you submit that survey form you will um you submit that survey form you will um you submit that survey form you will um automatically become a member of insa automatically become a member of insa automatically become a member of insa you will receive regular update on insa you will receive regular update on insa you will receive regular update on insa activities and also we send out newars activities and also we send out newars activities and also we send out newars about global um activities on soil about global um activities on soil about global um activities on soil pollution um and also we regularly pollution um and also we regularly pollution um and also we regularly organiz organiz organiz seminars conferences and we also have seminars conferences and we also have seminars conferences and we also have seven working groups which we plan to seven working groups which we plan to seven working groups which we plan to work on a number of uh technical work on a number of uh technical work on a number of uh technical guidelines standard operating procedures guidelines standard operating procedures guidelines standard operating procedures and Etc uh you're welcome to join inap and Etc uh you're welcome to join inap and Etc uh you're welcome to join inap and join our working groups to and join our working groups to and join our working groups to contribute to This Global effort thank contribute to This Global effort thank contribute to This Global effort thank you very you very you very much well no thanks very much thanks to much well no thanks very much thanks to much well no thanks very much thanks to you Dave for absolutely fascinating talk you Dave for absolutely fascinating talk you Dave for absolutely fascinating talk particularly introducing um the concepts particularly introducing um the concepts particularly introducing um the concepts of sustainable and green remediation of sustainable and green remediation of sustainable and green remediation I've learned quite a lot actually doing I've learned quite a lot actually doing I've learned quite a lot actually doing that and really great to see all those that and really great to see all those that and really great to see all those case studies and you know particularly case studies and you know particularly case studies and you know particularly those sort of tertiary impacts as well those sort of tertiary impacts as well those sort of tertiary impacts as well doing the life cycle analysis you don't doing the life cycle analysis you don't doing the life cycle analysis you don't you know I tend to think at the site you know I tend to think at the site you know I tend to think at the site level but actually looking beyond that level but actually looking beyond that level but actually looking beyond that it's really really fascinating so uh it's really really fascinating so uh it's really really fascinating so uh yeah thanks very much um and so i' just yeah thanks very much um and so i' just yeah thanks very much um and so i' just like to remind you all that we'll be um like to remind you all that we'll be um like to remind you all that we'll be um uh be able to ask questions at the end uh be able to ask questions at the end uh be able to ask questions at the end so after Paul's talk so if You' got any so after Paul's talk so if You' got any so after Paul's talk so if You' got any questions for da please type them in the questions for da please type them in the questions for da please type them in the question box and I'll come back to them question box and I'll come back to them question box and I'll come back to them um at the end after Paul has finished um at the end after Paul has finished um at the end after Paul has finished his talk so on to our next speaker um his talk so on to our next speaker um his talk so on to our next speaker um who's Dr Paul nathanel and he's a who's Dr Paul nathanel and he's a who's Dr Paul nathanel and he's a specialist in land condition and a suit specialist in land condition and a suit specialist in land condition and a suit to be qualified person under the nqms to be qualified person under the nqms to be qualified person under the nqms and he's also a chartered and he's also a chartered and he's also a chartered geologist he's director at the land geologist he's director at the land geologist he's director at the land quality management limited and this quality management limited and this quality management limited and this company offers a specialist services in company offers a specialist services in company offers a specialist services in the assessment and Remediation of the assessment and Remediation of the assessment and Remediation of contaminated sites contaminated sites contaminated sites um he's got a long-standing interest in um he's got a long-standing interest in um he's got a long-standing interest in improving Professional Standards so that improving Professional Standards so that improving Professional Standards so that links quite nicely today's uh last slide links quite nicely today's uh last slide links quite nicely today's uh last slide on education but also particularly on education but also particularly on education but also particularly Professional Standards in in Professional Standards in in Professional Standards in in specifically in land contamination risk specifically in land contamination risk specifically in land contamination risk management and sustainable Brownfield management and sustainable Brownfield management and sustainable Brownfield regeneration uh he's consulted on and regeneration uh he's consulted on and regeneration uh he's consulted on and provided expert evidence for many provided expert evidence for many provided expert evidence for many landfill Redevelopment projects and landfill Redevelopment projects and landfill Redevelopment projects and finally he'd led the team who write finally he'd led the team who write finally he'd led the team who write wrote the iso standard um on sustainable wrote the iso standard um on sustainable wrote the iso standard um on sustainable remediation so really uh delighted to remediation so really uh delighted to remediation so really uh delighted to welcome you Paul and over to you thanks welcome you Paul and over to you thanks welcome you Paul and over to you thanks very much thank you very much indeed um very much thank you very much indeed um very much thank you very much indeed um I think we're going to go from the I think we're going to go from the I think we're going to go from the global and the city scale down to the global and the city scale down to the global and the city scale down to the site scale in what I'm going to talk site scale in what I'm going to talk site scale in what I'm going to talk about uh thank you very much for the about uh thank you very much for the about uh thank you very much for the invitation uh I'm delighted that as a invitation uh I'm delighted that as a invitation uh I'm delighted that as a member of the society uh to see soil and member of the society uh to see soil and member of the society uh to see soil and Remediation being given the the kind of Remediation being given the the kind of Remediation being given the the kind of profile uh that this webinar is giving profile uh that this webinar is giving profile uh that this webinar is giving it um I have a broad background um spent 20 um I have a broad background um spent 20 um I have a broad background um spent 20 25 years as an academic um ending up as 25 years as an academic um ending up as 25 years as an academic um ending up as the professor of engineering geology at the professor of engineering geology at the professor of engineering geology at the University of Nottingham um working the University of Nottingham um working the University of Nottingham um working with the Geological Survey I run a with the Geological Survey I run a with the Geological Survey I run a European Brownfield Network called cavan European Brownfield Network called cavan European Brownfield Network called cavan and next week I am in Melbourne giving and next week I am in Melbourne giving and next week I am in Melbourne giving the closing pler at the Eco Forum sustr the closing pler at the Eco Forum sustr the closing pler at the Eco Forum sustr the international sustainable the international sustainable the international sustainable remediation conference uh in Melbourne remediation conference uh in Melbourne remediation conference uh in Melbourne on Thursday evening Australia austa time on Thursday evening Australia austa time on Thursday evening Australia austa time um that's lqm we do all kind of cool um that's lqm we do all kind of cool um that's lqm we do all kind of cool stuff that's not what you're here to stuff that's not what you're here to stuff that's not what you're here to listen to the process of land listen to the process of land listen to the process of land contamination risk contamination risk contamination risk management involves an initial stage of management involves an initial stage of management involves an initial stage of risk assessment a diagnosis if you will risk assessment a diagnosis if you will risk assessment a diagnosis if you will Houston we have a problem stage two is Houston we have a problem stage two is Houston we have a problem stage two is the process of prescribing a solution so the process of prescribing a solution so the process of prescribing a solution so identifying feasible options evaluating identifying feasible options evaluating identifying feasible options evaluating them choosing and then stage three is them choosing and then stage three is them choosing and then stage three is the actual remediation itself it's the the actual remediation itself it's the the actual remediation itself it's the operation or The Taking of the medicine operation or The Taking of the medicine operation or The Taking of the medicine where you develop a remediation strategy where you develop a remediation strategy where you develop a remediation strategy implement it and provide a verification implement it and provide a verification implement it and provide a verification report that everything went hunky dorly report that everything went hunky dorly report that everything went hunky dorly the structure is the structure of the structure is the structure of the structure is the structure of guidance that is followed in the United guidance that is followed in the United guidance that is followed in the United Kingdom um and the link to that is at Kingdom um and the link to that is at Kingdom um and the link to that is at the bottom of my the bottom of my the bottom of my slide I've highlighted a um in Gold slide I've highlighted a um in Gold slide I've highlighted a um in Gold where sustainable remediation comes in where sustainable remediation comes in where sustainable remediation comes in and in green where Greening your and in green where Greening your and in green where Greening your remediation comes in so we've already remediation comes in so we've already remediation comes in so we've already established that there is a problem the established that there is a problem the established that there is a problem the risk assessment tells you that there is risk assessment tells you that there is risk assessment tells you that there is a need to a need to a need to remediate how am I going to remediate remediate how am I going to remediate remediate how am I going to remediate well I have to have a feasible option well I have to have a feasible option well I have to have a feasible option and then I can choose how I'm going to and then I can choose how I'm going to and then I can choose how I'm going to evaluate my short list of options evaluate my short list of options evaluate my short list of options I might look at the cheapest the I might look at the cheapest the I might look at the cheapest the quickest or I can look at the most U quickest or I can look at the most U quickest or I can look at the most U most sustainable of my um shortlisted most sustainable of my um shortlisted most sustainable of my um shortlisted options and then I need to choose that options and then I need to choose that options and then I need to choose that option having chosen that option you option having chosen that option you option having chosen that option you then enter into a process of Designing then enter into a process of Designing then enter into a process of Designing what you're going to do getting the what you're going to do getting the what you're going to do getting the permits and everything else and at that permits and everything else and at that permits and everything else and at that point you can look at Greening your point you can look at Greening your point you can look at Greening your remediation strategy and there's some remediation strategy and there's some remediation strategy and there's some excellent guidance from the US excellent guidance from the US excellent guidance from the US Environmental Protection Agency on how Environmental Protection Agency on how Environmental Protection Agency on how to green your remediation strategy along to green your remediation strategy along to green your remediation strategy along side that you can also value engineer it side that you can also value engineer it side that you can also value engineer it you can look at where the money is being you can look at where the money is being you can look at where the money is being spent and when it is being spent and see spent and when it is being spent and see spent and when it is being spent and see if you can achieve the same thing but if you can achieve the same thing but if you can achieve the same thing but without spending that level of money so without spending that level of money so without spending that level of money so I'm drawing a very big difference I'm drawing a very big difference I'm drawing a very big difference between sustainable remediation at the between sustainable remediation at the between sustainable remediation at the options appraisal stage and then options appraisal stage and then options appraisal stage and then Greening The Chosen option at the Greening The Chosen option at the Greening The Chosen option at the detailed development and design detailed development and design detailed development and design stage the international um standards stage the international um standards stage the international um standards organization definition um involves organization definition um involves organization definition um involves recognizing the need to manage your risk recognizing the need to manage your risk recognizing the need to manage your risk demonstrably breaking that Source demonstrably breaking that Source demonstrably breaking that Source pathway receptor pathway receptor pathway receptor relationship and the way that we relationship and the way that we relationship and the way that we describe that as sustainable remediation describe that as sustainable remediation describe that as sustainable remediation I seem to there we go um is by managing I seem to there we go um is by managing I seem to there we go um is by managing that risk by either eliminating ating or that risk by either eliminating ating or that risk by either eliminating ating or controlling controlling controlling it in a safe and timely manner that's it in a safe and timely manner that's it in a safe and timely manner that's just good just good just good remediation what makes it sustainable is remediation what makes it sustainable is remediation what makes it sustainable is balancing the environmental the social balancing the environmental the social balancing the environmental the social and the economic value of the work you and the economic value of the work you and the economic value of the work you cannot maximize all three that's cannot maximize all three that's cannot maximize all three that's impossible um but you're looking for a impossible um but you're looking for a impossible um but you're looking for a sweet sweet sweet spot and the definition of unacceptable spot and the definition of unacceptable spot and the definition of unacceptable risk is a matter for the law the risk is a matter for the law the risk is a matter for the law the government the jurisdiction of the area government the jurisdiction of the area government the jurisdiction of the area that your site sits that your site sits that your site sits in the international standard which has in the international standard which has in the international standard which has also been adopted as a British and also been adopted as a British and also been adopted as a British and Australian standard now provides a Australian standard now provides a Australian standard now provides a standard methodology for identifying the standard methodology for identifying the standard methodology for identifying the most sustainable option and defines most sustainable option and defines most sustainable option and defines words so everybody means the same thing words so everybody means the same thing words so everybody means the same thing when they use a particular when they use a particular when they use a particular word in philosophical terms we're word in philosophical terms we're word in philosophical terms we're looking at the relative sustainability looking at the relative sustainability looking at the relative sustainability of different courses of action of of different courses of action of of different courses of action of different remediation different remediation different remediation strategies and we recognize the strategies and we recognize the strategies and we recognize the importance of promoting sustainable importance of promoting sustainable importance of promoting sustainable remediation early in the planning and uh remediation early in the planning and uh remediation early in the planning and uh stage of a project and then later on in stage of a project and then later on in stage of a project and then later on in the implementation stage as the implementation stage as the implementation stage as well what the standard does not seek to well what the standard does not seek to well what the standard does not seek to do is tell you how you must do the do is tell you how you must do the do is tell you how you must do the assessment assessment assessment life cycle analysis is a really life cycle analysis is a really life cycle analysis is a really sophisticated and expensive way of sophisticated and expensive way of sophisticated and expensive way of looking at things and if you need to do looking at things and if you need to do looking at things and if you need to do that then great but do it as simply as that then great but do it as simply as that then great but do it as simply as possible famous English monk oam talked possible famous English monk oam talked possible famous English monk oam talked about if you've got two alternative about if you've got two alternative about if you've got two alternative courses of action or two alternative courses of action or two alternative courses of action or two alternative Solutions choose the simpler Solutions choose the simpler Solutions choose the simpler one it doesn't tell you what indicators one it doesn't tell you what indicators one it doesn't tell you what indicators you must use or how to measure them you must use or how to measure them you must use or how to measure them and it doesn't delve into the green or and it doesn't delve into the green or and it doesn't delve into the green or green and sustainable remediation um green and sustainable remediation um green and sustainable remediation um domain for the reason that I've shown on domain for the reason that I've shown on domain for the reason that I've shown on the previous the previous the previous slide slide slide so where does the iso come in it follows so where does the iso come in it follows so where does the iso come in it follows on from risk assessment the risk on from risk assessment the risk on from risk assessment the risk assessment says we need to do assessment says we need to do assessment says we need to do something it provides a standard something it provides a standard something it provides a standard methodology and it provides advice on methodology and it provides advice on methodology and it provides advice on identifying the relative sustainability identifying the relative sustainability identifying the relative sustainability of different of different of different options it does not mean you do less options it does not mean you do less options it does not mean you do less remediation it does not prescribe it remediation it does not prescribe it remediation it does not prescribe it advises and advises and advises and encourages so the sustainable encourages so the sustainable encourages so the sustainable remediation Triathlon in the year before remediation Triathlon in the year before remediation Triathlon in the year before of the next Olympics in Paris um there of the next Olympics in Paris um there of the next Olympics in Paris um there are three competitions three events are three competitions three events are three competitions three events going on at the same time for going on at the same time for going on at the same time for sustainability to have any meaning you sustainability to have any meaning you sustainability to have any meaning you need to look at the Environmental the need to look at the Environmental the need to look at the Environmental the economic and the economic and the economic and the social pillars so what you're looking social pillars so what you're looking social pillars so what you're looking for is greener for is greener for is greener remediation cheaper remediation cheaper remediation cheaper remediation and more socially acceptable remediation and more socially acceptable remediation and more socially acceptable more popular and I know that's not how more popular and I know that's not how more popular and I know that's not how you spell it which is why I put my e in you spell it which is why I put my e in you spell it which is why I put my e in italics but I wanted to be poetic and italics but I wanted to be poetic and italics but I wanted to be poetic and what we're looking for is to be here what we're looking for is to be here what we're looking for is to be here that's The Sweet Spot and you can see that's The Sweet Spot and you can see that's The Sweet Spot and you can see that there is a compromise there is an that there is a compromise there is an that there is a compromise there is an optimization across those three optimization across those three optimization across those three domains now I'm a big fan of Humpty domains now I'm a big fan of Humpty domains now I'm a big fan of Humpty Dumpty leis Carrol in through the Dumpty leis Carrol in through the Dumpty leis Carrol in through the Looking Glass quotes Humpty Dumpty who Looking Glass quotes Humpty Dumpty who Looking Glass quotes Humpty Dumpty who says when I use a word it means just says when I use a word it means just says when I use a word it means just what I choose it to mean neither more what I choose it to mean neither more what I choose it to mean neither more nor less the question is which is to be nor less the question is which is to be nor less the question is which is to be Master that's all and in this space Master that's all and in this space Master that's all and in this space words really matter because if we use words really matter because if we use words really matter because if we use the the same word but mean different the the same word but mean different the the same word but mean different things by it we will not be things by it we will not be things by it we will not be communicating very communicating very communicating very well so I want to draw the difference well so I want to draw the difference well so I want to draw the difference between between between sustainability and sustainable and I'm sustainability and sustainable and I'm sustainability and sustainable and I'm talking today about sustainable talking today about sustainable talking today about sustainable remediation sustainability is a noun remediation sustainability is a noun remediation sustainability is a noun it's in the ability to be maintained at it's in the ability to be maintained at it's in the ability to be maintained at a certain rate or a certain rate or a certain rate or level in Natural Earth system science level in Natural Earth system science level in Natural Earth system science type of thinking it's about avoiding the type of thinking it's about avoiding the type of thinking it's about avoiding the depletion of natural resources and the depletion of natural resources and the depletion of natural resources and the balance we're trying to maintain is an balance we're trying to maintain is an balance we're trying to maintain is an ecological ecological ecological balance IT addresses the concept of the balance IT addresses the concept of the balance IT addresses the concept of the ongoing capability of the planet to ongoing capability of the planet to ongoing capability of the planet to maintain life not not just human life maintain life not not just human life maintain life not not just human life but all but all but all life sustainable is an adjective it life sustainable is an adjective it life sustainable is an adjective it describes something the bruntland describes something the bruntland describes something the bruntland definition talks about sustain aable definition talks about sustain aable definition talks about sustain aable development here we are talking about development here we are talking about development here we are talking about sustainable remediation so working with the ISO remediation so working with the ISO remediation so working with the ISO definition how are we going to put that definition how are we going to put that definition how are we going to put that into operational practice to help us into operational practice to help us into operational practice to help us make make make decisions well in decisions well in decisions well in remediation what you must do is remediation what you must do is remediation what you must do is eliminate or control the risks and do eliminate or control the risks and do eliminate or control the risks and do that in a safe and timely manner that in a safe and timely manner that in a safe and timely manner what we want is to do what we want is to do what we want is to do that while looking at the environmental that while looking at the environmental that while looking at the environmental the social and the economic the social and the economic the social and the economic Dimensions so you have to do that Dimensions so you have to do that Dimensions so you have to do that otherwise it's not otherwise it's not otherwise it's not remediation and it would be good if we remediation and it would be good if we remediation and it would be good if we did it in this way sorry I got diverted by a flashing way sorry I got diverted by a flashing way sorry I got diverted by a flashing chat box chat box chat box um I want to look at what might be um I want to look at what might be um I want to look at what might be unsustainable remediation because that unsustainable remediation because that unsustainable remediation because that might help us when we think about what might help us when we think about what might help us when we think about what might be sustainable remediation so might be sustainable remediation so might be sustainable remediation so unsustainable remediation is really unsustainable remediation is really unsustainable remediation is really expensive just costs more than we can expensive just costs more than we can expensive just costs more than we can afford it upsets people or it leaves afford it upsets people or it leaves afford it upsets people or it leaves behind a damaged environment and I can behind a damaged environment and I can behind a damaged environment and I can think of examples of all three and maybe think of examples of all three and maybe think of examples of all three and maybe in questions we can bring that out the in questions we can bring that out the in questions we can bring that out the other type of UN sustainable remediation other type of UN sustainable remediation other type of UN sustainable remediation is failed remediation that just didn't is failed remediation that just didn't is failed remediation that just didn't do the job it didn't remove or control do the job it didn't remove or control do the job it didn't remove or control the risk the risk the risk or it left behind so much or it left behind so much or it left behind so much uncertainty that we're not sure if the uncertainty that we're not sure if the uncertainty that we're not sure if the risk was managed and I would argue that risk was managed and I would argue that risk was managed and I would argue that most fighter remediation would leave most fighter remediation would leave most fighter remediation would leave behind enough residual uncertainty to behind enough residual uncertainty to behind enough residual uncertainty to question whether it succeeded or not question whether it succeeded or not question whether it succeeded or not there you go there's a challenge for there you go there's a challenge for there you go there's a challenge for discuss discussion in a minute this is discuss discussion in a minute this is discuss discussion in a minute this is the structure of the iso standard it's the structure of the iso standard it's the structure of the iso standard it's only 24 pages only 24 pages only 24 pages long its scope every standard tells you long its scope every standard tells you long its scope every standard tells you what it's what it's what it's about and it's about the about and it's about the about and it's about the relative the comparison between relative the comparison between relative the comparison between alternative remediation strategies so some very important strategies so some very important strategies so some very important definitions an indic definitions an indic definitions an indic data is a data is a data is a characteristic that allows us to compare characteristic that allows us to compare characteristic that allows us to compare two or three more alternative two or three more alternative two or three more alternative remediation strategies and say this remediation strategies and say this remediation strategies and say this strategy is better than this one on the strategy is better than this one on the strategy is better than this one on the basis of this indicator it could be basis of this indicator it could be basis of this indicator it could be carbon footprint it could be jobs carbon footprint it could be jobs carbon footprint it could be jobs created it could be the net present created it could be the net present created it could be the net present value of the overall remediation value of the overall remediation value of the overall remediation cost the metric is how you're going to cost the metric is how you're going to cost the metric is how you're going to measure that indicator so if you have something that doesn't so if you have something that doesn't so if you have something that doesn't separate out doesn't differentiate two separate out doesn't differentiate two separate out doesn't differentiate two or more options don't waste your time or more options don't waste your time or more options don't waste your time trying to measure it because it's not trying to measure it because it's not trying to measure it because it's not going to help you the governance context under which you the governance context under which you the governance context under which these decisions take place are is really these decisions take place are is really these decisions take place are is really important the legal context the important the legal context the important the legal context the legislation the law is primary you have legislation the law is primary you have legislation the law is primary you have to have remediation that complies with to have remediation that complies with to have remediation that complies with the the the law then you have institutional missions law then you have institutional missions law then you have institutional missions in commercial terms the ESG policy of an in commercial terms the ESG policy of an in commercial terms the ESG policy of an organization recognizing that what might organization recognizing that what might organization recognizing that what might work in one part of the world may not work in one part of the world may not work in one part of the world may not work in work in work in another and that the technical outcome another and that the technical outcome another and that the technical outcome has to be acceptable to public has to be acceptable to public has to be acceptable to public authorities and the authorities and the authorities and the public keep it simple and the standard public keep it simple and the standard public keep it simple and the standard says that in quite strong terms the says that in quite strong terms the says that in quite strong terms the simplest is qualitative simplest is qualitative simplest is qualitative evaluation I I'm not a very great Runner evaluation I I'm not a very great Runner evaluation I I'm not a very great Runner but I really enjoyed watching Usain Bolt but I really enjoyed watching Usain Bolt but I really enjoyed watching Usain Bolt the world's fastest man over 100 meters the world's fastest man over 100 meters the world's fastest man over 100 meters Win race after race after race you Win race after race after race you Win race after race after race you didn't need a photo finish to see that didn't need a photo finish to see that didn't need a photo finish to see that he had won the race there was enough gap he had won the race there was enough gap he had won the race there was enough gap between him and the second place person between him and the second place person between him and the second place person that you same bot was the C clear winner that you same bot was the C clear winner that you same bot was the C clear winner keep it keep it keep it simple you might need to go to a simple you might need to go to a simple you might need to go to a semi-quantitative approach using things semi-quantitative approach using things semi-quantitative approach using things like pairwise comparison and like pairwise comparison and like pairwise comparison and multicriteria multicriteria multicriteria Analysis very very rarely do you need to Analysis very very rarely do you need to Analysis very very rarely do you need to go to a fully cost benefit analysis or a go to a fully cost benefit analysis or a go to a fully cost benefit analysis or a full life cycle uh assessment those are full life cycle uh assessment those are full life cycle uh assessment those are resource intensive time consuming resource intensive time consuming resource intensive time consuming expensive steps that don't help most of expensive steps that don't help most of expensive steps that don't help most of the the the time so a simple time so a simple time so a simple example we have a heating fuel delivery example we have a heating fuel delivery example we have a heating fuel delivery to a house that went wrong and the fuel to a house that went wrong and the fuel to a house that went wrong and the fuel was spilt it's polluted the groundwater was spilt it's polluted the groundwater was spilt it's polluted the groundwater in a shallow sand and gravel aquifer the in a shallow sand and gravel aquifer the in a shallow sand and gravel aquifer the water table is 3 MERS depth and the free water table is 3 MERS depth and the free water table is 3 MERS depth and the free product has already been recovered so product has already been recovered so product has already been recovered so we're really worrying about what's we're really worrying about what's we're really worrying about what's dissolved in the ground dissolved in the ground dissolved in the ground water so the risk assessment says we've water so the risk assessment says we've water so the risk assessment says we've got contamination in the ground ground got contamination in the ground ground got contamination in the ground ground water and we need to do something about water and we need to do something about water and we need to do something about it the shortlisted feasible options are it the shortlisted feasible options are it the shortlisted feasible options are air sparing biosparging or monitored air sparing biosparging or monitored air sparing biosparging or monitored natural attenuation so we're going to natural attenuation so we're going to natural attenuation so we're going to compare those three and see which is the compare those three and see which is the compare those three and see which is the most sustainable shortlisted most sustainable shortlisted most sustainable shortlisted option so I could do pairwise comparison option so I could do pairwise comparison option so I could do pairwise comparison where I say option comparing option b where I say option comparing option b where I say option comparing option b against option A and you can say B is against option A and you can say B is against option A and you can say B is three times more cost cost effective three times more cost cost effective three times more cost cost effective than a and so on so we have a number of than a and so on so we have a number of than a and so on so we have a number of Dimensions we have cost Dimensions we have cost Dimensions we have cost Effectiveness uh we have social Effectiveness uh we have social Effectiveness uh we have social acceptability oops up here looking at four dimensions now we here looking at four dimensions now we here looking at four dimensions now we have the have the have the economic we have the economic we have the economic we have the social we have the social we have the social we have the environmental and because I've got two environmental and because I've got two environmental and because I've got two matrices with four half I had a fourth matrices with four half I had a fourth matrices with four half I had a fourth bit so over bit so over bit so over here I had the ease with which you can here I had the ease with which you can here I had the ease with which you can verify that the remediation verify that the remediation verify that the remediation worked and what we've done on here and worked and what we've done on here and worked and what we've done on here and this is an exercise I've done with this is an exercise I've done with this is an exercise I've done with groups both professionals and Master's groups both professionals and Master's groups both professionals and Master's level students we've compared those level students we've compared those level students we've compared those three shortlisted three shortlisted three shortlisted options and what we see that there is an options and what we see that there is an options and what we see that there is an obvious obvious obvious winner winner winner of those three options monitored natural of those three options monitored natural of those three options monitored natural attenuation comes out time and again as attenuation comes out time and again as attenuation comes out time and again as being better than air sparging and being better than air sparging and being better than air sparging and biosparging so under cost Effectiveness biosparging so under cost Effectiveness biosparging so under cost Effectiveness m&amp;amp; is the cheapest it's the most m&amp;amp; is the cheapest it's the most m&amp;amp; is the cheapest it's the most socially acceptable it has the lowest socially acceptable it has the lowest socially acceptable it has the lowest environmental impact it is however environmental impact it is however environmental impact it is however because it's a long-term process the one because it's a long-term process the one because it's a long-term process the one that would lose out on the ease of that would lose out on the ease of that would lose out on the ease of verification so we have three gold verification so we have three gold verification so we have three gold medals to m&amp;amp;a and one to Air sparging medals to m&amp;amp;a and one to Air sparging medals to m&amp;amp;a and one to Air sparging and therefore on that basis m&amp;amp;a comes and therefore on that basis m&amp;amp;a comes and therefore on that basis m&amp;amp;a comes top of the medal top of the medal top of the medal table so a table so a table so a checklist if somebody claims they are checklist if somebody claims they are checklist if somebody claims they are doing sustainable remediation and you'll doing sustainable remediation and you'll doing sustainable remediation and you'll see that in papers and advertisements see that in papers and advertisements see that in papers and advertisements and so on check have they thought about and so on check have they thought about and so on check have they thought about all three all three all three dimensions or do they simply mean dimensions or do they simply mean dimensions or do they simply mean something is quite trivial or only a something is quite trivial or only a something is quite trivial or only a partial answer partial answer partial answer answer claiming that I'm using renewable answer claiming that I'm using renewable answer claiming that I'm using renewable energy is good but it doesn't make it energy is good but it doesn't make it energy is good but it doesn't make it sustainable it's a little bit cheaper is sustainable it's a little bit cheaper is sustainable it's a little bit cheaper is good but it doesn't make it good but it doesn't make it good but it doesn't make it sustainable we reduce the number of sustainable we reduce the number of sustainable we reduce the number of times we drove to the site in a diesel times we drove to the site in a diesel times we drove to the site in a diesel powered vehicle is good but it doesn't powered vehicle is good but it doesn't powered vehicle is good but it doesn't make it sustainable we produce less make it sustainable we produce less make it sustainable we produce less waste we invited the community in for an waste we invited the community in for an waste we invited the community in for an open day to look at open day to look at open day to look at what we were doing and be transparent what we were doing and be transparent what we were doing and be transparent great idea it doesn't make it great idea it doesn't make it great idea it doesn't make it sustainable it's bio remediation and bio sustainable it's bio remediation and bio sustainable it's bio remediation and bio must be a good thing well it may be but must be a good thing well it may be but must be a good thing well it may be but it doesn't make it sustainable so this is a checklist that sustainable so this is a checklist that sustainable so this is a checklist that um the um the team in Surf Australia New um the um the team in Surf Australia New um the um the team in Surf Australia New Zealand of which I'm a member came up Zealand of which I'm a member came up Zealand of which I'm a member came up with a checklist for using the with a checklist for using the with a checklist for using the international standard which is also an international standard which is also an international standard which is also an Australian standard on a site make sure Australian standard on a site make sure Australian standard on a site make sure that you've got clear objectives you end that you've got clear objectives you end that you've got clear objectives you end up with a short list of things that up with a short list of things that up with a short list of things that could do the could do the could do the job you then agree the indicators for job you then agree the indicators for job you then agree the indicators for those Technologies at that those Technologies at that those Technologies at that site and that those indicators work for site and that those indicators work for site and that those indicators work for a combination of Technologies into a a combination of Technologies into a a combination of Technologies into a strategy you look at your three strategy you look at your three strategy you look at your three dimensions come out with your overall dimensions come out with your overall dimensions come out with your overall appraisal if there is a clear appraisal if there is a clear appraisal if there is a clear winner at a simple level winner at a simple level winner at a simple level great document the process how did you great document the process how did you great document the process how did you end up with your preferred option and end up with your preferred option and end up with your preferred option and then go on to stage three and develop then go on to stage three and develop then go on to stage three and develop the detail green your remediation value the detail green your remediation value the detail green your remediation value engineer it design it implement it engineer it design it implement it engineer it design it implement it verify it be careful be aware that no it be careful be aware that no it be careful be aware that no technology is sustainable it's a site technology is sustainable it's a site technology is sustainable it's a site specific specific specific decision be careful of people who just decision be careful of people who just decision be careful of people who just use sustainable as a flavoring because use sustainable as a flavoring because use sustainable as a flavoring because it sounds it sounds it sounds better be careful that most of the work better be careful that most of the work better be careful that most of the work is done by people who have a science or is done by people who have a science or is done by people who have a science or an engineering background not an an engineering background not an an engineering background not an anthropology social uh type of anthropology social uh type of anthropology social uh type of background be careful that local background be careful that local background be careful that local people's views what we call the Social people's views what we call the Social people's views what we call the Social license to operate is difficult to license to operate is difficult to license to operate is difficult to obtain difficult to maintain and very obtain difficult to maintain and very obtain difficult to maintain and very easy to lose so penultimate slide before we move lose so penultimate slide before we move lose so penultimate slide before we move on to the exciting part of the webinar on to the exciting part of the webinar on to the exciting part of the webinar which is your chance to ask us questions which is your chance to ask us questions which is your chance to ask us questions um I hope I've given you an insight into um I hope I've given you an insight into um I hope I've given you an insight into how to make this how to make this how to make this operational there is more that can be operational there is more that can be operational there is more that can be done things that I'm working on at the done things that I'm working on at the done things that I'm working on at the moment are carbon footprinting different moment are carbon footprinting different moment are carbon footprinting different remediation Technologies just finished remediation Technologies just finished remediation Technologies just finished that work hopefully it'll be published that work hopefully it'll be published that work hopefully it'll be published in the next couple of months and then in the next couple of months and then in the next couple of months and then looking at both climate change and the looking at both climate change and the looking at both climate change and the extreme weather events and how they extreme weather events and how they extreme weather events and how they impact on option appraisal and on the impact on option appraisal and on the impact on option appraisal and on the implementation of remediation strategies implementation of remediation strategies implementation of remediation strategies and this is work that we've done for the and this is work that we've done for the and this is work that we've done for the environment agency here in the UK and environment agency here in the UK and environment agency here in the UK and that I'll be talking about next week in that I'll be talking about next week in that I'll be talking about next week in Melbourne in the closing plenary of the Melbourne in the closing plenary of the Melbourne in the closing plenary of the Su sustr Su sustr Su sustr conference now that's on the remediation conference now that's on the remediation conference now that's on the remediation side on the the risk assessment side if side on the the risk assessment side if side on the the risk assessment side if we knew the risks better so doing a we knew the risks better so doing a we knew the risks better so doing a better preliminary risk assessment a better preliminary risk assessment a better preliminary risk assessment a more accurate quantitative risk more accurate quantitative risk more accurate quantitative risk assessment and better constraining the assessment and better constraining the assessment and better constraining the extent and the depth of extent and the depth of extent and the depth of remediation then we would make sure that remediation then we would make sure that remediation then we would make sure that we were doing as much remediation that we were doing as much remediation that we were doing as much remediation that was needed and no was needed and no was needed and no more and we could choose the most more and we could choose the most more and we could choose the most sustainable way to do the right amount sustainable way to do the right amount sustainable way to do the right amount neither too much nor too little neither too much nor too little neither too much nor too little remediation so with that I'm going to remediation so with that I'm going to remediation so with that I'm going to thank the society again for inviting me thank the society again for inviting me thank the society again for inviting me to be part of this webinar and and back to be part of this webinar and and back to be part of this webinar and and back and hopefully get some questions from and hopefully get some questions from and hopefully get some questions from you that's really great thanks very much you that's really great thanks very much you that's really great thanks very much Paul for taking us through that um quite Paul for taking us through that um quite Paul for taking us through that um quite I'm sure it took a very long time to I'm sure it took a very long time to I'm sure it took a very long time to come up with the standard I've got a come up with the standard I've got a come up with the standard I've got a couple of questions about that um this couple of questions about that um this couple of questions about that um this obviously is the Q&amp;amp;A session so both um obviously is the Q&amp;amp;A session so both um obviously is the Q&amp;amp;A session so both um Paul and Dave are able to um answer your Paul and Dave are able to um answer your Paul and Dave are able to um answer your questions so do submit them uh please questions so do submit them uh please questions so do submit them uh please type them in the questions box um type them in the questions box um type them in the questions box um because you're all muted so I will read because you're all muted so I will read because you're all muted so I will read them out on your behalf um to the them out on your behalf um to the them out on your behalf um to the panelists as well um I've got one but panelists as well um I've got one but panelists as well um I've got one but maybe want a couple actually of of maybe want a couple actually of of maybe want a couple actually of of questions lots of fascinating things questions lots of fascinating things questions lots of fascinating things um uh so one for Paul first I think I um uh so one for Paul first I think I um uh so one for Paul first I think I think you alluded to it in your think you alluded to it in your think you alluded to it in your presentation but to you know can you presentation but to you know can you presentation but to you know can you give us some examples then of UN give us some examples then of UN give us some examples then of UN sustainable sustainable sustainable remediation um yes remediation um yes remediation um yes um Let Let me give a particular example um Let Let me give a particular example um Let Let me give a particular example of um very unpopular of um very unpopular of um very unpopular remediation a a site in a part of the UK remediation a a site in a part of the UK remediation a a site in a part of the UK where the the process of choosing the where the the process of choosing the where the the process of choosing the remediation option was discussed with remediation option was discussed with remediation option was discussed with the local community each step of the way the local community each step of the way the local community each step of the way was agreed and when they came up with was agreed and when they came up with was agreed and when they came up with the final answer the community suddenly the final answer the community suddenly the final answer the community suddenly decided we don't like that we want you decided we don't like that we want you decided we don't like that we want you to dig it all up put it in a lorry and to dig it all up put it in a lorry and to dig it all up put it in a lorry and drive it a long distance away and drive it a long distance away and drive it a long distance away and putting the hold in the ground in putting the hold in the ground in putting the hold in the ground in somebody else's somebody else's somebody else's Community that's what happened that's an Community that's what happened that's an Community that's what happened that's an unpopular form of unpopular form of unpopular form of Remediation in uh California Where Da Remediation in uh California Where Da Remediation in uh California Where Da was uh talking about San Francisco in a was uh talking about San Francisco in a was uh talking about San Francisco in a different different different city a in an urban setting um city a in an urban setting um city a in an urban setting um radioactive contamination was remedi radioactive contamination was remedi radioactive contamination was remedi iated by encapsulating it in a big iated by encapsulating it in a big iated by encapsulating it in a big monolith and the remediation worked monolith and the remediation worked monolith and the remediation worked really well when the surrounded really well when the surrounded really well when the surrounded community over the years changed people community over the years changed people community over the years changed people moved out and saw new people came in moved out and saw new people came in moved out and saw new people came in they realized what this lump in the they realized what this lump in the they realized what this lump in the middle of their Community was they said middle of their Community was they said middle of their Community was they said we don't want radioactivity in the we don't want radioactivity in the we don't want radioactivity in the middle of our community there was no middle of our community there was no middle of our community there was no problem no risk but the decision was problem no risk but the decision was problem no risk but the decision was taken to go in and break this monolith taken to go in and break this monolith taken to go in and break this monolith up and take it somewhere else so those up and take it somewhere else so those up and take it somewhere else so those are unsustainable forms ofation yeah are unsustainable forms ofation yeah are unsustainable forms ofation yeah please remove it from our line of sight please remove it from our line of sight please remove it from our line of sight doesn't really deal with it does it so doesn't really deal with it does it so doesn't really deal with it does it so not managing risk no exactly yeah no not managing risk no exactly yeah no not managing risk no exactly yeah no that's great thanks thanks Paul um I've that's great thanks thanks Paul um I've that's great thanks thanks Paul um I've got a question coming I've got a couple got a question coming I've got a couple got a question coming I've got a couple more but I I'll save those for later so more but I I'll save those for later so more but I I'll save those for later so um how much do you consider Nano um how much do you consider Nano um how much do you consider Nano remediation as a successful remediation as a successful remediation as a successful insitu um remediation technique for insitu um remediation technique for insitu um remediation technique for soils so any of you got any experience soils so any of you got any experience soils so any of you got any experience with Nano remediation or any with Nano remediation or any with Nano remediation or any examples we we've been involved in an EU examples we we've been involved in an EU examples we we've been involved in an EU funded project called nanor but I'll let funded project called nanor but I'll let funded project called nanor but I'll let day answer first because I know that day answer first because I know that day answer first because I know that China's doing a lot of work on nanor China's doing a lot of work on nanor China's doing a lot of work on nanor remediation yeah yeah so for for Nal remediation yeah yeah so for for Nal remediation yeah yeah so for for Nal remediation I there's a lot of research remediation I there's a lot of research remediation I there's a lot of research going on um myself my research group has going on um myself my research group has going on um myself my research group has Deva a few variant all for nanomaterials Deva a few variant all for nanomaterials Deva a few variant all for nanomaterials for remed purpose so I I I think in that for remed purpose so I I I think in that for remed purpose so I I I think in that regard I mean um it's it's highly regard I mean um it's it's highly regard I mean um it's it's highly popular um but for actual project um is popular um but for actual project um is popular um but for actual project um is still quite un limited I mean uh for still quite un limited I mean uh for still quite un limited I mean uh for example when I did one project uh in the example when I did one project uh in the example when I did one project uh in the US for um uh the the reductive um US for um uh the the reductive um US for um uh the the reductive um remediation of contam site we look at remediation of contam site we look at remediation of contam site we look at the the CVI but at the end we didn't the the CVI but at the end we didn't the the CVI but at the end we didn't choose nanoia because it was four times choose nanoia because it was four times choose nanoia because it was four times more expensive than than the the the the more expensive than than the the the the more expensive than than the the the the the the traditional the micro um CVI so the the traditional the micro um CVI so the the traditional the micro um CVI so we didn't choose it um there also T is we didn't choose it um there also T is we didn't choose it um there also T is where in China um we did we did look where in China um we did we did look where in China um we did we did look into it but I mean at the end the the into it but I mean at the end the the into it but I mean at the end the the business decision um often uh relies business decision um often uh relies business decision um often uh relies upon the cost and I think I mean right upon the cost and I think I mean right upon the cost and I think I mean right now the cost is still not favorable for now the cost is still not favorable for now the cost is still not favorable for foration quite often yeah okay so it's foration quite often yeah okay so it's foration quite often yeah okay so it's it's it's it's been proven as successful it's it's it's been proven as successful it's it's it's been proven as successful but at the moment it's the the cost but at the moment it's the the cost but at the moment it's the the cost implication that is um I think the the implication that is um I think the the implication that is um I think the the position in Europe is is a bit different position in Europe is is a bit different position in Europe is is a bit different and the position in the UK is very and the position in the UK is very and the position in the UK is very different so I'll answer the European different so I'll answer the European different so I'll answer the European one first um the EU funded a project one first um the EU funded a project one first um the EU funded a project called nanor and I'd encourage you to called nanor and I'd encourage you to called nanor and I'd encourage you to look at the website on nanm if you if look at the website on nanm if you if look at the website on nanm if you if you can't find it drop me an email um you can't find it drop me an email um you can't find it drop me an email um there are a number of bulletins looking there are a number of bulletins looking there are a number of bulletins looking at the performance of different Nano at the performance of different Nano at the performance of different Nano particles including Nano uh zero veent particles including Nano uh zero veent particles including Nano uh zero veent ions that they referred to and how ions that they referred to and how ions that they referred to and how they've performed on real sites in a they've performed on real sites in a they've performed on real sites in a number of countries in Europe and they number of countries in Europe and they number of countries in Europe and they all work they all did the job uh our all work they all did the job uh our all work they all did the job uh our role in the project uh given that this role in the project uh given that this role in the project uh given that this was the first time that they were being was the first time that they were being was the first time that they were being injected into groundwater that was injected into groundwater that was injected into groundwater that was polluted was to provide a risk polluted was to provide a risk polluted was to provide a risk assessment that showed that these nanop assessment that showed that these nanop assessment that showed that these nanop particles would not themselves yeah particles would not themselves yeah particles would not themselves yeah cause the level of adverse impact that I cause the level of adverse impact that I cause the level of adverse impact that I talked about as being unsustainable we talked about as being unsustainable we talked about as being unsustainable we did that qualitatively before it did that qualitatively before it did that qualitatively before it happened to satisfy the regulators and happened to satisfy the regulators and happened to satisfy the regulators and then quantitatively when we had results then quantitatively when we had results then quantitatively when we had results afterwards show that things were okay in afterwards show that things were okay in afterwards show that things were okay in the UK we currently are not allowed to the UK we currently are not allowed to the UK we currently are not allowed to use nanop particles for remediation use nanop particles for remediation use nanop particles for remediation there is a there is a there is a moratorium that's been in place for moratorium that's been in place for moratorium that's been in place for several several several years and I think that nobody has years and I think that nobody has years and I think that nobody has bothered to go back and look at the fact bothered to go back and look at the fact bothered to go back and look at the fact we now know a lot more and therefore we now know a lot more and therefore we now know a lot more and therefore that moratorium can be lifted but that that moratorium can be lifted but that that moratorium can be lifted but that that's where we are in the UK that's where we are in the UK that's where we are in the UK okay no it's really helpful thanks both okay no it's really helpful thanks both okay no it's really helpful thanks both it's really um interesting thinking it's really um interesting thinking it's really um interesting thinking about the context and again there's about the context and again there's about the context and again there's another question about other kinds of another question about other kinds of another question about other kinds of legal and institutional priorities so legal and institutional priorities so legal and institutional priorities so you mentioned this Paul in your talk as you mentioned this Paul in your talk as you mentioned this Paul in your talk as well um so this is a question well um so this is a question well um so this is a question specifically about local authorities and specifically about local authorities and specifically about local authorities and whether you um you think that they whether you um you think that they whether you um you think that they should require the should require the should require the evaluation of the sustainability of evaluation of the sustainability of evaluation of the sustainability of proposed remediations as part of the proposed remediations as part of the proposed remediations as part of the contaminated land um contaminated land um contaminated land um strategies is that a UK specific one or strategies is that a UK specific one or strategies is that a UK specific one or yeah that's a UK specific one I think um yeah that's a UK specific one I think um yeah that's a UK specific one I think um okay it mentions local we well I mean I okay it mentions local we well I mean I okay it mentions local we well I mean I guess I guess it could also be um guess I guess it could also be um guess I guess it could also be um relevant for for non-uk okay local any relevant for for non-uk okay local any relevant for for non-uk okay local any local governance I guess so I'll take local governance I guess so I'll take local governance I guess so I'll take that but I'd be interested to see how that but I'd be interested to see how that but I'd be interested to see how you think the sustainable development you think the sustainable development you think the sustainable development goals are making a difference goals are making a difference goals are making a difference worldwide um but in in England worldwide um but in in England worldwide um but in in England specifically the national planning specifically the national planning specifically the national planning policy framework requires development to policy framework requires development to policy framework requires development to be sustainable development so the local be sustainable development so the local be sustainable development so the local authorities already have a authorities already have a authorities already have a responsibility and a duty to consider a responsibility and a duty to consider a responsibility and a duty to consider a planning application to see whether it planning application to see whether it planning application to see whether it constitutes sustainable development or constitutes sustainable development or constitutes sustainable development or not they have no choice yeah most not they have no choice yeah most not they have no choice yeah most development though isn't just about the development though isn't just about the development though isn't just about the remediation it's remediation as a remediation it's remediation as a remediation it's remediation as a enabler of some else and it's the enabler of some else and it's the enabler of some else and it's the something else that has to be something else that has to be something else that has to be sustainable and the remediation is part sustainable and the remediation is part sustainable and the remediation is part of the bigger picture so that that's of the bigger picture so that that's of the bigger picture so that that's something that I've talked about something that I've talked about something that I've talked about elsewhere there's another EU project elsewhere there's another EU project elsewhere there's another EU project called ombre hombr re that looked called ombre hombr re that looked called ombre hombr re that looked exactly at that and we were greedy we exactly at that and we were greedy we exactly at that and we were greedy we wanted our remediation to deliver more wanted our remediation to deliver more wanted our remediation to deliver more than just risk reduction material reuse than just risk reduction material reuse than just risk reduction material reuse using the volume that's been created using the volume that's been created using the volume that's been created when you're Excavating that kind of when you're Excavating that kind of when you're Excavating that kind of thing so have a look at ombre if you thing so have a look at ombre if you thing so have a look at ombre if you want in the UK it has to be sustainable want in the UK it has to be sustainable want in the UK it has to be sustainable development if you're going to get plan development if you're going to get plan development if you're going to get plan commission okay yeah thanks that's commission okay yeah thanks that's commission okay yeah thanks that's really comprehensive answer to that really comprehensive answer to that really comprehensive answer to that um a couple of other questions come in um a couple of other questions come in um a couple of other questions come in sorry I'm just having a look sorry I'm just having a look sorry I'm just having a look through so there's one actually link to through so there's one actually link to through so there's one actually link to so we mentioned sdgs obviously another so we mentioned sdgs obviously another so we mentioned sdgs obviously another buzzword is soil Health at the moment so buzzword is soil Health at the moment so buzzword is soil Health at the moment so there's currently a lot of interest in there's currently a lot of interest in there's currently a lot of interest in soil Health um so does you know do you soil Health um so does you know do you soil Health um so does you know do you think sustainable remediation addresses think sustainable remediation addresses think sustainable remediation addresses restoring the health of the soil a restoring the health of the soil a restoring the health of the soil a living living living thing under that thing under that thing under that context for both of you to answer so context for both of you to answer so context for both of you to answer so um yeah I I um Paul do you want to go um yeah I I um Paul do you want to go um yeah I I um Paul do you want to go first or no no I'll let you go I was first or no no I'll let you go I was first or no no I'll let you go I was hoping I had some C in my mind hoping I had some C in my mind hoping I had some C in my mind yeah is um is becoming um a new buzz yeah is um is becoming um a new buzz yeah is um is becoming um a new buzz word I guess um um so in China um the word I guess um um so in China um the word I guess um um so in China um the ministry of Environmental Protection ministry of Environmental Protection ministry of Environmental Protection changed this name to Ministry of ecology changed this name to Ministry of ecology changed this name to Ministry of ecology and environment this chocc several years and environment this chocc several years and environment this chocc several years ago and since then people have been ago and since then people have been ago and since then people have been wondering especially the policy makers wondering especially the policy makers wondering especially the policy makers right I we are the ministry of ecology right I we are the ministry of ecology right I we are the ministry of ecology and environment what do we do about the and environment what do we do about the and environment what do we do about the ecology because in the past it's always ecology because in the past it's always ecology because in the past it's always about a pollution prevention and about a pollution prevention and about a pollution prevention and Remediation so now for the soil part um Remediation so now for the soil part um Remediation so now for the soil part um the the policy makers are increasingly the the policy makers are increasingly the the policy makers are increasingly looking at um soil health and in fact my looking at um soil health and in fact my looking at um soil health and in fact my research group has given some um pretty research group has given some um pretty research group has given some um pretty big funding recently to study soil big funding recently to study soil big funding recently to study soil health and its relevance to soil health and its relevance to soil health and its relevance to soil pollution um so I I think this is this pollution um so I I think this is this pollution um so I I think this is this is a new trend and reflect what what is a new trend and reflect what what is a new trend and reflect what what people um are looking at systems from a people um are looking at systems from a people um are looking at systems from a broader View and look at soil as a broader View and look at soil as a broader View and look at soil as a living um system rather than um just living um system rather than um just living um system rather than um just some some mineral material yeah so I some some mineral material yeah so I some some mineral material yeah so I think this has um implications for think this has um implications for think this has um implications for remediation um in the past especially in remediation um in the past especially in remediation um in the past especially in China um High um treatment on the high China um High um treatment on the high China um High um treatment on the high temperature like I mean incineration or temperature like I mean incineration or temperature like I mean incineration or or co-processing with cement or co-processing with cement or co-processing with cement manufacturing uh was very popular but manufacturing uh was very popular but manufacturing uh was very popular but that treatment inevitably destroy the um that treatment inevitably destroy the um that treatment inevitably destroy the um the biodiversity so and and change the the biodiversity so and and change the the biodiversity so and and change the the the physical chemical properties uh the the physical chemical properties uh the the physical chemical properties uh it was totally okay in the past but I it was totally okay in the past but I it was totally okay in the past but I think looking in the future this will think looking in the future this will think looking in the future this will become less favorable and my hope is become less favorable and my hope is become less favorable and my hope is that this will help to promote a more that this will help to promote a more that this will help to promote a more sustainable um Alternatives in the remed sustainable um Alternatives in the remed sustainable um Alternatives in the remed industry industry industry yeah Jack I know we're running out have yeah Jack I know we're running out have yeah Jack I know we're running out have you got a very brief you got a very brief you got a very brief comment by soil and it depends on what comment by soil and it depends on what comment by soil and it depends on what you mean by Health soil is more than you mean by Health soil is more than you mean by Health soil is more than just a living system this is probably just a living system this is probably just a living system this is probably going to get me kicked out of the going to get me kicked out of the going to get me kicked out of the society because the soil underneath my society because the soil underneath my society because the soil underneath my house is principal function is to stop house is principal function is to stop house is principal function is to stop my house my house my house collapsing and and we need to recognize collapsing and and we need to recognize collapsing and and we need to recognize that Health means different things in that Health means different things in that Health means different things in different places the soil is doing different places the soil is doing different places the soil is doing different things for us yeah yeah no different things for us yeah yeah no different things for us yeah yeah no that that well that's a great point to that that well that's a great point to that that well that's a great point to finish off on actually so um I think finish off on actually so um I think finish off on actually so um I think thinking about that kind of thinking about that kind of thinking about that kind of multifunctionality and the lens at which multifunctionality and the lens at which multifunctionality and the lens at which we look at soils is really important so we look at soils is really important so we look at soils is really important so um no but thank you both really very um no but thank you both really very um no but thank you both really very much um you know I'd like to thank you much um you know I'd like to thank you much um you know I'd like to thank you on behalf of the society um of two on behalf of the society um of two on behalf of the society um of two fantastic present is Paul and day today fantastic present is Paul and day today fantastic present is Paul and day today uh for coming along to present um and uh for coming along to present um and uh for coming along to present um and thank you everybody on the call for thank you everybody on the call for thank you everybody on the call for attending uh you find a quick feedback attending uh you find a quick feedback attending uh you find a quick feedback form when you leave the webinar so form when you leave the webinar so form when you leave the webinar so please take the time to just fill that please take the time to just fill that please take the time to just fill that in as we mentioned at the beginning a in as we mentioned at the beginning a in as we mentioned at the beginning a recording will be available after the recording will be available after the recording will be available after the event so that will be available on our event so that will be available on our event so that will be available on our YouTube channel um just want to YouTube channel um just want to YouTube channel um just want to highlight a couple of upcoming events highlight a couple of upcoming events highlight a couple of upcoming events obviously our annual conference uh is at obviously our annual conference uh is at obviously our annual conference uh is at the end of the year so this takes place the end of the year so this takes place the end of the year so this takes place on the 4th and 5th of December in on the 4th and 5th of December in on the 4th and 5th of December in Belfast we've got a brilliant program so Belfast we've got a brilliant program so Belfast we've got a brilliant program so please do um check the website there and please do um check the website there and please do um check the website there and you'll be able to register for that you'll be able to register for that you'll be able to register for that event too we really look forward to event too we really look forward to event too we really look forward to seeing you um we're also running another seeing you um we're also running another seeing you um we're also running another training course in November so this is training course in November so this is training course in November so this is an agricultural land classification an agricultural land classification an agricultural land classification course that will be based at Cranfield course that will be based at Cranfield course that will be based at Cranfield University on the 22nd and 23rd of University on the 22nd and 23rd of University on the 22nd and 23rd of November so again do check out our November so again do check out our November so again do check out our website and there's details there on how website and there's details there on how website and there's details there on how to book our next webinar which will be to book our next webinar which will be to book our next webinar which will be the final one for this year is on the final one for this year is on the final one for this year is on Wednesday the 1st of November please do Wednesday the 1st of November please do Wednesday the 1st of November please do put the date in your Diaries the topic put the date in your Diaries the topic put the date in your Diaries the topic has been to be confirmed so check the has been to be confirmed so check the has been to be confirmed so check the website um and also uh register for that website um and also uh register for that website um and also uh register for that ahead of time um and yeah just Fally I ahead of time um and yeah just Fally I ahead of time um and yeah just Fally I hope to see you all these future events hope to see you all these future events hope to see you all these future events and thanks very much for attending and and thanks very much for attending and and thanks very much for attending and goodbye<br /> }}</div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Zoom_into_Soil:_Microplastics&diff=11792 2026-05-29T14:07:25Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Ajoute les transcriptions YouTube aux pages vidéo qui n&#039;en ont pas - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/435</p> <hr /> <div>{{vidéo<br /> | Titre = Zoom into Soil: Microplastics<br /> | Producteur = British Society of Soil Science<br /> | Vignette = Thumbnail_youtube_gjsjtPcdSF4.jpg<br /> | Date de mise en ligne = 2023-04-05<br /> | Durée = 61 minutes<br /> | Production = <br /> | Vidéo = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gjsjtPcdSF4<br /> | Intervenants 0 = Professor Matthias C. Rillig<br /> | Intervenants 1 = Dr. Taru Sandén<br /> | Mots-clés = NBSOIL<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Welcome to the Zoom into Soil: Microplastics webinar from the British Society of Soil Science.<br /> <br /> .<br /> <br /> Supported by the Soil Science Society of Ireland, Professor Matthias C. Rillig, Director of the Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, and Dr. Taru Sandén, Senior Expert at the Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), present and discuss the topic of microplastics.<br /> <br /> .<br /> <br /> Our first speaker is Professor Matthias C. Rillig who presents 'Microplastic effects in soils', providing a conceptual overview of the topic of microplastics and their effect on soils. Matthias is a Professor of Plant Ecology at the Free University of Berlin and is Director of the Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research. He has a PhD in Ecology from the University of California at Davis/San Diego State University, and has written and contributed to many published works in this field. Matthias manages The Rillig Lab at the Free University of Berlin that mentors and supports students and researchers of plant, fungal and soil ecology. They carry out projects around global change, biodiversity, and the functions and ecology of soil fungi.<br /> <br /> .<br /> <br /> Our second speaker is Dr. Taru Sandén who discusses the MINAGRIS project and the monitoring app, SoilPlastic. Taru is a Senior Expert in the Department for Soil Health and Plant Nutrition at the Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES). Taru is also one of the founding members of the Tea Bag Index which is a method to measure decomposition in soils with the help of commercial tea bags. She received her doctoral degree in Geography from the University of Iceland, in which she focused on soil aggregates and soil organic matter in European agricultural soils.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> https://soils.org.uk/videos/zoom-into-soil-microplastics/<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> #microplastics #zoomintosoil #soilscience #soil<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{Pages liées}}<br /> <br /> {{Transcription<br /> | transcription = welcome to the webinar I'm Paul Hallett welcome to the webinar I'm Paul Hallett welcome to the webinar I'm Paul Hallett president-elect of the British Society president-elect of the British Society president-elect of the British Society of soil science and I'm delighted to of soil science and I'm delighted to of soil science and I'm delighted to welcome you all to our third webinar of welcome you all to our third webinar of welcome you all to our third webinar of the Year today's event is supported by the Year today's event is supported by the Year today's event is supported by the soil science Society of Ireland and the soil science Society of Ireland and the soil science Society of Ireland and before I welcome our panelists I'd like before I welcome our panelists I'd like before I welcome our panelists I'd like to introduce the British Society of soil to introduce the British Society of soil to introduce the British Society of soil science as hosts of today's webinar science as hosts of today's webinar science as hosts of today's webinar we're an established International we're an established International we're an established International membership organization and charity membership organization and charity membership organization and charity committed to the study of soil in its committed to the study of soil in its committed to the study of soil in its widest aspects we bring together those widest aspects we bring together those widest aspects we bring together those working with Academia and have a growing working with Academia and have a growing working with Academia and have a growing membership amongst practitioners membership amongst practitioners membership amongst practitioners implementing soil science and industry implementing soil science and industry implementing soil science and industry and those were the key in interest in and those were the key in interest in and those were the key in interest in soils we'll be hosting nine webinars soils we'll be hosting nine webinars soils we'll be hosting nine webinars during 2023 so please do keep an eye out during 2023 so please do keep an eye out during 2023 so please do keep an eye out on our website for further details as on our website for further details as on our website for further details as mentioned today's event has been mentioned today's event has been mentioned today's event has been organized in collaboration with the soil organized in collaboration with the soil organized in collaboration with the soil census side of Ireland but I'd like to census side of Ireland but I'd like to census side of Ireland but I'd like to welcome cersa Tracy to give a brief welcome cersa Tracy to give a brief welcome cersa Tracy to give a brief introduction to the organization thank introduction to the organization thank introduction to the organization thank you for joining us today sorsa over to you for joining us today sorsa over to you for joining us today sorsa over to you you you thanks Paul hello everyone my name is thanks Paul hello everyone my name is thanks Paul hello everyone my name is Sergio Tracy and I'm an assistant Sergio Tracy and I'm an assistant Sergio Tracy and I'm an assistant professor in the UCD School of professor in the UCD School of professor in the UCD School of Agriculture and food science and it's my Agriculture and food science and it's my Agriculture and food science and it's my honor to be able to support the seminar honor to be able to support the seminar honor to be able to support the seminar today on behalf of the soil science today on behalf of the soil science today on behalf of the soil science Society of Ireland Society of Ireland Society of Ireland so I'm the the chair of the soil science so I'm the the chair of the soil science so I'm the the chair of the soil science Society of Ireland which has been Society of Ireland which has been Society of Ireland which has been established since the late 1960s established since the late 1960s established since the late 1960s the membership activities and scope of the membership activities and scope of the membership activities and scope of the society encompassed the island of the society encompassed the island of the society encompassed the island of Ireland Ireland Ireland and as a society we actively promote and as a society we actively promote and as a society we actively promote research knowledge transfer and research knowledge transfer and research knowledge transfer and sustainable management of soils in sustainable management of soils in sustainable management of soils in Ireland through scientific meetings Ireland through scientific meetings Ireland through scientific meetings field meetings and other Outreach events field meetings and other Outreach events field meetings and other Outreach events we particularly like events that bring we particularly like events that bring we particularly like events that bring together artists soil scientists and together artists soil scientists and together artists soil scientists and many different stakeholders many different stakeholders many different stakeholders we recently hosted an early career event we recently hosted an early career event we recently hosted an early career event at the global soil biodiversity at the global soil biodiversity at the global soil biodiversity conference conference which which was conference conference which which was conference conference which which was held at University College Dublin on the held at University College Dublin on the held at University College Dublin on the 13th to the 15th of March this year so 13th to the 15th of March this year so 13th to the 15th of March this year so potentially some of the attendees were potentially some of the attendees were potentially some of the attendees were at that conference as well so welcome to at that conference as well so welcome to at that conference as well so welcome to the webinar and our current plans at the the webinar and our current plans at the the webinar and our current plans at the moment we are organizing the with the moment we are organizing the with the moment we are organizing the with the British Society of soil science British Society of soil science British Society of soil science the annual General Conference and it the annual General Conference and it the annual General Conference and it will be in Belfast on the 4th of the 5th will be in Belfast on the 4th of the 5th will be in Belfast on the 4th of the 5th of December and then the early career of December and then the early career of December and then the early career event will be held two days after on the event will be held two days after on the event will be held two days after on the 6th and the 7th of December so we hope 6th and the 7th of December so we hope 6th and the 7th of December so we hope to see you all there we are planning to to see you all there we are planning to to see you all there we are planning to extend the abstract deadline so that extend the abstract deadline so that extend the abstract deadline so that we'll be accepting abstracts until the we'll be accepting abstracts until the we'll be accepting abstracts until the end of the month so if anyone's worried end of the month so if anyone's worried end of the month so if anyone's worried about the deadline for tomorrow look out about the deadline for tomorrow look out about the deadline for tomorrow look out for your emails because it will be for your emails because it will be for your emails because it will be extended extended extended um so thanks I hope you enjoy the um so thanks I hope you enjoy the um so thanks I hope you enjoy the webinar and I'll hand you back to Paul webinar and I'll hand you back to Paul webinar and I'll hand you back to Paul now thank you all right thank you very much cersa all right thank you very much cersa all right thank you very much cersa we're really looking forward to that we're really looking forward to that we're really looking forward to that conference before we begin just some conference before we begin just some conference before we begin just some basic housekeeping since there's so many basic housekeeping since there's so many basic housekeeping since there's so many of you here today microphones have all of you here today microphones have all of you here today microphones have all been muted we'll be taking questions at been muted we'll be taking questions at been muted we'll be taking questions at the end of both presentations and sursa the end of both presentations and sursa the end of both presentations and sursa will monitor these for us please here do will monitor these for us please here do will monitor these for us please here do you submit any questions you have by 12 you submit any questions you have by 12 you submit any questions you have by 12 50 to allow us to get through as many as 50 to allow us to get through as many as 50 to allow us to get through as many as we can we can we can there is a raise hand button but again there is a raise hand button but again there is a raise hand button but again we have a big number of attendees on we have a big number of attendees on we have a big number of attendees on this so we're not going to use that um this so we're not going to use that um this so we're not going to use that um today we'll just use the text questions today we'll just use the text questions today we'll just use the text questions and today's presentations have also been and today's presentations have also been and today's presentations have also been awarded bases and nroso CPD points so if awarded bases and nroso CPD points so if awarded bases and nroso CPD points so if you're registered with either body you're registered with either body you're registered with either body please contact us directly after the please contact us directly after the please contact us directly after the event and finally Please be aware that event and finally Please be aware that event and finally Please be aware that today's recording or today's today's recording or today's today's recording or today's presentations are being recorded presentations are being recorded presentations are being recorded okay so now over to our speakers I'd okay so now over to our speakers I'd okay so now over to our speakers I'd first like to introduce um our first first like to introduce um our first first like to introduce um our first presenter Professor Matthias relig so presenter Professor Matthias relig so presenter Professor Matthias relig so Matthias is a professor of plant ecology Matthias is a professor of plant ecology Matthias is a professor of plant ecology at the Free University of Berlin and at the Free University of Berlin and at the Free University of Berlin and he's also director of the Berlin he's also director of the Berlin he's also director of the Berlin Brandenburg Institute of advanced Brandenburg Institute of advanced Brandenburg Institute of advanced biodiversity research is a PhD in biodiversity research is a PhD in biodiversity research is a PhD in ecology from the University of ecology from the University of ecology from the University of California Davis San Diego State California Davis San Diego State California Davis San Diego State University and he's written and University and he's written and University and he's written and contributed to a huge body of research contributed to a huge body of research contributed to a huge body of research in the field including on microplastics in the field including on microplastics in the field including on microplastics so Matthias manages the relig lab at the so Matthias manages the relig lab at the so Matthias manages the relig lab at the Free University of Berlin and it mentors Free University of Berlin and it mentors Free University of Berlin and it mentors and supports students and researchers and supports students and researchers and supports students and researchers and plant fungal and soil ecology they and plant fungal and soil ecology they and plant fungal and soil ecology they carry out projects around Global change carry out projects around Global change carry out projects around Global change biodiversity and the functions and biodiversity and the functions and biodiversity and the functions and Ecology of soil fungi so over to you Ecology of soil fungi so over to you Ecology of soil fungi so over to you Matthias yeah thanks very much Paul for the nice yeah thanks very much Paul for the nice yeah thanks very much Paul for the nice introduction and to the British and Iris introduction and to the British and Iris introduction and to the British and Iris Soul science societies for the Soul science societies for the Soul science societies for the invitation to speak to you today invitation to speak to you today invitation to speak to you today so in my 20 minutes what I want to do is so in my 20 minutes what I want to do is so in my 20 minutes what I want to do is give you sort of a conceptual overview give you sort of a conceptual overview give you sort of a conceptual overview of microplastic effects in soil this is of microplastic effects in soil this is of microplastic effects in soil this is not going to be like um not going to be like um not going to be like um a dog and pony show for data but I'd a dog and pony show for data but I'd a dog and pony show for data but I'd rather share with you the things that I rather share with you the things that I rather share with you the things that I find most exciting about this topic from find most exciting about this topic from find most exciting about this topic from a more conceptual perspective so I hope a more conceptual perspective so I hope a more conceptual perspective so I hope you will find that useful and I hope you will find that useful and I hope you will find that useful and I hope that you will find some of those that you will find some of those that you will find some of those conceptual points also entry points for conceptual points also entry points for conceptual points also entry points for you to get excited about this topic you to get excited about this topic you to get excited about this topic so I like to start my presentations with so I like to start my presentations with so I like to start my presentations with this slide which is from 1955 when you this slide which is from 1955 when you this slide which is from 1955 when you know Plastics became more widely know Plastics became more widely know Plastics became more widely available to people in their everyday available to people in their everyday available to people in their everyday lives and people were sort of overjoyed lives and people were sort of overjoyed lives and people were sort of overjoyed as you can see in the happy faces in as you can see in the happy faces in as you can see in the happy faces in this magazine photograph because their this magazine photograph because their this magazine photograph because their lives were made so much easier by the lives were made so much easier by the lives were made so much easier by the availability of all these disposable availability of all these disposable availability of all these disposable plastic items that you could just use plastic items that you could just use plastic items that you could just use once throw away and don't worry about once throw away and don't worry about once throw away and don't worry about washing up or anything else washing up or anything else washing up or anything else but of course as we now know in but of course as we now know in but of course as we now know in hindsight hindsight hindsight um there is a huge cost because there um there is a huge cost because there um there is a huge cost because there was actually a lot of this plastic was actually a lot of this plastic was actually a lot of this plastic produced over time and a lot of this produced over time and a lot of this produced over time and a lot of this plastic has become as is euphemistically plastic has become as is euphemistically plastic has become as is euphemistically called environmentally available which called environmentally available which called environmentally available which means it is somewhere out there in the means it is somewhere out there in the means it is somewhere out there in the oceans or or on the soil and the overall oceans or or on the soil and the overall oceans or or on the soil and the overall amount of plastic waste ever produced is amount of plastic waste ever produced is amount of plastic waste ever produced is estimated to be 6 300 million tons so estimated to be 6 300 million tons so estimated to be 6 300 million tons so it's quite a enormous amount of this it's quite a enormous amount of this it's quite a enormous amount of this material that has been produced material that has been produced material that has been produced now research on plastic is actually not now research on plastic is actually not now research on plastic is actually not as new it has a relatively long history as new it has a relatively long history as new it has a relatively long history in the ocean environments where plastic in the ocean environments where plastic in the ocean environments where plastic particles were found in oceans already particles were found in oceans already particles were found in oceans already in the 70s and also where the term in the 70s and also where the term in the 70s and also where the term microplastic was first coined and microplastic was first coined and microplastic was first coined and research in the soil environment started research in the soil environment started research in the soil environment started only several decades later only several decades later only several decades later probably because you simply can't see it probably because you simply can't see it probably because you simply can't see it I mean if I give you a soil and I tell I mean if I give you a soil and I tell I mean if I give you a soil and I tell you there's so much microplastic in that you there's so much microplastic in that you there's so much microplastic in that soil you will still not be able to see soil you will still not be able to see soil you will still not be able to see it because it just gets incorporated it because it just gets incorporated it because it just gets incorporated into the structure of the soil and it's into the structure of the soil and it's into the structure of the soil and it's not as immediately obvious as in a water not as immediately obvious as in a water not as immediately obvious as in a water column column column so when we talk about microplastic here so when we talk about microplastic here so when we talk about microplastic here what we mean are plastic particles what we mean are plastic particles what we mean are plastic particles smaller than five millimeters and smaller than five millimeters and smaller than five millimeters and usually one dimension and usually one dimension and usually one dimension and um this is the definition that's um this is the definition that's um this is the definition that's generally being used nowadays generally being used nowadays generally being used nowadays um and so the first thing that I want to um and so the first thing that I want to um and so the first thing that I want to tell you is that microplastic does tell you is that microplastic does tell you is that microplastic does arrive at the soil surface via a huge arrive at the soil surface via a huge arrive at the soil surface via a huge variety of different means and Pathways variety of different means and Pathways variety of different means and Pathways and afterwards it becomes integrated and afterwards it becomes integrated and afterwards it becomes integrated into the soil into the soil into the soil so there are really a lot of different so there are really a lot of different so there are really a lot of different input Pathways and they vary in relative input Pathways and they vary in relative input Pathways and they vary in relative importance depending on where you are importance depending on where you are importance depending on where you are um no matter where you are you're going um no matter where you are you're going um no matter where you are you're going to be experiencing aerial deposition of to be experiencing aerial deposition of to be experiencing aerial deposition of microplastic mostly in the form of microplastic mostly in the form of microplastic mostly in the form of fibers like from clothing because it's fibers like from clothing because it's fibers like from clothing because it's so light and gets easily trained the so light and gets easily trained the so light and gets easily trained the atmosphere but there's also a source of atmosphere but there's also a source of atmosphere but there's also a source of microplastic from discarded plastic microplastic from discarded plastic microplastic from discarded plastic glitter that then fragments over time it glitter that then fragments over time it glitter that then fragments over time it doesn't decompose but it just breaks doesn't decompose but it just breaks doesn't decompose but it just breaks down into smaller and smaller and down into smaller and smaller and down into smaller and smaller and smaller pieces over time smaller pieces over time smaller pieces over time there's also a lot of uses in an there's also a lot of uses in an there's also a lot of uses in an agricultural context that actively bring agricultural context that actively bring agricultural context that actively bring um plastic into the environment think of um plastic into the environment think of um plastic into the environment think of plastic mulching but also many other plastic mulching but also many other plastic mulching but also many other agricultural products including some agricultural products including some agricultural products including some fertilizers that actually are fertilizers that actually are fertilizers that actually are encapsulated in microplastic or encapsulated in microplastic or encapsulated in microplastic or other features in an agricultural other features in an agricultural other features in an agricultural context there is addition of compost and context there is addition of compost and context there is addition of compost and sewage sludge where that contains sewage sludge where that contains sewage sludge where that contains actually a lot of plastic and cannot be actually a lot of plastic and cannot be actually a lot of plastic and cannot be effectively removed during the effectively removed during the effectively removed during the processing and then of course there is processing and then of course there is processing and then of course there is Tire aberration from roads which is Tire aberration from roads which is Tire aberration from roads which is probably the numerically most important probably the numerically most important probably the numerically most important source of microplastic in many places on source of microplastic in many places on source of microplastic in many places on Earth Earth Earth so there's a variety of ways how so there's a variety of ways how so there's a variety of ways how microplastic arrives at the surface and microplastic arrives at the surface and microplastic arrives at the surface and one so this has arrived at the surface one so this has arrived at the surface one so this has arrived at the surface it can then very effectively become it can then very effectively become it can then very effectively become incorporated into the soil incorporated into the soil incorporated into the soil for example by the action of animals for example by the action of animals for example by the action of animals this was some of the first work that we this was some of the first work that we this was some of the first work that we did in our lab like earthworms or did in our lab like earthworms or did in our lab like earthworms or microfarts they can just kick the stuff microfarts they can just kick the stuff microfarts they can just kick the stuff around or drag it down in their tunnel around or drag it down in their tunnel around or drag it down in their tunnel so it gets very quickly incorporated so it gets very quickly incorporated so it gets very quickly incorporated into the soil Matrix but of course into the soil Matrix but of course into the soil Matrix but of course there's other means by which this there's other means by which this there's other means by which this material can get integrated for example material can get integrated for example material can get integrated for example through plowing harvesting by a root through plowing harvesting by a root through plowing harvesting by a root channels movement with water and so on channels movement with water and so on channels movement with water and so on and so forth so basically what is very and so forth so basically what is very and so forth so basically what is very clear is wherever you are your your soil clear is wherever you are your your soil clear is wherever you are your your soil will contain microplastic even the most will contain microplastic even the most will contain microplastic even the most remote areas on this planet will be remote areas on this planet will be remote areas on this planet will be exposed to microplastic and once it's exposed to microplastic and once it's exposed to microplastic and once it's arrived at the soil surface it will then arrived at the soil surface it will then arrived at the soil surface it will then also be effectively incorporated into also be effectively incorporated into also be effectively incorporated into the body of the soil which means we can the body of the soil which means we can the body of the soil which means we can then or need to worry about what it will then or need to worry about what it will then or need to worry about what it will do there do there do there and maybe one of the more interesting and maybe one of the more interesting and maybe one of the more interesting things things things in this talk for you is that you can in this talk for you is that you can in this talk for you is that you can basically think of microplastic research basically think of microplastic research basically think of microplastic research or in terms of thinking about or in terms of thinking about or in terms of thinking about microplastic effects in soil from two microplastic effects in soil from two microplastic effects in soil from two different Vantage points this has different Vantage points this has different Vantage points this has actually been sort of um this this light actually been sort of um this this light actually been sort of um this this light describes a journey for us and our lab describes a journey for us and our lab describes a journey for us and our lab over a couple of years where we were over a couple of years where we were over a couple of years where we were sort of um wondering what is this sort of um wondering what is this sort of um wondering what is this microplastic actually and so the most microplastic actually and so the most microplastic actually and so the most obvious vantage point from which to view obvious vantage point from which to view obvious vantage point from which to view microplastic research and also the microplastic research and also the microplastic research and also the context in which most of this work is context in which most of this work is context in which most of this work is going on still nowadays is ecotoxicology going on still nowadays is ecotoxicology going on still nowadays is ecotoxicology because you know clearly this is a because you know clearly this is a because you know clearly this is a anthropogenic material and it is in the anthropogenic material and it is in the anthropogenic material and it is in the environment it can have adverse effects environment it can have adverse effects environment it can have adverse effects on processes and biodiversity and on processes and biodiversity and on processes and biodiversity and individual species so of course it is individual species so of course it is individual species so of course it is part of the realm of ecotoxicology where part of the realm of ecotoxicology where part of the realm of ecotoxicology where then the focus is on current then the focus is on current then the focus is on current contamination levels the focuses on contamination levels the focuses on contamination levels the focuses on negative effects that typically employ negative effects that typically employ negative effects that typically employ highly controlled experiments and the highly controlled experiments and the highly controlled experiments and the readouts are usually from accepted readouts are usually from accepted readouts are usually from accepted individual model organisms individual model organisms individual model organisms but how we mostly view microplastic in but how we mostly view microplastic in but how we mostly view microplastic in our lab is we view it as a factor of our lab is we view it as a factor of our lab is we view it as a factor of global change and that vantage point global change and that vantage point global change and that vantage point it's a subtle change in the way you view it's a subtle change in the way you view it's a subtle change in the way you view things has a lot of important things has a lot of important things has a lot of important consequences because for one your focus consequences because for one your focus consequences because for one your focus becomes on future contamination levels becomes on future contamination levels becomes on future contamination levels maybe in another 50 years similar to maybe in another 50 years similar to maybe in another 50 years similar to what we do work on let's say elevated what we do work on let's say elevated what we do work on let's say elevated atmospheric CO2 atmospheric CO2 atmospheric CO2 also any effects are of interest and also any effects are of interest and also any effects are of interest and relevant because also many factors of relevant because also many factors of relevant because also many factors of global change are phenomenally positive global change are phenomenally positive global change are phenomenally positive effects for example on planes such as effects for example on planes such as effects for example on planes such as elevated atmospherics CO2 warming on elevated atmospherics CO2 warming on elevated atmospherics CO2 warming on nitrogen deposition nitrogen deposition nitrogen deposition and the focus moves from this highly and the focus moves from this highly and the focus moves from this highly controlled experiments to more higher controlled experiments to more higher controlled experiments to more higher ecological relevance and an ecosystem ecological relevance and an ecosystem ecological relevance and an ecosystem relevance and more ecosystem relevant relevance and more ecosystem relevant relevance and more ecosystem relevant endpoints endpoints endpoints and also because it gets incorporated and also because it gets incorporated and also because it gets incorporated into this set of global change factors into this set of global change factors into this set of global change factors what immediately becomes relevant is what immediately becomes relevant is what immediately becomes relevant is interactions with these other factors of interactions with these other factors of interactions with these other factors of global change such as climate change global change such as climate change global change such as climate change invasive species and many other facets invasive species and many other facets invasive species and many other facets so this is an important shift in vantage so this is an important shift in vantage so this is an important shift in vantage point or you can choose from which point or you can choose from which point or you can choose from which perspective you want to view this perspective you want to view this perspective you want to view this problem and it has real consequences and problem and it has real consequences and problem and it has real consequences and how you design your experiment and how how you design your experiment and how how you design your experiment and how you interpret the results right so the next point I want to talk right so the next point I want to talk right so the next point I want to talk about is microplastic is not just one about is microplastic is not just one about is microplastic is not just one thing thing thing microplastic is actually a ton of microplastic is actually a ton of microplastic is actually a ton of different things it really is a different things it really is a different things it really is a contaminant suite and I'm only going to contaminant suite and I'm only going to contaminant suite and I'm only going to highlight some things here so initially highlight some things here so initially highlight some things here so initially we started our work with as most people we started our work with as most people we started our work with as most people because you can order it from a catalog because you can order it from a catalog because you can order it from a catalog with little beads of plastic with little beads of plastic with little beads of plastic and um when you do that you observe and um when you do that you observe and um when you do that you observe completely different effects than when completely different effects than when completely different effects than when you use fibers which is shown in this you use fibers which is shown in this you use fibers which is shown in this particular example here from an particular example here from an particular example here from an experiment where we added fibers and experiment where we added fibers and experiment where we added fibers and looked at the effects on soil looked at the effects on soil looked at the effects on soil aggregation and you can see the fibers aggregation and you can see the fibers aggregation and you can see the fibers also get Incorporated in the soil also get Incorporated in the soil also get Incorporated in the soil Aggregates and therefore have effects on Aggregates and therefore have effects on Aggregates and therefore have effects on the stability of these Aggregates as you the stability of these Aggregates as you the stability of these Aggregates as you might imagine mostly those effects are might imagine mostly those effects are might imagine mostly those effects are going to be negative effects at least in going to be negative effects at least in going to be negative effects at least in our Sandy soils here so what that led us our Sandy soils here so what that led us our Sandy soils here so what that led us to to to um Ponder basically is that this is a um Ponder basically is that this is a um Ponder basically is that this is a very specific and unusual situation for very specific and unusual situation for very specific and unusual situation for an environmental pollutant most of which an environmental pollutant most of which an environmental pollutant most of which are synthetic organic chemicals also are synthetic organic chemicals also are synthetic organic chemicals also heavy metals that are basically heavy metals that are basically heavy metals that are basically compounds compounds compounds you know like pfas or whatever have you you know like pfas or whatever have you you know like pfas or whatever have you but here you're really dealing with but here you're really dealing with but here you're really dealing with particles that is fairly unique particles that is fairly unique particles that is fairly unique among among among um synthetic organic chemical pollutants um synthetic organic chemical pollutants um synthetic organic chemical pollutants out there out there out there and because you're dealing with and because you're dealing with and because you're dealing with particles these things can also have a particles these things can also have a particles these things can also have a shape shape shape and the shape can actually be quite and the shape can actually be quite and the shape can actually be quite important in determining the effects and important in determining the effects and important in determining the effects and we've shown that repeatedly in very many we've shown that repeatedly in very many we've shown that repeatedly in very many experiments done in our lab on a wide experiments done in our lab on a wide experiments done in our lab on a wide range of plant species and also soil range of plant species and also soil range of plant species and also soil parameters that the shape of this parameters that the shape of this parameters that the shape of this material really seems to matter a lot material really seems to matter a lot material really seems to matter a lot that gave rise to the shape for that gave rise to the shape for that gave rise to the shape for similarity hypothesis that basically similarity hypothesis that basically similarity hypothesis that basically says maybe the more dissimilar the shape says maybe the more dissimilar the shape says maybe the more dissimilar the shape of the plastic material is to the of the plastic material is to the of the plastic material is to the naturally occurring shaped population of naturally occurring shaped population of naturally occurring shaped population of particles in the soil may be the more particles in the soil may be the more particles in the soil may be the more severe other effects seems to generally severe other effects seems to generally severe other effects seems to generally bear out that all other things more or bear out that all other things more or bear out that all other things more or less equal the fibers seem to have less equal the fibers seem to have less equal the fibers seem to have um stronger effects than for example say um stronger effects than for example say um stronger effects than for example say fragments which more resemble other soil fragments which more resemble other soil fragments which more resemble other soil particles particles particles and also films and also films and also films um fall into that category because um fall into that category because um fall into that category because they're also quite different from the they're also quite different from the they're also quite different from the naturally occurring population of shapes naturally occurring population of shapes naturally occurring population of shapes but of course there's many other aspects but of course there's many other aspects but of course there's many other aspects to this for example how these particles to this for example how these particles to this for example how these particles in the environment age or degrade does in the environment age or degrade does in the environment age or degrade does this work done together with Walter this work done together with Walter this work done together with Walter Waltman hello if you're listening Walter Waltman hello if you're listening Walter Waltman hello if you're listening Walter from Brazil from Brazil from Brazil um so there's a different um so there's a different um so there's a different effects actually quite a lot of effects actually quite a lot of effects actually quite a lot of different effects when these materials different effects when these materials different effects when these materials have been environmentally degraded have been environmentally degraded have been environmentally degraded versus when they are sort of pristine versus when they are sort of pristine versus when they are sort of pristine plastic materials plastic materials plastic materials and of course the list goes on and on and of course the list goes on and on and of course the list goes on and on these things have different polymers and these things have different polymers and these things have different polymers and most importantly these things also have most importantly these things also have most importantly these things also have different additives and all of this different additives and all of this different additives and all of this taken together they all multiply up taken together they all multiply up taken together they all multiply up means this is a a problem of quite huge means this is a a problem of quite huge means this is a a problem of quite huge complexity in terms of the types of complexity in terms of the types of complexity in terms of the types of materials that you need to consider when materials that you need to consider when materials that you need to consider when you do this work you do this work you do this work now also another important feature of now also another important feature of now also another important feature of microplastics as particles is that they microplastics as particles is that they microplastics as particles is that they have an interior volume have an interior volume have an interior volume now having an interior volume seems like now having an interior volume seems like now having an interior volume seems like a trivial point because you have a a trivial point because you have a a trivial point because you have a particle but it is actually sometimes particle but it is actually sometimes particle but it is actually sometimes quite important in understanding effect quite important in understanding effect quite important in understanding effect this is work that in my lab has done a this is work that in my lab has done a this is work that in my lab has done a really nice experiment where he added really nice experiment where he added really nice experiment where he added microplastic particles to a bit of soil microplastic particles to a bit of soil microplastic particles to a bit of soil and examine its toxicity on nematodes and examine its toxicity on nematodes and examine its toxicity on nematodes soil nematodes and so what he did is he soil nematodes and so what he did is he soil nematodes and so what he did is he basically washed with various solvents basically washed with various solvents basically washed with various solvents but also water was just enough but also water was just enough but also water was just enough microplastic particles and then he added microplastic particles and then he added microplastic particles and then he added the washed microplastic particles back the washed microplastic particles back the washed microplastic particles back into the soil with the c elegans and the into the soil with the c elegans and the into the soil with the c elegans and the toxicity was done toxicity was done toxicity was done the toxicity was only due due to due to the toxicity was only due due to due to the toxicity was only due due to due to the extractable additives the compounds the extractable additives the compounds the extractable additives the compounds that leached out of these particles now that leached out of these particles now that leached out of these particles now but the really interesting part of this but the really interesting part of this but the really interesting part of this experiment was when he left then the experiment was when he left then the experiment was when he left then the freshly extracted microplastic particles freshly extracted microplastic particles freshly extracted microplastic particles sit around in soil for two weeks sit around in soil for two weeks sit around in soil for two weeks and then added those back into the assay and then added those back into the assay and then added those back into the assay those particles were toxic again those particles were toxic again those particles were toxic again why is that because in the meantime more why is that because in the meantime more why is that because in the meantime more and more of these chemicals that are and more of these chemicals that are and more of these chemicals that are contained within the body the solid contained within the body the solid contained within the body the solid interior of these microplastic particles interior of these microplastic particles interior of these microplastic particles could diffuse to the outside of the could diffuse to the outside of the could diffuse to the outside of the surface and be released again surface and be released again surface and be released again and there's also nothing like this that and there's also nothing like this that and there's also nothing like this that could happen with the single substance could happen with the single substance could happen with the single substance so the particle itself basically is a so the particle itself basically is a so the particle itself basically is a Time release Time release Time release um agent where these other chemicals can um agent where these other chemicals can um agent where these other chemicals can be released over time that has led us to be released over time that has led us to be released over time that has led us to formulate formulate formulate um this hypothesis of a global plastic um this hypothesis of a global plastic um this hypothesis of a global plastic toxicity debt where we basically have toxicity debt where we basically have toxicity debt where we basically have incurred already a debt by the release incurred already a debt by the release incurred already a debt by the release of all these plastic materials in the of all these plastic materials in the of all these plastic materials in the environment that are slowly degrading by environment that are slowly degrading by environment that are slowly degrading by degrading they are attain a much greater degrading they are attain a much greater degrading they are attain a much greater surface area which makes this diffusion surface area which makes this diffusion surface area which makes this diffusion to the surface within the body more to the surface within the body more to the surface within the body more effective and so these materials can be effective and so these materials can be effective and so these materials can be more easily released over time and so more easily released over time and so more easily released over time and so maybe the toxicity Peak is still to come maybe the toxicity Peak is still to come maybe the toxicity Peak is still to come and is somewhat in the future somewhat and is somewhat in the future somewhat and is somewhat in the future somewhat disturbing thought but um you know this disturbing thought but um you know this disturbing thought but um you know this could be real because these things could be real because these things could be real because these things really really really um bodies with an interior surface and then and then and then um the last thing that I want to really um the last thing that I want to really um the last thing that I want to really talk to you about is more This Global talk to you about is more This Global talk to you about is more This Global change focus with change focus with change focus with um a perspective to examining um a perspective to examining um a perspective to examining microplastic within the context of Earth microplastic within the context of Earth microplastic within the context of Earth system feedbacks and that has been system feedbacks and that has been system feedbacks and that has been basically brought about by basically brought about by basically brought about by considerations of how plants can be considerations of how plants can be considerations of how plants can be affected by different microplastics affected by different microplastics affected by different microplastics there are different routes depicted here there are different routes depicted here there are different routes depicted here via which microplastic can affect plants via which microplastic can affect plants via which microplastic can affect plants um one of the more predominant routes um one of the more predominant routes um one of the more predominant routes for for example for for example for for example fibers microplastic fibers is the effect fibers microplastic fibers is the effect fibers microplastic fibers is the effect on soil structure and soil bulk density on soil structure and soil bulk density on soil structure and soil bulk density and water holding capacity and water holding capacity and water holding capacity um when you add fibers to the soil the um when you add fibers to the soil the um when you add fibers to the soil the soil becomes basically fluffier the bulk soil becomes basically fluffier the bulk soil becomes basically fluffier the bulk density goes down the water holding density goes down the water holding density goes down the water holding capacity goes up and there is probably capacity goes up and there is probably capacity goes up and there is probably less resistance to the roots to grow in less resistance to the roots to grow in less resistance to the roots to grow in the substrate so plant growth is often the substrate so plant growth is often the substrate so plant growth is often but not always but often enhanced but not always but often enhanced but not always but often enhanced this is one way this is one way this is one way um how plant growth can be affected of um how plant growth can be affected of um how plant growth can be affected of course there can also be direct toxic course there can also be direct toxic course there can also be direct toxic effects for example when there's effects for example when there's effects for example when there's material further degrades into material further degrades into material further degrades into nanoplastic but also when it is material nanoplastic but also when it is material nanoplastic but also when it is material with an inherent toxicity like say tire with an inherent toxicity like say tire with an inherent toxicity like say tire wear particles will always have negative wear particles will always have negative wear particles will always have negative effects on plant growth at least when we effects on plant growth at least when we effects on plant growth at least when we tested it but since plans can be tested it but since plans can be tested it but since plans can be affected and since the very fabric of affected and since the very fabric of affected and since the very fabric of soil can be affected by these particles soil can be affected by these particles soil can be affected by these particles if you put those two together it becomes if you put those two together it becomes if you put those two together it becomes very likely that the important effects very likely that the important effects very likely that the important effects manifesting at the ecosystem scale that manifesting at the ecosystem scale that manifesting at the ecosystem scale that could be important for feedbacks with could be important for feedbacks with could be important for feedbacks with the Earth system the Earth system the Earth system as and another brick a piece of the as and another brick a piece of the as and another brick a piece of the puzzle is that microplastics we have puzzle is that microplastics we have puzzle is that microplastics we have shown really affecting ecosystem shown really affecting ecosystem shown really affecting ecosystem multifunctionality so it can change a multifunctionality so it can change a multifunctionality so it can change a whole range of different ecosystem whole range of different ecosystem whole range of different ecosystem processes simultaneously for example processes simultaneously for example processes simultaneously for example also enzymatic activities and there can also enzymatic activities and there can also enzymatic activities and there can be a shift in planned Community be a shift in planned Community be a shift in planned Community composition composition composition because microplastic for example will because microplastic for example will because microplastic for example will provide in unequal benefits to different provide in unequal benefits to different provide in unequal benefits to different members of a given plan Community with members of a given plan Community with members of a given plan Community with this in this little model plan this in this little model plan this in this little model plan communities consisting of six to eight communities consisting of six to eight communities consisting of six to eight species that subsequently also repeated species that subsequently also repeated species that subsequently also repeated this with up to 16 species this with up to 16 species this with up to 16 species and so basically there can be these and so basically there can be these and so basically there can be these shifts at various levels of the shifts at various levels of the shifts at various levels of the ecological hierarchy that could be very ecological hierarchy that could be very ecological hierarchy that could be very important for understanding what goes on important for understanding what goes on important for understanding what goes on at the ecosystem scale and this is at the ecosystem scale and this is at the ecosystem scale and this is basically summarized here basically summarized here basically summarized here where microplastic will increase over where microplastic will increase over where microplastic will increase over time in the soil because it is a time in the soil because it is a time in the soil because it is a persistent material that is not readily persistent material that is not readily persistent material that is not readily degraded it can really change degraded it can really change degraded it can really change um soil aggregation soil structure um soil aggregation soil structure um soil aggregation soil structure change microcytes therefore also change change microcytes therefore also change change microcytes therefore also change very important fluxes of greenhouse very important fluxes of greenhouse very important fluxes of greenhouse gases such as the balance between CO2 gases such as the balance between CO2 gases such as the balance between CO2 and methane which we and others have and methane which we and others have and methane which we and others have shown it can affect as we just mentioned shown it can affect as we just mentioned shown it can affect as we just mentioned the performance of plants and therefore the performance of plants and therefore the performance of plants and therefore potentially CO2 drawdown if this happens potentially CO2 drawdown if this happens potentially CO2 drawdown if this happens at a broad scale and there are very many at a broad scale and there are very many at a broad scale and there are very many other process rates that could also be other process rates that could also be other process rates that could also be affected that have also got relevance affected that have also got relevance affected that have also got relevance for the behavior of the system of for the behavior of the system of for the behavior of the system of microplastic in an ecosystem I just want to give you a quick I just want to give you a quick I just want to give you a quick take-home messages mycoplastics is also take-home messages mycoplastics is also take-home messages mycoplastics is also a new Global change Factor not just an a new Global change Factor not just an a new Global change Factor not just an ecotoxicology problem and there are ecotoxicology problem and there are ecotoxicology problem and there are effects on soil properties plant effects on soil properties plant effects on soil properties plant performance Community composition of performance Community composition of performance Community composition of plants and also of microbes and there plants and also of microbes and there plants and also of microbes and there can be a range of ecosystem processes can be a range of ecosystem processes can be a range of ecosystem processes affected affected affected the second take-home message is that the second take-home message is that the second take-home message is that we're still discovering effects of we're still discovering effects of we're still discovering effects of microplastic and soils and ecosystems microplastic and soils and ecosystems microplastic and soils and ecosystems and there are many unknowns and they're and there are many unknowns and they're and there are many unknowns and they're very important unknown such as we don't very important unknown such as we don't very important unknown such as we don't know very much about long-term effects know very much about long-term effects know very much about long-term effects because experiments have usually been because experiments have usually been because experiments have usually been relatively short term we don't know relatively short term we don't know relatively short term we don't know about the diversity of microplastic about the diversity of microplastic about the diversity of microplastic types also what happens when they occur types also what happens when they occur types also what happens when they occur together and that includes many many together and that includes many many together and that includes many many dimensions of diversity including dimensions of diversity including dimensions of diversity including weathering weathering weathering and we have very limited evidence even and we have very limited evidence even and we have very limited evidence even though we work a lot on that currently though we work a lot on that currently though we work a lot on that currently with other on the interaction with other with other on the interaction with other with other on the interaction with other factors and context dependence in terms factors and context dependence in terms factors and context dependence in terms of context dependence um one PhD student of context dependence um one PhD student of context dependence um one PhD student in the lab here ching ching has done an in the lab here ching ching has done an in the lab here ching ching has done an experiment where she added exactly the experiment where she added exactly the experiment where she added exactly the same microplastic same microplastic same microplastic um to 150 different soils now Germany um to 150 different soils now Germany um to 150 different soils now Germany and she finds extreme negative effects a and she finds extreme negative effects a and she finds extreme negative effects a lot of neutral effect and also very very lot of neutral effect and also very very lot of neutral effect and also very very positive effects of exactly the same positive effects of exactly the same positive effects of exactly the same microplastic microplastic microplastic even within the confines of a country even within the confines of a country even within the confines of a country like Germany let's say like Germany let's say like Germany let's say um and this is basically the point I um and this is basically the point I um and this is basically the point I want to highlight microplastic is just want to highlight microplastic is just want to highlight microplastic is just one facet of global change it is one facet of global change it is one facet of global change it is interconnected with many other effects interconnected with many other effects interconnected with many other effects for example also the um what happened for example also the um what happened for example also the um what happened during the pandemic is all during the pandemic is all during the pandemic is all interconnected with other factors of interconnected with other factors of interconnected with other factors of global change and thus it makes a lot of global change and thus it makes a lot of global change and thus it makes a lot of sense to think of microplastic in the sense to think of microplastic in the sense to think of microplastic in the context of these other Global change context of these other Global change context of these other Global change factors factors factors recurrently examining this in a whole recurrently examining this in a whole recurrently examining this in a whole lot of experiments in the lab but we are lot of experiments in the lab but we are lot of experiments in the lab but we are also we're also examining this in the also we're also examining this in the also we're also examining this in the field in a global change experiment field in a global change experiment field in a global change experiment that's set up about 10 minutes walk from that's set up about 10 minutes walk from that's set up about 10 minutes walk from where I stand now where we're looking at where I stand now where we're looking at where I stand now where we're looking at interactions with up to 10 factors of interactions with up to 10 factors of interactions with up to 10 factors of global change one of which is global change one of which is global change one of which is microplastic and I think this is very microplastic and I think this is very microplastic and I think this is very important to understand what the real important to understand what the real important to understand what the real effects are because microplastic is not effects are because microplastic is not effects are because microplastic is not going to have effects just in isolation going to have effects just in isolation going to have effects just in isolation but in concert with other factors but in concert with other factors but in concert with other factors and with that I'm out of my 20 minutes and with that I'm out of my 20 minutes and with that I'm out of my 20 minutes thanks for your attention thank you Matthias for that very thank you Matthias for that very thank you Matthias for that very thorough and thought-provoking talk will thorough and thought-provoking talk will thorough and thought-provoking talk will now or so we'll be taking questions for now or so we'll be taking questions for now or so we'll be taking questions for both speakers at the end of the session both speakers at the end of the session both speakers at the end of the session our next speaker is Dr Taro Sunday so our next speaker is Dr Taro Sunday so our next speaker is Dr Taro Sunday so Taro is a senior expert in the Taro is a senior expert in the Taro is a senior expert in the department for soil health and plant department for soil health and plant department for soil health and plant nutrition at the Austrian Agency for nutrition at the Austrian Agency for nutrition at the Austrian Agency for health and food safety health and food safety health and food safety taru is also one of the founding members taru is also one of the founding members taru is also one of the founding members of the tea bag index which is a method of the tea bag index which is a method of the tea bag index which is a method to measure decomposition in soils with to measure decomposition in soils with to measure decomposition in soils with the help of commercial tea bags she the help of commercial tea bags she the help of commercial tea bags she received her doctoral degree in received her doctoral degree in received her doctoral degree in geography from the University of Iceland geography from the University of Iceland geography from the University of Iceland in which she focused on Soul Aggregates in which she focused on Soul Aggregates in which she focused on Soul Aggregates and soul organic matter and European and soul organic matter and European and soul organic matter and European agricultural soils so over to you Tara agricultural soils so over to you Tara agricultural soils so over to you Tara thank you very much Paul thank you very much Paul thank you very much Paul just the moment I will share my screen okay can you see my screen okay can you see my screen okay can you see my screen great great great a very good afternoon from my side as a very good afternoon from my side as a very good afternoon from my side as well uh very nice to be here I would well uh very nice to be here I would well uh very nice to be here I would like you take you further how to do like you take you further how to do like you take you further how to do plastic observations uh with the help of plastic observations uh with the help of plastic observations uh with the help of the the soil plastic app that we've been the the soil plastic app that we've been the the soil plastic app that we've been developing in the framework of the developing in the framework of the developing in the framework of the menacres project menacres project menacres project to take you a little bit back to to how to take you a little bit back to to how to take you a little bit back to to how much plastic is out there I just wanted much plastic is out there I just wanted much plastic is out there I just wanted to highlight how much plastic is to highlight how much plastic is to highlight how much plastic is demanded in the society in 2021 demanded in the society in 2021 demanded in the society in 2021 the European plastic converters were the European plastic converters were the European plastic converters were demanding 50.3 million tons of plastic demanding 50.3 million tons of plastic demanding 50.3 million tons of plastic that's quite a big number of of plastic that's quite a big number of of plastic that's quite a big number of of plastic and this was the the the first time and this was the the the first time and this was the the the first time after two years of decrease that the after two years of decrease that the after two years of decrease that the demand was increasing again on the left demand was increasing again on the left demand was increasing again on the left hand side you see countries where more hand side you see countries where more hand side you see countries where more than 3 million tons were demanded and than 3 million tons were demanded and than 3 million tons were demanded and while you walk walk the line towards the while you walk walk the line towards the while you walk walk the line towards the right there is less and less demand but right there is less and less demand but right there is less and less demand but you see the big demand countries on the you see the big demand countries on the you see the big demand countries on the left like Germany Italy France left like Germany Italy France left like Germany Italy France foreign foreign foreign moving further and thinking who is moving further and thinking who is moving further and thinking who is demanding all of this plastic on this demanding all of this plastic on this demanding all of this plastic on this slide you see the different sectors that slide you see the different sectors that slide you see the different sectors that are demanding plastic so packaging of are demanding plastic so packaging of are demanding plastic so packaging of course being the biggest one with about course being the biggest one with about course being the biggest one with about 40 percent but if you look into 40 percent but if you look into 40 percent but if you look into agriculture farming and gardening that's agriculture farming and gardening that's agriculture farming and gardening that's also quite a considerable amount that is also quite a considerable amount that is also quite a considerable amount that is demanded there about the 1.6 million demanded there about the 1.6 million demanded there about the 1.6 million tons tons tons and in the miraculous project we are and in the miraculous project we are and in the miraculous project we are focusing on agricultural soils that's focusing on agricultural soils that's focusing on agricultural soils that's why I'm highlighting agriculture farming why I'm highlighting agriculture farming why I'm highlighting agriculture farming and gardening here and gardening here and gardening here when then thinking how do plastic get when then thinking how do plastic get when then thinking how do plastic get into agricultural soils and how does it into agricultural soils and how does it into agricultural soils and how does it get into the surrounding environment get into the surrounding environment get into the surrounding environment from there in agriculture there is quite from there in agriculture there is quite from there in agriculture there is quite a number of direct and indirect sources a number of direct and indirect sources a number of direct and indirect sources of plastic the direct sources such as of plastic the direct sources such as of plastic the direct sources such as mulch foils plant protection Nets that's mulch foils plant protection Nets that's mulch foils plant protection Nets that's why twines silage Nets there is also a why twines silage Nets there is also a why twines silage Nets there is also a lot of vegetables that are covered by lot of vegetables that are covered by lot of vegetables that are covered by plastic in the beginning of the Season plastic in the beginning of the Season plastic in the beginning of the Season or different parts of the season and all or different parts of the season and all or different parts of the season and all this is plastic that can then also be this is plastic that can then also be this is plastic that can then also be broken down into smaller pieces just broken down into smaller pieces just broken down into smaller pieces just like Matthias was explaining earlier like Matthias was explaining earlier like Matthias was explaining earlier uh there's also quite a number of uh there's also quite a number of uh there's also quite a number of indirect sources such as compost sewage indirect sources such as compost sewage indirect sources such as compost sewage sludge manure they might also be plastic sludge manure they might also be plastic sludge manure they might also be plastic coming from irrigation or from coming from irrigation or from coming from irrigation or from fertilizers fertilizers fertilizers and all of these plastic can then of and all of these plastic can then of and all of these plastic can then of course be transported in the environment course be transported in the environment course be transported in the environment there is a lot of plastic that can move there is a lot of plastic that can move there is a lot of plastic that can move away with the runoff or water erosion away with the runoff or water erosion away with the runoff or water erosion and thereby it can move to the and thereby it can move to the and thereby it can move to the surrounding water environment but it can surrounding water environment but it can surrounding water environment but it can also move within the sole profile also move within the sole profile also move within the sole profile however we still don't know enough of however we still don't know enough of however we still don't know enough of this transport Pathways and how fast this transport Pathways and how fast this transport Pathways and how fast they go and how this is connected to to they go and how this is connected to to they go and how this is connected to to the climate for example the miraculous project is a horizon 2020 the miraculous project is a horizon 2020 the miraculous project is a horizon 2020 project that is focusing on micro and project that is focusing on micro and project that is focusing on micro and nanoplastics on agricultural soils it nanoplastics on agricultural soils it nanoplastics on agricultural soils it investigates the sources Environmental investigates the sources Environmental investigates the sources Environmental failed and impacts on ecosystem services failed and impacts on ecosystem services failed and impacts on ecosystem services and overall sustainability and overall sustainability and overall sustainability it's a five-year project coordinated by it's a five-year project coordinated by it's a five-year project coordinated by wahaningan University with about 20 wahaningan University with about 20 wahaningan University with about 20 partners of which August is one of partners of which August is one of partners of which August is one of the the project is um first of all the the project is um first of all the the project is um first of all starting to to have a look uh what kind starting to to have a look uh what kind starting to to have a look uh what kind of plastic is being used what kind of of plastic is being used what kind of of plastic is being used what kind of intentional unintentional sources there intentional unintentional sources there intentional unintentional sources there are and then moving into what kind of are and then moving into what kind of are and then moving into what kind of impacts this has on soil functions on impacts this has on soil functions on impacts this has on soil functions on ecosystem services ecosystem services ecosystem services and the uh the work is then done in a and the uh the work is then done in a and the uh the work is then done in a number of case studies we have 11 case number of case studies we have 11 case number of case studies we have 11 case studies across Europe from north to studies across Europe from north to studies across Europe from north to south west to to East and in these case south west to to East and in these case south west to to East and in these case studies studies studies we go out and work together with the we go out and work together with the we go out and work together with the farmers in each one of the case study we farmers in each one of the case study we farmers in each one of the case study we have about 10 farmers who have welcomed have about 10 farmers who have welcomed have about 10 farmers who have welcomed the research teams to take soil samples the research teams to take soil samples the research teams to take soil samples so that we can see how much micro so that we can see how much micro so that we can see how much micro nanoplastic is out there what kind of a nanoplastic is out there what kind of a nanoplastic is out there what kind of a problem is it in real agricultural problem is it in real agricultural problem is it in real agricultural Fields you also see that there are dots Fields you also see that there are dots Fields you also see that there are dots with two colors with both orange and with two colors with both orange and with two colors with both orange and yellow and these are the partners who yellow and these are the partners who yellow and these are the partners who also have experimental field stations so also have experimental field stations so also have experimental field stations so there there are more in detail there there are more in detail there there are more in detail investigations of microplastic but in investigations of microplastic but in investigations of microplastic but in all of daily 11 case studies we've taken all of daily 11 case studies we've taken all of daily 11 case studies we've taken soil samples in order to see how much soil samples in order to see how much soil samples in order to see how much micro nanoplastic is out there uh in Austria we have two case studies uh in Austria we have two case studies uh in Austria we have two case studies uh the first case study is in the Marvel uh the first case study is in the Marvel uh the first case study is in the Marvel this is the area uh between Vienna and this is the area uh between Vienna and this is the area uh between Vienna and Bratislava the so-called bread basket of Bratislava the so-called bread basket of Bratislava the so-called bread basket of of Austria where a lot of intensive of Austria where a lot of intensive of Austria where a lot of intensive agriculture is taking place uh the area agriculture is taking place uh the area agriculture is taking place uh the area is very famous for its asparagus and is very famous for its asparagus and is very famous for its asparagus and those fields are of course also covered those fields are of course also covered those fields are of course also covered with plastic around this time of the with plastic around this time of the with plastic around this time of the year we are getting to the Prime season year we are getting to the Prime season year we are getting to the Prime season of asparagus there are also a lot of of asparagus there are also a lot of of asparagus there are also a lot of other vegetables grown and from there we other vegetables grown and from there we other vegetables grown and from there we have 10 farmers who are cooperating have 10 farmers who are cooperating have 10 farmers who are cooperating our other case studies in the Alpine our other case studies in the Alpine our other case studies in the Alpine Foothills where we also have Farmers Foothills where we also have Farmers Foothills where we also have Farmers growing vegetables and different kind of growing vegetables and different kind of growing vegetables and different kind of cereals and then we also have a cereals and then we also have a cereals and then we also have a long-term experiment where compost long-term experiment where compost long-term experiment where compost application has been taken place since application has been taken place since application has been taken place since the early 90s with four different kind the early 90s with four different kind the early 90s with four different kind of composts of composts of composts and in the Austrian case studies like in and in the Austrian case studies like in and in the Austrian case studies like in the other case studies across Europe the other case studies across Europe the other case studies across Europe soil sampling was taking place last year soil sampling was taking place last year soil sampling was taking place last year in the spring and at the moment we are in the spring and at the moment we are in the spring and at the moment we are waiting for the the results so the waiting for the the results so the waiting for the the results so the samples are being analyzed and towards samples are being analyzed and towards samples are being analyzed and towards the summer we are hoping to know how the summer we are hoping to know how the summer we are hoping to know how much micro nanoplastic was found on the much micro nanoplastic was found on the much micro nanoplastic was found on the fields fields fields uh We've also been doing several surveys uh We've also been doing several surveys uh We've also been doing several surveys with the farmers so far four surveys with the farmers so far four surveys with the farmers so far four surveys have been done in order to know what have been done in order to know what have been done in order to know what kind of plastic is used by the farmers kind of plastic is used by the farmers kind of plastic is used by the farmers uh what kind of crops are grown on the uh what kind of crops are grown on the uh what kind of crops are grown on the farms and on the particular fields that farms and on the particular fields that farms and on the particular fields that we are sampling we also want to know we are sampling we also want to know we are sampling we also want to know about the management of those farms about the management of those farms about the management of those farms in order to get a good overview in order to get a good overview in order to get a good overview of plastic use on the farms and also of plastic use on the farms and also of plastic use on the farms and also have enough background information to have enough background information to have enough background information to explain the results of micro nanoplastic explain the results of micro nanoplastic explain the results of micro nanoplastic in the soils that we are seeing in the soils that we are seeing in the soils that we are seeing a little insight into what we have got a little insight into what we have got a little insight into what we have got from the the farmers so far so here you from the the farmers so far so here you from the the farmers so far so here you see how the farmers themselves are see how the farmers themselves are see how the farmers themselves are estimating the amount of plastic on estimating the amount of plastic on estimating the amount of plastic on their fields you see there is quite a their fields you see there is quite a their fields you see there is quite a number of farmers who are stating uh number of farmers who are stating uh number of farmers who are stating uh that the the plastic on the fields is that the the plastic on the fields is that the the plastic on the fields is about medium but we also have quite a about medium but we also have quite a about medium but we also have quite a number of farmers who feel that the number of farmers who feel that the number of farmers who feel that the amount is quite high or that the amount amount is quite high or that the amount amount is quite high or that the amount is is is small so there is quite a variety of small so there is quite a variety of small so there is quite a variety of opinions among the farmers that are opinions among the farmers that are opinions among the farmers that are participating with us participating with us participating with us uh something that is quite uh uh something that is quite uh uh something that is quite uh interesting and surprising is that interesting and surprising is that interesting and surprising is that nearly 70 percent of the interviewed nearly 70 percent of the interviewed nearly 70 percent of the interviewed Farmers had no knowledge of initiatives Farmers had no knowledge of initiatives Farmers had no knowledge of initiatives that are working on plastic reduction or that are working on plastic reduction or that are working on plastic reduction or plastic removals from fields and plastic removals from fields and plastic removals from fields and Landscapes and this is kind of um Landscapes and this is kind of um Landscapes and this is kind of um yeah very very surprising I would say yeah very very surprising I would say yeah very very surprising I would say because across Europe there is quite a because across Europe there is quite a because across Europe there is quite a number of initiatives a national number of initiatives a national number of initiatives a national initiatives as well as European initiatives as well as European initiatives as well as European initiatives to discuss about the initiatives to discuss about the initiatives to discuss about the alternatives to plastic what kind of alternatives to plastic what kind of alternatives to plastic what kind of biodegradable options are out there how biodegradable options are out there how biodegradable options are out there how could they be used what would it mean could they be used what would it mean could they be used what would it mean for a farmer to actually switch what for a farmer to actually switch what for a farmer to actually switch what kind of a monetary cost would that have kind of a monetary cost would that have kind of a monetary cost would that have and there are also quite a number of and there are also quite a number of and there are also quite a number of initiatives removing plastic from the initiatives removing plastic from the initiatives removing plastic from the landscape landscape landscape as we are speaking spring is really the as we are speaking spring is really the as we are speaking spring is really the high high time of actions out there high high time of actions out there high high time of actions out there people collecting plastic so there is people collecting plastic so there is people collecting plastic so there is some kind of a mismatch of getting this some kind of a mismatch of getting this some kind of a mismatch of getting this information into the farmers as well information into the farmers as well information into the farmers as well when looking into what kind of plastic when looking into what kind of plastic when looking into what kind of plastic sources there are on the fields that we sources there are on the fields that we sources there are on the fields that we are investigating or in the the general are investigating or in the the general are investigating or in the the general case studies that we are investigating case studies that we are investigating case studies that we are investigating in here you see the the responses to in here you see the the responses to in here you see the the responses to question what types of plastic have you question what types of plastic have you question what types of plastic have you used on the farm over the past 10 years used on the farm over the past 10 years used on the farm over the past 10 years you see that the mulch and other foils you see that the mulch and other foils you see that the mulch and other foils are on the top of the the answers so are on the top of the the answers so are on the top of the the answers so this is something that is very regularly this is something that is very regularly this is something that is very regularly in use for of a number of reasons there in use for of a number of reasons there in use for of a number of reasons there is also irrigation equipment that is is also irrigation equipment that is is also irrigation equipment that is made out of plastic there is Harvest and made out of plastic there is Harvest and made out of plastic there is Harvest and transport boxes transport boxes transport boxes transplant trays and pots of with some a transplant trays and pots of with some a transplant trays and pots of with some a single use and there are a lot of ropes single use and there are a lot of ropes single use and there are a lot of ropes and clips that are made of plastic they and clips that are made of plastic they and clips that are made of plastic they can be insect traps plant protection can be insect traps plant protection can be insect traps plant protection products all kind of labels and Nets and products all kind of labels and Nets and products all kind of labels and Nets and all of this can end up in the soil and all of this can end up in the soil and all of this can end up in the soil and become smaller and smaller pieces where become smaller and smaller pieces where become smaller and smaller pieces where it's even then harder to collect it back and in order to get a bit bigger and in order to get a bit bigger and in order to get a bit bigger overview on the the European level but overview on the the European level but overview on the the European level but why not on a more Global level as well why not on a more Global level as well why not on a more Global level as well we in the project have developed a we in the project have developed a we in the project have developed a so-called soil plastic app with which so-called soil plastic app with which so-called soil plastic app with which you can do observations of visible you can do observations of visible you can do observations of visible plastic consoles uh the app is focusing plastic consoles uh the app is focusing plastic consoles uh the app is focusing on agricultural Source we are hoping to on agricultural Source we are hoping to on agricultural Source we are hoping to get more information on agricultural get more information on agricultural get more information on agricultural Source however please feel free to use Source however please feel free to use Source however please feel free to use it in a park or in a forest if you see it in a park or in a forest if you see it in a park or in a forest if you see plastic around plastic around plastic around the app is available the app is available the app is available for Android apple as well as a browser for Android apple as well as a browser for Android apple as well as a browser version and it's for free so everybody version and it's for free so everybody version and it's for free so everybody can download it can download it can download it and what you can do with it is of course and what you can do with it is of course and what you can do with it is of course to to make spots so to add information to to make spots so to add information to to make spots so to add information of plastic that you see in the of plastic that you see in the of plastic that you see in the environment environment environment and we have a number of minimum info and we have a number of minimum info and we have a number of minimum info that we would like to get so first of that we would like to get so first of that we would like to get so first of all we would like to know in which kind all we would like to know in which kind all we would like to know in which kind of land use you are we follow the of land use you are we follow the of land use you are we follow the Copernicus land use categories so you Copernicus land use categories so you Copernicus land use categories so you can easily click Where You Are can easily click Where You Are can easily click Where You Are we would like to know the amount of we would like to know the amount of we would like to know the amount of plastic that you see the size of the plastic that you see the size of the plastic that you see the size of the plastic as well as the photo of the plastic as well as the photo of the plastic as well as the photo of the plastic because thereby we can also go plastic because thereby we can also go plastic because thereby we can also go to the results and and kind of validate to the results and and kind of validate to the results and and kind of validate and see does this entry make sense and see does this entry make sense and see does this entry make sense foreign foreign foreign we can also get a little bit the extra we can also get a little bit the extra we can also get a little bit the extra information on the plastic so if the information on the plastic so if the information on the plastic so if the user wants to spend a little bit more user wants to spend a little bit more user wants to spend a little bit more time they can also add the color of the time they can also add the color of the time they can also add the color of the plastic the type of the plastic so you plastic the type of the plastic so you plastic the type of the plastic so you will get a long list of different kind will get a long list of different kind will get a long list of different kind of agricultural Plastics or just simply of agricultural Plastics or just simply of agricultural Plastics or just simply packaging and we would be very very packaging and we would be very very packaging and we would be very very grateful for that information grateful for that information grateful for that information it's also possible to add other disposed it's also possible to add other disposed it's also possible to add other disposed material so if you see metal if you see material so if you see metal if you see material so if you see metal if you see class that can also be there and we also class that can also be there and we also class that can also be there and we also would like to know how does this make would like to know how does this make would like to know how does this make you feel you feel you feel does it make you sad does it make you does it make you sad does it make you does it make you sad does it make you happy we would be very happy to know happy we would be very happy to know happy we would be very happy to know that um um um another fact that we would encourage the another fact that we would encourage the another fact that we would encourage the users to do is to dig a little bit users to do is to dig a little bit users to do is to dig a little bit deeper into the soil so tell us a little deeper into the soil so tell us a little deeper into the soil so tell us a little bit about the soil around the spot where bit about the soil around the spot where bit about the soil around the spot where they are doing the observations and this they are doing the observations and this they are doing the observations and this can for example be done by the texture can for example be done by the texture can for example be done by the texture by feel method so you can give us by feel method so you can give us by feel method so you can give us information whether you have sand silt information whether you have sand silt information whether you have sand silt or clay or clay or clay and user you can also observe the soil and user you can also observe the soil and user you can also observe the soil organisms so we have a list of soil organisms so we have a list of soil organisms so we have a list of soil organisms that you can observe you can organisms that you can observe you can organisms that you can observe you can simply click there if someone doesn't simply click there if someone doesn't simply click there if someone doesn't know what all these organisms are know what all these organisms are know what all these organisms are there's also an information that you can there's also an information that you can there's also an information that you can click so you get a little bit further click so you get a little bit further click so you get a little bit further information on those when the the observation is there you when the the observation is there you when the the observation is there you can see your observation on an can see your observation on an can see your observation on an interactive map that you see on the the interactive map that you see on the the interactive map that you see on the the left there so you simply see all the the left there so you simply see all the the left there so you simply see all the the observations that the various citizens observations that the various citizens observations that the various citizens have been doing you can click on a have been doing you can click on a have been doing you can click on a particular spot like you see on the the particular spot like you see on the the particular spot like you see on the the middle you can see for example what are middle you can see for example what are middle you can see for example what are the the newest spots and you can click the the newest spots and you can click the the newest spots and you can click on an individual spot and for example on an individual spot and for example on an individual spot and for example click on a heart and that gives an click on a heart and that gives an click on a heart and that gives an indication to another user that you indication to another user that you indication to another user that you appreciate the contribution of another appreciate the contribution of another appreciate the contribution of another user you appreciate that someone has user you appreciate that someone has user you appreciate that someone has been observing plastic or you appreciate been observing plastic or you appreciate been observing plastic or you appreciate that the person has actually collected that the person has actually collected that the person has actually collected the plastic away from the environment the plastic away from the environment the plastic away from the environment uh you can also see some statistics so uh you can also see some statistics so uh you can also see some statistics so how much data has been coming up in how much data has been coming up in how much data has been coming up in during the the last week the last month during the the last week the last month during the the last week the last month the last year or in total the last year or in total the last year or in total and you can also directly comment uh to and you can also directly comment uh to and you can also directly comment uh to uh another user so you can give a uh another user so you can give a uh another user so you can give a comment on the uh the entry that someone comment on the uh the entry that someone comment on the uh the entry that someone else has been doing and thereby you can else has been doing and thereby you can else has been doing and thereby you can also start discussing with one another also start discussing with one another also start discussing with one another this can be very nice to do with a this can be very nice to do with a this can be very nice to do with a person who is maybe in the same area person who is maybe in the same area person who is maybe in the same area where you are or with the person who is where you are or with the person who is where you are or with the person who is in a country where you're on a holiday in a country where you're on a holiday in a country where you're on a holiday for example for example for example all depending on what the user wants and this is a map of our case studies and this is a map of our case studies and this is a map of our case studies once more to show where the the app has once more to show where the the app has once more to show where the the app has been translated at the moment so as I been translated at the moment so as I been translated at the moment so as I said we have 11 case studies in menacres said we have 11 case studies in menacres said we have 11 case studies in menacres and this case studies active in nine and this case studies active in nine and this case studies active in nine different languages and thereby the the different languages and thereby the the different languages and thereby the the soil plastic app is also available in soil plastic app is also available in soil plastic app is also available in nine languages and it's running on the nine languages and it's running on the nine languages and it's running on the the known spotter on platform that has a the known spotter on platform that has a the known spotter on platform that has a lot of other citizen science lot of other citizen science lot of other citizen science applications as well so if you have a applications as well so if you have a applications as well so if you have a user details for one of the apps that user details for one of the apps that user details for one of the apps that spotter on has made you can use the same spotter on has made you can use the same spotter on has made you can use the same information for all the apps on the the information for all the apps on the the information for all the apps on the the platform platform platform on the right hand side you see that we on the right hand side you see that we on the right hand side you see that we also have different kind of user roles also have different kind of user roles also have different kind of user roles so so so we we have we we have we we have different users such as individual different users such as individual different users such as individual families and School classes families and School classes families and School classes and this is there so that we can and this is there so that we can and this is there so that we can especially made it make it possible for especially made it make it possible for especially made it make it possible for schools to make a competition for schools to make a competition for schools to make a competition for example with school classes making the example with school classes making the example with school classes making the most observations that we are doing in most observations that we are doing in most observations that we are doing in Austria at the moment Austria at the moment Austria at the moment right now we have a bit more than 2 000 right now we have a bit more than 2 000 right now we have a bit more than 2 000 observations it's getting close to 2 observations it's getting close to 2 observations it's getting close to 2 500. 500. 500. however we don't really have so many however we don't really have so many however we don't really have so many observations from the UK yet so it would observations from the UK yet so it would observations from the UK yet so it would be great to get a couple of more be great to get a couple of more be great to get a couple of more observations from there as well and what we have uh learned so far with and what we have uh learned so far with and what we have uh learned so far with the app the app the app uh we we see that both soil scientists uh we we see that both soil scientists uh we we see that both soil scientists as well as soil citizen scientists can as well as soil citizen scientists can as well as soil citizen scientists can benefit benefit benefit from using this app it enables from using this app it enables from using this app it enables communication between the users it can communication between the users it can communication between the users it can be between soil scientists and soil be between soil scientists and soil be between soil scientists and soil citizen scientists it can be between citizen scientists it can be between citizen scientists it can be between individual users of the app individual users of the app individual users of the app it also offers an easy way to to collect it also offers an easy way to to collect it also offers an easy way to to collect data and it can help us to get a better data and it can help us to get a better data and it can help us to get a better overview of what kind of plastic is out overview of what kind of plastic is out overview of what kind of plastic is out there in the European environment there in the European environment there in the European environment and this hopefully will give us more and this hopefully will give us more and this hopefully will give us more data so that we can see where are some data so that we can see where are some data so that we can see where are some hot spots of plastic disposed plastic in hot spots of plastic disposed plastic in hot spots of plastic disposed plastic in the environment and where we could the environment and where we could the environment and where we could investigate further investigate further investigate further we hope that by many people using this we hope that by many people using this we hope that by many people using this app we can increase awareness about app we can increase awareness about app we can increase awareness about plastic residues in the environment and plastic residues in the environment and plastic residues in the environment and plastic use in general plastic use in general plastic use in general we also hope to encourage the collection we also hope to encourage the collection we also hope to encourage the collection of plastic from the environment so in of plastic from the environment so in of plastic from the environment so in the app you can always click whether you the app you can always click whether you the app you can always click whether you have collected the plastic and disposed have collected the plastic and disposed have collected the plastic and disposed it so we don't want people to leave the it so we don't want people to leave the it so we don't want people to leave the plastic in the environment but actually plastic in the environment but actually plastic in the environment but actually to take it away to take it away to take it away and we also hope that when we have a lot and we also hope that when we have a lot and we also hope that when we have a lot of entries this could also be something of entries this could also be something of entries this could also be something that could be used as a background for that could be used as a background for that could be used as a background for for for policy discussions uh and some recommendations when rolling uh and some recommendations when rolling uh and some recommendations when rolling out an app or when starting to use an out an app or when starting to use an out an app or when starting to use an app with a bigger group of people uh app with a bigger group of people uh app with a bigger group of people uh We've noticed that it's very important We've noticed that it's very important We've noticed that it's very important with the target specific communication with the target specific communication with the target specific communication so for example if you're talking with so for example if you're talking with so for example if you're talking with the teacher so aiming to use it with the teacher so aiming to use it with the teacher so aiming to use it with teachers it's very very important to teachers it's very very important to teachers it's very very important to train the teachers on the topic and to train the teachers on the topic and to train the teachers on the topic and to be available for for questions how to be available for for questions how to be available for for questions how to use the app how to apply with the use the app how to apply with the use the app how to apply with the students students students and we've also noticed that it's very and we've also noticed that it's very and we've also noticed that it's very important to check the the national laws important to check the the national laws important to check the the national laws so whenever you start encouraging people so whenever you start encouraging people so whenever you start encouraging people to go out and observe plastic for to go out and observe plastic for to go out and observe plastic for example in the UK it's very important to example in the UK it's very important to example in the UK it's very important to um to keep the countryside code in mind um to keep the countryside code in mind um to keep the countryside code in mind so not to encourage people to go so not to encourage people to go so not to encourage people to go somewhere they are not supposed to go somewhere they are not supposed to go somewhere they are not supposed to go and with this I would like to thank you and with this I would like to thank you and with this I would like to thank you for your attention and open the floor for your attention and open the floor for your attention and open the floor for questions thank you okay thank you Taro for that um okay thank you Taro for that um okay thank you Taro for that um incredibly interesting talk I'm pleased incredibly interesting talk I'm pleased incredibly interesting talk I'm pleased to welcome back source and Tracy who's to welcome back source and Tracy who's to welcome back source and Tracy who's been monitoring the questions you've been monitoring the questions you've been monitoring the questions you've been sending in um for the panelists been sending in um for the panelists been sending in um for the panelists just as a reminder please submit any just as a reminder please submit any just as a reminder please submit any final questions by 12 50 PM that will final questions by 12 50 PM that will final questions by 12 50 PM that will give us a chance to get through as many give us a chance to get through as many give us a chance to get through as many as possible so over to you cersa hey so we've got quite a few questions hey so we've got quite a few questions hey so we've got quite a few questions so I'll try and get through them all so I'll try and get through them all so I'll try and get through them all um so that the first question really is um so that the first question really is um so that the first question really is for for for either speaker either speaker either speaker is there any work quantifying a is there any work quantifying a is there any work quantifying a threshold limit by which the abundance threshold limit by which the abundance threshold limit by which the abundance of micropriate of micropriate of micropriate microplastics present present in soil microplastics present present in soil microplastics present present in soil starts to become harmful or starch starts to become harmful or starch starts to become harmful or starch starts to change properties starts to change properties starts to change properties so could either speaker take that in so could either speaker take that in so could either speaker take that in terms of a threshold limit you want to do that Tower should I um yeah so I think quite a lot of um yeah so I think quite a lot of um yeah so I think quite a lot of studies like what Matthias is doing I studies like what Matthias is doing I studies like what Matthias is doing I needed in order to determine this kind needed in order to determine this kind needed in order to determine this kind of thresholds and there it would of of thresholds and there it would of of thresholds and there it would of course be important then to uh to do course be important then to uh to do course be important then to uh to do this on different kind of soils like this on different kind of soils like this on different kind of soils like Matthias was describing a study looking Matthias was describing a study looking Matthias was describing a study looking at different kind of soils in Germany at different kind of soils in Germany at different kind of soils in Germany this was already giving very different this was already giving very different this was already giving very different results when this would be done for for results when this would be done for for results when this would be done for for European soils for example we would have European soils for example we would have European soils for example we would have even more response even more response even more response how fast that uh work could go um I don't know Matthias do you have a a um I don't know Matthias do you have a a um I don't know Matthias do you have a a number of years how long it could take number of years how long it could take number of years how long it could take to get into a threshold yeah I mean it to get into a threshold yeah I mean it to get into a threshold yeah I mean it there will be no overall threshold it's there will be no overall threshold it's there will be no overall threshold it's not possible because this is such a wide not possible because this is such a wide not possible because this is such a wide range of different particle types and range of different particle types and range of different particle types and everything else and this work you know everything else and this work you know everything else and this work you know those response relationships for this those response relationships for this those response relationships for this particular particular particular topic is extremely challenging to carry topic is extremely challenging to carry topic is extremely challenging to carry out in practice as we have discovered we out in practice as we have discovered we out in practice as we have discovered we have tried to do this very many times in have tried to do this very many times in have tried to do this very many times in the lab and it is not as straightforward the lab and it is not as straightforward the lab and it is not as straightforward as it sounds yeah but it is an important as it sounds yeah but it is an important as it sounds yeah but it is an important question for sure question for sure question for sure okay thank you so it sounds like yeah okay thank you so it sounds like yeah okay thank you so it sounds like yeah we'll never well we might we're we'll never well we might we're we'll never well we might we're currently not in a position to know when currently not in a position to know when currently not in a position to know when there's a safe level of microplastics there's a safe level of microplastics there's a safe level of microplastics but we have a kind of a follow-up but we have a kind of a follow-up but we have a kind of a follow-up question however if I if I may answer to question however if I if I may answer to question however if I if I may answer to that there is I mean there are existing that there is I mean there are existing that there is I mean there are existing thresholds for for example how much thresholds for for example how much thresholds for for example how much plastic thing can be in a compost there plastic thing can be in a compost there plastic thing can be in a compost there are thresholds for food so I don't want are thresholds for food so I don't want are thresholds for food so I don't want to say it's impossible I would like to to say it's impossible I would like to to say it's impossible I would like to say it's possible but there will be a say it's possible but there will be a say it's possible but there will be a lot of discussion on what the exact lot of discussion on what the exact lot of discussion on what the exact level would be but in other areas those level would be but in other areas those level would be but in other areas those thresholds already exist thresholds already exist thresholds already exist hey thank you for that addition thank hey thank you for that addition thank hey thank you for that addition thank you so as a follow-up question you so as a follow-up question you so as a follow-up question um um um I'll put this to you Tara is there a I'll put this to you Tara is there a I'll put this to you Tara is there a routine monitoring type of polymer shape routine monitoring type of polymer shape routine monitoring type of polymer shape size Etc is it prohibitively expensive size Etc is it prohibitively expensive size Etc is it prohibitively expensive um do the speakers have any suggestions um do the speakers have any suggestions um do the speakers have any suggestions on surrogate measurements as indicators on surrogate measurements as indicators on surrogate measurements as indicators of microplastic concentrations in the of microplastic concentrations in the of microplastic concentrations in the soils so whether a routine measurement is so whether a routine measurement is so whether a routine measurement is already in place already in place already in place yeah oh really is is there you mentioned yeah oh really is is there you mentioned yeah oh really is is there you mentioned that farmers they estimate the number of that farmers they estimate the number of that farmers they estimate the number of plastic in the fields what is the is plastic in the fields what is the is plastic in the fields what is the is there a kind of standard operating there a kind of standard operating there a kind of standard operating procedure they have currently besides procedure they have currently besides procedure they have currently besides the app here um so I don't think the farmers yet have um so I don't think the farmers yet have um so I don't think the farmers yet have a standard a standard a standard way of doing observations on the field way of doing observations on the field way of doing observations on the field with the app we we give a guidance of with the app we we give a guidance of with the app we we give a guidance of observing all the plastic that you can observing all the plastic that you can observing all the plastic that you can see and then you can enter this on the see and then you can enter this on the see and then you can enter this on the app and thereby the information comes in app and thereby the information comes in app and thereby the information comes in a harmonized way when it comes to like a harmonized way when it comes to like a harmonized way when it comes to like National Monitoring National Monitoring National Monitoring there are a different for example in there are a different for example in there are a different for example in Austria there is now a project ongoing Austria there is now a project ongoing Austria there is now a project ongoing where samples are taking been taken where samples are taking been taken where samples are taking been taken across Austria in order to see how much across Austria in order to see how much across Austria in order to see how much microplastic is in the soils and and how microplastic is in the soils and and how microplastic is in the soils and and how the methodology can be harmonized the methodology can be harmonized the methodology can be harmonized however as far as I know there is not however as far as I know there is not however as far as I know there is not yet a ISO standard that a lot of labs yet a ISO standard that a lot of labs yet a ISO standard that a lot of labs would be following there are several would be following there are several would be following there are several methods but not one standard which also methods but not one standard which also methods but not one standard which also makes the the results the the result makes the the results the the result makes the the results the the result comparison a little bit more difficult comparison a little bit more difficult comparison a little bit more difficult okay thank you and now a question from okay thank you and now a question from okay thank you and now a question from Matthias do you know what sort of Matthias do you know what sort of Matthias do you know what sort of phytotoxic substances are being released phytotoxic substances are being released phytotoxic substances are being released by microplastics adversely affecting by microplastics adversely affecting by microplastics adversely affecting plantar microbial function plantar microbial function plantar microbial function yeah maybe one back to this one there's yeah maybe one back to this one there's yeah maybe one back to this one there's also new types of microplastic always also new types of microplastic always also new types of microplastic always discovered in soil like we recently discovered in soil like we recently discovered in soil like we recently documented that there is pigment documented that there is pigment documented that there is pigment microplastic which was the first study microplastic which was the first study microplastic which was the first study of that in soil and that is not covered of that in soil and that is not covered of that in soil and that is not covered by any of the traditional extraction by any of the traditional extraction by any of the traditional extraction methods because those particles have a methods because those particles have a methods because those particles have a higher density so they're excluded in higher density so they're excluded in higher density so they're excluded in the very first step so it's far from the very first step so it's far from the very first step so it's far from standard standard standard about the phytoxic toxic substances many about the phytoxic toxic substances many about the phytoxic toxic substances many very many times it is completely unknown very many times it is completely unknown very many times it is completely unknown what the things are that come out of the what the things are that come out of the what the things are that come out of the Plastics we did this was this is work Plastics we did this was this is work Plastics we did this was this is work done by done by done by in a collaboration with some other in a collaboration with some other in a collaboration with some other collaborators from South Korea and collaborators from South Korea and collaborators from South Korea and basically there is a wild bouquet of basically there is a wild bouquet of basically there is a wild bouquet of chemicals coming out of these particles chemicals coming out of these particles chemicals coming out of these particles most of which are unknown you know I most of which are unknown you know I most of which are unknown you know I there's 350 000 registered chemicals there's 350 000 registered chemicals there's 350 000 registered chemicals that are industrially produced but that are industrially produced but that are industrially produced but that's just basically the tip of the that's just basically the tip of the that's just basically the tip of the iceberg there's going to be very many iceberg there's going to be very many iceberg there's going to be very many chemicals in that we don't know what chemicals in that we don't know what chemicals in that we don't know what they are and maybe even also the they are and maybe even also the they are and maybe even also the manufacturers will not know what they manufacturers will not know what they manufacturers will not know what they are so it is almost are so it is almost are so it is almost um currently I would say it's almost um currently I would say it's almost um currently I would say it's almost impossible to always pinpoint what impossible to always pinpoint what impossible to always pinpoint what causes effects causes effects causes effects having said that in some cases is pretty having said that in some cases is pretty having said that in some cases is pretty clear like you know for tire wear clear like you know for tire wear clear like you know for tire wear particles there's so many nasty things particles there's so many nasty things particles there's so many nasty things in these uh particles like also heavy in these uh particles like also heavy in these uh particles like also heavy metals that often those are the culprit metals that often those are the culprit metals that often those are the culprit but when it's um you know to pinpoint but when it's um you know to pinpoint but when it's um you know to pinpoint which of the very many Peaks you get which of the very many Peaks you get which of the very many Peaks you get from a chemical analysis really causes from a chemical analysis really causes from a chemical analysis really causes that is is a really really challenging that is is a really really challenging that is is a really really challenging in some cases it's possible though yeah in some cases it's possible though yeah in some cases it's possible though yeah okay thank you and then Matthias are okay thank you and then Matthias are okay thank you and then Matthias are there any Global effects of soil there any Global effects of soil there any Global effects of soil Plastics or is it known on greenhouse Plastics or is it known on greenhouse Plastics or is it known on greenhouse gas emissions gas emissions gas emissions is that known is that known is that known well there are a number of studies that well there are a number of studies that well there are a number of studies that have been done under more controlled have been done under more controlled have been done under more controlled conditions and they're more and more conditions and they're more and more conditions and they're more and more coming out that coming out that coming out that um suggests that there's differences in um suggests that there's differences in um suggests that there's differences in the fluxes of CO2 and methane for the fluxes of CO2 and methane for the fluxes of CO2 and methane for example in response to these particles example in response to these particles example in response to these particles having affected the soil there is having affected the soil there is having affected the soil there is nothing like a global monitoring program nothing like a global monitoring program nothing like a global monitoring program of course and we also still lack the of course and we also still lack the of course and we also still lack the information about macdx10 of information about macdx10 of information about macdx10 of microplastic pollution in a broader microplastic pollution in a broader microplastic pollution in a broader scale in order to make that scale in order to make that scale in order to make that statement if Global fluxes have already statement if Global fluxes have already statement if Global fluxes have already been affecting but you know as far as we been affecting but you know as far as we been affecting but you know as far as we know from like um highly controlled know from like um highly controlled know from like um highly controlled laboratory studies that is the potential laboratory studies that is the potential laboratory studies that is the potential for that for that for that thank you very much so uh tarry now a thank you very much so uh tarry now a thank you very much so uh tarry now a question for you is there any way to question for you is there any way to question for you is there any way to substitute for Plastics substitute for Plastics substitute for Plastics uh yes uh there are biodegradable uh yes uh there are biodegradable uh yes uh there are biodegradable um Alternatives that can be used in um Alternatives that can be used in um Alternatives that can be used in agriculture as well and there the the agriculture as well and there the the agriculture as well and there the the idea is then that the material will uh idea is then that the material will uh idea is then that the material will uh degrade and this is of course also then degrade and this is of course also then degrade and this is of course also then depended on how it's handled in the depended on how it's handled in the depended on how it's handled in the field but there are several companies field but there are several companies field but there are several companies already producing uh alternatives already producing uh alternatives already producing uh alternatives like Nova Mont or like Nova Mont or like Nova Mont or um yeah that's just one company um yeah that's just one company um yeah that's just one company producing alternatives producing alternatives producing alternatives hey thank you uh now back to Mateus so hey thank you uh now back to Mateus so hey thank you uh now back to Mateus so we you've mentioned positive and we you've mentioned positive and we you've mentioned positive and negative effects on plant growth have negative effects on plant growth have negative effects on plant growth have you observed any positive effect effects you observed any positive effect effects you observed any positive effect effects so could you go into a bit of detail of so could you go into a bit of detail of so could you go into a bit of detail of what some of those positive effects what some of those positive effects what some of those positive effects might look like might look like might look like sure I mean we often see that uh root sure I mean we often see that uh root sure I mean we often see that uh root growth is enhanced quite a quite a bit growth is enhanced quite a quite a bit growth is enhanced quite a quite a bit and also shoot growth is enhanced so and also shoot growth is enhanced so and also shoot growth is enhanced so there's more biomass being produced there's more biomass being produced there's more biomass being produced we've also now repeatedly in quite a lot we've also now repeatedly in quite a lot we've also now repeatedly in quite a lot of experiments have seen that of experiments have seen that of experiments have seen that colonization Levels by A buscular colonization Levels by A buscular colonization Levels by A buscular mycorrhizal fungi which are key root mycorrhizal fungi which are key root mycorrhizal fungi which are key root symbians have also been enhanced quite a symbians have also been enhanced quite a symbians have also been enhanced quite a lot actually we don't know why so yeah lot actually we don't know why so yeah lot actually we don't know why so yeah there is a really a number of parameters there is a really a number of parameters there is a really a number of parameters that are affected positively it makes it that are affected positively it makes it that are affected positively it makes it actually very challenging to communicate actually very challenging to communicate actually very challenging to communicate right because the positive effect seems right because the positive effect seems right because the positive effect seems like oh that's great like oh that's great like oh that's great but in fact you know it's not because but in fact you know it's not because but in fact you know it's not because that very same substance may have that very same substance may have that very same substance may have positive effects on some slices of the positive effects on some slices of the positive effects on some slices of the parameter space let's say plant parameter space let's say plant parameter space let's say plant performance but they can negatively performance but they can negatively performance but they can negatively affect other parts of the system let's affect other parts of the system let's affect other parts of the system let's say soil aggregate stability and so also say soil aggregate stability and so also say soil aggregate stability and so also that same effect as a positive effect on that same effect as a positive effect on that same effect as a positive effect on plant growth as I had mentioned briefly plant growth as I had mentioned briefly plant growth as I had mentioned briefly in the talk and translate to shifts in in the talk and translate to shifts in in the talk and translate to shifts in plan Community composition and in the plan Community composition and in the plan Community composition and in the few examples where we looked at it was few examples where we looked at it was few examples where we looked at it was the species that were rather more the species that were rather more the species that were rather more undesirable like that our range undesirable like that our range undesirable like that our range expanders not necessarily invasive expanders not necessarily invasive expanders not necessarily invasive species yet but range expanders that species yet but range expanders that species yet but range expanders that were favored and so I think this is sort were favored and so I think this is sort were favored and so I think this is sort of the um the tricky bit to identify of the um the tricky bit to identify of the um the tricky bit to identify these results in the proper context you these results in the proper context you these results in the proper context you know there's nominally positive effects know there's nominally positive effects know there's nominally positive effects in a particular Target organism but this in a particular Target organism but this in a particular Target organism but this is not does not mean that the effects is not does not mean that the effects is not does not mean that the effects are universally positive on other are universally positive on other are universally positive on other Targets in this in the ecosystem and Targets in this in the ecosystem and Targets in this in the ecosystem and also these positive effects propagate to also these positive effects propagate to also these positive effects propagate to different levels where they are leading different levels where they are leading different levels where they are leading to quite more undesirable outcomes to quite more undesirable outcomes to quite more undesirable outcomes oh thank you that was really interesting oh thank you that was really interesting oh thank you that was really interesting so this next question either either one so this next question either either one so this next question either either one of you take it if you want is what are of you take it if you want is what are of you take it if you want is what are the technological procedures that are the technological procedures that are the technological procedures that are being used to remediate microplastics in being used to remediate microplastics in being used to remediate microplastics in soil soil soil is there any I hope you're gonna take that um so uh at least I have not heard of uh um so uh at least I have not heard of uh um so uh at least I have not heard of uh so many uh remediation actions I think so many uh remediation actions I think so many uh remediation actions I think we still know very little about the we still know very little about the we still know very little about the amounts of microplastics in soils so I amounts of microplastics in soils so I amounts of microplastics in soils so I don't think we have a a good overall don't think we have a a good overall don't think we have a a good overall picture of how much is out there and we picture of how much is out there and we picture of how much is out there and we also still investigating uh all the the also still investigating uh all the the also still investigating uh all the the sources so compost is a known example sources so compost is a known example sources so compost is a known example where we know that there is plastic and where we know that there is plastic and where we know that there is plastic and it's a problem in the agricultural it's a problem in the agricultural it's a problem in the agricultural Community as well that sometimes the Community as well that sometimes the Community as well that sometimes the farmers do not want to have compost farmers do not want to have compost farmers do not want to have compost because there is so much plastic in it because there is so much plastic in it because there is so much plastic in it um um um but um yeah I would also be very excited but um yeah I would also be very excited but um yeah I would also be very excited to to hear about those remediation to to hear about those remediation to to hear about those remediation actions actions actions I think you know my two cents on that is I think you know my two cents on that is I think you know my two cents on that is that there are they are futile that there are they are futile that there are they are futile it's a rather pessimistic views this is it's a rather pessimistic views this is it's a rather pessimistic views this is why I didn't want to share it maybe as why I didn't want to share it maybe as why I didn't want to share it maybe as the first but um I think it is so high the first but um I think it is so high the first but um I think it is so high diversity of um particles out there that diversity of um particles out there that diversity of um particles out there that is not the same as remediating for a is not the same as remediating for a is not the same as remediating for a specific substance by adding like let's specific substance by adding like let's specific substance by adding like let's say a microbe that produces an enzyme say a microbe that produces an enzyme say a microbe that produces an enzyme that breaks this down even though that that breaks this down even though that that breaks this down even though that doesn't work either in 90 of the cases doesn't work either in 90 of the cases doesn't work either in 90 of the cases so that even in the best scenario uh is so that even in the best scenario uh is so that even in the best scenario uh is hardly ever really successful and I hardly ever really successful and I hardly ever really successful and I think that this will be dramatically think that this will be dramatically think that this will be dramatically less successful when you have such a less successful when you have such a less successful when you have such a highly diverse contaminant Suite because highly diverse contaminant Suite because highly diverse contaminant Suite because you would have to basically have you would have to basically have you would have to basically have something for all kinds of polymers and something for all kinds of polymers and something for all kinds of polymers and forms and whatnot so I think that that forms and whatnot so I think that that forms and whatnot so I think that that is is is unlikely to be really successful is what unlikely to be really successful is what unlikely to be really successful is what I think I think I think but it's personal opinion but it's personal opinion but it's personal opinion and one follow-up question we have from and one follow-up question we have from and one follow-up question we have from another attendee is another attendee is another attendee is um to control microplastics um to control microplastics um to control microplastics contamination agricultural soils do you contamination agricultural soils do you contamination agricultural soils do you think that legislating the type of think that legislating the type of think that legislating the type of plastic that can be used is the way so plastic that can be used is the way so plastic that can be used is the way so could policy be a solution um policy can definitely be part of the um policy can definitely be part of the um policy can definitely be part of the solution so as the the first question solution so as the the first question solution so as the the first question was also about thresholds they already was also about thresholds they already was also about thresholds they already are thresholds for for food for example are thresholds for for food for example are thresholds for for food for example uh there are thresholds for for compost uh there are thresholds for for compost uh there are thresholds for for compost how much can be there so how much can be there so how much can be there so um this may also help to to minimize the um this may also help to to minimize the um this may also help to to minimize the amount of plastic that is going there amount of plastic that is going there amount of plastic that is going there but I think we probably need yeah a but I think we probably need yeah a but I think we probably need yeah a number of we need a a bouquet of number of we need a a bouquet of number of we need a a bouquet of stakeholders to go together to solve the stakeholders to go together to solve the stakeholders to go together to solve the issue okay thank you we've got a lot of okay thank you we've got a lot of okay thank you we've got a lot of questions I don't think we're going to questions I don't think we're going to questions I don't think we're going to be able to answer them all and there was be able to answer them all and there was be able to answer them all and there was quite a few questions to arrow on the quite a few questions to arrow on the quite a few questions to arrow on the app just I'll I'll just ask a couple but app just I'll I'll just ask a couple but app just I'll I'll just ask a couple but maybe you will follow up manually maybe you will follow up manually maybe you will follow up manually afterwards is does the soil plastic app afterwards is does the soil plastic app afterwards is does the soil plastic app accept data from outside of Europe accept data from outside of Europe accept data from outside of Europe yes it does it is um we have uh yes it does it is um we have uh yes it does it is um we have uh translated it to these nine languages translated it to these nine languages translated it to these nine languages for the reason that these are the the for the reason that these are the the for the reason that these are the the case study languages in menacres and we case study languages in menacres and we case study languages in menacres and we want every case study to be able to use want every case study to be able to use want every case study to be able to use it uh but um observations anywhere in it uh but um observations anywhere in it uh but um observations anywhere in the world can be entered into the map the world can be entered into the map the world can be entered into the map so you just uh yeah wherever you are so you just uh yeah wherever you are so you just uh yeah wherever you are with your mobile you can put an entry um um um sorry just trying to locate the other sorry just trying to locate the other sorry just trying to locate the other um app questions no app questions no app questions no um I think we've answered those um I think we've answered those um I think we've answered those oh so one of the questions at Larry was oh so one of the questions at Larry was oh so one of the questions at Larry was um will you incorporate the shape of um will you incorporate the shape of um will you incorporate the shape of microplastic microplastic microplastic um um um in the soil analysis as an important in the soil analysis as an important in the soil analysis as an important driver so the shape of the microplastic what's this from Adidas or what's this from Adidas or what's this from Adidas or um I think it was in relation to the app um I think it was in relation to the app um I think it was in relation to the app can it take and relation to the app yes can it take and relation to the app yes can it take and relation to the app yes so we have so we have so we have um uh on the app you will be asked what um uh on the app you will be asked what um uh on the app you will be asked what kind of plastic it is and by that we kind of plastic it is and by that we kind of plastic it is and by that we will also get an indication of what is will also get an indication of what is will also get an indication of what is the the shape of the the plastic so is the the shape of the the plastic so is the the shape of the the plastic so is it the foil is it the wrapping is it the it the foil is it the wrapping is it the it the foil is it the wrapping is it the box is it a plastic fleas irrigation box is it a plastic fleas irrigation box is it a plastic fleas irrigation pipe we will then indirectly get pipe we will then indirectly get pipe we will then indirectly get information on the the shade we did information on the the shade we did information on the the shade we did quite a quite a quite a big discussion round in the task back big discussion round in the task back big discussion round in the task back and forth what is the INF what's the and forth what is the INF what's the and forth what is the INF what's the amount of information that we want from amount of information that we want from amount of information that we want from the app and what's the information that the app and what's the information that the app and what's the information that we can ask from the the user and this we can ask from the the user and this we can ask from the the user and this was our compromise to to get the kind of was our compromise to to get the kind of was our compromise to to get the kind of the type of the plastic and then we can the type of the plastic and then we can the type of the plastic and then we can have an assumption of the shape have an assumption of the shape have an assumption of the shape okay and thank you for answering so many okay and thank you for answering so many okay and thank you for answering so many questions but to both the speakers I'm questions but to both the speakers I'm questions but to both the speakers I'm going to hand back over to Paul now as going to hand back over to Paul now as going to hand back over to Paul now as chair thank you chair thank you chair thank you all right thank you sarsa this was an all right thank you sarsa this was an all right thank you sarsa this was an absolutely great zoom into soil so I absolutely great zoom into soil so I absolutely great zoom into soil so I want to first of all on behalf of the want to first of all on behalf of the want to first of all on behalf of the British Society of soil science thank British Society of soil science thank British Society of soil science thank the two speakers the two speakers the two speakers um Professor Matthias really again Dr um Professor Matthias really again Dr um Professor Matthias really again Dr taru um sandian for coming along to taru um sandian for coming along to taru um sandian for coming along to present today and showing their really present today and showing their really present today and showing their really impressive research and also ideas and impressive research and also ideas and impressive research and also ideas and applications of the research as well and applications of the research as well and applications of the research as well and I also saw the questions that sursa was I also saw the questions that sursa was I also saw the questions that sursa was working through so thank you to her for working through so thank you to her for working through so thank you to her for uh dealing with all those it was uh dealing with all those it was uh dealing with all those it was Monumental the task that she performed Monumental the task that she performed Monumental the task that she performed um thank you also to the soil science um thank you also to the soil science um thank you also to the soil science Society of Ireland for supporting this Society of Ireland for supporting this Society of Ireland for supporting this webinar and thank you to all 180 of you webinar and thank you to all 180 of you webinar and thank you to all 180 of you for attending the webinar as well you'll for attending the webinar as well you'll for attending the webinar as well you'll find a quick feedback survey when you find a quick feedback survey when you find a quick feedback survey when you leave the webinar which we hope you'll leave the webinar which we hope you'll leave the webinar which we hope you'll be able to complete the recording of be able to complete the recording of be able to complete the recording of this video will also be available after this video will also be available after this video will also be available after the event on the bridge Society of soil the event on the bridge Society of soil the event on the bridge Society of soil science YouTube channel and as cerso science YouTube channel and as cerso science YouTube channel and as cerso mentioned at the start we're holding the mentioned at the start we're holding the mentioned at the start we're holding the annual conference with the soil science annual conference with the soil science annual conference with the soil science Society of Ireland from Monday the 4th Society of Ireland from Monday the 4th Society of Ireland from Monday the 4th to Tuesday the 5th of December in to Tuesday the 5th of December in to Tuesday the 5th of December in Belfast and it's set to be a great event Belfast and it's set to be a great event Belfast and it's set to be a great event and um registration is going to be open and um registration is going to be open and um registration is going to be open on the website very shortly on the website very shortly on the website very shortly the next webinar will be held on the next webinar will be held on the next webinar will be held on Wednesday the 3rd of May registration Wednesday the 3rd of May registration Wednesday the 3rd of May registration hasn't opened yet so keep an eye out on hasn't opened yet so keep an eye out on hasn't opened yet so keep an eye out on our website and social media for any our website and social media for any our website and social media for any further updates and I hope to see you at further updates and I hope to see you at further updates and I hope to see you at future events and in the meantime thank future events and in the meantime thank future events and in the meantime thank you again and goodbye<br /> }}</div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Zoom_into_Soil:_Biochar&diff=11791 2026-05-29T14:07:20Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Ajoute les transcriptions YouTube aux pages vidéo qui n&#039;en ont pas - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/435</p> <hr /> <div>{{vidéo<br /> | Titre = Zoom into Soil: Biochar<br /> | Producteur = British Society of Soil Science<br /> | Vignette = Thumbnail_youtube_CAxYhkNMAUo.jpg<br /> | Date de mise en ligne = 2023-01-18<br /> | Durée = 60 minutes<br /> | Production = <br /> | Vidéo = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CAxYhkNMAUo<br /> | Intervenants 0 = Dr Saran Sohi<br /> | Intervenants 1 = Hamish Creber<br /> | Mots-clés = NBSOIL<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Welcome to the Zoom into Soil: Biochar video from the British Society of Soil Science.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> The literature referencing biochar is enormous, a slew of meta-analyses more recently superseded by a meta-analysis of the meta-analyses. Our first speaker, Dr Saran Sohi, considers what biochar can do, and offers some basic suggestions as to the mechanisms and the subject of prediction. The focus is pointers as to where biochar could excel in the near term, considering a framework where economics, logistics and market constraints are explicit. In considering the more universal features of biochar, the problem of establishing (and assuring) the absolute longevity of biochar carbon in soil is tackled.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Hamish Creber presents 'Unlocking the potential of biochar'. Biochar has the potential to deliver greenhouse gas removal at scale and be a key technology in achieving NetZero. The effective use of biochar can improve soil nutrient availability and increase crop resilience to environmental stress factors. To date, there have been barriers to the widespread adoption of biochar. This presentation discusses how biochar can be scaled within the U.K. context by optimising the performance of biochar in the soil and by establishing sustainable biochar use systems.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> https://soils.org.uk/education/videos/<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{Pages liées}}<br /> <br /> {{Transcription<br /> | transcription = welcome to the meeting and a very Happy welcome to the meeting and a very Happy welcome to the meeting and a very Happy New Year to you all I'm Paul hollett New Year to you all I'm Paul hollett New Year to you all I'm Paul hollett president-elect of the British Society president-elect of the British Society president-elect of the British Society of soil science and I'm delighted to of soil science and I'm delighted to of soil science and I'm delighted to welcome you all to our first webinar of welcome you all to our first webinar of welcome you all to our first webinar of 2023. before I welcome our panelists I 2023. before I welcome our panelists I 2023. before I welcome our panelists I would like to introduce the British would like to introduce the British would like to introduce the British Society of soil science as hosts of Society of soil science as hosts of Society of soil science as hosts of today's webinar so we are an established today's webinar so we are an established today's webinar so we are an established International membership organization International membership organization International membership organization and charity committed to the study of and charity committed to the study of and charity committed to the study of soil in its widest aspects we have quite soil in its widest aspects we have quite soil in its widest aspects we have quite a broad membership we extend beyond a a broad membership we extend beyond a a broad membership we extend beyond a network for Academia with a growing network for Academia with a growing network for Academia with a growing membership of practitioners who membership of practitioners who membership of practitioners who Implement soil science and industry and Implement soil science and industry and Implement soil science and industry and those with a keen interest in soils those with a keen interest in soils those with a keen interest in soils we'll be hosting 10 webinars during 2023 we'll be hosting 10 webinars during 2023 we'll be hosting 10 webinars during 2023 so please do keep an eye out on our so please do keep an eye out on our so please do keep an eye out on our website for further details website for further details website for further details so before we begin so before we begin so before we begin um some basic housekeeping for the um some basic housekeeping for the um some basic housekeeping for the webinar today webinar today webinar today there are a very large number of people there are a very large number of people there are a very large number of people registered for this so all microphones registered for this so all microphones registered for this so all microphones have been muted we will be taking have been muted we will be taking have been muted we will be taking questions just at the end of both questions just at the end of both questions just at the end of both presentations and my colleague James presentations and my colleague James presentations and my colleague James who's an early career researcher will who's an early career researcher will who's an early career researcher will monitor these for us so please can you monitor these for us so please can you monitor these for us so please can you submit any questions that you have by 12 submit any questions that you have by 12 submit any questions that you have by 12 50 and then that'll allow us to get 50 and then that'll allow us to get 50 and then that'll allow us to get through as many of these as we can through as many of these as we can through as many of these as we can there is a raised hand button both there is a raised hand button both there is a raised hand button both speakers have said that they um would speakers have said that they um would speakers have said that they um would not mind if people use that but not mind if people use that but not mind if people use that but um if you want to use that go ahead but um if you want to use that go ahead but um if you want to use that go ahead but probably writing down questions is a probably writing down questions is a probably writing down questions is a better option and today's presentations better option and today's presentations better option and today's presentations have also been awarded bases and and our have also been awarded bases and and our have also been awarded bases and and our Oso CPD points if you're registered with Oso CPD points if you're registered with Oso CPD points if you're registered with either body please contact us directly either body please contact us directly either body please contact us directly after the event and finally Please be after the event and finally Please be after the event and finally Please be aware that the recordings the on today's aware that the recordings the on today's aware that the recordings the on today's presentation is being recorded presentation is being recorded presentation is being recorded okay so I'd like to welcome the first okay so I'd like to welcome the first okay so I'd like to welcome the first speaker that we have today who is uh Dr speaker that we have today who is uh Dr speaker that we have today who is uh Dr saransoe so saren is a senior lecturer saransoe so saren is a senior lecturer saransoe so saren is a senior lecturer in the school of geosciences at the in the school of geosciences at the in the school of geosciences at the University of Edinburgh he's been University of Edinburgh he's been University of Edinburgh he's been working on biochar for some time he working on biochar for some time he working on biochar for some time he co-founded the UK biochar Research co-founded the UK biochar Research co-founded the UK biochar Research Center in 2009 after arriving from Roth Center in 2009 after arriving from Roth Center in 2009 after arriving from Roth instead research so his PhD linked the instead research so his PhD linked the instead research so his PhD linked the measurement and modeling or leaked measurement and modeling or leaked measurement and modeling or leaked measurement and modeling to describe measurement and modeling to describe measurement and modeling to describe solar organic modern Dynamics it was solar organic modern Dynamics it was solar organic modern Dynamics it was undertaken at rothamstead and supervised undertaken at rothamstead and supervised undertaken at rothamstead and supervised and why his MSC and BSE studies were and why his MSC and BSE studies were and why his MSC and BSE studies were also undertaken at the University of also undertaken at the University of also undertaken at the University of London at Imperial and Kings where his London at Imperial and Kings where his London at Imperial and Kings where his interest in biomass carbon and interest in biomass carbon and interest in biomass carbon and eventually soil originated he spent a eventually soil originated he spent a eventually soil originated he spent a sabbatical year at Cornell contributed sabbatical year at Cornell contributed sabbatical year at Cornell contributed to the international biochar initiative to the international biochar initiative to the international biochar initiative as a board member for six years that is as a board member for six years that is as a board member for six years that is currently involved in a number of currently involved in a number of currently involved in a number of translational projects including translational projects including translational projects including Innovative projects or innovate projects Innovative projects or innovate projects Innovative projects or innovate projects I should say and the Bas C ggr program I should say and the Bas C ggr program I should say and the Bas C ggr program this is brought him back to biochar this is brought him back to biochar this is brought him back to biochar carbon longevity as the focus for his uh carbon longevity as the focus for his uh carbon longevity as the focus for his uh more basic research so over to you Sarah thank you very much Paul it was a thank you very much Paul it was a thank you very much Paul it was a pleasure to have this opportunity to um pleasure to have this opportunity to um pleasure to have this opportunity to um the important audience about this topic the important audience about this topic the important audience about this topic that I've been working on uh Paul that I've been working on uh Paul that I've been working on uh Paul outline for quite a while now I'm going outline for quite a while now I'm going outline for quite a while now I'm going to to to um those may be a bit less familiar and um those may be a bit less familiar and um those may be a bit less familiar and maybe just my personal perspective I maybe just my personal perspective I maybe just my personal perspective I think on on the definition of Barca and think on on the definition of Barca and think on on the definition of Barca and talk a bit about the context that I talk a bit about the context that I talk a bit about the context that I think fit with biochar and think fit with biochar and think fit with biochar and um about carbon uh specifically um about carbon uh specifically um about carbon uh specifically talk a bit more about context of a fast talk a bit more about context of a fast talk a bit more about context of a fast car in agriculture in the use of soil car in agriculture in the use of soil car in agriculture in the use of soil and I think that leads us on to the and I think that leads us on to the and I think that leads us on to the mayor is around uh how much of our car mayor is around uh how much of our car mayor is around uh how much of our car and where and for what purpose how and where and for what purpose how and where and for what purpose how firecraft functions in soil and um can firecraft functions in soil and um can firecraft functions in soil and um can point us towards I suppose what could point us towards I suppose what could point us towards I suppose what could happen in my view next and where the happen in my view next and where the happen in my view next and where the research might go so I thought um research might go so I thought um research might go so I thought um we can we can we can um departure Research Center in based in um departure Research Center in based in um departure Research Center in based in Edinburgh UK by far Research Center has Edinburgh UK by far Research Center has Edinburgh UK by far Research Center has a website I'm into that partly because a website I'm into that partly because a website I'm into that partly because on the front page there is on the front page there is on the front page there is um opportunity to click on a button a um opportunity to click on a button a um opportunity to click on a button a standard bar charts either now recreated standard bar charts either now recreated standard bar charts either now recreated in Edinburgh from years ago and now in in Edinburgh from years ago and now in in Edinburgh from years ago and now in Youth over 150 research groups around Youth over 150 research groups around Youth over 150 research groups around the world I think we do have uh the world I think we do have uh the world I think we do have uh facilities for making barcline very facilities for making barcline very facilities for making barcline very controlled and very diverse ways and controlled and very diverse ways and controlled and very diverse ways and it's the equipment the plant that we it's the equipment the plant that we it's the equipment the plant that we have on site which um my the co-founder have on site which um my the co-founder have on site which um my the co-founder one of the co-founders of the center one of the co-founders of the center one of the co-founders of the center masterminded way back in 2013 and is um masterminded way back in 2013 and is um masterminded way back in 2013 and is um currently used in many of our more currently used in many of our more currently used in many of our more applied projects today applied projects today applied projects today so I'm sorry to interrupt you and we so I'm sorry to interrupt you and we so I'm sorry to interrupt you and we can't see your presentation at the can't see your presentation at the can't see your presentation at the moment moment moment oh [Music] [Music] [Music] okay I can do that again hurricane do you resend that so I can um use the do you resend that so I can um use the do you resend that so I can um use the screen to um screen to um screen to um sure I think this will I think this will I think this will momentarily work momentarily work momentarily work that's brilliant thanks Helen that's brilliant thanks Helen that's brilliant thanks Helen I just look back to that previous slide I just look back to that previous slide I just look back to that previous slide just to highlight the facilities in just to highlight the facilities in just to highlight the facilities in Edinburgh for making barcarat because Edinburgh for making barcarat because Edinburgh for making barcarat because the pilot plants if you like a scalable the pilot plants if you like a scalable the pilot plants if you like a scalable Technologies making bioca in very Technologies making bioca in very Technologies making bioca in very controlled ways so we can understand how controlled ways so we can understand how controlled ways so we can understand how important important important um the conditions at which our car is um the conditions at which our car is um the conditions at which our car is made as to how it functions and produces made as to how it functions and produces made as to how it functions and produces a wide variety of very specific types of a wide variety of very specific types of a wide variety of very specific types of different purposes right so um yeah so different purposes right so um yeah so different purposes right so um yeah so the word bar so I think it was in the the word bar so I think it was in the the word bar so I think it was in the room in I was in the room in room in I was in the room in room in I was in the room in Philadelphia back in 2006 after the Philadelphia back in 2006 after the Philadelphia back in 2006 after the world's coil Congress where there was a world's coil Congress where there was a world's coil Congress where there was a meeting to discuss Barca and his meeting to discuss Barca and his meeting to discuss Barca and his potential uh how the research about I potential uh how the research about I potential uh how the research about I might be approached that also might be approached that also might be approached that also established the international established the international established the international Barca initiative Barca initiative Barca initiative um the definition then of bars are um the definition then of bars are um the definition then of bars are emerged from that and I think maybe emerged from that and I think maybe emerged from that and I think maybe slightly unusually compared with other slightly unusually compared with other slightly unusually compared with other material used in soil and around crops material used in soil and around crops material used in soil and around crops uh Barca is defined by well uh Barca is defined by well uh Barca is defined by well it's in the word really the uh the it's in the word really the uh the it's in the word really the uh the thought material biomass and the process thought material biomass and the process thought material biomass and the process manufacturer so it's firing or the manufacturer so it's firing or the manufacturer so it's firing or the process of pyrolysis process of pyrolysis process of pyrolysis the full definition also extends uh to the full definition also extends uh to the full definition also extends uh to the purpose of using Bashar maybe that's the purpose of using Bashar maybe that's the purpose of using Bashar maybe that's also a bit unusual and there's an aspect also a bit unusual and there's an aspect also a bit unusual and there's an aspect here about carbon and aspects about the here about carbon and aspects about the here about carbon and aspects about the soil Improvement was the word that was soil Improvement was the word that was soil Improvement was the word that was used that was used at the time used that was used at the time used that was used at the time um but I think you know we need to think um but I think you know we need to think um but I think you know we need to think about crops and soil about crops and soil about crops and soil I have a slightly different definition I have a slightly different definition I have a slightly different definition which goes back to frequently Asked which goes back to frequently Asked which goes back to frequently Asked question about what what is the question about what what is the question about what what is the difference between Barca and charcoal difference between Barca and charcoal difference between Barca and charcoal and at the end of the day that well bar and at the end of the day that well bar and at the end of the day that well bar chart is not only made from wood and chart is not only made from wood and chart is not only made from wood and it's not the fuel it's not the fuel it's not the fuel and it has properties that are and it has properties that are and it has properties that are potentially useful in Doyle particularly potentially useful in Doyle particularly potentially useful in Doyle particularly around production of growing of crops around production of growing of crops around production of growing of crops this uh photo with Andre colleague here this uh photo with Andre colleague here this uh photo with Andre colleague here uh hook a few years ago comparing four uh hook a few years ago comparing four uh hook a few years ago comparing four types of feedstock for uh creating four types of feedstock for uh creating four types of feedstock for uh creating four bar charts now the bathtubs visually bar charts now the bathtubs visually bar charts now the bathtubs visually over there tape uh look very much like over there tape uh look very much like over there tape uh look very much like the party material they feel a bit the party material they feel a bit the party material they feel a bit different because the the half of the different because the the half of the different because the the half of the carbon has been stabilized I have not carbon has been stabilized I have not carbon has been stabilized I have not been eliminated you end up with been eliminated you end up with been eliminated you end up with something that is black and if you pick something that is black and if you pick something that is black and if you pick it up it's less dense and it up it's less dense and it up it's less dense and um maybe physically it's um its um maybe physically it's um its um maybe physically it's um its Integrity is a bit different from the Integrity is a bit different from the Integrity is a bit different from the starting material but it always really starting material but it always really starting material but it always really that you can have many different types that you can have many different types that you can have many different types of biased our products with many of biased our products with many of biased our products with many different properties depending on what different properties depending on what different properties depending on what you start with which is a good starting you start with which is a good starting you start with which is a good starting point but what you're doing to see maybe point but what you're doing to see maybe point but what you're doing to see maybe visually but you know is happening visually but you know is happening visually but you know is happening chemically at a molecular scale is that chemically at a molecular scale is that chemically at a molecular scale is that what a predominantly pains with what a predominantly pains with what a predominantly pains with functional groups comprising carbon functional groups comprising carbon functional groups comprising carbon oxygen hydrogen oxygen hydrogen oxygen hydrogen well the carbon in the process of well the carbon in the process of well the carbon in the process of parallel this is reconfigured into ring parallel this is reconfigured into ring parallel this is reconfigured into ring the oxygen and hydrogen is eliminated the oxygen and hydrogen is eliminated the oxygen and hydrogen is eliminated and the Rings join together you have and the Rings join together you have and the Rings join together you have sheets of aromatic carbon that Stack Up sheets of aromatic carbon that Stack Up sheets of aromatic carbon that Stack Up and create your car well and create your car well and create your car well soil had aromatic carbon present and soil had aromatic carbon present and soil had aromatic carbon present and it's the one that we associate with the it's the one that we associate with the it's the one that we associate with the recalcitrant component of soil organic recalcitrant component of soil organic recalcitrant component of soil organic carbon carbon carbon um when we put barchar in um when we put barchar in um when we put barchar in oil the organic matter has been oil the organic matter has been oil the organic matter has been pre-stabilize the carbon has already pre-stabilize the carbon has already pre-stabilize the carbon has already been put into those those forms so just been put into those those forms so just been put into those those forms so just to hold that as a basic thought to hold that as a basic thought to hold that as a basic thought that's a very important people from 2010 that's a very important people from 2010 that's a very important people from 2010 so quite early on really uh tonic wolf so quite early on really uh tonic wolf so quite early on really uh tonic wolf made the global assessment of the made the global assessment of the made the global assessment of the potential of barca in the context of potential of barca in the context of potential of barca in the context of carbon Management in other words carbon Management in other words carbon Management in other words mitigation of climate change through the mitigation of climate change through the mitigation of climate change through the efficient stabilization of biomass efficient stabilization of biomass efficient stabilization of biomass carbon and its uh storage in soil carbon and its uh storage in soil carbon and its uh storage in soil so it's a life cycle analysis it had so it's a life cycle analysis it had so it's a life cycle analysis it had some sensitivity analysis some sensitivity analysis some sensitivity analysis of the results sort of importance but of the results sort of importance but of the results sort of importance but what it shows is that there are globally what it shows is that there are globally what it shows is that there are globally a number of resources that you might a number of resources that you might a number of resources that you might consider potentially available for consider potentially available for consider potentially available for making bioca making bioca making bioca through this process of parallel if it's through this process of parallel if it's through this process of parallel if it's in the middle you create some output you in the middle you create some output you in the middle you create some output you create the bar chart create the bar chart create the bar chart and you create and you create and you create potential energy in the form of uh potential energy in the form of uh potential energy in the form of uh we're sitting here bio oil thin gas and we're sitting here bio oil thin gas and we're sitting here bio oil thin gas and process heat uh sometimes people talk process heat uh sometimes people talk process heat uh sometimes people talk about paralysis liquids but everything about paralysis liquids but everything about paralysis liquids but everything that comes out of a paralysis process is that comes out of a paralysis process is that comes out of a paralysis process is in gaseous form if you don't condemn it in gaseous form if you don't condemn it in gaseous form if you don't condemn it if you keep it hot you have gases that if you keep it hot you have gases that if you keep it hot you have gases that burn and generate heat and can be used burn and generate heat and can be used burn and generate heat and can be used to potentially offset fossil fuel used to potentially offset fossil fuel used to potentially offset fossil fuel used um then there are the effects on the um then there are the effects on the um then there are the effects on the soil which is the green part here in soil which is the green part here in soil which is the green part here in terms of greenhouse gases where there's terms of greenhouse gases where there's terms of greenhouse gases where there's the potential to avoid the the emission the potential to avoid the the emission the potential to avoid the the emission of um Trace gases non-theory Trace gases of um Trace gases non-theory Trace gases of um Trace gases non-theory Trace gases no dark side and methane no dark side and methane no dark side and methane um the potential feedback along the um the potential feedback along the um the potential feedback along the bottom then is the one I suppose that's bottom then is the one I suppose that's bottom then is the one I suppose that's a bit uncertain in that you know if we a bit uncertain in that you know if we a bit uncertain in that you know if we use barcar practically and well there's use barcar practically and well there's use barcar practically and well there's the opportunity to improve the rate at the opportunity to improve the rate at the opportunity to improve the rate at which net primary product uh product which net primary product uh product which net primary product uh product productivity occurs and therefore productivity occurs and therefore productivity occurs and therefore um create some sort of a feedback loop um create some sort of a feedback loop um create some sort of a feedback loop to enhance this to enhance this to enhance this um one thing they've been sort of um one thing they've been sort of um one thing they've been sort of evident in the in the life cycle here is evident in the in the life cycle here is evident in the in the life cycle here is the amount so if we think about this the amount so if we think about this the amount so if we think about this creating one billion tons of carbon per creating one billion tons of carbon per creating one billion tons of carbon per year of um year of um year of um mitigation potential that's 200 mitigation potential that's 200 mitigation potential that's 200 kilograms of carbon per hectare of kilograms of carbon per hectare of kilograms of carbon per hectare of agricultural land globally per year agricultural land globally per year agricultural land globally per year so that's a small amount really um in the context of four per mil I um in the context of four per mil I um in the context of four per mil I think some years ago uh one of the BS think some years ago uh one of the BS think some years ago uh one of the BS Cube meetings in London Cube meetings in London Cube meetings in London um I put my hand up because I thought we um I put my hand up because I thought we um I put my hand up because I thought we could do four per million the very could do four per million the very could do four per million the very literal then in the UK mainly because I literal then in the UK mainly because I literal then in the UK mainly because I was working on biker and I think you was working on biker and I think you was working on biker and I think you know we have potentially 18 million tons know we have potentially 18 million tons know we have potentially 18 million tons of carbon to accumulate and we have 18 of carbon to accumulate and we have 18 of carbon to accumulate and we have 18 million just about uh hectares of million just about uh hectares of million just about uh hectares of agricultural land uh that's one ton of agricultural land uh that's one ton of agricultural land uh that's one ton of carbon per hectare per year I think if carbon per hectare per year I think if carbon per hectare per year I think if the few possible ways of getting to that the few possible ways of getting to that the few possible ways of getting to that 80 million tons nationally but I think 80 million tons nationally but I think 80 million tons nationally but I think Barca is probably the only one that Barca is probably the only one that Barca is probably the only one that could do that we don't have to do the could do that we don't have to do the could do that we don't have to do the whole come whole come whole come time for you uh but we could actually time for you uh but we could actually time for you uh but we could actually put things in the um desire to mitigate put things in the um desire to mitigate put things in the um desire to mitigate carbon at National level using bar chop carbon at National level using bar chop carbon at National level using bar chop uh the tumbling block of course is um uh the tumbling block of course is um uh the tumbling block of course is um it's very different from making compost it's very different from making compost it's very different from making compost you've seen an example of equipment used you've seen an example of equipment used you've seen an example of equipment used to make bioca it's expensive it's a to make bioca it's expensive it's a to make bioca it's expensive it's a logistics involved biomass has a cost logistics involved biomass has a cost logistics involved biomass has a cost and um the third co-founder and uh and um the third co-founder and uh and um the third co-founder and uh Edinburgh for the research center uh I Edinburgh for the research center uh I Edinburgh for the research center uh I actually made now because early on and actually made now because early on and actually made now because early on and it's really changed my perspective of it's really changed my perspective of it's really changed my perspective of how I would do my research around the how I would do my research around the how I would do my research around the use of bioshka because if you start with use of bioshka because if you start with use of bioshka because if you start with biomass it is fresh biomass it is fresh biomass it is fresh then you're on the right hand side of then you're on the right hand side of then you're on the right hand side of this graph and you're looking at numbers this graph and you're looking at numbers this graph and you're looking at numbers for the break-even cost of producing and for the break-even cost of producing and for the break-even cost of producing and using bar chart that are in hundreds of using bar chart that are in hundreds of using bar chart that are in hundreds of pounds per tonne so that's a very pounds per tonne so that's a very pounds per tonne so that's a very different Market from compost it is the different Market from compost it is the different Market from compost it is the case that on the left hand side of the case that on the left hand side of the case that on the left hand side of the graph there are a few that are below the graph there are a few that are below the graph there are a few that are below the line sort of pay for themselves line sort of pay for themselves line sort of pay for themselves but they are rather small but they are rather small but they are rather small so I'll come back to that later on so I'll come back to that later on so I'll come back to that later on because I think the question of how much because I think the question of how much because I think the question of how much battery is used and for what purposes battery is used and for what purposes battery is used and for what purposes where is um is the critical question where is um is the critical question where is um is the critical question but it does lead us to the idea that we but it does lead us to the idea that we but it does lead us to the idea that we might be producing Bashar at quite large might be producing Bashar at quite large might be producing Bashar at quite large scale in quite rapid processing so I put scale in quite rapid processing so I put scale in quite rapid processing so I put this up as a this up as a this up as a maybe just to maybe just to maybe just to give you a give you a give you a well this is large scale and I don't well this is large scale and I don't well this is large scale and I don't know if this is necessarily the vision know if this is necessarily the vision know if this is necessarily the vision that people would have for the that people would have for the that people would have for the production of bioca but it might be production of bioca but it might be production of bioca but it might be what's required if Barca is going to be what's required if Barca is going to be what's required if Barca is going to be used on used on used on um in agriculture as a um in agriculture as a um in agriculture as a standard crop input standard crop input standard crop input so commercial production probably so commercial production probably so commercial production probably depends on producing a continuous dream depends on producing a continuous dream depends on producing a continuous dream of Barca on 20 minutes and because the of Barca on 20 minutes and because the of Barca on 20 minutes and because the uh rate of throughput in the footprint uh rate of throughput in the footprint uh rate of throughput in the footprint of that equipment is affected by this of that equipment is affected by this of that equipment is affected by this um it does save a large scale um it does save a large scale um it does save a large scale and the other thing is uh temperature and the other thing is uh temperature and the other thing is uh temperature the way to get to the end point of the the way to get to the end point of the the way to get to the end point of the coral to process and create the table coral to process and create the table coral to process and create the table carbon reliably and completely use carbon reliably and completely use carbon reliably and completely use higher temperatures can be really interesting at the point can be really interesting at the point can be really interesting at the point of production yeah maybe incompletely of production yeah maybe incompletely of production yeah maybe incompletely paralyzed paralyzed paralyzed um but they um but they um but they um may not uh that's why the an um may not uh that's why the an um may not uh that's why the an underlying purpose that's about carbon underlying purpose that's about carbon underlying purpose that's about carbon storage who um I spend a long time uh thinking who um I spend a long time uh thinking who um I spend a long time uh thinking about how we could really understand the about how we could really understand the about how we could really understand the relationship between the production of relationship between the production of relationship between the production of biochar and its long-term stability and biochar and its long-term stability and biochar and its long-term stability and then think about how we could even then think about how we could even then think about how we could even measure the longevity of biasparent soil measure the longevity of biasparent soil measure the longevity of biasparent soil on time scales of not just hundreds of on time scales of not just hundreds of on time scales of not just hundreds of years but thousands of years and the years but thousands of years and the years but thousands of years and the obvious way was not to put some in soil obvious way was not to put some in soil obvious way was not to put some in soil and watch it uh but somehow accelerate and watch it uh but somehow accelerate and watch it uh but somehow accelerate time and through these accelerated time and through these accelerated time and through these accelerated aiding methods that we developed in aiding methods that we developed in aiding methods that we developed in Edinburgh public with Andy cross Edinburgh public with Andy cross Edinburgh public with Andy cross um we were able to explore these sort of um we were able to explore these sort of um we were able to explore these sort of questions of Bashar production in questions of Bashar production in questions of Bashar production in paralysis and realize that actually paralysis and realize that actually paralysis and realize that actually although the temperature of priorities although the temperature of priorities although the temperature of priorities is a really important factor in terms of is a really important factor in terms of is a really important factor in terms of how stable in other words how long Barca how stable in other words how long Barca how stable in other words how long Barca will last in soil it may not be the only will last in soil it may not be the only will last in soil it may not be the only thing it comes down to that protesting thing it comes down to that protesting thing it comes down to that protesting time the proofing conditions and how time the proofing conditions and how time the proofing conditions and how quickly you want to make the bar chart quickly you want to make the bar chart quickly you want to make the bar chart and I'll take that because when we when and I'll take that because when we when and I'll take that because when we when we looked at 30 different types of bioca we looked at 30 different types of bioca we looked at 30 different types of bioca and plotted them on this graph our and plotted them on this graph our and plotted them on this graph our measurements of very stable carbon measurements of very stable carbon measurements of very stable carbon um could be obtained with Barca that's um could be obtained with Barca that's um could be obtained with Barca that's made of raspberry low temperatures we made of raspberry low temperatures we made of raspberry low temperatures we call 400 degrees Centigrade low call 400 degrees Centigrade low call 400 degrees Centigrade low it's true that when you get very high it's true that when you get very high it's true that when you get very high temperatures so 700 degrees you almost temperatures so 700 degrees you almost temperatures so 700 degrees you almost always always always um mostly there are exceptions when you um mostly there are exceptions when you um mostly there are exceptions when you go to an even higher temperatures you go to an even higher temperatures you go to an even higher temperatures you always get stable carbon but it's this always get stable carbon but it's this always get stable carbon but it's this um potential for something a bit um potential for something a bit um potential for something a bit different from what you thought in a different from what you thought in a different from what you thought in a particular temperature based on your particular temperature based on your particular temperature based on your process that should make us really process that should make us really process that should make us really careful in corrupting the literature careful in corrupting the literature careful in corrupting the literature so on that topic of um so there are you so on that topic of um so there are you so on that topic of um so there are you know 21 know 21 know 21 000 research articles and metal analysis 000 research articles and metal analysis 000 research articles and metal analysis have been really useful in helping us have been really useful in helping us have been really useful in helping us synthesize synthesize synthesize what is essentially very specific work what is essentially very specific work what is essentially very specific work on bar chart and to help guide us to on bar chart and to help guide us to on bar chart and to help guide us to what biakar is doing in soil but a key what biakar is doing in soil but a key what biakar is doing in soil but a key thing here is really about dosage and thing here is really about dosage and thing here is really about dosage and make a play around with these sort of um make a play around with these sort of um make a play around with these sort of um cartoons quite a lot in a way of trying cartoons quite a lot in a way of trying cartoons quite a lot in a way of trying to visualize the use of a material like to visualize the use of a material like to visualize the use of a material like biotin the landscape and I've come to biotin the landscape and I've come to biotin the landscape and I've come to realize that it's not going to be realize that it's not going to be realize that it's not going to be applied the soil at 40 tons a hectare as applied the soil at 40 tons a hectare as applied the soil at 40 tons a hectare as it is in many research experiments but it is in many research experiments but it is in many research experiments but it will be used as a crop input quite it will be used as a crop input quite it will be used as a crop input quite practically and quite specifically practically and quite specifically practically and quite specifically and when you look at the meta-analyzes and when you look at the meta-analyzes and when you look at the meta-analyzes and this question of um if you like um I and this question of um if you like um I and this question of um if you like um I think they both throughout the think they both throughout the think they both throughout the application rate although that might be application rate although that might be application rate although that might be a bit controversial a bit controversial a bit controversial um I I sort of say those because I think um I I sort of say those because I think um I I sort of say those because I think it's the concentration experience in the it's the concentration experience in the it's the concentration experience in the soil by the plant that's important and soil by the plant that's important and soil by the plant that's important and that depends on where you put it so in that depends on where you put it so in that depends on where you put it so in other words a percentage concentration other words a percentage concentration other words a percentage concentration which is what's really shown on this which is what's really shown on this which is what's really shown on this graph graph graph um might be assumed to be evenly um might be assumed to be evenly um might be assumed to be evenly Incorporated through the oil profile and Incorporated through the oil profile and Incorporated through the oil profile and across the field across the field across the field but actually there are other ways to get but actually there are other ways to get but actually there are other ways to get high concentration of bar chart around high concentration of bar chart around high concentration of bar chart around root root root with low area producers in other words with low area producers in other words with low area producers in other words if you applied 500 kilograms of carbon if you applied 500 kilograms of carbon if you applied 500 kilograms of carbon in biochar a hectare but you in biochar a hectare but you in biochar a hectare but you concentrated it around the plant roots concentrated it around the plant roots concentrated it around the plant roots or on the surface of the soil in some or on the surface of the soil in some or on the surface of the soil in some positions in the soil that are important positions in the soil that are important positions in the soil that are important or around the roots you might have very or around the roots you might have very or around the roots you might have very high concentrations and get different high concentrations and get different high concentrations and get different very useful effects very useful effects very useful effects and um we were sort of onto that quite and um we were sort of onto that quite and um we were sort of onto that quite early because we started to look at what early because we started to look at what early because we started to look at what Barker was doing not in the soil as a Barker was doing not in the soil as a Barker was doing not in the soil as a whole but around the rhizosphere we whole but around the rhizosphere we whole but around the rhizosphere we started to see that we had an started to see that we had an started to see that we had an interesting relationship between the interesting relationship between the interesting relationship between the dynamic of night and around plant roots dynamic of night and around plant roots dynamic of night and around plant roots in the presence of Barca in the presence of Barca in the presence of Barca I won't get into the details because I I won't get into the details because I I won't get into the details because I realized they're sort of running short realized they're sort of running short realized they're sort of running short on time on time on time um but maybe for questions um but maybe for questions um but maybe for questions um um um one sort of um one sort of um one sort of um um linked how we explore it um linked how we explore it um linked how we explore it experimentally is it complex composition experimentally is it complex composition experimentally is it complex composition what I mean by that is it's got two what I mean by that is it's got two what I mean by that is it's got two elements maybe it doesn't sound very elements maybe it doesn't sound very elements maybe it doesn't sound very complex it's got a carbon element and complex it's got a carbon element and complex it's got a carbon element and it's got a mineral element it's got a mineral element it's got a mineral element of a completely different the mineral of a completely different the mineral of a completely different the mineral element May well it comes from the element May well it comes from the element May well it comes from the starting material it's pure plant starting material it's pure plant starting material it's pure plant material it's what we would sometimes material it's what we would sometimes material it's what we would sometimes call Ash call Ash call Ash um but it's distributed within a carbon um but it's distributed within a carbon um but it's distributed within a carbon Matrix that has a very defined structure Matrix that has a very defined structure Matrix that has a very defined structure a poor structure this enables us to a poor structure this enables us to a poor structure this enables us to create very particular functions in Baja create very particular functions in Baja create very particular functions in Baja by choosing what we start with by choosing what we start with by choosing what we start with and how we manipulate it both before and how we manipulate it both before and how we manipulate it both before during and after our office during and after our office during and after our office in a second uh but we should note this in a second uh but we should note this in a second uh but we should note this confuses the disgusting sometimes in the confuses the disgusting sometimes in the confuses the disgusting sometimes in the process of pyrolysis you've disconnected process of pyrolysis you've disconnected process of pyrolysis you've disconnected the carbon and nitrogen Cycles the the carbon and nitrogen Cycles the the carbon and nitrogen Cycles the carbon other nuclear Cycles because the carbon other nuclear Cycles because the carbon other nuclear Cycles because the behavior of nutrients in bar charm behavior of nutrients in bar charm behavior of nutrients in bar charm associated with Barca does not depend on associated with Barca does not depend on associated with Barca does not depend on the biological utilization of the carbon the biological utilization of the carbon the biological utilization of the carbon which is essentially stable which is essentially stable which is essentially stable so I think this is talk about short-term so I think this is talk about short-term so I think this is talk about short-term benefits of using Barbed car and benefits of using Barbed car and benefits of using Barbed car and long-term impact and what I mean is that long-term impact and what I mean is that long-term impact and what I mean is that there are ways to get benefits to crop there are ways to get benefits to crop there are ways to get benefits to crop production production production um over the short term by using bar um over the short term by using bar um over the short term by using bar chart frequently probably in four chart frequently probably in four chart frequently probably in four practical producers but over the longer practical producers but over the longer practical producers but over the longer term that these impact on the soil as a term that these impact on the soil as a term that these impact on the soil as a whole is sort of for free and if you whole is sort of for free and if you whole is sort of for free and if you really want to understand the foods I'm really want to understand the foods I'm really want to understand the foods I'm possessing that we need to really build possessing that we need to really build possessing that we need to really build on the modeling because we have lots of on the modeling because we have lots of on the modeling because we have lots of observational information and work but observational information and work but observational information and work but we really need to capture that in model we really need to capture that in model we really need to capture that in model and um and um and um the key here is the Barta painters in the key here is the Barta painters in the key here is the Barta painters in Doyle with a prime and there are Doyle with a prime and there are Doyle with a prime and there are probably here four containers protectors probably here four containers protectors probably here four containers protectors because I can't count and there's because I can't count and there's because I can't count and there's actually uh five actually uh five actually uh five um leaking mineralization of carbon may um leaking mineralization of carbon may um leaking mineralization of carbon may sound odd because it's a third from an sound odd because it's a third from an sound odd because it's a third from an aromatic carbon uh there are traces of aromatic carbon uh there are traces of aromatic carbon uh there are traces of condensed when I say condensed I mean condensed when I say condensed I mean condensed when I say condensed I mean thermally condemned thermally condemned thermally condemned um labile fractions on the back are very um labile fractions on the back are very um labile fractions on the back are very small but very active aggregation that small but very active aggregation that small but very active aggregation that is the is the is the ugly encrustation of Barca but other ugly encrustation of Barca but other ugly encrustation of Barca but other mineral particles but Alpha facilitating mineral particles but Alpha facilitating mineral particles but Alpha facilitating aggregation of aggregation of aggregation of um barter and minerals uh the um barter and minerals uh the um barter and minerals uh the fragmentation of body parts remain as fragmentation of body parts remain as fragmentation of body parts remain as the the particles that you added into the the particles that you added into the the particles that you added into the soil over the soil over the soil over um time um time um time in the important time it's in very very in the important time it's in very very in the important time it's in very very fine fractures and then oxidation and fine fractures and then oxidation and fine fractures and then oxidation and I've highlighted these two in purple I've highlighted these two in purple I've highlighted these two in purple because we've gone to the touch on those because we've gone to the touch on those because we've gone to the touch on those briefly leaving an oxidation briefly leaving an oxidation briefly leaving an oxidation um ultimately is what gives us our um ultimately is what gives us our um ultimately is what gives us our measure of carbon storage and measure of carbon storage and measure of carbon storage and accelerated aging accelerated aging accelerated aging um is about uh operating um is about uh operating um is about uh operating um but in general you know the dynamic um but in general you know the dynamic um but in general you know the dynamic of each of these is not well described of each of these is not well described of each of these is not well described it's recognized but it's not well it's recognized but it's not well it's recognized but it's not well described in models especially which described in models especially which described in models especially which affects our ability to understand what affects our ability to understand what affects our ability to understand what what particular will happen at relevant what particular will happen at relevant what particular will happen at relevant doctors on relevant time frames and doctors on relevant time frames and doctors on relevant time frames and specific soil types or soil matrices specific soil types or soil matrices specific soil types or soil matrices um so um so um so um sorry sorry sorry um yeah so just in terms of that um yeah so just in terms of that um yeah so just in terms of that manipulation and recognizing those manipulation and recognizing those manipulation and recognizing those things things things um these um the wrap you can 3D images um these um the wrap you can 3D images um these um the wrap you can 3D images that um Wilfred often created in some of that um Wilfred often created in some of that um Wilfred often created in some of our early exploration of Barca it's our early exploration of Barca it's our early exploration of Barca it's emphasize that you know you really can't emphasize that you know you really can't emphasize that you know you really can't change how well first of all you can change how well first of all you can change how well first of all you can visualize where the mineral component is visualize where the mineral component is visualize where the mineral component is it's the bright spot here in these it's the bright spot here in these it's the bright spot here in these images images images um but it also affected by what you do um but it also affected by what you do um but it also affected by what you do as a biomathic biomass you squash it up as a biomathic biomass you squash it up as a biomathic biomass you squash it up and you clean it the way that the poor and you clean it the way that the poor and you clean it the way that the poor structure exists so the unpurted structure exists so the unpurted structure exists so the unpurted materials on the left hand side but then materials on the left hand side but then materials on the left hand side but then the pelleted very quite different the pelleted very quite different the pelleted very quite different structure and thinking about where the structure and thinking about where the structure and thinking about where the minerals go and how they get to the minerals go and how they get to the minerals go and how they get to the plant is affected plant is affected plant is affected um and you know we've observed these um and you know we've observed these um and you know we've observed these General relationships you can just General relationships you can just General relationships you can just recognize that where you have high recognize that where you have high recognize that where you have high amounts of oxfords for example present amounts of oxfords for example present amounts of oxfords for example present in the soil if it isn't in the Barca in the soil if it isn't in the Barca in the soil if it isn't in the Barca um it's availability tends to increase um it's availability tends to increase um it's availability tends to increase and I think that tells you something and I think that tells you something and I think that tells you something about you know both where about you know both where about you know both where um well how populous is acquired from um well how populous is acquired from um well how populous is acquired from the inside of our cards one of these the inside of our cards one of these the inside of our cards one of these mineral components uh but also how it is mineral components uh but also how it is mineral components uh but also how it is distributed within poor Construction distributed within poor Construction distributed within poor Construction interacts with the soil solution interacts with the soil solution interacts with the soil solution um you know after after 15 years of you um you know after after 15 years of you um you know after after 15 years of you know scientific work with bar chart know scientific work with bar chart know scientific work with bar chart um the thing really important happened um the thing really important happened um the thing really important happened um in fact last year in July 2022 um in fact last year in July 2022 um in fact last year in July 2022 um the EU fertilizing product regulation um the EU fertilizing product regulation um the EU fertilizing product regulation of which was of which was of which was um created in 2019 to include lots of um created in 2019 to include lots of um created in 2019 to include lots of organic fertilizers organic fertilizers organic fertilizers um well barchow joined the list of um well barchow joined the list of um well barchow joined the list of fertilizer products in the in the annex fertilizer products in the in the annex fertilizer products in the in the annex of that regulation and at least from a of that regulation and at least from a of that regulation and at least from a wide range of specified starting wide range of specified starting wide range of specified starting materials became automatically materials became automatically materials became automatically permittable as a permittable as a permittable as a input to crop production across EU input to crop production across EU input to crop production across EU member states but not of course in the member states but not of course in the member states but not of course in the UK uh now we're not a member State I UK uh now we're not a member State I UK uh now we're not a member State I think there's something here that tells think there's something here that tells think there's something here that tells us that barchar is being used us that barchar is being used us that barchar is being used um can be used and has value as a crop um can be used and has value as a crop um can be used and has value as a crop input and and that we need to think input and and that we need to think input and and that we need to think about how we can start making that about how we can start making that about how we can start making that happen happen happen um in the UK as well um in the UK as well um in the UK as well um um um carbon longevity topic is coming back carbon longevity topic is coming back carbon longevity topic is coming back because a way of adding value to Barca because a way of adding value to Barca because a way of adding value to Barca um through greenhouse gas removal is um through greenhouse gas removal is um through greenhouse gas removal is becoming more and more important in becoming more and more important in becoming more and more important in terms of the economic calculation and I terms of the economic calculation and I terms of the economic calculation and I talked a bit earlier on about talked a bit earlier on about talked a bit earlier on about accelerated aging and the prediction of accelerated aging and the prediction of accelerated aging and the prediction of longevity we really need to understand longevity we really need to understand longevity we really need to understand the Thousand-Year longevity of 5. carbon the Thousand-Year longevity of 5. carbon the Thousand-Year longevity of 5. carbon and we know that alcohol naturally in and we know that alcohol naturally in and we know that alcohol naturally in the environment the environment the environment um assists for thousands of years um assists for thousands of years um assists for thousands of years and that's not and that's not and that's not imperfectly created through wildfire imperfectly created through wildfire imperfectly created through wildfire And yet when we Undertake extrapolations And yet when we Undertake extrapolations And yet when we Undertake extrapolations and the diagram here maybe indicates and the diagram here maybe indicates and the diagram here maybe indicates what sort of extrapolation would think what sort of extrapolation would think what sort of extrapolation would think when we make these extrapolations from when we make these extrapolations from when we make these extrapolations from shortcom incubations we end up with much shortcom incubations we end up with much shortcom incubations we end up with much lower numbers and that's really the lower numbers and that's really the lower numbers and that's really the reason why I say we need to reason why I say we need to reason why I say we need to um focus on improving our methods and um focus on improving our methods and um focus on improving our methods and modeling of longevity modeling of longevity modeling of longevity um I think we need to start using Barca um I think we need to start using Barca um I think we need to start using Barca now uh and even require the use of now uh and even require the use of now uh and even require the use of biochar biochar biochar maybe a bit controversial uh but maybe a bit controversial uh but maybe a bit controversial uh but carefully monitor its impacts because we carefully monitor its impacts because we carefully monitor its impacts because we do know a lot talked about longevity and do know a lot talked about longevity and do know a lot talked about longevity and I've indicated something about I've indicated something about I've indicated something about integration into fertilizers fertilizers integration into fertilizers fertilizers integration into fertilizers fertilizers are high value product but I might be are high value product but I might be are high value product but I might be expensive to reduce so it needs to expensive to reduce so it needs to expensive to reduce so it needs to integrate with something that already integrate with something that already integrate with something that already has a high value has a high value has a high value uh and we could think about perennial uh and we could think about perennial uh and we could think about perennial crop because we want to get interacted crop because we want to get interacted crop because we want to get interacted at the surface or around roots at the surface or around roots at the surface or around roots then that's a good place to start then that's a good place to start then that's a good place to start because you have roots in the ground for because you have roots in the ground for because you have roots in the ground for longer and we have twice as much longer and we have twice as much longer and we have twice as much grassland as grassland as grassland as um parable um parable um parable uh when we get the other end of that uh when we get the other end of that uh when we get the other end of that cost curve that I throwed right at the cost curve that I throwed right at the cost curve that I throwed right at the beginning beginning beginning um through a plunge lots of problems now um through a plunge lots of problems now um through a plunge lots of problems now in terms of how that might be used on in terms of how that might be used on in terms of how that might be used on soil in the future and the process of soil in the future and the process of soil in the future and the process of pyrolysis actually pyrolysis actually pyrolysis actually removes many of those there are only three and I'll um hand it there are only three and I'll um hand it there are only three and I'll um hand it back to um Paul back to um Paul back to um Paul great thank you very much Sarah it was great thank you very much Sarah it was great thank you very much Sarah it was an excellent talk an excellent talk an excellent talk um with a very good broad overview of um with a very good broad overview of um with a very good broad overview of biochar as well so just a reminder to biochar as well so just a reminder to biochar as well so just a reminder to everyone we are taking questions from everyone we are taking questions from everyone we are taking questions from the question um box so please type in the question um box so please type in the question um box so please type in your questions and James will review your questions and James will review your questions and James will review them um for the end or at the end of the them um for the end or at the end of the them um for the end or at the end of the meeting meeting meeting um and I'm now going to hand over to um and I'm now going to hand over to um and I'm now going to hand over to Hamish krieber who's the next speaker so Hamish krieber who's the next speaker so Hamish krieber who's the next speaker so Hamish is on the cusp of finishing his Hamish is on the cusp of finishing his Hamish is on the cusp of finishing his PhD at the University of Edinburgh in PhD at the University of Edinburgh in PhD at the University of Edinburgh in collaboration with Forest research he collaboration with Forest research he collaboration with Forest research he has researched the delivery of has researched the delivery of has researched the delivery of phosphorus through biochar application phosphorus through biochar application phosphorus through biochar application in forced establishment on nutrient poor in forced establishment on nutrient poor in forced establishment on nutrient poor soils and has developed life cycle soils and has developed life cycle soils and has developed life cycle analysis models for Woodland creation analysis models for Woodland creation analysis models for Woodland creation this work is also assessed the potential this work is also assessed the potential this work is also assessed the potential of biochar in improving seedling of biochar in improving seedling of biochar in improving seedling resilience to Drought stress and resilience to Drought stress and resilience to Drought stress and investigated the interaction between investigated the interaction between investigated the interaction between biochar and ectomycorrhizal fungi Hamish biochar and ectomycorrhizal fungi Hamish biochar and ectomycorrhizal fungi Hamish is a co-founder of black bull biochar a is a co-founder of black bull biochar a is a co-founder of black bull biochar a company that is scaling biochar use in company that is scaling biochar use in company that is scaling biochar use in the dairy sector the dairy sector the dairy sector and black bull biochar is using tailored and black bull biochar is using tailored and black bull biochar is using tailored biochar products to store carbon and biochar products to store carbon and biochar products to store carbon and contribute to reducing on-farm emissions contribute to reducing on-farm emissions contribute to reducing on-farm emissions and improving nutrient delivery over to and improving nutrient delivery over to and improving nutrient delivery over to you Hamish you Hamish you Hamish perfect thank you Paul can you see my perfect thank you Paul can you see my perfect thank you Paul can you see my slides okay it's all good yeah perfect it's all good yeah perfect it's all good yeah perfect um so yes um so yes um so yes um um um thank you for for obviously the thank you for for obviously the thank you for for obviously the opportunity to be able to um yeah talk opportunity to be able to um yeah talk opportunity to be able to um yeah talk to you all today to you all today to you all today um I've kind of got two hats on today um I've kind of got two hats on today um I've kind of got two hats on today one is is my heart as a co-founder of one is is my heart as a co-founder of one is is my heart as a co-founder of Blackboard bar chart but also Blackboard bar chart but also Blackboard bar chart but also um I'll I will be talking about some of um I'll I will be talking about some of um I'll I will be talking about some of my my PhD work at the University of my my PhD work at the University of my my PhD work at the University of Edinburgh and really what I want to talk Edinburgh and really what I want to talk Edinburgh and really what I want to talk to you about is to you about is to you about is giving a bit more of a focused look of giving a bit more of a focused look of giving a bit more of a focused look of actually what biochar can do in the soil actually what biochar can do in the soil actually what biochar can do in the soil but also but also but also broader kind of how do we design a broader kind of how do we design a broader kind of how do we design a biochar production through to use system biochar production through to use system biochar production through to use system that actually is scalable and actually that actually is scalable and actually that actually is scalable and actually delivers a potential of biochar because delivers a potential of biochar because delivers a potential of biochar because that's really been one of the big issues that's really been one of the big issues that's really been one of the big issues of why the biochar industry in the UK is of why the biochar industry in the UK is of why the biochar industry in the UK is not thriving and Sauron was was was kind not thriving and Sauron was was was kind not thriving and Sauron was was was kind of alluding to and of alluding to and of alluding to and um discussing as well there's this huge um discussing as well there's this huge um discussing as well there's this huge body of research that's been done but body of research that's been done but body of research that's been done but obviously that's not really feeding into obviously that's not really feeding into obviously that's not really feeding into into the industry quick enough to be into the industry quick enough to be into the industry quick enough to be able to actually unlock the potential of able to actually unlock the potential of able to actually unlock the potential of biochar biochar biochar so in terms of ours Blackpool biochar so in terms of ours Blackpool biochar so in terms of ours Blackpool biochar where do we come from so we're a very where do we come from so we're a very where do we come from so we're a very new startup and we are we are funded at new startup and we are we are funded at new startup and we are we are funded at the moment through the um the moment through the um the moment through the um Bayes greenhouse gas removal Innovation Bayes greenhouse gas removal Innovation Bayes greenhouse gas removal Innovation project which is looking at piloting project which is looking at piloting project which is looking at piloting different different different um greenhouse gas removal Technologies um greenhouse gas removal Technologies um greenhouse gas removal Technologies and trying to scale them to to and trying to scale them to to and trying to scale them to to um um um to to to to be commercial very quickly to to to to be commercial very quickly to to to to be commercial very quickly and we are kind of paired with the the and we are kind of paired with the the and we are kind of paired with the the ukri demonstrator projects as well which ukri demonstrator projects as well which ukri demonstrator projects as well which are I'm looking at more of the the are I'm looking at more of the the are I'm looking at more of the the scientific side of greenhouse gas scientific side of greenhouse gas scientific side of greenhouse gas removal Technologies and removal Technologies and removal Technologies and um for instance there's a biochar um for instance there's a biochar um for instance there's a biochar project there as well whereas we are project there as well whereas we are project there as well whereas we are looking at really testing the the looking at really testing the the looking at really testing the the commercial system and actually how we commercial system and actually how we commercial system and actually how we can optimize biochar use for the can optimize biochar use for the can optimize biochar use for the industry and and scale quickly industry and and scale quickly industry and and scale quickly so why why is there this real priority so why why is there this real priority so why why is there this real priority to do that now so obviously everyone's to do that now so obviously everyone's to do that now so obviously everyone's aware that we need to both reduce aware that we need to both reduce aware that we need to both reduce greenhouse gas emissions but also look greenhouse gas emissions but also look greenhouse gas emissions but also look at greenhouse gas removal Technologies at greenhouse gas removal Technologies at greenhouse gas removal Technologies the real Advantage for biochar though is the real Advantage for biochar though is the real Advantage for biochar though is that as a land-based greenhouse gas that as a land-based greenhouse gas that as a land-based greenhouse gas removal technology removal technology removal technology can deliver carbon storage but also can deliver carbon storage but also can deliver carbon storage but also a significant number of other core a significant number of other core a significant number of other core benefits or depending on what your benefits or depending on what your benefits or depending on what your priorities are as a land line manager priorities are as a land line manager priorities are as a land line manager Etc is actually the the the the core Etc is actually the the the the core Etc is actually the the the the core benefits can be the the primary reason benefits can be the the primary reason benefits can be the the primary reason for using biochar for using biochar for using biochar so Simon's already introduced really so Simon's already introduced really so Simon's already introduced really what fire chart is I think the key thing what fire chart is I think the key thing what fire chart is I think the key thing here is that it's an extremely diverse here is that it's an extremely diverse here is that it's an extremely diverse range of products so biochar isn't range of products so biochar isn't range of products so biochar isn't necessarily one diff one thing but it necessarily one diff one thing but it necessarily one diff one thing but it can actually it can actually have very can actually it can actually have very can actually it can actually have very different properties depending on what different properties depending on what different properties depending on what it's made from how it's made but also it's made from how it's made but also it's made from how it's made but also how it's used how it's used how it's used um and really the the trade-off between um and really the the trade-off between um and really the the trade-off between carbon storage carbon storage carbon storage agronomic impact or silver cultural agronomic impact or silver cultural agronomic impact or silver cultural impact impact impact um it is is fairly complex um it is is fairly complex um it is is fairly complex so what can biochar do this this kind of so what can biochar do this this kind of so what can biochar do this this kind of image here is how how these core image here is how how these core image here is how how these core benefits are actually categorized in the benefits are actually categorized in the benefits are actually categorized in the hierarchy is hierarchy is hierarchy is is both a product of how much evidence is both a product of how much evidence is both a product of how much evidence there is in in the particular um benefit there is in in the particular um benefit there is in in the particular um benefit but also but also but also the the impact can be very dependent on the the impact can be very dependent on the the impact can be very dependent on on the system so for instance on the system so for instance on the system so for instance um carbon sequestration um carbon sequestration um carbon sequestration or or carbon storage or or carbon storage or or carbon storage it's it's it's the the evidence is there the the evidence is there the the evidence is there but also there's there's there's but also there's there's there's but also there's there's there's potentially less variability in in in potentially less variability in in in potentially less variability in in in the carbon storage potential of the carbon storage potential of the carbon storage potential of individual biochar products in different individual biochar products in different individual biochar products in different soil types for instance but things like soil types for instance but things like soil types for instance but things like soil fertility or crop yields soil fertility or crop yields soil fertility or crop yields that can be very highly variable that can be very highly variable that can be very highly variable depending on on what biochar is used and depending on on what biochar is used and depending on on what biochar is used and and how it's used so how can we tailor biochar to so how can we tailor biochar to so how can we tailor biochar to particular soil functions and that's particular soil functions and that's particular soil functions and that's really what I was looking at as part of really what I was looking at as part of really what I was looking at as part of my PhD project so when biochar's added my PhD project so when biochar's added my PhD project so when biochar's added to the soil to the soil to the soil it changes the interaction between both it changes the interaction between both it changes the interaction between both plant soil and biochar and that plant soil and biochar and that plant soil and biochar and that interaction is very complex it's not a interaction is very complex it's not a interaction is very complex it's not a simple delivery of nutrients for simple delivery of nutrients for simple delivery of nutrients for instance but I will alter how instance but I will alter how instance but I will alter how particularly the the rhizosphere particularly the the rhizosphere particularly the the rhizosphere responds to two biochar and actually responds to two biochar and actually responds to two biochar and actually that can have a longer term impact on on that can have a longer term impact on on that can have a longer term impact on on plant performance plant performance plant performance what we can do though is Taylor biocharp what we can do though is Taylor biocharp what we can do though is Taylor biocharp Properties to particular soil functions Properties to particular soil functions Properties to particular soil functions so whether that's creating a biochar so whether that's creating a biochar so whether that's creating a biochar which has got say high phosphorus for which has got say high phosphorus for which has got say high phosphorus for instance or creating a biochar that has instance or creating a biochar that has instance or creating a biochar that has a structure which can can stimulate root a structure which can can stimulate root a structure which can can stimulate root development for instance development for instance development for instance um so the the image in the right is is a um so the the image in the right is is a um so the the image in the right is is a um seab um seab um seab um image that I took during my PhD which um image that I took during my PhD which um image that I took during my PhD which shows biochar that was added to um to shows biochar that was added to um to shows biochar that was added to um to seedlings and what we found was that the seedlings and what we found was that the seedlings and what we found was that the structure of biochar stimulated root structure of biochar stimulated root structure of biochar stimulated root development but also development but also development but also if we didn't pelletize biochar and if we didn't pelletize biochar and if we didn't pelletize biochar and retain the cellular structure of the retain the cellular structure of the retain the cellular structure of the Woody feedstock that was made to use Woody feedstock that was made to use Woody feedstock that was made to use biochar what we actually saw was that biochar what we actually saw was that biochar what we actually saw was that that hyphy could enter the structure of that hyphy could enter the structure of that hyphy could enter the structure of the biochar to be able to access the biochar to be able to access the biochar to be able to access nutrients within that and that meant nutrients within that and that meant nutrients within that and that meant that actually that actually that actually the the potential for biochar in terms the the potential for biochar in terms the the potential for biochar in terms of providing nutrition for the tree was of providing nutrition for the tree was of providing nutrition for the tree was was more than purely the the for was more than purely the the for was more than purely the the for instance the phosphorus content of the instance the phosphorus content of the instance the phosphorus content of the biochar was also how how accessible biochar was also how how accessible biochar was also how how accessible where the nutrients that were held where the nutrients that were held where the nutrients that were held within biochar particles within biochar particles within biochar particles and that's really the key consideration and that's really the key consideration and that's really the key consideration for for using biochar is is is the for for using biochar is is is the for for using biochar is is is the system system system designed in a way that it's actually designed in a way that it's actually designed in a way that it's actually going to perform the function that going to perform the function that going to perform the function that you're wanting it to have you're wanting it to have you're wanting it to have um so I'm just going to quickly now talk um so I'm just going to quickly now talk um so I'm just going to quickly now talk about how we can do that looking at both about how we can do that looking at both about how we can do that looking at both the Woodland creation context but then the Woodland creation context but then the Woodland creation context but then also also also um how biochar can be used in in the um how biochar can be used in in the um how biochar can be used in in the dairy sector as well to to provide dairy sector as well to to provide dairy sector as well to to provide core benefits to the farm but also um core benefits to the farm but also um core benefits to the farm but also um greenhouse gas removal greenhouse gas removal greenhouse gas removal so what we did as part of my PhD in in so what we did as part of my PhD in in so what we did as part of my PhD in in adding bar chart to Woodland adding bar chart to Woodland adding bar chart to Woodland establishment what we we added establishment what we we added establishment what we we added um tailored or specified biochar that um tailored or specified biochar that um tailored or specified biochar that was high in in Native phosphorus content was high in in Native phosphorus content was high in in Native phosphorus content into the well directly to the roots of into the well directly to the roots of into the well directly to the roots of seedlings during planting and we were seedlings during planting and we were seedlings during planting and we were looking at very low dose applications so looking at very low dose applications so looking at very low dose applications so what we found was that actually what we found was that actually what we found was that actually tens of grams of biochar pear tree could tens of grams of biochar pear tree could tens of grams of biochar pear tree could actually significantly improve seedling actually significantly improve seedling actually significantly improve seedling growth in the first two years following growth in the first two years following growth in the first two years following establishment establishment establishment but what we also saw was but what we also saw was but what we also saw was in addition to above ground in addition to above ground in addition to above ground biomass that actually root development biomass that actually root development biomass that actually root development could be improved through biochar could be improved through biochar could be improved through biochar applications so trees that had certain applications so trees that had certain applications so trees that had certain biochars added had larger root systems biochars added had larger root systems biochars added had larger root systems um um um and actually once even once the the and actually once even once the the and actually once even once the the phosphorus within biochar was was phosphorus within biochar was was phosphorus within biochar was was exhausted exhausted exhausted the the larger root systems actually the the larger root systems actually the the larger root systems actually could improve tree resilience for could improve tree resilience for could improve tree resilience for instance to to drive to stress as well instance to to drive to stress as well instance to to drive to stress as well and really the key thing here without and really the key thing here without and really the key thing here without because we don't really have time to to because we don't really have time to to because we don't really have time to to go to granular into the detail but it's go to granular into the detail but it's go to granular into the detail but it's it's a much more complicated it's a much more complicated it's a much more complicated um um um interaction than than than interaction than than than interaction than than than for instance fertilizer which is surface for instance fertilizer which is surface for instance fertilizer which is surface supplied supplied supplied um I I and really understanding how um I I and really understanding how um I I and really understanding how biochar is going to affect crop and the biochar is going to affect crop and the biochar is going to affect crop and the soil is is vital soil is is vital soil is is vital now in Blackpool biochar what we are now in Blackpool biochar what we are now in Blackpool biochar what we are doing is we are um we are working with doing is we are um we are working with doing is we are um we are working with with Isla to use biochar as an additive with Isla to use biochar as an additive with Isla to use biochar as an additive to organic fertilizers so both slurry to organic fertilizers so both slurry to organic fertilizers so both slurry and farmyard manure and the reason that and farmyard manure and the reason that and farmyard manure and the reason that we're doing that is to is to decrease we're doing that is to is to decrease we're doing that is to is to decrease ammonia nitrous oxide emissions from ammonia nitrous oxide emissions from ammonia nitrous oxide emissions from slurry but also improve the nutrient slurry but also improve the nutrient slurry but also improve the nutrient retention of particularly for of retention of particularly for of retention of particularly for of nitrogen within within organic nitrogen within within organic nitrogen within within organic fertilizers and then add that to soil fertilizers and then add that to soil fertilizers and then add that to soil and here what we're really focusing on and here what we're really focusing on and here what we're really focusing on is the commercialization potential of is the commercialization potential of is the commercialization potential of biochar so that biochar doesn't just biochar so that biochar doesn't just biochar so that biochar doesn't just work from a carbon storage perspective work from a carbon storage perspective work from a carbon storage perspective but also it's it's of value to to but also it's it's of value to to but also it's it's of value to to Farmers and land Managers from an Farmers and land Managers from an Farmers and land Managers from an agronomic perspective as well the agronomic perspective as well the agronomic perspective as well the challenge there is obviously challenge there is obviously challenge there is obviously the researchers there knowing that the researchers there knowing that the researchers there knowing that biochar can can have these biochar can can have these biochar can can have these um um um can have these benefits but actually can have these benefits but actually can have these benefits but actually being able to quantify them in a in a being able to quantify them in a in a being able to quantify them in a in a pilot study is is crucial to being able pilot study is is crucial to being able pilot study is is crucial to being able to actually to actually to actually um commercialize the technology um commercialize the technology um commercialize the technology and that kind of leads me to what are and that kind of leads me to what are and that kind of leads me to what are the big barriers to adoption and the big barriers to adoption and the big barriers to adoption and there's a few different barriers at each there's a few different barriers at each there's a few different barriers at each stage of the production process so one stage of the production process so one stage of the production process so one is is feedstock obviously producing is is feedstock obviously producing is is feedstock obviously producing biochargers is tied to the price of biochargers is tied to the price of biochargers is tied to the price of feedstock and the mass loss during feedstock and the mass loss during feedstock and the mass loss during pyrolysis means that biochar is always pyrolysis means that biochar is always pyrolysis means that biochar is always going to to produce it is going to be a going to to produce it is going to be a going to to produce it is going to be a couple of times at least more expensive couple of times at least more expensive couple of times at least more expensive than the cost of feedstock feedstock per than the cost of feedstock feedstock per than the cost of feedstock feedstock per ton one also is crucial there is is ton one also is crucial there is is ton one also is crucial there is is sustainably sourced feedstock so there's sustainably sourced feedstock so there's sustainably sourced feedstock so there's quite a lot of discussion in in biochar quite a lot of discussion in in biochar quite a lot of discussion in in biochar around using waste feedstocks around using waste feedstocks around using waste feedstocks or whether we we use virgin Forest or whether we we use virgin Forest or whether we we use virgin Forest Products and Products and Products and there what we want to do is be able to there what we want to do is be able to there what we want to do is be able to to have quality greenhouse gas removal to have quality greenhouse gas removal to have quality greenhouse gas removal um in biochar and the only way to do um in biochar and the only way to do um in biochar and the only way to do that really is to make sure that we can that really is to make sure that we can that really is to make sure that we can we can easily categorize biocharge we can easily categorize biocharge we can easily categorize biocharge greenhouse gas removal rather than greenhouse gas removal rather than greenhouse gas removal rather than avoided emissions and to do that what we avoided emissions and to do that what we avoided emissions and to do that what we need to do is make sure that that need to do is make sure that that need to do is make sure that that sustainably sourced feedstocks used sustainably sourced feedstocks used sustainably sourced feedstocks used so for instance our borrow cultural so for instance our borrow cultural so for instance our borrow cultural arisings which are not necessarily arisings which are not necessarily arisings which are not necessarily um the the carbon's not going to be um the the carbon's not going to be um the the carbon's not going to be replaced through replanting it's much replaced through replanting it's much replaced through replanting it's much harder to actually create quality harder to actually create quality harder to actually create quality grenade gas removal from a feedstock grenade gas removal from a feedstock grenade gas removal from a feedstock like that in terms of production now like that in terms of production now like that in terms of production now there is a number of very high quality there is a number of very high quality there is a number of very high quality pyrolysis producers on the market but pyrolysis producers on the market but pyrolysis producers on the market but the cost of the the technology is still the cost of the the technology is still the cost of the the technology is still very high so as more more Bioshock very high so as more more Bioshock very high so as more more Bioshock companies come on stream and the companies come on stream and the companies come on stream and the pyrolysis technology price comes down pyrolysis technology price comes down pyrolysis technology price comes down it'll be much more viable for new it'll be much more viable for new it'll be much more viable for new producers to come on stream and actually producers to come on stream and actually producers to come on stream and actually um make the investment to start um make the investment to start um make the investment to start producing biochar and how these machines producing biochar and how these machines producing biochar and how these machines can actually produce heat for industrial can actually produce heat for industrial can actually produce heat for industrial sites is also really important to sites is also really important to sites is also really important to consider and then product specification consider and then product specification consider and then product specification creating products that actually work and creating products that actually work and creating products that actually work and address particular problems or which are address particular problems or which are address particular problems or which are targeted to specific Industries is key targeted to specific Industries is key targeted to specific Industries is key to add value to buy a child and actually to add value to buy a child and actually to add value to buy a child and actually make it cost effective make it cost effective make it cost effective um then system designer scalability it um then system designer scalability it um then system designer scalability it needs to be scalable so there what we needs to be scalable so there what we needs to be scalable so there what we need to do is be able to actually have need to do is be able to actually have need to do is be able to actually have widespread adoption not just amongst a widespread adoption not just amongst a widespread adoption not just amongst a very small community of farmers but very small community of farmers but very small community of farmers but actually or land managers but actually actually or land managers but actually actually or land managers but actually looking towards wider rollout and there looking towards wider rollout and there looking towards wider rollout and there really it's making sure the biochar can really it's making sure the biochar can really it's making sure the biochar can fit in with existing Land Management fit in with existing Land Management fit in with existing Land Management practices and infrastructure and then practices and infrastructure and then practices and infrastructure and then lastly which is really I think one of lastly which is really I think one of lastly which is really I think one of the one of the key things is how do we the one of the key things is how do we the one of the key things is how do we um how do we monitor report and verify um how do we monitor report and verify um how do we monitor report and verify the carbon storage but also the the the carbon storage but also the the the carbon storage but also the the performance of of biochar as well and performance of of biochar as well and performance of of biochar as well and also overcome also overcome also overcome um fairly well biochar regulation hasn't um fairly well biochar regulation hasn't um fairly well biochar regulation hasn't hasn't yet caught up to the potential of hasn't yet caught up to the potential of hasn't yet caught up to the potential of biochar so it's how do we create a biochar so it's how do we create a biochar so it's how do we create a um a situation where biochar use can be um a situation where biochar use can be um a situation where biochar use can be um yeah easily implemented um yeah easily implemented um yeah easily implemented um as well um as well um as well so what do we do as Blackpool biocharm so what do we do as Blackpool biocharm so what do we do as Blackpool biocharm well what we're doing is we're creating well what we're doing is we're creating well what we're doing is we're creating a platform where we can link a platform where we can link a platform where we can link producers and ourselves we are Bioshock producers and ourselves we are Bioshock producers and ourselves we are Bioshock producers as well with with um with producers as well with with um with producers as well with with um with farmers and land users to be able to farmers and land users to be able to farmers and land users to be able to actually quantify and verify the the actually quantify and verify the the actually quantify and verify the the carbon storage but also the core carbon storage but also the core carbon storage but also the core benefits and um yeah create this benefits and um yeah create this benefits and um yeah create this business to business business to business business to business um system um system um system so how does our system work what we're so how does our system work what we're so how does our system work what we're doing is creating biochar from from low doing is creating biochar from from low doing is creating biochar from from low value value value um biomass streams um biomass streams um biomass streams um and then um and then um and then the industrial sites or biomass handlers the industrial sites or biomass handlers the industrial sites or biomass handlers get the get the heat from pyrolysis so get the get the heat from pyrolysis so get the get the heat from pyrolysis so that's um that's the first benefit we that's um that's the first benefit we that's um that's the first benefit we can produce tailored biochars for can produce tailored biochars for can produce tailored biochars for specific problems so at the moment what specific problems so at the moment what specific problems so at the moment what we're looking at is is creating biochar we're looking at is is creating biochar we're looking at is is creating biochar specific for use in organic fertilizers specific for use in organic fertilizers specific for use in organic fertilizers um working through the certification and um working through the certification and um working through the certification and quality control of that biochar and then quality control of that biochar and then quality control of that biochar and then on the on Farm application side is is is on the on Farm application side is is is on the on Farm application side is is is quantifying and qualifying those quantifying and qualifying those quantifying and qualifying those um core benefits so what we can do is we um core benefits so what we can do is we um core benefits so what we can do is we can create high quality carbon storage can create high quality carbon storage can create high quality carbon storage but also but also but also economical economical economical um biochar as an economical additive to um biochar as an economical additive to um biochar as an economical additive to fertilizer as well to the farmer so that fertilizer as well to the farmer so that fertilizer as well to the farmer so that it's cost effective which is really it's cost effective which is really it's cost effective which is really crucial crucial crucial so what can biochar do I think I've so what can biochar do I think I've so what can biochar do I think I've covered the main covered the main covered the main um points already um points already um points already but it can increase carbon storage and but it can increase carbon storage and but it can increase carbon storage and soil and improving resilience to climate soil and improving resilience to climate soil and improving resilience to climate change and extreme weather change and extreme weather change and extreme weather um increased water holding capacity and um increased water holding capacity and um increased water holding capacity and drainage improve soil health and drainage improve soil health and drainage improve soil health and nutrient delivery and then improved also nutrient delivery and then improved also nutrient delivery and then improved also improved bedding conditions and crop improved bedding conditions and crop improved bedding conditions and crop nutrition of organic fertilizers nutrition of organic fertilizers nutrition of organic fertilizers but again but again but again it Bioshock shouldn't be seen as this it Bioshock shouldn't be seen as this it Bioshock shouldn't be seen as this kind of one-size-fits-all approach that kind of one-size-fits-all approach that kind of one-size-fits-all approach that can do all these things well in every can do all these things well in every can do all these things well in every scenario there's always trade-offs and scenario there's always trade-offs and scenario there's always trade-offs and it's really crucial to to consider it's really crucial to to consider it's really crucial to to consider optimizing biochar use optimizing biochar use optimizing biochar use um as well um as well um as well and then and then and then industry as well so on one side that industry as well so on one side that industry as well so on one side that we've got the bar chart use but also we've got the bar chart use but also we've got the bar chart use but also pyrolysis to to produce biochar for pyrolysis to to produce biochar for pyrolysis to to produce biochar for carbon storage is another great carbon storage is another great carbon storage is another great opportunity opportunity opportunity um and does also have commercialization um and does also have commercialization um and does also have commercialization potential as well potential as well potential as well so there's a few different aspects to so there's a few different aspects to so there's a few different aspects to that one is adding value to low value that one is adding value to low value that one is adding value to low value feedstocks feedstocks feedstocks um by creating high quality biochars but um by creating high quality biochars but um by creating high quality biochars but also also also using high quality pyrolysis units using high quality pyrolysis units using high quality pyrolysis units allows allows allows um improved sustainable heat for um improved sustainable heat for um improved sustainable heat for industrial sites but it's creating a industrial sites but it's creating a industrial sites but it's creating a model where biochar can be done produced model where biochar can be done produced model where biochar can be done produced at scale but also cost effectively as at scale but also cost effectively as at scale but also cost effectively as well well well and this is just um quickly what we are and this is just um quickly what we are and this is just um quickly what we are doing as part of our doing as part of our doing as part of our um um um pilot project is is developing a digital pilot project is is developing a digital pilot project is is developing a digital platform where we can actually platform where we can actually platform where we can actually demonstrate well quite quantify the the demonstrate well quite quantify the the demonstrate well quite quantify the the carbon storage but also particularly the carbon storage but also particularly the carbon storage but also particularly the nutrient delivery of biochar so that we nutrient delivery of biochar so that we nutrient delivery of biochar so that we can um weaken then can um weaken then can um weaken then say to Farmers for instance how much say to Farmers for instance how much say to Farmers for instance how much less mineral nitrogen fertilizer they less mineral nitrogen fertilizer they less mineral nitrogen fertilizer they can apply to land through the improved can apply to land through the improved can apply to land through the improved nutritional value of their organic nutritional value of their organic nutritional value of their organic fertilizer fertilizer fertilizer so yeah I hope that gives you a good so yeah I hope that gives you a good so yeah I hope that gives you a good um background into kind of what we're um background into kind of what we're um background into kind of what we're looking to do how biochar can can be looking to do how biochar can can be looking to do how biochar can can be scaled but also some of the nuances scaled but also some of the nuances scaled but also some of the nuances around how the complexity of of the bar around how the complexity of of the bar around how the complexity of of the bar chart use system and how it really needs chart use system and how it really needs chart use system and how it really needs to be optimized for individual use cases to be optimized for individual use cases to be optimized for individual use cases um and yeah looking forward to to taking um and yeah looking forward to to taking um and yeah looking forward to to taking some questions shortly some questions shortly some questions shortly and thank you for listening all right thank you very much Hamish all right thank you very much Hamish all right thank you very much Hamish that was an excellent that was an excellent that was an excellent um bridge between the kind of basic size um bridge between the kind of basic size um bridge between the kind of basic size from your PhD and then his application from your PhD and then his application from your PhD and then his application as well so I'm pleased to welcome uh as well so I'm pleased to welcome uh as well so I'm pleased to welcome uh James Dowers who is one of our early James Dowers who is one of our early James Dowers who is one of our early career committee members and he's been career committee members and he's been career committee members and he's been looking at the questions that you've looking at the questions that you've looking at the questions that you've been sending in um for both the been sending in um for both the been sending in um for both the panelists we've got 15 minutes for panelists we've got 15 minutes for panelists we've got 15 minutes for discussion so there's a good chance to discussion so there's a good chance to discussion so there's a good chance to uh talk through things uh talk through things uh talk through things um please keep submitting them um if you um please keep submitting them um if you um please keep submitting them um if you haven't done so yet and we'll try to get haven't done so yet and we'll try to get haven't done so yet and we'll try to get through as many of them as possible if through as many of them as possible if through as many of them as possible if there's time later on we may also allow there's time later on we may also allow there's time later on we may also allow people to do raisins of hands and then people to do raisins of hands and then people to do raisins of hands and then have some uh face-to-face questions as have some uh face-to-face questions as have some uh face-to-face questions as well but I'll pass over to James well but I'll pass over to James well but I'll pass over to James good afternoon good afternoon good afternoon um thank you for the great questions um thank you for the great questions um thank you for the great questions that have come through that have come through that have come through um start with Saran what is can you just um start with Saran what is can you just um start with Saran what is can you just clarify the energy balance of pyrolysis clarify the energy balance of pyrolysis clarify the energy balance of pyrolysis is it net energy out or net energy in is it net energy out or net energy in is it net energy out or net energy in yeah I realized like a lot of things yeah I realized like a lot of things yeah I realized like a lot of things get back on the soil get back on the soil get back on the soil um it is very important in the life um it is very important in the life um it is very important in the life cycle analysis so cycle analysis so cycle analysis so um the dry feed stock is net positive in um the dry feed stock is net positive in um the dry feed stock is net positive in terms of energy terms of energy terms of energy um you're essentially half earning the um you're essentially half earning the um you're essentially half earning the feed store starting material so you'd feed store starting material so you'd feed store starting material so you'd get about half of the energy out as you get about half of the energy out as you get about half of the energy out as you would if you were completely burning it would if you were completely burning it would if you were completely burning it um with the other half remaining of um with the other half remaining of um with the other half remaining of potential energy in the podcast it gets potential energy in the podcast it gets potential energy in the podcast it gets more complicated when you're starting more complicated when you're starting more complicated when you're starting off with something that's wet because off with something that's wet because off with something that's wet because effective energy is required we've rise effective energy is required we've rise effective energy is required we've rise the water before the parole has the water before the parole has the water before the parole has reactions occur on the other hand the reactions occur on the other hand the reactions occur on the other hand the generated in that process is contain generated in that process is contain generated in that process is contain energy it's low grade Heat energy it's low grade Heat energy it's low grade Heat um but yeah generally this would work um but yeah generally this would work um but yeah generally this would work best with um best with um best with um well so please if you want some well so please if you want some well so please if you want some reference points reference points reference points um best activities like work about um best activities like work about um best activities like work about energy neutral in other words when all energy neutral in other words when all energy neutral in other words when all the energy that comes out of the the energy that comes out of the the energy that comes out of the paralysis process is then required to paralysis process is then required to paralysis process is then required to dry the feedstock dry the feedstock dry the feedstock um but on a life cycle basis that's all um but on a life cycle basis that's all um but on a life cycle basis that's all better than in the carbon back to the better than in the carbon back to the better than in the carbon back to the atmosphere on the land because half of atmosphere on the land because half of atmosphere on the land because half of it remains some stabilized it remains some stabilized it remains some stabilized thank you thank you thank you um and hey miss you mentioned a bit um and hey miss you mentioned a bit um and hey miss you mentioned a bit about the interactions with the about the interactions with the about the interactions with the rhizosphere and a bit about phosphorus rhizosphere and a bit about phosphorus rhizosphere and a bit about phosphorus content and this as well but someone's content and this as well but someone's content and this as well but someone's asked that because nitrogen is so asked that because nitrogen is so asked that because nitrogen is so important and by a child Supply and important and by a child Supply and important and by a child Supply and again or is this all lost in the again or is this all lost in the again or is this all lost in the paralysis process paralysis process paralysis process so most of the actual Direct Delivery of so most of the actual Direct Delivery of so most of the actual Direct Delivery of of nitrogen native within biochar is the of nitrogen native within biochar is the of nitrogen native within biochar is the most biochars have fairly low nitrogen most biochars have fairly low nitrogen most biochars have fairly low nitrogen content because it's it's lost during content because it's it's lost during content because it's it's lost during pyrolysis that's where adding it for pyrolysis that's where adding it for pyrolysis that's where adding it for instance with slurry is is really good instance with slurry is is really good instance with slurry is is really good because actually Bioshock and adsorb because actually Bioshock and adsorb because actually Bioshock and adsorb nitrogen from the from the slurry which nitrogen from the from the slurry which nitrogen from the from the slurry which would potentially be atmospherically would potentially be atmospherically would potentially be atmospherically released and then that's having the the released and then that's having the the released and then that's having the the delivery of of nitrogen in terms of delivery of of nitrogen in terms of delivery of of nitrogen in terms of adding for what what I did with my PhD adding for what what I did with my PhD adding for what what I did with my PhD adding it in a in a forestry context adding it in a in a forestry context adding it in a in a forestry context into a low nutrient or a nutrient into a low nutrient or a nutrient into a low nutrient or a nutrient limited soil limited soil limited soil what we saw is actually the the what we saw is actually the the what we saw is actually the the phosphorus foraging of for for um within phosphorus foraging of for for um within phosphorus foraging of for for um within the biochar meant that the root systems the biochar meant that the root systems the biochar meant that the root systems were larger so actually the were larger so actually the were larger so actually the accessibility of they could access more accessibility of they could access more accessibility of they could access more nitrogen in the soil because the ratio nitrogen in the soil because the ratio nitrogen in the soil because the ratio between below ground biomass and above between below ground biomass and above between below ground biomass and above ground biomass was was was was was ground biomass was was was was was ground biomass was was was was was higher in in biochar treated trees but higher in in biochar treated trees but higher in in biochar treated trees but actually there was very little Direct actually there was very little Direct actually there was very little Direct Delivery of of nitrogen from the biochar Delivery of of nitrogen from the biochar Delivery of of nitrogen from the biochar but there was improved improved but there was improved improved but there was improved improved accessibility indirectly through the the accessibility indirectly through the the accessibility indirectly through the the um stimulated root growth and my um stimulated root growth and my um stimulated root growth and my critical um associations as well okay critical um associations as well okay critical um associations as well okay yeah yeah yeah um uh what's it called no just happened uh what's it called no just happened uh what's it called no just happened um yeah so maybe this is a question in um yeah so maybe this is a question in um yeah so maybe this is a question in sub for both of you sub for both of you sub for both of you um you you've spoken about lots of um you you've spoken about lots of um you you've spoken about lots of different feed stocks different feed stocks different feed stocks um is there a conversation to be had um is there a conversation to be had um is there a conversation to be had around land use should we because lots around land use should we because lots around land use should we because lots of farmers being encouraged to grow of farmers being encouraged to grow of farmers being encouraged to grow trees should that Timber be used or trees should that Timber be used or trees should that Timber be used or should we look at waste from the should we look at waste from the should we look at waste from the construction industry where wood might construction industry where wood might construction industry where wood might be sourced alternatively so what what be sourced alternatively so what what be sourced alternatively so what what what do you think about that foreign virgin virgin virgin biomass is is critical really biomass is is critical really biomass is is critical really particularly from a a certification and particularly from a a certification and particularly from a a certification and regulation literary perspective regulation literary perspective regulation literary perspective as well what we don't want to obviously as well what we don't want to obviously as well what we don't want to obviously be doing is is using high quality Timber be doing is is using high quality Timber be doing is is using high quality Timber to make biochar so for instance Sol logs to make biochar so for instance Sol logs to make biochar so for instance Sol logs what we want to do is use the lower what we want to do is use the lower what we want to do is use the lower value value value um the the lower value assortments of um the the lower value assortments of um the the lower value assortments of Timber so whether that be chipwood or Timber so whether that be chipwood or Timber so whether that be chipwood or whether that's whether that's whether that's um Sawmill Sawmill cool products and um Sawmill Sawmill cool products and um Sawmill Sawmill cool products and actually being able to potentially actually being able to potentially actually being able to potentially divert nutrients and and cycle them into divert nutrients and and cycle them into divert nutrients and and cycle them into into low low fertility soils is is quite into low low fertility soils is is quite into low low fertility soils is is quite a good opportunity and it does improve a good opportunity and it does improve a good opportunity and it does improve that circularity as well that circularity as well that circularity as well yeah I mean I I agree I mean I think in yeah I mean I I agree I mean I think in yeah I mean I I agree I mean I think in terms of terms of terms of um conventional use of organic resources um conventional use of organic resources um conventional use of organic resources on the farmer we tend to think that you on the farmer we tend to think that you on the farmer we tend to think that you know ultimately straw is a resource for know ultimately straw is a resource for know ultimately straw is a resource for potential resource for making pasta and potential resource for making pasta and potential resource for making pasta and if you imagine a situation where if you imagine a situation where if you imagine a situation where currently score is chopped and currently score is chopped and currently score is chopped and Incorporated Incorporated Incorporated um imagine if half of the straw on um imagine if half of the straw on um imagine if half of the straw on average was taken away paralyzed and average was taken away paralyzed and average was taken away paralyzed and then returned to the soil it would give then returned to the soil it would give then returned to the soil it would give you a very nice mix of you a very nice mix of you a very nice mix of um properties useful in soil at the same um properties useful in soil at the same um properties useful in soil at the same time as stabilizing time as stabilizing time as stabilizing um half of the carbon in that resource um half of the carbon in that resource um half of the carbon in that resource in a pretty permanent way as opposed to in a pretty permanent way as opposed to in a pretty permanent way as opposed to emitting it back to the atmosphere you know in the in the pasture system you know in the in the pasture system you know in the in the pasture system where you're growing and feeding crafts where you're growing and feeding crafts where you're growing and feeding crafts uh for it's not relevant uh but you may uh for it's not relevant uh but you may uh for it's not relevant uh but you may be in proximity to be in proximity to be in proximity to um oratory um oratory um oratory it's increasing industry and uh Resorts it's increasing industry and uh Resorts it's increasing industry and uh Resorts there there there um probably nationally I think Simon had um probably nationally I think Simon had um probably nationally I think Simon had the original analysis suggested that the original analysis suggested that the original analysis suggested that half of the opportunity was in if you half of the opportunity was in if you half of the opportunity was in if you like um waste biomass and half of it was like um waste biomass and half of it was like um waste biomass and half of it was in in in um fresh biomass but you know fresh um fresh biomass but you know fresh um fresh biomass but you know fresh biomass can be increased and we could biomass can be increased and we could biomass can be increased and we could probably be reducing our waste probably be reducing our waste probably be reducing our waste um weight is happiness a dimension um weight is happiness a dimension um weight is happiness a dimension clutch because I do think that's you clutch because I do think that's you clutch because I do think that's you know one I mean I realize it's not the know one I mean I realize it's not the know one I mean I realize it's not the flame in every part of the country but flame in every part of the country but flame in every part of the country but it is a large definable resource managed it is a large definable resource managed it is a large definable resource managed in a very in a very in a very um uh nickel away already that would be um uh nickel away already that would be um uh nickel away already that would be quite amenable to the conversion to quite amenable to the conversion to quite amenable to the conversion to Barca yeah regulation is the barrier at Barca yeah regulation is the barrier at Barca yeah regulation is the barrier at the moment but I think that you know is the moment but I think that you know is the moment but I think that you know is is something that we're quite actively is something that we're quite actively is something that we're quite actively working on with them you know with working on with them you know with working on with them you know with Environment Agency for and so on Environment Agency for and so on Environment Agency for and so on and you mentioned briefly in your and you mentioned briefly in your and you mentioned briefly in your presentation about tactical doses presentation about tactical doses presentation about tactical doses um is can you go into a bit more detail um is can you go into a bit more detail um is can you go into a bit more detail about doses that you're you're getting about doses that you're you're getting about doses that you're you're getting at at at yeah so you know in Hamish situation you yeah so you know in Hamish situation you yeah so you know in Hamish situation you know if barchar is being applied to the know if barchar is being applied to the know if barchar is being applied to the soil and what a relatively low area soil and what a relatively low area soil and what a relatively low area doses but it's being applied to the doses but it's being applied to the doses but it's being applied to the surface the concentration of the roots surface the concentration of the roots surface the concentration of the roots or you know at the surface of the grass or you know at the surface of the grass or you know at the surface of the grass is um is high because that's a pack is um is high because that's a pack is um is high because that's a pack because oats really because if you want because oats really because if you want because oats really because if you want to impact on the roots then graft them to impact on the roots then graft them to impact on the roots then graft them is a good place to go and the idea that is a good place to go and the idea that is a good place to go and the idea that you have to plow by a car into the plow you have to plow by a car into the plow you have to plow by a car into the plow layer and homogeneously distribute it I layer and homogeneously distribute it I layer and homogeneously distribute it I think um a mistake I would much rather think um a mistake I would much rather think um a mistake I would much rather see that it was improving the see that it was improving the see that it was improving the um performance of plant fertilizers or um performance of plant fertilizers or um performance of plant fertilizers or maybe even the creation of smart maybe even the creation of smart maybe even the creation of smart fertilizers that are applied over to the fertilizers that are applied over to the fertilizers that are applied over to the road in which arable crops were planted road in which arable crops were planted road in which arable crops were planted for example around an individual plant free and around an individual plant free and around an individual plant free and Forestry the concentrations of bark are Forestry the concentrations of bark are Forestry the concentrations of bark are around the roof quite high but the area around the roof quite high but the area around the roof quite high but the area dose is I think it was um 200 kilograms dose is I think it was um 200 kilograms dose is I think it was um 200 kilograms of hectare all that thank you thank you thank you um Amish can you talk a bit about um Amish can you talk a bit about um Amish can you talk a bit about um the products that how the rain how um the products that how the rain how um the products that how the rain how many products that blackball produce are many products that blackball produce are many products that blackball produce are they all produced at the same they all produced at the same they all produced at the same temperature and does temperature have an temperature and does temperature have an temperature and does temperature have an effect on how much photo is maybe lost effect on how much photo is maybe lost effect on how much photo is maybe lost in the process how much is held in the process how much is held in the process how much is held yes so there's kind of uh two questions yes so there's kind of uh two questions yes so there's kind of uh two questions at the moment at the moment at the moment um we are we are producing two different um we are we are producing two different um we are we are producing two different types well well um of of biochar one for types well well um of of biochar one for types well well um of of biochar one for application to slurry which which is low application to slurry which which is low application to slurry which which is low density and um obviously has to be density and um obviously has to be density and um obviously has to be compatible with with with that compatible with with with that compatible with with with that infrastructure and then one that can be infrastructure and then one that can be infrastructure and then one that can be added to to straw bedding and farmyard added to to straw bedding and farmyard added to to straw bedding and farmyard manure as well which has to be obviously manure as well which has to be obviously manure as well which has to be obviously low dust to higher density so that they low dust to higher density so that they low dust to higher density so that they have to have different have to have different have to have different we have to have different we have to have different we have to have different um yeah physical properties what we're um yeah physical properties what we're um yeah physical properties what we're doing is is we're producing them under doing is is we're producing them under doing is is we're producing them under the same temperature and part of the the same temperature and part of the the same temperature and part of the reason for that is is we we have a reason for that is is we we have a reason for that is is we we have a Target carbon stability for for the Target carbon stability for for the Target carbon stability for for the greenhouse gas removal potential of the greenhouse gas removal potential of the greenhouse gas removal potential of the biochar which biochar which biochar which is is is highly linked to pyrolysis is is is highly linked to pyrolysis is is is highly linked to pyrolysis temperature obviously higher pyrolysis temperature obviously higher pyrolysis temperature obviously higher pyrolysis temperatures you will have less yield temperatures you will have less yield temperatures you will have less yield and and and um more energy produced as well so um more energy produced as well so um more energy produced as well so there's there is obviously a balance there's there is obviously a balance there's there is obviously a balance there but biochart particularly to be there but biochart particularly to be there but biochart particularly to be for instance um EBC um the European for instance um EBC um the European for instance um EBC um the European biocharge certificate that there's biocharge certificate that there's biocharge certificate that there's there's minimum specifications and there's minimum specifications and there's minimum specifications and pyrolysis conditions to be able to to pyrolysis conditions to be able to to pyrolysis conditions to be able to to meet the standards for that and some of meet the standards for that and some of meet the standards for that and some of that is linked to carbon stability which that is linked to carbon stability which that is linked to carbon stability which is obviously also linked to pyrolysis is obviously also linked to pyrolysis is obviously also linked to pyrolysis temperature as well thank you thank you thank you um um um so I'm surrounds sewage Lodge can so I'm surrounds sewage Lodge can so I'm surrounds sewage Lodge can contain a wide range of organic and contain a wide range of organic and contain a wide range of organic and organ and inorganic contaminants is organ and inorganic contaminants is organ and inorganic contaminants is there a risk in releasing some of these there a risk in releasing some of these there a risk in releasing some of these to the atmosphere during paralysis yeah I thought the question was going to yeah I thought the question was going to yeah I thought the question was going to be about soil actually that's that's be about soil actually that's that's be about soil actually that's that's something that often comes up something that often comes up something that often comes up um yes so in terms of what so everything um yes so in terms of what so everything um yes so in terms of what so everything that doesn't end up in the bar chart that doesn't end up in the bar chart that doesn't end up in the bar chart actually goes somewhere actually goes somewhere actually goes somewhere um that would be into the the gas stream um that would be into the the gas stream um that would be into the the gas stream the pyrologist cat uh that comes out in the pyrologist cat uh that comes out in the pyrologist cat uh that comes out in the processing so it's how you manage the processing so it's how you manage the processing so it's how you manage the combustion of those gases to the combustion of those gases to the combustion of those gases to generate the Heat and what's left in the generate the Heat and what's left in the generate the Heat and what's left in the flue gas one could have burned them so a flue gas one could have burned them so a flue gas one could have burned them so a lot of things a lot of organic lot of things a lot of organic lot of things a lot of organic um compounds that might be of concern um compounds that might be of concern um compounds that might be of concern um are eliminated in in that high um are eliminated in in that high um are eliminated in in that high temperature combustion are all of its temperature combustion are all of its temperature combustion are all of its gas because you can conduct a thousand gas because you can conduct a thousand gas because you can conduct a thousand twelve hundred degrees twelve hundred degrees twelve hundred degrees um sort of things that then pass out um sort of things that then pass out um sort of things that then pass out into the two gas would include some into the two gas would include some into the two gas would include some um metals and um and I'll deny and so we um metals and um and I'll deny and so we um metals and um and I'll deny and so we talked about nitrogen earlier and I can talked about nitrogen earlier and I can talked about nitrogen earlier and I can see nation is off but actually the flu see nation is off but actually the flu see nation is off but actually the flu gas and it can be recovered gas and it can be recovered gas and it can be recovered um but yeah you would have to manage the um but yeah you would have to manage the um but yeah you would have to manage the flue gas from the pyrolithic gas flue gas from the pyrolithic gas flue gas from the pyrolithic gas combustion in the same way as you would combustion in the same way as you would combustion in the same way as you would in in the process of um in in the process of um in in the process of um um burning generating fluid cultural you um burning generating fluid cultural you um burning generating fluid cultural you know in in the normal way really in a know in in the normal way really in a know in in the normal way really in a power plant power plant power plant I'm sure if any of those trade I'm sure if any of those trade I'm sure if any of those trade components but mainly mainly in the components but mainly mainly in the components but mainly mainly in the fluke acid um fluke acid um fluke acid um you've got the energy out the Heat and um and um and um is there uh we you spoke about the is there uh we you spoke about the is there uh we you spoke about the lifespan of biochar And the fact I think lifespan of biochar And the fact I think lifespan of biochar And the fact I think mentioned we up to A Thousand Years mentioned we up to A Thousand Years mentioned we up to A Thousand Years um possibly um possibly um possibly um is there a limit to application um is there a limit to application um is there a limit to application because this this audience member's because this this audience member's because this this audience member's asking about carbon markets and will it asking about carbon markets and will it asking about carbon markets and will it stick around long enough maybe to feed stick around long enough maybe to feed stick around long enough maybe to feed into those into those into those yeah so this is the I mean I I could yeah so this is the I mean I I could yeah so this is the I mean I I could have went through the last slides quite have went through the last slides quite have went through the last slides quite quickly in terms of greenhouse gas quickly in terms of greenhouse gas quickly in terms of greenhouse gas removal Technologies of which bar chart removal Technologies of which bar chart removal Technologies of which bar chart is is one is is one is is one um you know the The Benchmark is 10 000 um you know the The Benchmark is 10 000 um you know the The Benchmark is 10 000 years because that's the estimated years because that's the estimated years because that's the estimated longevity of carbon sequestered into uh longevity of carbon sequestered into uh longevity of carbon sequestered into uh geological storage geological storage geological storage after direct air capture for example so after direct air capture for example so after direct air capture for example so the market is looking for that 1000 the market is looking for that 1000 the market is looking for that 1000 years of ability rightly or wrongly years of ability rightly or wrongly years of ability rightly or wrongly um certainly a hundred years suddenly um certainly a hundred years suddenly um certainly a hundred years suddenly took that seem not long enough in that took that seem not long enough in that took that seem not long enough in that context context context um and um and um and you know but I think for that reason we you know but I think for that reason we you know but I think for that reason we need to demonstrate that bar chart does need to demonstrate that bar chart does need to demonstrate that bar chart does last for thousands of years and not rely last for thousands of years and not rely last for thousands of years and not rely on the conservative analysis of current on the conservative analysis of current on the conservative analysis of current data that shows with certainty that it data that shows with certainty that it data that shows with certainty that it lasts lasts lasts 24 percent of it last for 100 years that 24 percent of it last for 100 years that 24 percent of it last for 100 years that you know embedded in the ipcc you know embedded in the ipcc you know embedded in the ipcc and adopted by Vera and other carbon and adopted by Vera and other carbon and adopted by Vera and other carbon markets but as I said if if Wildfire markets but as I said if if Wildfire markets but as I said if if Wildfire charcoal resides in the soil for charcoal resides in the soil for charcoal resides in the soil for thousands of years then uh we need to thousands of years then uh we need to thousands of years then uh we need to show the bar chart how long but I will show the bar chart how long but I will show the bar chart how long but I will actually remain uh the carbon embarkle actually remain uh the carbon embarkle actually remain uh the carbon embarkle will remain stored in the soil much will remain stored in the soil much will remain stored in the soil much higher level of vision and accuracy higher level of vision and accuracy higher level of vision and accuracy thank you and um just quickly Hamish thank you and um just quickly Hamish thank you and um just quickly Hamish from a yeah you're working in like the from a yeah you're working in like the from a yeah you're working in like the commercial side of things commercial side of things commercial side of things um there's a question about um there's a question about um there's a question about um why how farmers are usually or many um why how farmers are usually or many um why how farmers are usually or many farmers usually quick to incorporate farmers usually quick to incorporate farmers usually quick to incorporate stuff that will boost their profits and stuff that will boost their profits and stuff that will boost their profits and and this sort of thing what why are we and this sort of thing what why are we and this sort of thing what why are we not seeing uh lots of farmers climbing not seeing uh lots of farmers climbing not seeing uh lots of farmers climbing for by child or are we I don't know for by child or are we I don't know for by child or are we I don't know I think there's kind of two two sides to I think there's kind of two two sides to I think there's kind of two two sides to that that that I would say in general those farmers who I would say in general those farmers who I would say in general those farmers who do know about biochar are generally very do know about biochar are generally very do know about biochar are generally very excited and very and very keen to to try excited and very and very keen to to try excited and very and very keen to to try it at the moment there's obviously it at the moment there's obviously it at the moment there's obviously supply issues in the it's not really supply issues in the it's not really supply issues in the it's not really being made at enough scale to be being made at enough scale to be being made at enough scale to be particularly cost effective to them and particularly cost effective to them and particularly cost effective to them and and also how do we how can we and also how do we how can we and also how do we how can we demonstrate that actually it's demonstrate that actually it's demonstrate that actually it's economical for the farmer so and that's economical for the farmer so and that's economical for the farmer so and that's really where we looking at improving really where we looking at improving really where we looking at improving um the value of their organic fertilizer um the value of their organic fertilizer um the value of their organic fertilizer for instance is is because then we can for instance is is because then we can for instance is is because then we can demonstrate that actually it's it's not demonstrate that actually it's it's not demonstrate that actually it's it's not just it's not just geared from an just it's not just geared from an just it's not just geared from an environmental perspective but it's also environmental perspective but it's also environmental perspective but it's also cost effective for the farmer and what cost effective for the farmer and what cost effective for the farmer and what we really see is that the bar chart Can we really see is that the bar chart Can we really see is that the bar chart Can it can be also complementary to to other it can be also complementary to to other it can be also complementary to to other regenerative agricultural techniques as regenerative agricultural techniques as regenerative agricultural techniques as well so sobacha shouldn't be seen as well so sobacha shouldn't be seen as well so sobacha shouldn't be seen as this kind of individual and put in its this kind of individual and put in its this kind of individual and put in its individual box there's also a huge individual box there's also a huge individual box there's also a huge interaction with other interaction with other interaction with other um both sustainable agriculture and um both sustainable agriculture and um both sustainable agriculture and other greenhouse gas removal well other greenhouse gas removal well other greenhouse gas removal well land-based greenhouse gas removal land-based greenhouse gas removal land-based greenhouse gas removal methods as well so there's there's methods as well so there's there's methods as well so there's there's interest there but obviously there's interest there but obviously there's interest there but obviously there's still a bit of a bit of work to go still a bit of a bit of work to go still a bit of a bit of work to go really um cultivating really um cultivating really um cultivating um the agricultural sector for biochar um the agricultural sector for biochar um the agricultural sector for biochar use and but that's obviously what we're use and but that's obviously what we're use and but that's obviously what we're we're looking to do we're looking to do we're looking to do thank you very much for your answers and thank you very much for your answers and thank you very much for your answers and I'll hand back to Paul I'll hand back to Paul I'll hand back to Paul okay on behalf of the British Society of okay on behalf of the British Society of okay on behalf of the British Society of soil science I'd like to express our soil science I'd like to express our soil science I'd like to express our thanks to Dr Sarah soe and Hamish thanks to Dr Sarah soe and Hamish thanks to Dr Sarah soe and Hamish krieber for coming along to present krieber for coming along to present krieber for coming along to present today and also to James for coordinating today and also to James for coordinating today and also to James for coordinating that excellent q a session if you'd like that excellent q a session if you'd like that excellent q a session if you'd like to find out more about biochar the to find out more about biochar the to find out more about biochar the British Society of soil science is British Society of soil science is British Society of soil science is developing a guidance note on the topic developing a guidance note on the topic developing a guidance note on the topic if you're not a member of the society if you're not a member of the society if you're not a member of the society please sign up to receive any of our please sign up to receive any of our please sign up to receive any of our newsletters via our website to receive newsletters via our website to receive newsletters via our website to receive via our website and thus we will receive via our website and thus we will receive via our website and thus we will receive details of when the note is launched in details of when the note is launched in details of when the note is launched in the spring thank you for attending the spring thank you for attending the spring thank you for attending you'll find a quick feedback survey when you'll find a quick feedback survey when you'll find a quick feedback survey when you leave the webinar which we hope you you leave the webinar which we hope you you leave the webinar which we hope you will take the time to complete the will take the time to complete the will take the time to complete the recording of this video will also be recording of this video will also be recording of this video will also be available after the event on our YouTube available after the event on our YouTube available after the event on our YouTube channel our next webinar will be held on channel our next webinar will be held on channel our next webinar will be held on Wednesday 8th of February on the topic Wednesday 8th of February on the topic Wednesday 8th of February on the topic of microplastics and is now available of microplastics and is now available of microplastics and is now available for registration via our website and we for registration via our website and we for registration via our website and we will send the link out in our follow-up will send the link out in our follow-up will send the link out in our follow-up email I hope to see you in the future of email I hope to see you in the future of email I hope to see you in the future of future events and in the meantime thank future events and in the meantime thank future events and in the meantime thank you again and goodbye<br /> }}</div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Zoom_into_Soil:_Soils_critical_to_brownfields_first&diff=11790 2026-05-29T14:07:16Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Ajoute les transcriptions YouTube aux pages vidéo qui n&#039;en ont pas - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/435</p> <hr /> <div>{{vidéo<br /> | Titre = Zoom into Soil: Soils critical to brownfields first<br /> | Producteur = British Society of Soil Science<br /> | Vignette = Thumbnail_youtube_knMUdlwWQm8.jpg<br /> | Date de mise en ligne = 2024-10-17<br /> | Durée = 62 minutes<br /> | Production = <br /> | Vidéo = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=knMUdlwWQm8<br /> | Intervenants 0 = Christine House<br /> | Intervenants 1 = Claire Dickinson<br /> | Intervenants 2 = Prof. Jack Hannam<br /> | Mots-clés = NBSOIL<br /> }}<br /> <br /> In this webinar, Christine House, Director of House Associates, and Claire Dickinson, a contaminated land specialist, discuss 'Soils critical to brownfields first: Soil Health in the context of Land Remediation.' This interactive session, chaired by BSSS President, Prof. Jack Hannam, explores effective soil use and management in the context of brownfield sites and construction.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Christine House is the Director of House Associates, a practice specialising in mineral/waste planning and landscape restoration. Prior to this she was a Director at Wardell Armstrong for a period of 21 years. Chris has extensive experience of restoring and remediating contaminated land together with the re-instatement of mineral and former waste disposal sites.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Bringing over 30 years of experience in UK land development, Claire Dickinson is a contaminated land specialist (Registered SiLC) with a background in geotechnical engineering, specialising in ground risk management advice. She combines running her consultancy (Geo-Environmental Matters Ltd) with part-time lecturing at the University of Portsmouth.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> The British Society of Soil Science is an established international membership organisation and charity committed to the study of soil in its widest aspects.<br /> <br /> https://soils.org.uk/videos/zoom-into-soil-soils-critical-to-brownfields-first/<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> #soil #soils #landremediation #soilmanagement #bsss #birithsocietyofsoilscience #soilscience<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{Pages liées}}<br /> <br /> {{Transcription<br /> | transcription = hello good afternoon hello good afternoon hello good afternoon everybody and welcome to the British everybody and welcome to the British everybody and welcome to the British Society of s science webinar um I'm Jack Society of s science webinar um I'm Jack Society of s science webinar um I'm Jack Canam and I'm the current president of Canam and I'm the current president of Canam and I'm the current president of the British Society of s science and the British Society of s science and the British Society of s science and this is our ninth wedar of the year um this is our ninth wedar of the year um this is our ninth wedar of the year um before I welcome our panelists um I'd before I welcome our panelists um I'd before I welcome our panelists um I'd just like to introduce bsq the British just like to introduce bsq the British just like to introduce bsq the British Society of sour Sciences as host of Society of sour Sciences as host of Society of sour Sciences as host of today's webinar um we're an established today's webinar um we're an established today's webinar um we're an established International member ship organization International member ship organization International member ship organization and charity to committed to the study of and charity to committed to the study of and charity to committed to the study of soil in its widest aspect so we bring soil in its widest aspect so we bring soil in its widest aspect so we bring together our membership those working in together our membership those working in together our membership those working in Academia but we also have a growing Academia but we also have a growing Academia but we also have a growing number of people working in industry and number of people working in industry and number of people working in industry and business putting soils into business putting soils into business putting soils into practice and we also welcome anybody in practice and we also welcome anybody in practice and we also welcome anybody in fact who has a keen interest in soils to fact who has a keen interest in soils to fact who has a keen interest in soils to become a member of the society as well become a member of the society as well become a member of the society as well um I think we're hosting around about 10 um I think we're hosting around about 10 um I think we're hosting around about 10 webinars in 2024 um keeping on our webinars in 2024 um keeping on our webinars in 2024 um keeping on our website I think we've got one more this website I think we've got one more this website I think we've got one more this year you can also catch them up with um year you can also catch them up with um year you can also catch them up with um ones that we've done already on YouTube ones that we've done already on YouTube ones that we've done already on YouTube channel as well um and just before we channel as well um and just before we channel as well um and just before we begin a little bit of housekeeping so begin a little bit of housekeeping so begin a little bit of housekeeping so there's lots of you on the call today um there's lots of you on the call today um there's lots of you on the call today um we are keeping your microphones we are keeping your microphones we are keeping your microphones muted and uh we're running this session muted and uh we're running this session muted and uh we're running this session as a as a kind of panel session today so as a as a kind of panel session today so as a as a kind of panel session today so we we're not having presentations from we we're not having presentations from we we're not having presentations from our two guests so we'll be uh posing a our two guests so we'll be uh posing a our two guests so we'll be uh posing a few questions and this is more of a kind few questions and this is more of a kind few questions and this is more of a kind of panel discussion around the subject of panel discussion around the subject of panel discussion around the subject of of the webinar but if you have any of of the webinar but if you have any of of the webinar but if you have any questions please pop them in the um chat questions please pop them in the um chat questions please pop them in the um chat in the questions box and we'll try and in the questions box and we'll try and in the questions box and we'll try and pick those up as we go along if they pick those up as we go along if they pick those up as we go along if they come in uh through various points but come in uh through various points but come in uh through various points but there will be time at the end and I'll there will be time at the end and I'll there will be time at the end and I'll try and cover most of those so do try try and cover most of those so do try try and cover most of those so do try and submit them by 2:50 and we'll come and submit them by 2:50 and we'll come and submit them by 2:50 and we'll come around to those at the end of the of the around to those at the end of the of the around to those at the end of the of the session um also we have um uh CPD points session um also we have um uh CPD points session um also we have um uh CPD points for the seminar so if you are registered for the seminar so if you are registered for the seminar so if you are registered with basis or Enos so um please do use with basis or Enos so um please do use with basis or Enos so um please do use the email on the screen there to contact the email on the screen there to contact the email on the screen there to contact the office afterwards uh to claim your the office afterwards uh to claim your the office afterwards uh to claim your CPT points for those two CPT points for those two CPT points for those two organizations and uh as you're probably organizations and uh as you're probably organizations and uh as you're probably aware we're recording this session and aware we're recording this session and aware we're recording this session and as I said we you know if you'd like to as I said we you know if you'd like to as I said we you know if you'd like to watch back any of this um it will be watch back any of this um it will be watch back any of this um it will be available on the BS Cube YouTube channel available on the BS Cube YouTube channel available on the BS Cube YouTube channel after the after the after the event okay so um I'm really excited to event okay so um I'm really excited to event okay so um I'm really excited to welcome our te two esteemed panelists welcome our te two esteemed panelists welcome our te two esteemed panelists today and we have uh Chris Christine today and we have uh Chris Christine today and we have uh Chris Christine house and she's currently director of house and she's currently director of house and she's currently director of house Associates and this is a practice house Associates and this is a practice house Associates and this is a practice specializing in Mineral waste and specializing in Mineral waste and specializing in Mineral waste and planning and Landscape planning and Landscape planning and Landscape restoration um prior to this she was a restoration um prior to this she was a restoration um prior to this she was a director at W Armstrong for a period of director at W Armstrong for a period of director at W Armstrong for a period of over 21 years Jose's got enormous amount over 21 years Jose's got enormous amount over 21 years Jose's got enormous amount of experience um in restoration and of experience um in restoration and of experience um in restoration and remediating contaminated land um remediating contaminated land um remediating contaminated land um together with the um rein statement of together with the um rein statement of together with the um rein statement of mineral and former waste disposal mineral and former waste disposal mineral and former waste disposal sites and our second speaker is CLA sites and our second speaker is CLA sites and our second speaker is CLA Dickinson and she has again a huge Dickinson and she has again a huge Dickinson and she has again a huge wealth of experience so over 30 years wealth of experience so over 30 years wealth of experience so over 30 years experience in the Land Development um uh experience in the Land Development um uh experience in the Land Development um uh sector and she's a a specialist in sector and she's a a specialist in sector and she's a a specialist in contaminated land and as a background in contaminated land and as a background in contaminated land and as a background in uh geotechnical engineering it's uh geotechnical engineering it's uh geotechnical engineering it's particularly specialized in ground risk particularly specialized in ground risk particularly specialized in ground risk management advice and she's juggling management advice and she's juggling management advice and she's juggling running her own consultancy um which is running her own consultancy um which is running her own consultancy um which is Geo environmental matters limited with Geo environmental matters limited with Geo environmental matters limited with also partti lecturing at the University also partti lecturing at the University also partti lecturing at the University of Portsmith as well and I won't read of Portsmith as well and I won't read of Portsmith as well and I won't read out but she has this whole number of out but she has this whole number of out but she has this whole number of accolades there but she's been involved accolades there but she's been involved accolades there but she's been involved in lots of committees um particularly um in lots of committees um particularly um in lots of committees um particularly um uh Syria as well so that in terms of uh Syria as well so that in terms of uh Syria as well so that in terms of their steering groups particularly their steering groups particularly their steering groups particularly around um the contaminated land program around um the contaminated land program around um the contaminated land program and including an update of the um and including an update of the um and including an update of the um environmental good practice guide environmental good practice guide environmental good practice guide um that has been developed by Seria as um that has been developed by Seria as um that has been developed by Seria as well so I'm really excited um to have well so I'm really excited um to have well so I'm really excited um to have both of these panelists with an enormous both of these panelists with an enormous both of these panelists with an enormous amount of expertise uh on the session amount of expertise uh on the session amount of expertise uh on the session today so the session is focused around today so the session is focused around today so the session is focused around soils in a kind of urban context soils in a kind of urban context soils in a kind of urban context specifically um thinking about souls in specifically um thinking about souls in specifically um thinking about souls in Brownfield sites and to kind of guide Brownfield sites and to kind of guide Brownfield sites and to kind of guide some of the discussion what we wanted to some of the discussion what we wanted to some of the discussion what we wanted to do was pose a few questions first to do was pose a few questions first to do was pose a few questions first to kind of set the scene um for the kind of set the scene um for the kind of set the scene um for the panelists I'll be sort of inviting some panelists I'll be sort of inviting some panelists I'll be sort of inviting some answers and opinions from both Chris and answers and opinions from both Chris and answers and opinions from both Chris and CLA so I guess you know the first CLA so I guess you know the first CLA so I guess you know the first question we want to ask really is then question we want to ask really is then question we want to ask really is then you know the sort of what question so you know the sort of what question so you know the sort of what question so lots of people work with soils in in lots of people work with soils in in lots of people work with soils in in lots of different kind of environments lots of different kind of environments lots of different kind of environments and sectors but what does good soil and sectors but what does good soil and sectors but what does good soil function look like in a in an urban function look like in a in an urban function look like in a in an urban context and I wondered who wants to kind context and I wondered who wants to kind context and I wondered who wants to kind of take that first of take that first of take that first question maybe Chris yeah I I'll start question maybe Chris yeah I I'll start question maybe Chris yeah I I'll start with that I mean it's an interesting one with that I mean it's an interesting one with that I mean it's an interesting one because you know um soils in a rural because you know um soils in a rural because you know um soils in a rural context is quite easy because often context is quite easy because often context is quite easy because often they're managed for agriculture so they're managed for agriculture so they're managed for agriculture so they're positively managed whereas in an they're positively managed whereas in an they're positively managed whereas in an urban context once they are in urban context once they are in urban context once they are in situ that generally tends to be it you situ that generally tends to be it you situ that generally tends to be it you know so I think there are a number of know so I think there are a number of know so I think there are a number of challenges there that you know if we challenges there that you know if we challenges there that you know if we don't think about drainage and don't think about drainage and don't think about drainage and compaction then soil as a resource can compaction then soil as a resource can compaction then soil as a resource can be um seriously challenged in an urban be um seriously challenged in an urban be um seriously challenged in an urban context so and I think it's often context so and I think it's often context so and I think it's often overlooked once it's placed and you know overlooked once it's placed and you know overlooked once it's placed and you know there's a landscape scheme in place it's there's a landscape scheme in place it's there's a landscape scheme in place it's actually what consideration is given to actually what consideration is given to actually what consideration is given to soils you know and top dressing mulching soils you know and top dressing mulching soils you know and top dressing mulching that sort of thing should be critic you that sort of thing should be critic you that sort of thing should be critic you know it should happen but how often does know it should happen but how often does know it should happen but how often does it forgotten about a little bit yeah it forgotten about a little bit yeah it forgotten about a little bit yeah yeah not caring for them as much as we yeah not caring for them as much as we yeah not caring for them as much as we might do maybe in a in a sort of system might do maybe in a in a sort of system might do maybe in a in a sort of system where we're growing food or something where we're growing food or something where we're growing food or something like that yeah CLA do you want to come like that yeah CLA do you want to come like that yeah CLA do you want to come in um yes I think that um we're going to in um yes I think that um we're going to in um yes I think that um we're going to you know we're perhaps beginning to see you know we're perhaps beginning to see you know we're perhaps beginning to see this story change and I'm very much hope this story change and I'm very much hope this story change and I'm very much hope that that that will be the case because that that that will be the case because that that that will be the case because we want ourselves in an urban uh context we want ourselves in an urban uh context we want ourselves in an urban uh context to um not be contributing to the to um not be contributing to the to um not be contributing to the flooding problem I one of the big issues flooding problem I one of the big issues flooding problem I one of the big issues of course with the urban landscape is U of course with the urban landscape is U of course with the urban landscape is U we seal the soils in which prevent them we seal the soils in which prevent them we seal the soils in which prevent them uh functioning there's a disconnection uh functioning there's a disconnection uh functioning there's a disconnection in terms of how they perform quite often in terms of how they perform quite often in terms of how they perform quite often so I think one of the big things that we so I think one of the big things that we so I think one of the big things that we are seeing shifting is that sustainable are seeing shifting is that sustainable are seeing shifting is that sustainable and urban drainage is becoming very much and urban drainage is becoming very much and urban drainage is becoming very much mainstream and we have a real mainstream and we have a real mainstream and we have a real opportunity to bring soils into that opportunity to bring soils into that opportunity to bring soils into that sort of uh solution and you know we can sort of uh solution and you know we can sort of uh solution and you know we can begin to think about how that might work begin to think about how that might work begin to think about how that might work both in terms of sort of the public both in terms of sort of the public both in terms of sort of the public realm and Urban Tree Scapes which again realm and Urban Tree Scapes which again realm and Urban Tree Scapes which again you know they're going to help with you know they're going to help with you know they're going to help with mitigate some of the uh climate change mitigate some of the uh climate change mitigate some of the uh climate change issues such as um the urban heat island issues such as um the urban heat island issues such as um the urban heat island effect that um happens in these sort of effect that um happens in these sort of effect that um happens in these sort of urban environments trees are very good urban environments trees are very good urban environments trees are very good at dealing with that sort of thing we at dealing with that sort of thing we at dealing with that sort of thing we can start looking at perhaps bringing can start looking at perhaps bringing can start looking at perhaps bringing soils in in other places like um green soils in in other places like um green soils in in other places like um green and brown ruths so you know I I like to and brown ruths so you know I I like to and brown ruths so you know I I like to think that the context of urban SS as we think that the context of urban SS as we think that the context of urban SS as we have seen is not what we perhaps will be have seen is not what we perhaps will be have seen is not what we perhaps will be looking forward to in the uh uh near looking forward to in the uh uh near looking forward to in the uh uh near future yeah it's interesting to think of future yeah it's interesting to think of future yeah it's interesting to think of it SS in a completely different way it's it SS in a completely different way it's it SS in a completely different way it's an interesting comment that you made an interesting comment that you made an interesting comment that you made about thinking about those sorts of soil about thinking about those sorts of soil about thinking about those sorts of soil substrates on roofs actually you know so substrates on roofs actually you know so substrates on roofs actually you know so those sorts of things don't exist in our those sorts of things don't exist in our those sorts of things don't exist in our kind of rural Landscapes but we still kind of rural Landscapes but we still kind of rural Landscapes but we still have to manage those S substrates you have to manage those S substrates you have to manage those S substrates you know for them to provide that kind of know for them to provide that kind of know for them to provide that kind of infiltration function I guess so there's infiltration function I guess so there's infiltration function I guess so there's a lot around and any other sort of a lot around and any other sort of a lot around and any other sort of functions that are really important that functions that are really important that functions that are really important that we want soils to I guess do in in urban we want soils to I guess do in in urban we want soils to I guess do in in urban systems a little bit one the one of the systems a little bit one the one of the systems a little bit one the one of the other issues is how do we measure the other issues is how do we measure the other issues is how do we measure the metrics of what a good healthy soil in metrics of what a good healthy soil in metrics of what a good healthy soil in the urban environment looks the urban environment looks the urban environment looks like like like exactly and I know that's something that exactly and I know that's something that exactly and I know that's something that def are really trying to Grapple with at def are really trying to Grapple with at def are really trying to Grapple with at the moment because a lot of the works the moment because a lot of the works the moment because a lot of the works that been done on SS as you've spoken that been done on SS as you've spoken that been done on SS as you've spoken about are in that agricultural land about are in that agricultural land about are in that agricultural land space but you know what would a healthy space but you know what would a healthy space but you know what would a healthy soil look like and what functions do we soil look like and what functions do we soil look like and what functions do we want out of it and of course one of the want out of it and of course one of the want out of it and of course one of the issues and we're talking about issues and we're talking about issues and we're talking about brownfields here not all Brownfield brownfields here not all Brownfield brownfields here not all Brownfield sites are contaminated but a lot of sites are contaminated but a lot of sites are contaminated but a lot of Brownfield land is contaminated um and Brownfield land is contaminated um and Brownfield land is contaminated um and obviously we don't want to be allowing obviously we don't want to be allowing obviously we don't want to be allowing um that contamination to be spreading um that contamination to be spreading um that contamination to be spreading and interacting with the environment and interacting with the environment and interacting with the environment when we start thinking about the when we start thinking about the when we start thinking about the function of stores so what we've just function of stores so what we've just function of stores so what we've just mentioned you know they help with mentioned you know they help with mentioned you know they help with prevention of flooding once you start prevention of flooding once you start prevention of flooding once you start allowing percolation of water uh down allowing percolation of water uh down allowing percolation of water uh down and through the soils potentially you're and through the soils potentially you're and through the soils potentially you're mobilizing contamination so you know you mobilizing contamination so you know you mobilizing contamination so you know you need to begin to think about what that need to begin to think about what that need to begin to think about what that might um what that might look like um might um what that might look like um might um what that might look like um another real challenge for these another real challenge for these another real challenge for these Brownfield sites I mean Brownfield first Brownfield sites I mean Brownfield first Brownfield sites I mean Brownfield first is really being talked about at the at is really being talked about at the at is really being talked about at the at the moment the the government new the moment the the government new the moment the the government new government put even more great emphasis government put even more great emphasis government put even more great emphasis on that but actually they can have some on that but actually they can have some on that but actually they can have some really important habitats um so we have really important habitats um so we have really important habitats um so we have the BNG aspect of it um which you know the BNG aspect of it um which you know the BNG aspect of it um which you know they have sometimes really quite unique they have sometimes really quite unique they have sometimes really quite unique habitats because they've been left to habitats because they've been left to habitats because they've been left to their own devices and how do we manage their own devices and how do we manage their own devices and how do we manage b&amp;amp; in that that context and don't with b&amp;amp; in that that context and don't with b&amp;amp; in that that context and don't with Christine you've got anything to add Christine you've got anything to add Christine you've got anything to add there from you know obviously our there from you know obviously our there from you know obviously our landscaping and planting context I mean landscaping and planting context I mean landscaping and planting context I mean if they're left long enough or your if they're left long enough or your if they're left long enough or your right clar and they're unique enough um right clar and they're unique enough um right clar and they're unique enough um you know I know of some that have become you know I know of some that have become you know I know of some that have become trip trip trip siis so which Cas you're not going to siis so which Cas you're not going to siis so which Cas you're not going to develop them at all you know and um they develop them at all you know and um they develop them at all you know and um they do provide they throw up some do provide they throw up some do provide they throw up some interesting challenges you know local interesting challenges you know local interesting challenges you know local example to where I live is the lime beds example to where I live is the lime beds example to where I live is the lime beds in Cheshire you know they got a unique in Cheshire you know they got a unique in Cheshire you know they got a unique Flora uh a wind blown uh flora and you Flora uh a wind blown uh flora and you Flora uh a wind blown uh flora and you know totally unique to anything else know totally unique to anything else know totally unique to anything else within the local context so yes and I within the local context so yes and I within the local context so yes and I think some of uh some of our Brownfield think some of uh some of our Brownfield think some of uh some of our Brownfield that hasn't been touched because it's that hasn't been touched because it's that hasn't been touched because it's very expensive to do so in in perversely very expensive to do so in in perversely very expensive to do so in in perversely has then acquired a unique habitat uh has then acquired a unique habitat uh has then acquired a unique habitat uh environment so yes not all Brownfield environment so yes not all Brownfield environment so yes not all Brownfield lands are developable um certainly uh lands are developable um certainly uh lands are developable um certainly uh you know we've got to look at it in that you know we've got to look at it in that you know we've got to look at it in that context as well so um interesting yeah context as well so um interesting yeah context as well so um interesting yeah it's really interesting thinking about it's really interesting thinking about it's really interesting thinking about there this sort of um you know emerging there this sort of um you know emerging there this sort of um you know emerging concept around novel ecosystems so concept around novel ecosystems so concept around novel ecosystems so things that have been created things that have been created things that have been created by which are kind of man-made systems by which are kind of man-made systems by which are kind of man-made systems exactly like you described but they exactly like you described but they exactly like you described but they actually become you know EOS really kind actually become you know EOS really kind actually become you know EOS really kind of rare habitats and ecosystems in their of rare habitats and ecosystems in their of rare habitats and ecosystems in their own right um you know kind of one of the own right um you know kind of one of the own right um you know kind of one of the interest yeah one of the interesting interest yeah one of the interesting interest yeah one of the interesting things Jack is I think it's education in things Jack is I think it's education in things Jack is I think it's education in the urban context as well you know this the urban context as well you know this the urban context as well you know this is where our major conations are um and is where our major conations are um and is where our major conations are um and it's educating our young our kids it's educating our young our kids it's educating our young our kids basically what is what is soil what is basically what is what is soil what is basically what is what is soil what is in soil um it would be interesting in to in soil um it would be interesting in to in soil um it would be interesting in to see some systematic research done you see some systematic research done you see some systematic research done you know in different Urban soils to see how know in different Urban soils to see how know in different Urban soils to see how healthy they are in comparison to rural healthy they are in comparison to rural healthy they are in comparison to rural soils you know um it could up throw up soils you know um it could up throw up soils you know um it could up throw up some interesting uh results you know um some interesting uh results you know um some interesting uh results you know um you know with everybody saying that you you know with everybody saying that you you know with everybody saying that you know rural soils are being degraded or know rural soils are being degraded or know rural soils are being degraded or don't have you know the insect and worm don't have you know the insect and worm don't have you know the insect and worm life in them you know it could be you life in them you know it could be you life in them you know it could be you know bucking the trend we don't know know bucking the trend we don't know know bucking the trend we don't know there is a real G I think a real data there is a real G I think a real data there is a real G I think a real data knowledge Gap there absolutely yeah knowledge Gap there absolutely yeah knowledge Gap there absolutely yeah you're right and I think um I don't know you're right and I think um I don't know you're right and I think um I don't know if you want to add anything well that's if you want to add anything well that's if you want to add anything well that's a really really nice setting scene a really really nice setting scene a really really nice setting scene setting actually um for thinking about setting actually um for thinking about setting actually um for thinking about SS in the in that sort of context but I SS in the in that sort of context but I SS in the in that sort of context but I think I might move on to the next think I might move on to the next think I might move on to the next question which is more about um the sort question which is more about um the sort question which is more about um the sort of yeah the so we' got thought about the of yeah the so we' got thought about the of yeah the so we' got thought about the you know the what but the sort of how you know the what but the sort of how you know the what but the sort of how question so you know there's some quite question so you know there's some quite question so you know there's some quite sort of complex um policy and you know sort of complex um policy and you know sort of complex um policy and you know regulation and legislation around Urban regulation and legislation around Urban regulation and legislation around Urban systems and planning so it'd be really systems and planning so it'd be really systems and planning so it'd be really nice to kind of get your um ideas around nice to kind of get your um ideas around nice to kind of get your um ideas around you know how SS are currently kind of you know how SS are currently kind of you know how SS are currently kind of recognized or categorized in in sort of recognized or categorized in in sort of recognized or categorized in in sort of Brownfield sites and and the urban area Brownfield sites and and the urban area Brownfield sites and and the urban area more more more widely um and then to think about sort widely um and then to think about sort widely um and then to think about sort of you know the context of the um the of you know the context of the um the of you know the context of the um the national planning policy framework so national planning policy framework so national planning policy framework so you know what what how are how are s you know what what how are how are s you know what what how are how are s sort of um appearing in that and and sort of um appearing in that and and sort of um appearing in that and and What needs to kind of change to really What needs to kind of change to really What needs to kind of change to really try to protect SS in the in that sort of try to protect SS in the in that sort of try to protect SS in the in that sort of planning process so I put both questions planning process so I put both questions planning process so I put both questions up because they're kind of intertwin so up because they're kind of intertwin so up because they're kind of intertwin so feel free to S pick up on either of feel free to S pick up on either of feel free to S pick up on either of those I don't know who wants to go first those I don't know who wants to go first those I don't know who wants to go first CLA Chris Chris go ahead yeah put my CLA Chris Chris go ahead yeah put my CLA Chris Chris go ahead yeah put my planning hat on you planning hat on you planning hat on you know is I think soils for a long time know is I think soils for a long time know is I think soils for a long time particularly in the eia process I've uh particularly in the eia process I've uh particularly in the eia process I've uh I've been the poor relation um all I've been the poor relation um all I've been the poor relation um all sections in eia tend to deal with sections in eia tend to deal with sections in eia tend to deal with agricultural land classification and agricultural land classification and agricultural land classification and their value in terms of Agriculture their value in terms of Agriculture their value in terms of Agriculture whereas I think they should be actually whereas I think they should be actually whereas I think they should be actually treated much more as a resource so how treated much more as a resource so how treated much more as a resource so how much soil have you got on site what type much soil have you got on site what type much soil have you got on site what type of soil it is um and how are you going of soil it is um and how are you going of soil it is um and how are you going to deal with it through the planning to deal with it through the planning to deal with it through the planning process you know um does your site have process you know um does your site have process you know um does your site have enough capacity to hold it correctly you enough capacity to hold it correctly you enough capacity to hold it correctly you know can it be stored correctly in know can it be stored correctly in know can it be stored correctly in accordance with guidance um and if it accordance with guidance um and if it accordance with guidance um and if it can't you know what are the Alternatives can't you know what are the Alternatives can't you know what are the Alternatives because sometimes it would be better for because sometimes it would be better for because sometimes it would be better for a good quality so soil to leave site if a good quality so soil to leave site if a good quality so soil to leave site if it can't be treated correctly directly it can't be treated correctly directly it can't be treated correctly directly um and then you know look at bringing in um and then you know look at bringing in um and then you know look at bringing in soils later in the process none of that soils later in the process none of that soils later in the process none of that currently exists at the moment and soil currently exists at the moment and soil currently exists at the moment and soil you know just tends to get disregarded you know just tends to get disregarded you know just tends to get disregarded and sold and sold and sold off you know and um yeah and then when off you know and um yeah and then when off you know and um yeah and then when you come to the end of the uh you come to the end of the uh you come to the end of the uh development development development process um there's not enough of it or process um there's not enough of it or process um there's not enough of it or you know again it's treated in a poor you know again it's treated in a poor you know again it's treated in a poor context you know so I think we need to context you know so I think we need to context you know so I think we need to give it a lot more respect than we give it a lot more respect than we give it a lot more respect than we currently do and I think you know currently do and I think you know currently do and I think you know through a the soil Assessments in EAS through a the soil Assessments in EAS through a the soil Assessments in EAS that could go some way towards it I mean that could go some way towards it I mean that could go some way towards it I mean we quite have rigorous standards for we quite have rigorous standards for we quite have rigorous standards for noise air quality all the other areas noise air quality all the other areas noise air quality all the other areas and specialisms but we don't quite have and specialisms but we don't quite have and specialisms but we don't quite have that with that with that with soils so how are they just to I don't if soils so how are they just to I don't if soils so how are they just to I don't if the audience will be familiar with the the audience will be familiar with the the audience will be familiar with the environmental impact assessment but how environmental impact assessment but how environmental impact assessment but how how are SS considered at the moment or how are SS considered at the moment or how are SS considered at the moment or aren't they at all well they are you aren't they at all well they are you aren't they at all well they are you know normally you're dealing with them know normally you're dealing with them know normally you're dealing with them but it's actually you know looking at but it's actually you know looking at but it's actually you know looking at their ALC their ALC their ALC classification just just a productivity classification just just a productivity classification just just a productivity function then yeah yes largely yeah function then yeah yes largely yeah function then yeah yes largely yeah largely that's what we see very much largely that's what we see very much largely that's what we see very much Jack on the guidance currently on the Jack on the guidance currently on the Jack on the guidance currently on the Guk website but you some of the audience Guk website but you some of the audience Guk website but you some of the audience May well be aware that IMA did uh May well be aware that IMA did uh May well be aware that IMA did uh produce in 2022 a sort of new approach produce in 2022 a sort of new approach produce in 2022 a sort of new approach to to looking at eia in SS and that is to to looking at eia in SS and that is to to looking at eia in SS and that is beginning to look much more more at soil beginning to look much more more at soil beginning to look much more more at soil function and and personally I think function and and personally I think function and and personally I think that's you know that's what we need to that's you know that's what we need to that's you know that's what we need to be looking at is what are our soils be looking at is what are our soils be looking at is what are our soils doing for us in in a particular location doing for us in in a particular location doing for us in in a particular location you know because they do many things and you know because they do many things and you know because they do many things and they mean many things to many people and they mean many things to many people and they mean many things to many people and we're here today at BS cubed and you we're here today at BS cubed and you we're here today at BS cubed and you know you've got a lovely picture here as know you've got a lovely picture here as know you've got a lovely picture here as somebody with a spade and you know just somebody with a spade and you know just somebody with a spade and you know just looking at the top soil but I mean if looking at the top soil but I mean if looking at the top soil but I mean if you're talking about it in a on a you're talking about it in a on a you're talking about it in a on a Brownfield Redevelopment uh context then Brownfield Redevelopment uh context then Brownfield Redevelopment uh context then you know there are many different you know there are many different you know there are many different parties that will be dealing with s and parties that will be dealing with s and parties that will be dealing with s and they will have a very different idea as they will have a very different idea as they will have a very different idea as a geotechnical engineer I'm not a geotechnical engineer I'm not a geotechnical engineer I'm not interested in any of that you know interested in any of that you know interested in any of that you know that's something I've got to get through that's something I've got to get through that's something I've got to get through to find to find to find something yes it's in the way you know something yes it's in the way you know something yes it's in the way you know and I mean why do we think that you know and I mean why do we think that you know and I mean why do we think that you know in Mineral excavations they they call it in Mineral excavations they they call it in Mineral excavations they they call it overburden again they're just not overburden again they're just not overburden again they're just not interested are they and yet you know it interested are they and yet you know it interested are they and yet you know it is a resource um and I think you know is a resource um and I think you know is a resource um and I think you know when you look at what um I mean back in when you look at what um I mean back in when you look at what um I mean back in 2015 was the you know was the 2015 was the you know was the 2015 was the you know was the international year of soils and they international year of soils and they international year of soils and they very much Drew on the the soil function very much Drew on the the soil function very much Drew on the the soil function um aspect which covers all these things um aspect which covers all these things um aspect which covers all these things whether it be you know your food and whether it be you know your food and whether it be you know your food and fiber production um how it interacts fiber production um how it interacts fiber production um how it interacts with our environment because it is it is with our environment because it is it is with our environment because it is it is part of the regulation isn't it of our part of the regulation isn't it of our part of the regulation isn't it of our water and air environment it's water and air environment it's water and air environment it's supporting of of different habitats supporting of of different habitats supporting of of different habitats which we talked about it's also a value which we talked about it's also a value which we talked about it's also a value in terms of our cultural heritage so you in terms of our cultural heritage so you in terms of our cultural heritage so you know one of the things that um we've got know one of the things that um we've got know one of the things that um we've got geoarchaeology you know the the former geoarchaeology you know the the former geoarchaeology you know the the former Landscapes um and uh you know the other Landscapes um and uh you know the other Landscapes um and uh you know the other part is providing a a construction for part is providing a a construction for part is providing a a construction for platforms we need to understand what our platforms we need to understand what our platforms we need to understand what our sords can do for us um and that really sords can do for us um and that really sords can do for us um and that really needs to be at the planning stage needs to be at the planning stage needs to be at the planning stage because we want the right development or because we want the right development or because we want the right development or not development in the right location not development in the right location not development in the right location don't we so I mean you know we don't don't we so I mean you know we don't don't we so I mean you know we don't want to be taking a um a um Ancient want to be taking a um a um Ancient want to be taking a um a um Ancient Forest that has had its um top Cil Forest that has had its um top Cil Forest that has had its um top Cil developed over hundreds of years is um developed over hundreds of years is um developed over hundreds of years is um which is very unique ecosystem we don't which is very unique ecosystem we don't which is very unique ecosystem we don't want to be developing that if we can want to be developing that if we can want to be developing that if we can possibly avoid it you know so it's possibly avoid it you know so it's possibly avoid it you know so it's really for me it's at that planning really for me it's at that planning really for me it's at that planning process let's make sure we've got the process let's make sure we've got the process let's make sure we've got the the right development happening in the the right development happening in the the right development happening in the right place and to do that as Christine right place and to do that as Christine right place and to do that as Christine says you got to understand what you've says you got to understand what you've says you got to understand what you've got and that's a real problem at the got and that's a real problem at the got and that's a real problem at the moment um and if we come back to the moment um and if we come back to the moment um and if we come back to the National planning policy framework if National planning policy framework if National planning policy framework if you look at s SS it says that you know you look at s SS it says that you know you look at s SS it says that you know within the development plan it should within the development plan it should within the development plan it should highlight that's the the each local highlight that's the the each local highlight that's the the each local authorities development plan where there authorities development plan where there authorities development plan where there are SS that need protecting but I think are SS that need protecting but I think are SS that need protecting but I think unless it has um a designation like trip unless it has um a designation like trip unless it has um a designation like trip SI that is not necessarily being uh SI that is not necessarily being uh SI that is not necessarily being uh accommodated and even in the more recent accommodated and even in the more recent accommodated and even in the more recent um uh consultation that came out there um uh consultation that came out there um uh consultation that came out there was one single question that mentioned was one single question that mentioned was one single question that mentioned Saul it was question 74 and it was right Saul it was question 74 and it was right Saul it was question 74 and it was right down at the end of the list and it uh down at the end of the list and it uh down at the end of the list and it uh was you know all it was beginning to say was you know all it was beginning to say was you know all it was beginning to say should we think about piz oils you know should we think about piz oils you know should we think about piz oils you know so again quite quite so again quite quite so again quite quite narrow in what it's looking at like narrow in what it's looking at like narrow in what it's looking at like exactly and I think that's is it there exactly and I think that's is it there exactly and I think that's is it there sort of you know they particular focus sort of you know they particular focus sort of you know they particular focus on on on you those easy things to label on on on you those easy things to label on on on you those easy things to label like you say either Pete or you know a like you say either Pete or you know a like you say either Pete or you know a designated site or something but designated site or something but designated site or something but actually looking at the sort of holistic actually looking at the sort of holistic actually looking at the sort of holistic function of of those soils is is not function of of those soils is is not function of of those soils is is not considered at all at the at the moment considered at all at the at the moment considered at all at the at the moment um it's um it's um it's Yeah It's Tricky I guess you know how to Yeah It's Tricky I guess you know how to Yeah It's Tricky I guess you know how to kind of like integrate that but I think kind of like integrate that but I think kind of like integrate that but I think like you say exactly right at the like you say exactly right at the like you say exactly right at the beginning then is actually broadening beginning then is actually broadening beginning then is actually broadening that piece in the in the planning policy that piece in the in the planning policy that piece in the in the planning policy to actually start to look at all of to actually start to look at all of to actually start to look at all of those different types of functions and those different types of functions and those different types of functions and what is potentially going to be lost what is potentially going to be lost what is potentially going to be lost then to development if that happens um then to development if that happens um then to development if that happens um so not just in terms of that yeah the so not just in terms of that yeah the so not just in terms of that yeah the habitat that those that so is supporting habitat that those that so is supporting habitat that those that so is supporting but the the the soil but the the the soil but the the the soil itself in some ways they've sort of itself in some ways they've sort of itself in some ways they've sort of tried to do that because you know they tried to do that because you know they tried to do that because you know they say they want sustainable development say they want sustainable development say they want sustainable development and what the national paning policy and what the national paning policy and what the national paning policy framework goes on to say is that is to framework goes on to say is that is to framework goes on to say is that is to protect enhance our Natural Built and protect enhance our Natural Built and protect enhance our Natural Built and historic environments it sounds good historic environments it sounds good historic environments it sounds good they then go on and say this includes they then go on and say this includes they then go on and say this includes making effective use of land improving making effective use of land improving making effective use of land improving biodiversity using natural resources biodiversity using natural resources biodiversity using natural resources prudently minimizing waste and pollution prudently minimizing waste and pollution prudently minimizing waste and pollution and mitigating and adapting to climate and mitigating and adapting to climate and mitigating and adapting to climate change while moving to a low carbon change while moving to a low carbon change while moving to a low carbon economy now all of those things soil is economy now all of those things soil is economy now all of those things soil is part of the story so why are we not part of the story so why are we not part of the story so why are we not dealing with it you know it seems quite dealing with it you know it seems quite dealing with it you know it seems quite bizarre doesn't it when you you know bizarre doesn't it when you you know bizarre doesn't it when you you know when you look at what government says when you look at what government says when you look at what government says they're trying to achieve and yet we they're trying to achieve and yet we they're trying to achieve and yet we still don't have S specific legislation still don't have S specific legislation still don't have S specific legislation it's still T is the Cinderella it's still T is the Cinderella it's still T is the Cinderella environmental issue yeah because it Fe environmental issue yeah because it Fe environmental issue yeah because it Fe you know it's it's a thread to all of you know it's it's a thread to all of you know it's it's a thread to all of those things that you just listed those things that you just listed those things that you just listed absolutely but in its own right there is absolutely but in its own right there is absolutely but in its own right there is there is no no specific protection yeah there is no no specific protection yeah there is no no specific protection yeah yeah I I think we really need to have a yeah I I think we really need to have a yeah I I think we really need to have a soil trading system that needs I mean soil trading system that needs I mean soil trading system that needs I mean the problem with soil is it's big and the problem with soil is it's big and the problem with soil is it's big and it's bulky so it's costly to move so if it's bulky so it's costly to move so if it's bulky so it's costly to move so if you move it offsite then you got to move you move it offsite then you got to move you move it offsite then you got to move it back there's a sort of cost it back there's a sort of cost it back there's a sort of cost implication with that but you know I implication with that but you know I implication with that but you know I think we've got to really you know I think we've got to really you know I think we've got to really you know I mean soil is absolutely vital is not and mean soil is absolutely vital is not and mean soil is absolutely vital is not and should not be classified as waste in any should not be classified as waste in any should not be classified as waste in any shape or form that does not help you shape or form that does not help you shape or form that does not help you know and it doesn't help the whole the know and it doesn't help the whole the know and it doesn't help the whole the whole process of really treating it with whole process of really treating it with whole process of really treating it with um you know with its with the respect it um you know with its with the respect it um you know with its with the respect it it needs you know because as we've it needs you know because as we've it needs you know because as we've touched on habitat already um and touched on habitat already um and touched on habitat already um and biodiversity and in some cases you don't biodiversity and in some cases you don't biodiversity and in some cases you don't you know if you if that's the what you you know if you if that's the what you you know if you if that's the what you want to do on site you probably don't want to do on site you probably don't want to do on site you probably don't need a top soil you need a subsoil to need a top soil you need a subsoil to need a top soil you need a subsoil to create a sort of environment that's a create a sort of environment that's a create a sort of environment that's a low fertility but you know we shouldn't low fertility but you know we shouldn't low fertility but you know we shouldn't be wasting the good quality soil it be wasting the good quality soil it be wasting the good quality soil it should be going to a home where you know should be going to a home where you know should be going to a home where you know it's doing a good job you know and uh I it's doing a good job you know and uh I it's doing a good job you know and uh I just don't think we tackle those issues just don't think we tackle those issues just don't think we tackle those issues you know haven't tackled them at all yes you know haven't tackled them at all yes you know haven't tackled them at all yes now there is a currently our reg a now there is a currently our reg a now there is a currently our reg a regulatory regulatory regulatory system it makes it easier for us to system it makes it easier for us to system it makes it easier for us to dispose of soil than it does to to dispose of soil than it does to to dispose of soil than it does to to maintain and keep it on site or move it maintain and keep it on site or move it maintain and keep it on site or move it to another to another to another site and and that is obviously something site and and that is obviously something site and and that is obviously something that really is against everything we're that really is against everything we're that really is against everything we're trying to achieve in terms of trying to achieve in terms of trying to achieve in terms of sustainability circular sustainability circular sustainability circular economy and tigating and adapting to economy and tigating and adapting to economy and tigating and adapting to climate climate climate change yeah and certainly I know we change yeah and certainly I know we change yeah and certainly I know we touched on this before you know soils on touched on this before you know soils on touched on this before you know soils on site you know new residential estate um site you know new residential estate um site you know new residential estate um people aren't given a choice they given people aren't given a choice they given people aren't given a choice they given a choice of everything in their home a choice of everything in their home a choice of everything in their home what type of kitchen what type of this what type of kitchen what type of this what type of kitchen what type of this and that you know but nobody's given a and that you know but nobody's given a and that you know but nobody's given a choice to actually I would like a back choice to actually I would like a back choice to actually I would like a back Garden that has good soil in it so I can Garden that has good soil in it so I can Garden that has good soil in it so I can cultivate fruit and vegetables you know cultivate fruit and vegetables you know cultivate fruit and vegetables you know usually what goes in rear Gardens is usually what goes in rear Gardens is usually what goes in rear Gardens is rubbish you know it's badly drained and rubbish you know it's badly drained and rubbish you know it's badly drained and and then it's very expensive to to bring and then it's very expensive to to bring and then it's very expensive to to bring material in afterwards per we ought to material in afterwards per we ought to material in afterwards per we ought to be giving choice to people that you know be giving choice to people that you know be giving choice to people that you know we do want the option of uh you know a we do want the option of uh you know a we do want the option of uh you know a decent soil in our decent soil in our decent soil in our garden yeah that's good I think we can garden yeah that's good I think we can garden yeah that's good I think we can uh go on to the next slide actually uh go on to the next slide actually uh go on to the next slide actually because it's we're kind of answering because it's we're kind of answering because it's we're kind of answering some of those questions but yeah going some of those questions but yeah going some of those questions but yeah going down that we're talking about policy and down that we're talking about policy and down that we're talking about policy and legislation so the wider aspects but legislation so the wider aspects but legislation so the wider aspects but actually on you know when you're on site actually on you know when you're on site actually on you know when you're on site so you know now is like the who question so you know now is like the who question so you know now is like the who question like yeah like yeah like yeah fine it's fine this is It's a fluid fine it's fine this is It's a fluid fine it's fine this is It's a fluid dialogue we're having it's fine but you dialogue we're having it's fine but you dialogue we're having it's fine but you know so who is actually then doing those know so who is actually then doing those know so who is actually then doing those kind of initial um you know resource kind of initial um you know resource kind of initial um you know resource plans in designing those sort of plans in designing those sort of plans in designing those sort of developments and projects on on developments and projects on on developments and projects on on Brownfield and Greenfield sites and and Brownfield and Greenfield sites and and Brownfield and Greenfield sites and and your question Christine we can we can um your question Christine we can we can um your question Christine we can we can um expand on that a little bit about you expand on that a little bit about you expand on that a little bit about you know how do we then sort of manage that know how do we then sort of manage that know how do we then sort of manage that on site and can you choose your own soil on site and can you choose your own soil on site and can you choose your own soil I want to have you know I want to grow I want to have you know I want to grow I want to have you know I want to grow veg in my back Garden not try and grow veg in my back Garden not try and grow veg in my back Garden not try and grow it in some kind of rubble with it's been it in some kind of rubble with it's been it in some kind of rubble with it's been left in the development process you know left in the development process you know left in the development process you know so yeah um so yeah I mean who's kind of so yeah um so yeah I mean who's kind of so yeah um so yeah I mean who's kind of responsible I guess for those sort of responsible I guess for those sort of responsible I guess for those sort of initial resource plans and initial resource plans and initial resource plans and um oh there's the million dooll question um oh there's the million dooll question um oh there's the million dooll question isn't isn't isn't there at the moment there's no there at the moment there's no there at the moment there's no requirement uh to uh unless you probably requirement uh to uh unless you probably requirement uh to uh unless you probably in an eia situation but you know for in an eia situation but you know for in an eia situation but you know for smaller sites that perhaps don't have an smaller sites that perhaps don't have an smaller sites that perhaps don't have an eia you know there is a requirement to eia you know there is a requirement to eia you know there is a requirement to re provide a report up want uh the study re provide a report up want uh the study re provide a report up want uh the study minimum to look at the risk of minimum to look at the risk of minimum to look at the risk of contaminated uh soils being present but contaminated uh soils being present but contaminated uh soils being present but looking at the uh General looking at the uh General looking at the uh General um uh soil quality that may or may not um uh soil quality that may or may not um uh soil quality that may or may not be present I don't think that is is be present I don't think that is is be present I don't think that is is being root routinely done and you know being root routinely done and you know being root routinely done and you know it needs a person that has the right it needs a person that has the right it needs a person that has the right skill set to do that because a skill set to do that because a skill set to do that because a geotechnical engineer isn't going to geotechnical engineer isn't going to geotechnical engineer isn't going to look at it a contaminated land look at it a contaminated land look at it a contaminated land specialist isn't going to be looking at specialist isn't going to be looking at specialist isn't going to be looking at that the sort of texture and functions that the sort of texture and functions that the sort of texture and functions of that that top layer that we're we're of that that top layer that we're we're of that that top layer that we're we're we're you know certainly I think more of we're you know certainly I think more of we're you know certainly I think more of your audience probably are are your audience probably are are your audience probably are are interested in um does it does it like interested in um does it does it like interested in um does it does it like fall through the cracks then because fall through the cracks then because fall through the cracks then because it's kind of no one's responsib or you it's kind of no one's responsib or you it's kind of no one's responsib or you know no one is responsible for looking know no one is responsible for looking know no one is responsible for looking at it in that in that at it in that in that at it in that in that way particularly if it's not that Prime way particularly if it's not that Prime way particularly if it's not that Prime agricultural land that Christine was agricultural land that Christine was agricultural land that Christine was talking about I think it probably does talking about I think it probably does talking about I think it probably does fall through I mean I think if you're fall through I mean I think if you're fall through I mean I think if you're looking at a a Greenfield site yes that looking at a a Greenfield site yes that looking at a a Greenfield site yes that is you know best value agricultural land is you know best value agricultural land is you know best value agricultural land or whatever it will be taken on on board or whatever it will be taken on on board or whatever it will be taken on on board but I think you know the consideration but I think you know the consideration but I think you know the consideration of what you've got soil wise when you of what you've got soil wise when you of what you've got soil wise when you you start on a on a site that isn't in you start on a on a site that isn't in you start on a on a site that isn't in in the green agricultural uh environment in the green agricultural uh environment in the green agricultural uh environment is probably something that does doesn't is probably something that does doesn't is probably something that does doesn't happen happen happen routinely um yeah and it's having the routinely um yeah and it's having the routinely um yeah and it's having the right people to do that and um you know right people to do that and um you know right people to do that and um you know that is something that needs to be that is something that needs to be that is something that needs to be looked at and something we can pick up looked at and something we can pick up looked at and something we can pick up on a bit later is about um uh uh you on a bit later is about um uh uh you on a bit later is about um uh uh you know that whole skill skills Gap um uh know that whole skill skills Gap um uh know that whole skill skills Gap um uh piece so it would be good to see that piece so it would be good to see that piece so it would be good to see that required wouldn't it to see people required wouldn't it to see people required wouldn't it to see people understand what they've got in the understand what they've got in the understand what they've got in the beginning um and then the way that beginning um and then the way that beginning um and then the way that you've got BNG if you if you're trying you've got BNG if you if you're trying you've got BNG if you if you're trying to bring biodiversity in surely you to bring biodiversity in surely you to bring biodiversity in surely you should look at what your soil is because should look at what your soil is because should look at what your soil is because for it to be effective and efficient you for it to be effective and efficient you for it to be effective and efficient you want to work with the soils you got and want to work with the soils you got and want to work with the soils you got and that's something that Natural England that's something that Natural England that's something that Natural England have really made the point on you know have really made the point on you know have really made the point on you know that we should work with what we've you that we should work with what we've you that we should work with what we've you know we've got not trying to you know know we've got not trying to you know know we've got not trying to you know make something different in an area make something different in an area make something different in an area where the soil can't actually support where the soil can't actually support where the soil can't actually support that that different that that different that that different habitat yeah I think that that's very habitat yeah I think that that's very habitat yeah I think that that's very true CLA because really from a true CLA because really from a true CLA because really from a sustainability point you should ideally sustainability point you should ideally sustainability point you should ideally keep it on site um you know keep your keep it on site um you know keep your keep it on site um you know keep your soils on site and use them soils on site and use them soils on site and use them appropriately um so you know it would be appropriately um so you know it would be appropriately um so you know it would be be wrong on a big site to lose soils be wrong on a big site to lose soils be wrong on a big site to lose soils where you know looking at your landscape where you know looking at your landscape where you know looking at your landscape plans for the site you know Sports plans for the site you know Sports plans for the site you know Sports pictures types of thing that need to pictures types of thing that need to pictures types of thing that need to grow good quality Turf Etc they probably grow good quality Turf Etc they probably grow good quality Turf Etc they probably need the the better soils um I've always need the the better soils um I've always need the the better soils um I've always found that trees grow this is a bit found that trees grow this is a bit found that trees grow this is a bit contrary to some advice but I always contrary to some advice but I always contrary to some advice but I always grow much better on good soil than poor grow much better on good soil than poor grow much better on good soil than poor soil um you know whereas if you want soil um you know whereas if you want soil um you know whereas if you want wflow Meadow then you do want something wflow Meadow then you do want something wflow Meadow then you do want something that is very nutrient pool you know so I that is very nutrient pool you know so I that is very nutrient pool you know so I think it's actually think it's actually think it's actually looking at what you've got and making looking at what you've got and making looking at what you've got and making sure that you know wherever possible sure that you know wherever possible sure that you know wherever possible those those are handled properly again those those are handled properly again those those are handled properly again one of the things with major one of the things with major one of the things with major developments where you might have developments where you might have developments where you might have several thousand houses on a site that's several thousand houses on a site that's several thousand houses on a site that's going to be developed over a long period going to be developed over a long period going to be developed over a long period of time is how long those soils are in of time is how long those soils are in of time is how long those soils are in storage you know yes or they are two storage you know yes or they are two storage you know yes or they are two meters high and they're over there and meters high and they're over there and meters high and they're over there and and then they tend to be forgotten about and then they tend to be forgotten about and then they tend to be forgotten about and what is actually happening to those and what is actually happening to those and what is actually happening to those soils again I I don't think there's an soils again I I don't think there's an soils again I I don't think there's an awful lot lot of research said you know awful lot lot of research said you know awful lot lot of research said you know what's the value of the soil after a what's the value of the soil after a what's the value of the soil after a year after two years after five years year after two years after five years year after two years after five years after 10 years um what what what does it after 10 years um what what what does it after 10 years um what what what does it look like then you know it might be in look like then you know it might be in look like then you know it might be in theory it's top soil but you know it theory it's top soil but you know it theory it's top soil but you know it might not be looking too good 10 years might not be looking too good 10 years might not be looking too good 10 years on so you know again I don't think so on so you know again I don't think so on so you know again I don't think so yeah especially in some of these big yeah especially in some of these big yeah especially in some of these big stock piles and things I think you know stock piles and things I think you know stock piles and things I think you know there's been some research I mean there's been some research I mean there's been some research I mean looking at you know the whole kind of looking at you know the whole kind of looking at you know the whole kind of microbiome is microbiome is microbiome is changing there's no Oxygen right in the changing there's no Oxygen right in the changing there's no Oxygen right in the imagine right in the center of a heap imagine right in the center of a heap imagine right in the center of a heap you know so you're completely changing you know so you're completely changing you know so you're completely changing all of those those processes and then all of those those processes and then all of those those processes and then yeah you you know take the all from the yeah you you know take the all from the yeah you you know take the all from the stockpile and expect it to suddenly you stockpile and expect it to suddenly you stockpile and expect it to suddenly you know flourish and function as you you know flourish and function as you you know flourish and function as you you know as you would want it to and know as you would want it to and know as you would want it to and similarly I guess it's really important similarly I guess it's really important similarly I guess it's really important point that you say where you're thinking point that you say where you're thinking point that you say where you're thinking about different types of uses or about different types of uses or about different types of uses or habitats so you know is matching the habitats so you know is matching the habitats so you know is matching the sorts of ss for that so you know you sorts of ss for that so you know you sorts of ss for that so you know you can't just bring in a whole load of tops can't just bring in a whole load of tops can't just bring in a whole load of tops oil and spread it everywhere and expect oil and spread it everywhere and expect oil and spread it everywhere and expect it to deliver on a sports turf and a and it to deliver on a sports turf and a and it to deliver on a sports turf and a and a habitat and a play park and you know a habitat and a play park and you know a habitat and a play park and you know everything else know it's you it's everything else know it's you it's everything else know it's you it's working with that heterogeneity in the working with that heterogeneity in the working with that heterogeneity in the urban systems is really important as urban systems is really important as urban systems is really important as well so yeah it's think about well so yeah it's think about well so yeah it's think about yeah sorry yeah I was going to go on to yeah sorry yeah I was going to go on to yeah sorry yeah I was going to go on to say that it's about not just you know say that it's about not just you know say that it's about not just you know bringing that in Jack as you say and bringing that in Jack as you say and bringing that in Jack as you say and spreading it around but what you spreading it around but what you spreading it around but what you spreading it on because if they've over spreading it on because if they've over spreading it on because if they've over compacted it you know or degraded it in compacted it you know or degraded it in compacted it you know or degraded it in in other ways then you know it's still in other ways then you know it's still in other ways then you know it's still not going to function properly is it not going to function properly is it not going to function properly is it because you you're still going to get because you you're still going to get because you you're still going to get poor poor drainage and poor root poor poor drainage and poor root poor poor drainage and poor root penetration Etc so you know youve got to penetration Etc so you know youve got to penetration Etc so you know youve got to look at those soils um uh holistically look at those soils um uh holistically look at those soils um uh holistically but you know this issue of degradation but you know this issue of degradation but you know this issue of degradation during uh development I think it's a during uh development I think it's a during uh development I think it's a real issue it's not just about the stock real issue it's not just about the stock real issue it's not just about the stock par but I mean what happens when this par but I mean what happens when this par but I mean what happens when this when people start on a construction site when people start on a construction site when people start on a construction site they get all excited they come in they they get all excited they come in they they get all excited they come in they they strip all the tops all off um and they strip all the tops all off um and they strip all the tops all off um and ho the site and if it's a large site ho the site and if it's a large site ho the site and if it's a large site they're probably not going to be working they're probably not going to be working they're probably not going to be working in all areas of that site at one time do in all areas of that site at one time do in all areas of that site at one time do they actually need to be stripping all they actually need to be stripping all they actually need to be stripping all the top soil in one go because once the top soil in one go because once the top soil in one go because once you've stripped it you know it's then at you've stripped it you know it's then at you've stripped it you know it's then at risk of erosion if we're getting eroding risk of erosion if we're getting eroding risk of erosion if we're getting eroding stall not only are we losing that but stall not only are we losing that but stall not only are we losing that but then we get the the situations where then we get the the situations where then we get the the situations where we're getting silt lad and runoff that's we're getting silt lad and runoff that's we're getting silt lad and runoff that's then getting into our our water courses then getting into our our water courses then getting into our our water courses as well so you know we've got to start as well so you know we've got to start as well so you know we've got to start thinking more holistically about what thinking more holistically about what thinking more holistically about what we're doing it's not business as usual we're doing it's not business as usual we're doing it's not business as usual we need to be changing what we're doing we need to be changing what we're doing we need to be changing what we're doing if we're going to protect and manage if we're going to protect and manage if we're going to protect and manage soils better yep no it's that's a really soils better yep no it's that's a really soils better yep no it's that's a really important point about thinking about important point about thinking about important point about thinking about again sort of that sort of heterogenity again sort of that sort of heterogenity again sort of that sort of heterogenity in all sorts of Dimensions so in in sort in all sorts of Dimensions so in in sort in all sorts of Dimensions so in in sort of two Dimensions from you know one of two Dimensions from you know one of two Dimensions from you know one place to another with depth exactly and place to another with depth exactly and place to another with depth exactly and then over time as well so yeah it's then over time as well so yeah it's then over time as well so yeah it's really was really interesting think really was really interesting think really was really interesting think about the they like to make a big about the they like to make a big about the they like to make a big impression don't they first of all it's impression don't they first of all it's impression don't they first of all it's like right we've stripped the site this like right we've stripped the site this like right we've stripped the site this is you know we've made the is you know we've made the is you know we've made the boundary we're ready otherwi there but boundary we're ready otherwi there but boundary we're ready otherwi there but you know um but you know um but you know um but I hadn't really sort of considered that I hadn't really sort of considered that I hadn't really sort of considered that before about this kind of incremental before about this kind of incremental before about this kind of incremental like development you know you don't have like development you know you don't have like development you know you don't have to do all that once and you know show to do all that once and you know show to do all that once and you know show off that you're doing it and your big off that you're doing it and your big off that you're doing it and your big placards up with your new shiny H placards up with your new shiny H placards up with your new shiny H pictures of houses on this is what it's pictures of houses on this is what it's pictures of houses on this is what it's going to look like and actually you know going to look like and actually you know going to look like and actually you know do that sort of Peace meal be be be much do that sort of Peace meal be be be much do that sort of Peace meal be be be much nicer and be easier then to manage the nicer and be easier then to manage the nicer and be easier then to manage the soils and again you know that whole soils and again you know that whole soils and again you know that whole process of well what do we do with all process of well what do we do with all process of well what do we do with all this stuff that we've taken off um yeah this stuff that we've taken off um yeah this stuff that we've taken off um yeah that's really just something to think that's really just something to think that's really just something to think about and your trouble is that you know about and your trouble is that you know about and your trouble is that you know if we destroy the soils that we're if we destroy the soils that we're if we destroy the soils that we're trying to manage they then become waste trying to manage they then become waste trying to manage they then become waste we've then got to get rid of them you we've then got to get rid of them you we've then got to get rid of them you know so we we've we've lost so much know so we we've we've lost so much know so we we've we've lost so much value then because we've lost the value value then because we've lost the value value then because we've lost the value of what they were in the first place we of what they were in the first place we of what they were in the first place we then have all the the carbon associated then have all the the carbon associated then have all the the carbon associated with transporting them off site um with transporting them off site um with transporting them off site um somewhere else um and all the carbon somewhere else um and all the carbon somewhere else um and all the carbon bringing something else on um and all bringing something else on um and all bringing something else on um and all the cost that's associated with that so the cost that's associated with that so the cost that's associated with that so it you know not looking after our soils it you know not looking after our soils it you know not looking after our soils is actually is actually is actually costing uh the construction money yeah costing uh the construction money yeah costing uh the construction money yeah yeah yeah yeah agree great thanks um so yeah yeah yeah agree great thanks um so yeah yeah yeah agree great thanks um so we we touched on this before but um if we we touched on this before but um if we we touched on this before but um if we go to the next slide thinking about we go to the next slide thinking about we go to the next slide thinking about with this again it's the sort of who with this again it's the sort of who with this again it's the sort of who question um perhaps we can expand on question um perhaps we can expand on question um perhaps we can expand on this a bit in terms of you know the what this a bit in terms of you know the what this a bit in terms of you know the what the sector looks like so is it sort of the sector looks like so is it sort of the sector looks like so is it sort of future fit what gaps are there currently future fit what gaps are there currently future fit what gaps are there currently in the sector for you know for skills in the sector for you know for skills in the sector for you know for skills and education and data and things like and education and data and things like and education and data and things like that as well so we touched a little bit that as well so we touched a little bit that as well so we touched a little bit on the skills things so if you want to on the skills things so if you want to on the skills things so if you want to sort pick up on that point first um sort pick up on that point first um sort pick up on that point first um about you know what's missing or what about you know what's missing or what about you know what's missing or what needs development and and who that who needs development and and who that who needs development and and who that who those people those people those people are I'm just wondering whether we turn are I'm just wondering whether we turn are I'm just wondering whether we turn the question on you jack as the question on you jack as the question on you jack as uh as an education what are you doing about education what are you doing about education what are you doing about this well I think it's probably the same this well I think it's probably the same this well I think it's probably the same answer everywhere is that you know we answer everywhere is that you know we answer everywhere is that you know we because soils cuts acoss Ross all of because soils cuts acoss Ross all of because soils cuts acoss Ross all of those different things so we kind of you those different things so we kind of you those different things so we kind of you know it appears in agriculture it know it appears in agriculture it know it appears in agriculture it appears in a little bit in the sort of appears in a little bit in the sort of appears in a little bit in the sort of you know engineering and the planning you know engineering and the planning you know engineering and the planning sector and these sorts of things but is sector and these sorts of things but is sector and these sorts of things but is there enough of it that is relevant to there enough of it that is relevant to there enough of it that is relevant to the to those different sectors I think the to those different sectors I think the to those different sectors I think probably there is definitely a gap here probably there is definitely a gap here probably there is definitely a gap here um in the in the planning side of things um in the in the planning side of things um in the in the planning side of things actually for this understanding so going actually for this understanding so going actually for this understanding so going back to like who's doing these resource back to like who's doing these resource back to like who's doing these resource plans and things like this are you know plans and things like this are you know plans and things like this are you know there are various people then that um there are various people then that um there are various people then that um require some additional kind of require some additional kind of require some additional kind of upskilling so is that the ecologists is upskilling so is that the ecologists is upskilling so is that the ecologists is that the people on site and certainly that the people on site and certainly that the people on site and certainly you know we've seen soils there's a big you know we've seen soils there's a big you know we've seen soils there's a big focus in agriculture there always has focus in agriculture there always has focus in agriculture there always has been in terms of if you like sort of been in terms of if you like sort of been in terms of if you like sort of University Le courses not so much in in University Le courses not so much in in University Le courses not so much in in the in the kind of construction and the the in the kind of construction and the the in the kind of construction and the and the planning sector so I think there and the planning sector so I think there and the planning sector so I think there is still a gap there certainly for is still a gap there certainly for is still a gap there certainly for that wait we have to have to do a quick that wait we have to have to do a quick that wait we have to have to do a quick plug now but there is a new s science plug now but there is a new s science plug now but there is a new s science apprenticeship that is starting which apprenticeship that is starting which apprenticeship that is starting which hopefully goes some way at looking at SS hopefully goes some way at looking at SS hopefully goes some way at looking at SS in these different sectors it's not just in these different sectors it's not just in these different sectors it's not just in rural systems looking at SS in urban in rural systems looking at SS in urban in rural systems looking at SS in urban Environ environments as well so that's a Environ environments as well so that's a Environ environments as well so that's a different what mechanism of delivery as different what mechanism of delivery as different what mechanism of delivery as well through the apprenticeship level so well through the apprenticeship level so well through the apprenticeship level so you know it's then um people who are you know it's then um people who are you know it's then um people who are working who are able then to to uh working who are able then to to uh working who are able then to to uh access access access education there's a whole host of education there's a whole host of education there's a whole host of different yeah yeah ways I guess we can different yeah yeah ways I guess we can different yeah yeah ways I guess we can look at how to fill the gaps and I think look at how to fill the gaps and I think look at how to fill the gaps and I think what you've said previously is that you what you've said previously is that you what you've said previously is that you know when we talked about getting the know when we talked about getting the know when we talked about getting the public more aware because actually you public more aware because actually you public more aware because actually you know we've seen what's happened when the know we've seen what's happened when the know we've seen what's happened when the public has got up and shouted about public has got up and shouted about public has got up and shouted about sewage in our rivers and seas and sewage in our rivers and seas and sewage in our rivers and seas and whatever there is actually some action whatever there is actually some action whatever there is actually some action happening might be slow but we we can happening might be slow but we we can happening might be slow but we we can see that there's a a bit of action see that there's a a bit of action see that there's a a bit of action happening there um how do we get that happening there um how do we get that happening there um how do we get that message about what SS do for us because message about what SS do for us because message about what SS do for us because I think one of the problems is it's you I think one of the problems is it's you I think one of the problems is it's you know and this is something defer was know and this is something defer was know and this is something defer was talking to us about is this this talking to us about is this this talking to us about is this this understanding of the role that soils understanding of the role that soils understanding of the role that soils plays in for example like climate M plays in for example like climate M plays in for example like climate M mitigation um and adaptation how mitigation um and adaptation how mitigation um and adaptation how important they are you know how are we important they are you know how are we important they are you know how are we getting this message across how do we getting this message across how do we getting this message across how do we get people interested in wanting to come get people interested in wanting to come get people interested in wanting to come in and choose a course in soils because in and choose a course in soils because in and choose a course in soils because if you don't know about it how do you if you don't know about it how do you if you don't know about it how do you know that you want to want to do it how know that you want to want to do it how know that you want to want to do it how do you know how that it's it's going to do you know how that it's it's going to do you know how that it's it's going to be interesting fulfilling and and help be interesting fulfilling and and help be interesting fulfilling and and help us all you know uh make the world a us all you know uh make the world a us all you know uh make the world a better place to to to live in and I better place to to to live in and I better place to to to live in and I think you've said previously that think you've said previously that think you've said previously that actually in primary schools it's quite actually in primary schools it's quite actually in primary schools it's quite well uh dealt with but once you be move well uh dealt with but once you be move well uh dealt with but once you be move Beyond primary school I think you you've Beyond primary school I think you you've Beyond primary school I think you you've said that's where it all begins to fall said that's where it all begins to fall said that's where it all begins to fall apart really yeah there's there's barely apart really yeah there's there's barely apart really yeah there's there's barely anything really and if you look across anything really and if you look across anything really and if you look across uh we did a bit of curriculum mapping in uh we did a bit of curriculum mapping in uh we did a bit of curriculum mapping in BS cubed where sours was being taught BS cubed where sours was being taught BS cubed where sours was being taught and of course the is different in the and of course the is different in the and of course the is different in the devolved Nations as well but apart from devolved Nations as well but apart from devolved Nations as well but apart from Scotland did quite well actually but Scotland did quite well actually but Scotland did quite well actually but actually when you start to look at the actually when you start to look at the actually when you start to look at the GCSE syllabus um for things like GCSE syllabus um for things like GCSE syllabus um for things like geography biology that's tends to be geography biology that's tends to be geography biology that's tends to be where soil is where soil is where soil is sitting um and then also a levels you sitting um and then also a levels you sitting um and then also a levels you really it really does diminish and there really it really does diminish and there really it really does diminish and there are only a couple of um um specific exam are only a couple of um um specific exam are only a couple of um um specific exam boards where where soils is part of that boards where where soils is part of that boards where where soils is part of that particular curriculum so again you have particular curriculum so again you have particular curriculum so again you have this sort of complexity so until there this sort of complexity so until there this sort of complexity so until there is some momentum to sort of change the is some momentum to sort of change the is some momentum to sort of change the content of the curriculums which we know content of the curriculums which we know content of the curriculums which we know is quite tricky to do so there will be is quite tricky to do so there will be is quite tricky to do so there will be curriculum you know periodic curriculum curriculum you know periodic curriculum curriculum you know periodic curriculum reviews it's quite difficult then to reviews it's quite difficult then to reviews it's quite difficult then to Pivot that uh there are some new um Pivot that uh there are some new um Pivot that uh there are some new um proposals for new JCS seas in there's proposals for new JCS seas in there's proposals for new JCS seas in there's one for Natural History um I've kind of one for Natural History um I've kind of one for Natural History um I've kind of lost track of where we are with that but lost track of where we are with that but lost track of where we are with that but there there's an obvious home for kind there there's an obvious home for kind there there's an obvious home for kind of soils in that you know so ecology of soils in that you know so ecology of soils in that you know so ecology geology geomorphology and soils um but I geology geomorphology and soils um but I geology geomorphology and soils um but I think there is you know there is a real think there is you know there is a real think there is you know there is a real it's a real shame actually because it's it's a real shame actually because it's it's a real shame actually because it's so you know going back to that beginning so you know going back to that beginning so you know going back to that beginning point we made about it appears in all of point we made about it appears in all of point we made about it appears in all of these different sectors and these these different sectors and these these different sectors and these different disciplines actually it's a different disciplines actually it's a different disciplines actually it's a real connector but we don't really talk real connector but we don't really talk real connector but we don't really talk about it schools that join the dots up about it schools that join the dots up about it schools that join the dots up in schools yeah and also you know that in schools yeah and also you know that in schools yeah and also you know that and having I guess you know is working and having I guess you know is working and having I guess you know is working also with teachers as well about having also with teachers as well about having also with teachers as well about having confidence to teach soils again so if confidence to teach soils again so if confidence to teach soils again so if they haven't taught it because it hasn't they haven't taught it because it hasn't they haven't taught it because it hasn't been part of the curriculum so You' have been part of the curriculum so You' have been part of the curriculum so You' have this sort of unfortunate negative cycle this sort of unfortunate negative cycle this sort of unfortunate negative cycle then you know they could potentially then you know they could potentially then you know they could potentially embed it perhaps in some of the the work embed it perhaps in some of the the work embed it perhaps in some of the the work that they're doing if they haven't been that they're doing if they haven't been that they're doing if they haven't been teaching it for a long time or if it's teaching it for a long time or if it's teaching it for a long time or if it's completely new content so there's then completely new content so there's then completely new content so there's then you know opportunity for I guess you know opportunity for I guess you know opportunity for I guess organizations like BS Cube to you know organizations like BS Cube to you know organizations like BS Cube to you know we create we're creating kind of we create we're creating kind of we create we're creating kind of resources for teachers to kind of use resources for teachers to kind of use resources for teachers to kind of use that make it that and you know engaging that make it that and you know engaging that make it that and you know engaging and interesting exactly like you say CLA and interesting exactly like you say CLA and interesting exactly like you say CLA in terms of what you know what is in terms of what you know what is in terms of what you know what is actually soil doing it's really actually soil doing it's really actually soil doing it's really important for x y and Zed um to raise it important for x y and Zed um to raise it important for x y and Zed um to raise it you know the profile actually with the you know the profile actually with the you know the profile actually with the with the sort of younger with the sort of younger with the sort of younger generation we need to kind of campaign generation we need to kind of campaign generation we need to kind of campaign don't we so um it's where the promise don't we so um it's where the promise don't we so um it's where the promise with campaign it's always negative soil with campaign it's always negative soil with campaign it's always negative soil don't don't don't we we need something that has a positive we we need something that has a positive we we need something that has a positive message rather than you know all the message rather than you know all the message rather than you know all the soil is degraded but actually look at soil is degraded but actually look at soil is degraded but actually look at all these things it does for for us um all these things it does for for us um all these things it does for for us um you you you know yeah maybe maybe soil is life isn't know yeah maybe maybe soil is life isn't know yeah maybe maybe soil is life isn't it we no soil we have no life do we it we no soil we have no life do we it we no soil we have no life do we really you know because a it's the food really you know because a it's the food really you know because a it's the food we eat um and it performs so many we eat um and it performs so many we eat um and it performs so many functions and the carbon capture and functions and the carbon capture and functions and the carbon capture and everything you know I think it as you everything you know I think it as you everything you know I think it as you say it tends to be scattered across so say it tends to be scattered across so say it tends to be scattered across so many disciplines but probably you know many disciplines but probably you know many disciplines but probably you know geography I mean that's where I first geography I mean that's where I first geography I mean that's where I first encountered it from an educational point encountered it from an educational point encountered it from an educational point of view is through geography uh O level of view is through geography uh O level of view is through geography uh O level in my day and Day level you know um and in my day and Day level you know um and in my day and Day level you know um and so it was very well entrenched but I so it was very well entrenched but I so it was very well entrenched but I don't know don't know what they're like don't know don't know what they're like don't know don't know what they're like these days you know but that that's these days you know but that that's these days you know but that that's where you know it ought to be it ought where you know it ought to be it ought where you know it ought to be it ought to be strong in those in those areas to be strong in those in those areas to be strong in those in those areas yeah we've got actually we've got a yeah we've got actually we've got a yeah we've got actually we've got a question sorry I'm trying to keep an eye question sorry I'm trying to keep an eye question sorry I'm trying to keep an eye on the questions as well but I will pick on the questions as well but I will pick on the questions as well but I will pick up on some at the end but there is one up on some at the end but there is one up on some at the end but there is one actually that is relevant here around actually that is relevant here around actually that is relevant here around sort of whether you know universities or sort of whether you know universities or sort of whether you know universities or other kind of educational institutes can other kind of educational institutes can other kind of educational institutes can add modules on the use of saws in add modules on the use of saws in add modules on the use of saws in landscaping and construction so I'm I'm landscaping and construction so I'm I'm landscaping and construction so I'm I'm not as familiar obviously with that not as familiar obviously with that not as familiar obviously with that rather than the kind of Agriculture and rather than the kind of Agriculture and rather than the kind of Agriculture and geography so I don't know whether you geography so I don't know whether you geography so I don't know whether you have an idea how we souls are kind of have an idea how we souls are kind of have an idea how we souls are kind of taught in those um sectors in sort of of taught in those um sectors in sort of of taught in those um sectors in sort of of um landscape architecture or in in um landscape architecture or in in um landscape architecture or in in construction specifically whether that construction specifically whether that construction specifically whether that you you you know certainly landscape I don't think know certainly landscape I don't think know certainly landscape I don't think it's it's strong enough I mean I in my it's it's strong enough I mean I in my it's it's strong enough I mean I in my landscape degree um obviously it's landscape degree um obviously it's landscape degree um obviously it's touched on but I you know I feel very touched on but I you know I feel very touched on but I you know I feel very strongly as a landscape architect as strongly as a landscape architect as strongly as a landscape architect as well that soils an aspect are absolutely well that soils an aspect are absolutely well that soils an aspect are absolutely crucial to any landscape scheme you know crucial to any landscape scheme you know crucial to any landscape scheme you know the two together are so important you the two together are so important you the two together are so important you know to to to realize what you're trying know to to to realize what you're trying know to to to realize what you're trying to achieve so I think there could to achieve so I think there could to achieve so I think there could potentially be more um you know more potentially be more um you know more potentially be more um you know more emphasis on that uh in in the in emphasis on that uh in in the in emphasis on that uh in in the in universities but the problem is as as universities but the problem is as as universities but the problem is as as you know landscape courses are somewhat you know landscape courses are somewhat you know landscape courses are somewhat in Decline as well which is it's a in Decline as well which is it's a in Decline as well which is it's a vicious circle isn't it of making sure vicious circle isn't it of making sure vicious circle isn't it of making sure that we've got it embedded in in uh that we've got it embedded in in uh that we've got it embedded in in uh where it needs to be and obviously where it needs to be and obviously where it needs to be and obviously landscape architect it needs to be yeah landscape architect it needs to be yeah landscape architect it needs to be yeah yeah because otherwise you will not yeah because otherwise you will not yeah because otherwise you will not succeed if you don't understand what succeed if you don't understand what succeed if you don't understand what you're working you're working you're working with no exactly exactly and I think this with no exactly exactly and I think this with no exactly exactly and I think this is again you know problem with this Silo is again you know problem with this Silo is again you know problem with this Silo thing isn't it that it sits in a thing isn't it that it sits in a thing isn't it that it sits in a particular discipline so you sort of you particular discipline so you sort of you particular discipline so you sort of you look at it through that lens very look at it through that lens very look at it through that lens very specifically in like engineering or specifically in like engineering or specifically in like engineering or something so you're really you know something so you're really you know something so you're really you know looking at the geotechnical properties looking at the geotechnical properties looking at the geotechnical properties of the soils but not thinking about it of the soils but not thinking about it of the soils but not thinking about it in a more sort of holistic way so is it in a more sort of holistic way so is it in a more sort of holistic way so is it going to you know is it going to hold up going to you know is it going to hold up going to you know is it going to hold up the house or the bridge or whatever but the house or the bridge or whatever but the house or the bridge or whatever but you know actually what else is it El is you know actually what else is it El is you know actually what else is it El is it potentially doing um so there's you it potentially doing um so there's you it potentially doing um so there's you know some quite interesting I think yeah know some quite interesting I think yeah know some quite interesting I think yeah work needed within the within I mean I work needed within the within I mean I work needed within the within I mean I don't you know in some way you know don't you know in some way you know don't you know in some way you know soils is is part of lots of different soils is is part of lots of different soils is is part of lots of different things so um I don't have a problem with things so um I don't have a problem with things so um I don't have a problem with it appearing in in lots of different it appearing in in lots of different it appearing in in lots of different places um but I think then perhaps then places um but I think then perhaps then places um but I think then perhaps then the teaching just needs to broaden out the teaching just needs to broaden out the teaching just needs to broaden out within those sort of disciplines to to within those sort of disciplines to to within those sort of disciplines to to to um to highlight then those different to um to highlight then those different to um to highlight then those different types of types of types of functions yes because I think it does functions yes because I think it does functions yes because I think it does just get over over overlooked doesn't it just get over over overlooked doesn't it just get over over overlooked doesn't it I mean I think that it's covered by lots I mean I think that it's covered by lots I mean I think that it's covered by lots of different areas lots of dist isn't of different areas lots of dist isn't of different areas lots of dist isn't Flint but it's it's a small part quite Flint but it's it's a small part quite Flint but it's it's a small part quite often in terms of what overall is being often in terms of what overall is being often in terms of what overall is being taught um and therefore it gets a bit taught um and therefore it gets a bit taught um and therefore it gets a bit lost I think in in in in that messaging lost I think in in in in that messaging lost I think in in in in that messaging of where it where it sits and it its of where it where it sits and it its of where it where it sits and it its overall importance yeah yeah great thank overall importance yeah yeah great thank overall importance yeah yeah great thank you um I think we've probably there you um I think we've probably there you um I think we've probably there there could be a lot more to discuss there could be a lot more to discuss there could be a lot more to discuss around the skills uh I think just green around the skills uh I think just green around the skills uh I think just green skills in in general in fact about some skills in in general in fact about some skills in in general in fact about some of those gaps there um but I wanted to of those gaps there um but I wanted to of those gaps there um but I wanted to kind of um uh we've got about 20 minutes kind of um uh we've got about 20 minutes kind of um uh we've got about 20 minutes or just under 20 minutes left so we've or just under 20 minutes left so we've or just under 20 minutes left so we've got uh just want to have time for got uh just want to have time for got uh just want to have time for questions at the end but just to sort of questions at the end but just to sort of questions at the end but just to sort of loop back to um maybe the next slide loop back to um maybe the next slide loop back to um maybe the next slide just to think about you know that sort just to think about you know that sort just to think about you know that sort of policy piece that we were talking of policy piece that we were talking of policy piece that we were talking about earlier um you know about how you about earlier um you know about how you about earlier um you know about how you know how how can we kind of start to know how how can we kind of start to know how how can we kind of start to influence sort of key policy changes so influence sort of key policy changes so influence sort of key policy changes so how can we get soils in Ed into those how can we get soils in Ed into those how can we get soils in Ed into those different different different Frameworks have you got any suggestions Frameworks have you got any suggestions Frameworks have you got any suggestions you know of what we can you know of what we can you know of what we can do or What mechanisms there are or do or What mechanisms there are or do or What mechanisms there are or things that you're aware of at the things that you're aware of at the things that you're aware of at the moment that which of which there are moment that which of which there are moment that which of which there are opportunities well hopefully everybody opportunities well hopefully everybody opportunities well hopefully everybody did uh take a look at the recent did uh take a look at the recent did uh take a look at the recent consultations that have come out the one consultations that have come out the one consultations that have come out the one obviously on um mppf um because there obviously on um mppf um because there obviously on um mppf um because there obviously was an opportunity to weave a obviously was an opportunity to weave a obviously was an opportunity to weave a little bit into there more difficult little bit into there more difficult little bit into there more difficult because um it was quite structured with because um it was quite structured with because um it was quite structured with very specific questions uh the gray belt very specific questions uh the gray belt very specific questions uh the gray belt one however had a little bit more scope one however had a little bit more scope one however had a little bit more scope I think for for for um uh responding in I think for for for um uh responding in I think for for for um uh responding in a a holistic way and I think you know a a holistic way and I think you know a a holistic way and I think you know certainly that is one way to start certainly that is one way to start certainly that is one way to start getting influence going is by bothering getting influence going is by bothering getting influence going is by bothering you know if we don't bother how can we you know if we don't bother how can we you know if we don't bother how can we expect to change anything so I think expect to change anything so I think expect to change anything so I think that is is is key um I will just put in that is is is key um I will just put in that is is is key um I will just put in the um I can see we can add things and the um I can see we can add things and the um I can see we can add things and I'll just put a link in because uh Syria I'll just put a link in because uh Syria I'll just put a link in because uh Syria uh soil community of practice and uh uh soil community of practice and uh uh soil community of practice and uh silk which is specialist in land silk which is specialist in land silk which is specialist in land condition came together and held a a condition came together and held a a condition came together and held a a workshop back in February to look at the workshop back in February to look at the workshop back in February to look at the whole issue around the use of Excavating whole issue around the use of Excavating whole issue around the use of Excavating materials on construction site um which materials on construction site um which materials on construction site um which is soil in its absolutely broadest um is soil in its absolutely broadest um is soil in its absolutely broadest um sense uh and out of that there were sense uh and out of that there were sense uh and out of that there were three papers produced one of which is a three papers produced one of which is a three papers produced one of which is a a a green paper which we very much like a a green paper which we very much like a a green paper which we very much like any comments and feedback on so I'm just any comments and feedback on so I'm just any comments and feedback on so I'm just going to find that and pop that in the going to find that and pop that in the going to find that and pop that in the chat chat chat um gu we would like to hear from um gu we would like to hear from um gu we would like to hear from anyone we can um we can also put these anyone we can um we can also put these anyone we can um we can also put these links actually once this goes on YouTube links actually once this goes on YouTube links actually once this goes on YouTube after so people can have a look at that after so people can have a look at that after so people can have a look at that um those um those um those too some homework for the audience this too some homework for the audience this too some homework for the audience this is is is good yes good yes good yes Chris I I think one of the ways we can Chris I I think one of the ways we can Chris I I think one of the ways we can influence um is actually not just is is influence um is actually not just is is influence um is actually not just is is combining professional institutes combining professional institutes combining professional institutes because you've just said you know and a because you've just said you know and a because you've just said you know and a combined voice from professional combined voice from professional combined voice from professional institutes because you know this is institutes because you know this is institutes because you know this is planning this is landscape architecture planning this is landscape architecture planning this is landscape architecture this is G techno engineering it's this is G techno engineering it's this is G techno engineering it's agricultural land classification it's agricultural land classification it's agricultural land classification it's all across these across the piece and I all across these across the piece and I all across these across the piece and I think we're only ever going to listen to think we're only ever going to listen to think we're only ever going to listen to by government if we go as as a consensus by government if we go as as a consensus by government if we go as as a consensus across institutes and actually get across institutes and actually get across institutes and actually get together and say what do we want what is together and say what do we want what is together and say what do we want what is it we need and how do we deliver it I it we need and how do we deliver it I it we need and how do we deliver it I think it would have far more clout by think it would have far more clout by think it would have far more clout by bringing you know three or four bringing you know three or four bringing you know three or four professional institutes together to say professional institutes together to say professional institutes together to say this is what we feel needs to be done this is what we feel needs to be done this is what we feel needs to be done you know um so working across the rtpi you know um so working across the rtpi you know um so working across the rtpi yourselves landscape Institute I think yourselves landscape Institute I think yourselves landscape Institute I think we'd have much more a more powerful we'd have much more a more powerful we'd have much more a more powerful voice if we could actually do it across voice if we could actually do it across voice if we could actually do it across across across across Institute absolutely we're totally agree Institute absolutely we're totally agree Institute absolutely we're totally agree with that um I mean a lot of these with that um I mean a lot of these with that um I mean a lot of these organiz I mean again I guess like you organiz I mean again I guess like you organiz I mean again I guess like you know BS CU have really engaged know BS CU have really engaged know BS CU have really engaged membership the cross into lots of membership the cross into lots of membership the cross into lots of different sectors actually so the different sectors actually so the different sectors actually so the expertise that we have as a expertise that we have as a expertise that we have as a combined as well as the voice but the combined as well as the voice but the combined as well as the voice but the expertise within the membership as well expertise within the membership as well expertise within the membership as well is really really really strong um and is really really really strong um and is really really really strong um and and like you know we keep saying that SS and like you know we keep saying that SS and like you know we keep saying that SS you know appears everywhere so it would you know appears everywhere so it would you know appears everywhere so it would make sense definitely to to join these make sense definitely to to join these make sense definitely to to join these up um and to think about about those um up um and to think about about those um up um and to think about about those um so yeah PE you know certainly joint so yeah PE you know certainly joint so yeah PE you know certainly joint position statements is really good way position statements is really good way position statements is really good way of doing that or you know responses to of doing that or you know responses to of doing that or you know responses to kind of consultations and and things kind of consultations and and things kind of consultations and and things like that so um yeah that's a really like that so um yeah that's a really like that so um yeah that's a really good point we shall take that on board good point we shall take that on board good point we shall take that on board Chris with my bsed hat on so uh yeah I Chris with my bsed hat on so uh yeah I Chris with my bsed hat on so uh yeah I mean you know we're very happy to to mean you know we're very happy to to mean you know we're very happy to to partner with with lots of other partner with with lots of other partner with with lots of other organizations for the for these sorts of organizations for the for these sorts of organizations for the for these sorts of things it makes absolutely you know things it makes absolutely you know things it makes absolutely you know total sense then really to have that total sense then really to have that total sense then really to have that that that combin voice I think as well that that combin voice I think as well that that combin voice I think as well what would be really good is let's let's what would be really good is let's let's what would be really good is let's let's go for the low hanging hanging fruit at go for the low hanging hanging fruit at go for the low hanging hanging fruit at the moment we've we've got BNG why does the moment we've we've got BNG why does the moment we've we've got BNG why does BNG not mention soils how can you BNG not mention soils how can you BNG not mention soils how can you divorce divorce you know what you're divorce divorce you know what you're divorce divorce you know what you're putting and planting in the soil from putting and planting in the soil from putting and planting in the soil from the soil I mean that to me just does not the soil I mean that to me just does not the soil I mean that to me just does not make sense so we've already got a make sense so we've already got a make sense so we've already got a mechanism in place why aren't we doing mechanism in place why aren't we doing mechanism in place why aren't we doing that the national planning policy that the national planning policy that the national planning policy framework already sets out what we're framework already sets out what we're framework already sets out what we're trying to achieve why aren't we asking trying to achieve why aren't we asking trying to achieve why aren't we asking for a soil resource plan at the same for a soil resource plan at the same for a soil resource plan at the same time as we're asking about our land time as we're asking about our land time as we're asking about our land contamination at that planning stage you contamination at that planning stage you contamination at that planning stage you know that mechanism is already there know that mechanism is already there know that mechanism is already there it's not a huge step to start changing it's not a huge step to start changing it's not a huge step to start changing that that way forward and I think if we that that way forward and I think if we that that way forward and I think if we can work with what we've got that is can work with what we've got that is can work with what we've got that is less of an issue than going you know for less of an issue than going you know for less of an issue than going you know for regulatory change which you know is a if regulatory change which you know is a if regulatory change which you know is a if somebody will do that for me that's somebody will do that for me that's somebody will do that for me that's great but that's always a much biger a great but that's always a much biger a great but that's always a much biger a mountain to climb um you know let's see mountain to climb um you know let's see mountain to climb um you know let's see what we could work with what we've got what we could work with what we've got what we could work with what we've got because in many ways what I read to you because in many ways what I read to you because in many ways what I read to you about sustainable development all our about sustainable development all our about sustainable development all our soil agendas agenda fit under that so soil agendas agenda fit under that so soil agendas agenda fit under that so why are we not making we need to yeah why are we not making we need to yeah why are we not making we need to yeah make sure we we can hang on those make sure we we can hang on those make sure we we can hang on those different hooks that perhaps we're not different hooks that perhaps we're not different hooks that perhaps we're not doing at the moment you know yeah so I doing at the moment you know yeah so I doing at the moment you know yeah so I was at the East land quality Forum uh was at the East land quality Forum uh was at the East land quality Forum uh last week speaking and uh we had a bit last week speaking and uh we had a bit last week speaking and uh we had a bit of discussion about planning conditions of discussion about planning conditions of discussion about planning conditions actually because another way so for actually because another way so for actually because another way so for example um Scotland uh West loean local example um Scotland uh West loean local example um Scotland uh West loean local Authority actually puts conditions on Authority actually puts conditions on Authority actually puts conditions on their uh on soils to make sure they are their uh on soils to make sure they are their uh on soils to make sure they are handled and managed throughout the handled and managed throughout the handled and managed throughout the process now again very easy to do not process now again very easy to do not process now again very easy to do not not difficult now I know we live in a a not difficult now I know we live in a a not difficult now I know we live in a a world where we have to justify you know world where we have to justify you know world where we have to justify you know why we're putting conditions on things why we're putting conditions on things why we're putting conditions on things but it certainly again is another easy but it certainly again is another easy but it certainly again is another easy way to start getting better management way to start getting better management way to start getting better management of soils um and that mechanism is of soils um and that mechanism is of soils um and that mechanism is already there uh but you know we've got already there uh but you know we've got already there uh but you know we've got to um be looking at using those that uh to um be looking at using those that uh to um be looking at using those that uh opportunities that we have yeah no opportunities that we have yeah no opportunities that we have yeah no that's really good that's great I think that's really good that's great I think that's really good that's great I think um I'm just I just want to get mindful um I'm just I just want to get mindful um I'm just I just want to get mindful that we want to give time for a few that we want to give time for a few that we want to give time for a few questions so I think that just my last questions so I think that just my last questions so I think that just my last Point really and I think you've probably Point really and I think you've probably Point really and I think you've probably done yours CLA just now is is on the done yours CLA just now is is on the done yours CLA just now is is on the next slide which is really your you know next slide which is really your you know next slide which is really your you know what are your your kind of takeaways what are your your kind of takeaways what are your your kind of takeaways this is where everyone has to pay this is where everyone has to pay this is where everyone has to pay attention there's been some ABS amazing attention there's been some ABS amazing attention there's been some ABS amazing discussions and what there's some really discussions and what there's some really discussions and what there's some really interesting questions to come back to interesting questions to come back to interesting questions to come back to but you know these are the kind of what but you know these are the kind of what but you know these are the kind of what what are your takeaways for the audience what are your takeaways for the audience what are your takeaways for the audience your key points and you know some calls your key points and you know some calls your key points and you know some calls to action to action to action um putting on putting you on the um putting on putting you on the um putting on putting you on the spot yeah I think you know going back to spot yeah I think you know going back to spot yeah I think you know going back to planning really is to have much better planning really is to have much better planning really is to have much better eia recognition of soils and you know eia recognition of soils and you know eia recognition of soils and you know quantifying what we 've got and how quantifying what we 've got and how quantifying what we 've got and how we're going to deal with it you know we're going to deal with it you know we're going to deal with it you know really shaping up to the to the problem really shaping up to the to the problem really shaping up to the to the problem you know rather than a little bit you know rather than a little bit you know rather than a little bit wishy-washy at the moment and and put in wishy-washy at the moment and and put in wishy-washy at the moment and and put in them you know with equal prominence to them you know with equal prominence to them you know with equal prominence to every other environmental discipline every other environmental discipline every other environmental discipline that is considered and I think at the that is considered and I think at the that is considered and I think at the moment they're a little bit soils are a moment they're a little bit soils are a moment they're a little bit soils are a bit poor bit poor bit poor relation relation relation yeah I would agree with that yeah I would agree with that yeah I would agree with that yeah um yeah um yeah um Claire yes I think we need to get out of Claire yes I think we need to get out of Claire yes I think we need to get out of our so silos um join the dots work our so silos um join the dots work our so silos um join the dots work together because I think that's the only together because I think that's the only together because I think that's the only way we're going to solve uh the problem way we're going to solve uh the problem way we're going to solve uh the problem um and I um and I um and I suppose the other thing is it's just suppose the other thing is it's just suppose the other thing is it's just left left left me we can come back to if it comes pops me we can come back to if it comes pops me we can come back to if it comes pops up yeah it's gone but it is that whole up yeah it's gone but it is that whole up yeah it's gone but it is that whole whole piece about right development in whole piece about right development in whole piece about right development in the right place that's the other bit you the right place that's the other bit you the right place that's the other bit you know yeah yeah absolutely and not just know yeah yeah absolutely and not just know yeah yeah absolutely and not just thinking about planning planning again thinking about planning planning again thinking about planning planning again yeah yeah that's great it all comes back yeah yeah that's great it all comes back yeah yeah that's great it all comes back to to to planning to planning um so I'm gonna try and work planning um so I'm gonna try and work planning um so I'm gonna try and work through there's been some questions through there's been some questions through there's been some questions popping up um through the uh seminar so popping up um through the uh seminar so popping up um through the uh seminar so I'll just try and work through a few of I'll just try and work through a few of I'll just try and work through a few of those in the in the last 10 minutes or those in the in the last 10 minutes or those in the in the last 10 minutes or so um so we've we've got from so um so we've we've got from so um so we've we've got from David yeah we've been having this David yeah we've been having this David yeah we've been having this similar conversation for more than 50 similar conversation for more than 50 similar conversation for more than 50 years but do we think anything has years but do we think anything has years but do we think anything has changed which now means we're more changed which now means we're more changed which now means we're more likely to increase government focus on likely to increase government focus on likely to increase government focus on Brownfield soils I don't know whether that's like a soils I don't know whether that's like a soils I don't know whether that's like a ret on Brownfield SS isn't there whether ret on Brownfield SS isn't there whether ret on Brownfield SS isn't there whether we've joined the dots over what that we've joined the dots over what that we've joined the dots over what that means so at the moment you know can we means so at the moment you know can we means so at the moment you know can we actually deliver B so we're saying we actually deliver B so we're saying we actually deliver B so we're saying we want to develop our Brownfield sites but want to develop our Brownfield sites but want to develop our Brownfield sites but can we actually deliver the the biod can we actually deliver the the biod can we actually deliver the the biod diversity net gain on these field on diversity net gain on these field on diversity net gain on these field on some of these sites I I don't think some of these sites I I don't think some of these sites I I don't think we've necessarily thought all that we've necessarily thought all that we've necessarily thought all that through because if you've already got a through because if you've already got a through because if you've already got a unique habitat how can you increase BNG unique habitat how can you increase BNG unique habitat how can you increase BNG by you know 10% and in some local by you know 10% and in some local by you know 10% and in some local authorities they're actually mandating authorities they're actually mandating authorities they're actually mandating 20% not just the statutory 10% I think 20% not just the statutory 10% I think 20% not just the statutory 10% I think we've got a bit of we've got a bit of we've got a bit of a mix up there over what that might a mix up there over what that might a mix up there over what that might actually mean and and I think we need to actually mean and and I think we need to actually mean and and I think we need to get a grip of seeing how this is it it get a grip of seeing how this is it it get a grip of seeing how this is it it it is it is it is actually is actually going to going to actually is actually going to going to actually is actually going to going to work and SS has to be part of that that work and SS has to be part of that that work and SS has to be part of that that discussion but it might be we could look discussion but it might be we could look discussion but it might be we could look at things like BR roofs for you know at things like BR roofs for you know at things like BR roofs for you know keeping some of those those soils that keeping some of those those soils that keeping some of those those soils that might be a possibility um so there might might be a possibility um so there might might be a possibility um so there might be other ways of of of looking at that be other ways of of of looking at that be other ways of of of looking at that um but you know how quickly this is um but you know how quickly this is um but you know how quickly this is going to move you know unless we tackle going to move you know unless we tackle going to move you know unless we tackle it by tacking on to things like b&amp;amp; you it by tacking on to things like b&amp;amp; you it by tacking on to things like b&amp;amp; you know it's not inspiring is it I mean you know it's not inspiring is it I mean you know it's not inspiring is it I mean you know we've been having this know we've been having this know we've been having this conversations in the construction conversations in the construction conversations in the construction industry 20099 out came the code of industry 20099 out came the code of industry 20099 out came the code of practice um what was in there is all the practice um what was in there is all the practice um what was in there is all the things we're still talking about uh we things we're still talking about uh we things we're still talking about uh we said we'd managed soil sustainably by said we'd managed soil sustainably by said we'd managed soil sustainably by 2030 um I don't know whether anyone has 2030 um I don't know whether anyone has 2030 um I don't know whether anyone has noticed but we've only got five uh five noticed but we've only got five uh five noticed but we've only got five uh five years and a quarter to years and a quarter to years and a quarter to go time has run out and is running out go time has run out and is running out go time has run out and is running out yes exactly exactly um I don't Christie yes exactly exactly um I don't Christie yes exactly exactly um I don't Christie do you want to come in um on that do you want to come in um on that do you want to come in um on that I just come in on the BNG you know um I just come in on the BNG you know um I just come in on the BNG you know um because I think um as a practitioner I'm because I think um as a practitioner I'm because I think um as a practitioner I'm having quite a lot of problems with having quite a lot of problems with having quite a lot of problems with BNG a lot of a practitioners are BNG a lot of a practitioners are BNG a lot of a practitioners are particularly with the metric um it's particularly with the metric um it's particularly with the metric um it's throwing out some very interesting throwing out some very interesting throwing out some very interesting results one could say so I mean yes any results one could say so I mean yes any results one could say so I mean yes any thought of bringing soils into BNG would thought of bringing soils into BNG would thought of bringing soils into BNG would need to be carefully considered and I need to be carefully considered and I need to be carefully considered and I also feel it need to be pragmatic I I also feel it need to be pragmatic I I also feel it need to be pragmatic I I find the problem with the metric at the find the problem with the metric at the find the problem with the metric at the moment you're putting moment you're putting moment you're putting a trying to measure something that is a trying to measure something that is a trying to measure something that is very difficult to measure and um you very difficult to measure and um you very difficult to measure and um you know so I think it needs very careful know so I think it needs very careful know so I think it needs very careful thought is how you would do that but not thought is how you would do that but not thought is how you would do that but not averse to it but I think you know it's averse to it but I think you know it's averse to it but I think you know it's it's actually how it's implemented it's actually how it's implemented it's actually how it's implemented because I you see the metric at the because I you see the metric at the because I you see the metric at the moment is will potentially cause lots of moment is will potentially cause lots of moment is will potentially cause lots of delays in planning you know it won't delays in planning you know it won't delays in planning you know it won't speed it up it's going to slow it down speed it up it's going to slow it down speed it up it's going to slow it down so um yeah caution so um yeah caution so um yeah caution a good idea but yeah done right yep yes a good idea but yeah done right yep yes a good idea but yeah done right yep yes okay yeah there's another okay yeah there's another okay yeah there's another um question on let me just flick through um question on let me just flick through um question on let me just flick through some of these which is a more some of these which is a more some of these which is a more overarching one around um overarching one around um overarching one around um there's a sorry there's a link that I'm there's a sorry there's a link that I'm there's a sorry there's a link that I'm now having to click through um which is around sorry the um New def um which is around sorry the um New def um which is around sorry the um New def view which is on sorry I'm trying view which is on sorry I'm trying view which is on sorry I'm trying to open the question we just to to open the question we just to to open the question we just to understand the panel's view on the um understand the panel's view on the um understand the panel's view on the um the the the defra regulation review that's just come defra regulation review that's just come defra regulation review that's just come out what being led by uh Dan Cory who's out what being led by uh Dan Cory who's out what being led by uh Dan Cory who's just been appointed to lead this review just been appointed to lead this review just been appointed to lead this review I don't know if you've seen it I think I don't know if you've seen it I think I don't know if you've seen it I think it's just come out in the last couple of it's just come out in the last couple of it's just come out in the last couple of days but to transform Regional economies days but to transform Regional economies days but to transform Regional economies across the country through the across the country through the across the country through the development of a circular economy by development of a circular economy by development of a circular economy by reusing using more existing materials to reusing using more existing materials to reusing using more existing materials to drive down waste across key sectors such drive down waste across key sectors such drive down waste across key sectors such as construction as construction as construction packaging um reducing import cost for packaging um reducing import cost for packaging um reducing import cost for businesses and cutting carbon emissions so in terms of circular emissions so in terms of circular emissions so in terms of circular economy and um excavated soils uh economy and um excavated soils uh economy and um excavated soils uh environment agency have uh been involved environment agency have uh been involved environment agency have uh been involved I think possibly with the organization I think possibly with the organization I think possibly with the organization CLA looking at pilot studies of what are CLA looking at pilot studies of what are CLA looking at pilot studies of what are called hos hospitals and called hos hospitals and called hos hospitals and hotels hotels obviously you can enjoy hotels hotels obviously you can enjoy hotels hotels obviously you can enjoy just staying in them um uh whereas just staying in them um uh whereas just staying in them um uh whereas obviously if you're a hospital you need obviously if you're a hospital you need obviously if you're a hospital you need a bit of uh remediation because you need a bit of uh remediation because you need a bit of uh remediation because you need to get well again um and so the whole to get well again um and so the whole to get well again um and so the whole premise is that we we stop throwing premise is that we we stop throwing premise is that we we stop throwing soils away that but we have somewhere to soils away that but we have somewhere to soils away that but we have somewhere to put them because obviously on a lot of put them because obviously on a lot of put them because obviously on a lot of urban sites particularly where we're urban sites particularly where we're urban sites particularly where we're building basements you know there is no building basements you know there is no building basements you know there is no space for storage of soils on site um space for storage of soils on site um space for storage of soils on site um their only option is to get rid of them their only option is to get rid of them their only option is to get rid of them um and obviously we want to prevent the um and obviously we want to prevent the um and obviously we want to prevent the 63% of waste currently in the mineral 63% of waste currently in the mineral 63% of waste currently in the mineral soils and so sector that are National soils and so sector that are National soils and so sector that are National statistics tell us we have at the statistics tell us we have at the statistics tell us we have at the moment yes a lot of it going to landfill moment yes a lot of it going to landfill moment yes a lot of it going to landfill I what the proportion is enormous isn't I what the proportion is enormous isn't I what the proportion is enormous isn't it it is 63% of the UK was yeah yeah it it is 63% of the UK was yeah yeah it it is 63% of the UK was yeah yeah yeah but that that's quite an yeah but that that's quite an yeah but that that's quite an interesting concept I think um uh some interesting concept I think um uh some interesting concept I think um uh some other countries have been trialing this other countries have been trialing this other countries have been trialing this I think it's in Belgium they they this I think it's in Belgium they they this I think it's in Belgium they they this idea around having these um these idea around having these um these idea around having these um these hospitals and and places where then that hospitals and and places where then that hospitals and and places where then that those those SS from those sites could be those those SS from those sites could be those those SS from those sites could be um yeah placed for a certain amount of um yeah placed for a certain amount of um yeah placed for a certain amount of time so ones that need you know some time so ones that need you know some time so ones that need you know some remediation will will receive that and remediation will will receive that and remediation will will receive that and others that again is then looking after others that again is then looking after others that again is then looking after them whilst they're kind of in having them whilst they're kind of in having them whilst they're kind of in having having a holiday away from home to be having a holiday away from home to be having a holiday away from home to be redistributed somewhere El but um yeah redistributed somewhere El but um yeah redistributed somewhere El but um yeah it can work but you know I guess that's it can work but you know I guess that's it can work but you know I guess that's the answer that you know there there are the answer that you know there there are the answer that you know there there are already countries then developing these already countries then developing these already countries then developing these things so this is something that can things so this is something that can things so this is something that can actually be done in practice the actually be done in practice the actually be done in practice the infrastructure is another issue around infrastructure is another issue around infrastructure is another issue around that but um it's quite POS I think that but um it's quite POS I think that but um it's quite POS I think that's the you know somewhere like the that's the you know somewhere like the that's the you know somewhere like the Netherlands you know it it's not it Netherlands you know it it's not it Netherlands you know it it's not it doesn't have as many rural tracks of doesn't have as many rural tracks of doesn't have as many rural tracks of land as as we do where you know trying land as as we do where you know trying land as as we do where you know trying to set up these things will probably be to set up these things will probably be to set up these things will probably be quite um a lot more challenging but um quite um a lot more challenging but um quite um a lot more challenging but um yes so they've been using it in Denmark yes so they've been using it in Denmark yes so they've been using it in Denmark I think as well well Netherlands have I think as well well Netherlands have I think as well well Netherlands have had s hospitals for a long time and had s hospitals for a long time and had s hospitals for a long time and there's nothing like learning from other there's nothing like learning from other there's nothing like learning from other people is there no exactly exactly don't people is there no exactly exactly don't people is there no exactly exactly don't reinvent the wheel when yeah yeah I mean reinvent the wheel when yeah yeah I mean reinvent the wheel when yeah yeah I mean potentially this is something that you potentially this is something that you potentially this is something that you know the mineral products Association uh know the mineral products Association uh know the mineral products Association uh could get involved in because obviously could get involved in because obviously could get involved in because obviously quaries have you know have scale and quaries have you know have scale and quaries have you know have scale and size and they are often going to site size and they are often going to site size and they are often going to site anyway with Aggregates so if you could anyway with Aggregates so if you could anyway with Aggregates so if you could backload soils and they provided a backload soils and they provided a backload soils and they provided a location where they could be looked location where they could be looked location where they could be looked after and then as a sort of Trading Post after and then as a sort of Trading Post after and then as a sort of Trading Post you know potentially they are very good you know potentially they are very good you know potentially they are very good locations um to place them you know um locations um to place them you know um locations um to place them you know um and they have all the kit you know have and they have all the kit you know have and they have all the kit you know have the screens they have all the processing the screens they have all the processing the screens they have all the processing material to uh to look after them so material to uh to look after them so material to uh to look after them so maybe it's something that you know could maybe it's something that you know could maybe it's something that you know could tie in with the the mineral sector they tie in with the the mineral sector they tie in with the the mineral sector they would be ideal Partners to uh to do with would be ideal Partners to uh to do with would be ideal Partners to uh to do with yeah absolutely that makes absolute yeah absolutely that makes absolute yeah absolutely that makes absolute perfect sense to use sort of yes those perfect sense to use sort of yes those perfect sense to use sort of yes those existing sort of Frameworks um that existing sort of Frameworks um that existing sort of Frameworks um that exist yeah that's a really good exist yeah that's a really good exist yeah that's a really good idea um we've just got time for one more idea um we've just got time for one more idea um we've just got time for one more question so we're going to put you know question so we're going to put you know question so we're going to put you know finished on a PO always like to finish finished on a PO always like to finish finished on a PO always like to finish on a positive on a positive on a positive note but um it's a it's a kind of like note but um it's a it's a kind of like note but um it's a it's a kind of like more of a yeah an example I mean don't more of a yeah an example I mean don't more of a yeah an example I mean don't have to name one in particular you can have to name one in particular you can have to name one in particular you can do but you know um thinking about a a do but you know um thinking about a a do but you know um thinking about a a really good example of best practice really good example of best practice really good example of best practice from Brownfield in in from Brownfield in in from Brownfield in in England or the sorts of things that you England or the sorts of things that you England or the sorts of things that you should be you know that have been done should be you know that have been done should be you know that have been done so you don't you maybe don't want to so you don't you maybe don't want to so you don't you maybe don't want to name one in particular development site name one in particular development site name one in particular development site or you can do um but just to kind of or you can do um but just to kind of or you can do um but just to kind of give an idea about you know what's possible deep possible deep possible deep thinking we've talked about our wish thinking we've talked about our wish thinking we've talked about our wish list of things is anyone actually I list of things is anyone actually I list of things is anyone actually I think it is more I think it is more of a think it is more I think it is more of a think it is more I think it is more of a a wish list uh probably um I mean a wish list uh probably um I mean a wish list uh probably um I mean certainly you know certainly you know certainly you know we as a a land contamination sector are we as a a land contamination sector are we as a a land contamination sector are very much beginning to think much more very much beginning to think much more very much beginning to think much more about the impact that we are having on about the impact that we are having on about the impact that we are having on SS when we are remediating them and SS when we are remediating them and SS when we are remediating them and whether there are techniques and ways whether there are techniques and ways whether there are techniques and ways that are better than others in terms of that are better than others in terms of that are better than others in terms of being much more sustainable and I think being much more sustainable and I think being much more sustainable and I think we're going to see a lot more sort of we're going to see a lot more sort of we're going to see a lot more sort of research looking at at at things like um research looking at at at things like um research looking at at at things like um uh fungi and um uh uh fungi and um uh uh fungi and um uh bio remediation techniques and uh phyto bio remediation techniques and uh phyto bio remediation techniques and uh phyto remediation techniques where you are remediation techniques where you are remediation techniques where you are getting added value of cleanup and getting added value of cleanup and getting added value of cleanup and carbon uh sequestration Etc um and that carbon uh sequestration Etc um and that carbon uh sequestration Etc um and that you know techniques that might for you know techniques that might for you know techniques that might for example like example like example like um uh using heating the ground that um uh using heating the ground that um uh using heating the ground that destroys the you know the fabric of the destroys the you know the fabric of the destroys the you know the fabric of the soil um may be something that wouldn't soil um may be something that wouldn't soil um may be something that wouldn't be something that would be pursued be something that would be pursued be something that would be pursued because it would no longer be because it would no longer be because it would no longer be sustainable so I think that's what we're sustainable so I think that's what we're sustainable so I think that's what we're beginning to see people are are using beginning to see people are are using beginning to see people are are using carbon tools to try and work out what is carbon tools to try and work out what is carbon tools to try and work out what is the best solution so that's the big the best solution so that's the big the best solution so that's the big thing we're seeing is that the thing we're seeing is that the thing we're seeing is that the application of tools to help us make application of tools to help us make application of tools to help us make those those decisions decisions yeah those those decisions decisions yeah those those decisions decisions yeah that's good to see that's good to that's good to see that's good to that's good to see that's good to see if you got any yeah yeah just see if you got any yeah yeah just see if you got any yeah yeah just planning for soils you know and I think planning for soils you know and I think planning for soils you know and I think we've touched on it um you know from we've touched on it um you know from we've touched on it um you know from right from the start of the process to right from the start of the process to right from the start of the process to actually when it's on site and actually actually when it's on site and actually actually when it's on site and actually handling soils quickly and effectively I handling soils quickly and effectively I handling soils quickly and effectively I did did did you strip them you place them and then you strip them you place them and then you strip them you place them and then you know that is the ideal scenario so I you know that is the ideal scenario so I you know that is the ideal scenario so I think it's actually thinking very think it's actually thinking very think it's actually thinking very carefully about your construction and um carefully about your construction and um carefully about your construction and um you know phasing it in such a way that you know phasing it in such a way that you know phasing it in such a way that you know we don't have soils in in you know we don't have soils in in you know we don't have soils in in storage for a long time and and they storage for a long time and and they storage for a long time and and they quickly get reestablished and you know a quickly get reestablished and you know a quickly get reestablished and you know a bit of bit of bit of TLC they recover TLC they recover TLC they recover quickly yeah exactly that is exactly quickly yeah exactly that is exactly quickly yeah exactly that is exactly what we want more TLC for soils yes um what we want more TLC for soils yes um what we want more TLC for soils yes um I'm afraid we've run out of time now so I'm afraid we've run out of time now so I'm afraid we've run out of time now so but thanks everybody for your questions but thanks everybody for your questions but thanks everybody for your questions um on behalf of the British side of s um on behalf of the British side of s um on behalf of the British side of s science i' really like to express my science i' really like to express my science i' really like to express my thanks to to Chris how and and CLA thanks to to Chris how and and CLA thanks to to Chris how and and CLA Dickens said I've really enjoyed our Dickens said I've really enjoyed our Dickens said I've really enjoyed our discussion today and for your insights discussion today and for your insights discussion today and for your insights it's been absolutely brilliant um and it's been absolutely brilliant um and it's been absolutely brilliant um and thank you to the audience for everybody thank you to the audience for everybody thank you to the audience for everybody for attending um when you leave the for attending um when you leave the for attending um when you leave the seminar uh there'll be a little quick seminar uh there'll be a little quick seminar uh there'll be a little quick feedback survey so please do fill that feedback survey so please do fill that feedback survey so please do fill that in um as I mentioned at the beginning in um as I mentioned at the beginning in um as I mentioned at the beginning the recording of the webinar will be the recording of the webinar will be the recording of the webinar will be available on our YouTube channel after available on our YouTube channel after available on our YouTube channel after the event so you can you can watch back the event so you can you can watch back the event so you can you can watch back um our next webinar is on Tuesday the um our next webinar is on Tuesday the um our next webinar is on Tuesday the 5th of November um and that's from 4: to 5th of November um and that's from 4: to 5th of November um and that's from 4: to 5:00 pm uh this is one that has been 5:00 pm uh this is one that has been 5:00 pm uh this is one that has been rescheduled from earlier in the year and rescheduled from earlier in the year and rescheduled from earlier in the year and this is on International uh governance this is on International uh governance this is on International uh governance on on on soils um so really exciting so talking a soils um so really exciting so talking a soils um so really exciting so talking a bit about policy again um so do keep an bit about policy again um so do keep an bit about policy again um so do keep an eye on our website so uh do uh sign up eye on our website so uh do uh sign up eye on our website so uh do uh sign up for that webinar it's any in a couple of for that webinar it's any in a couple of for that webinar it's any in a couple of weeks time and anyway I'd like to hope weeks time and anyway I'd like to hope weeks time and anyway I'd like to hope to see you at some of our um future to see you at some of our um future to see you at some of our um future events at BS cubed as well we have our events at BS cubed as well we have our events at BS cubed as well we have our uh annual meeting that's coming up um at uh annual meeting that's coming up um at uh annual meeting that's coming up um at the uh end of the year in December so the uh end of the year in December so the uh end of the year in December so yep there it is the slide there's the yep there it is the slide there's the yep there it is the slide there's the details uh it's in Cardiff this year uh details uh it's in Cardiff this year uh details uh it's in Cardiff this year uh registration is open so we we hope to registration is open so we we hope to registration is open so we we hope to see you there and the theme of that is see you there and the theme of that is see you there and the theme of that is sustainable soils for people and Planet sustainable soils for people and Planet sustainable soils for people and Planet so in the meantime thanks very much for so in the meantime thanks very much for so in the meantime thanks very much for joining and hope to see you at our joining and hope to see you at our joining and hope to see you at our future events<br /> }}</div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Zoom_into_Soil:_the_role_of_the_surface_and_subsurface_on_climate_in_a_post-COP28_world&diff=11789 2026-05-29T14:07:12Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Ajoute les transcriptions YouTube aux pages vidéo qui n&#039;en ont pas - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/435</p> <hr /> <div>{{vidéo<br /> | Titre = Zoom into Soil: the role of the surface and subsurface on climate in a post-COP28 world<br /> | Producteur = British Society of Soil Science<br /> | Vignette = Thumbnail_youtube_U3vXT1oQ8ww.jpg<br /> | Date de mise en ligne = 2024-01-18<br /> | Durée = 59 minutes<br /> | Production = <br /> | Vidéo = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U3vXT1oQ8ww<br /> | Intervenants 0 = Bruce Lascelles<br /> | Intervenants 1 = David Manning<br /> | Mots-clés = NBSOIL<br /> }}<br /> <br /> In this webinar, Bruce Lascelles, UK Director of Sustainable Land Management at Arcadis, and David Manning, Professor of Soil Science at Newcastle University, discuss the role of the surface and subsurface in climate mitigation, adaptation and resilience in a post-COP28 world.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Dr Bruce Lascelles is UK Director for Sustainable Land Management at Arcadis and is passionate about promoting the importance and understanding of soils. He is 2021–2022 President and a Trustee of the British Society of Soil Science. Bruce has a background in Soil Science and Forestry and undertook a PhD investigating the development of soils in North Wales over the Holocene in relation to environmental change and human impacts. After completing a Post Doctoral project at the University of Leicester, Bruce moved into consultancy and has developed expertise in soil and Agricultural Land Classification survey, the design and supervision of soil handling methodologies and in habitat creation, restoration and translocation.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> David Manning is a geologist by training and was President of the Geological Society of London from 2014-2016. He is also a member of the British Society of Soil Science. Working as Professor of Soil Science at Newcastle University, and as Honorary Professor of Soil Mineral Processes at Edinburgh University, his academic interests focus on the interface between biology and geology. David is committed to using his experience to help achieve the goal of Net Zero. His work focuses on the processes that take influence the reaction of silicate minerals, derived from rocks, within soils, as these provide crop nutrients and at the same time remove atmospheric CO2.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> https://soils.org.uk/videos/zoom-into-soil-the-role-of-the-surface-and-subsurface-on-climate-in-a-post-cop28-world/<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> The British Society of Soil Science is an established international membership organisation and charity committed to the study of soil in its widest aspects. https://soils.org.uk/<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> #cop28 #climatemitigation #soil #soilscience #soils #soilhealth #sustainablelandmanagement #brucelascelles #davidmanning #bsss #britishsocietyofsoilscience<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{Pages liées}}<br /> <br /> {{Transcription<br /> | transcription = welcome everyone to uh the first BS welcome everyone to uh the first BS welcome everyone to uh the first BS cubed webinar of 2024 I'm really cubed webinar of 2024 I'm really cubed webinar of 2024 I'm really delighted to um be chairing the session delighted to um be chairing the session delighted to um be chairing the session today my name is Danny uh I'm the Ali today my name is Danny uh I'm the Ali today my name is Danny uh I'm the Ali career committee chair for BS cubed um career committee chair for BS cubed um career committee chair for BS cubed um and before I welcome our presenters I'd and before I welcome our presenters I'd and before I welcome our presenters I'd just like to give you an introduction to just like to give you an introduction to just like to give you an introduction to um BS CU who is hosting this webinar um BS CU who is hosting this webinar um BS CU who is hosting this webinar today so uh we're established today so uh we're established today so uh we're established International membership organization International membership organization International membership organization and charity committed to the study of and charity committed to the study of and charity committed to the study of soil science we bring together those soil science we bring together those soil science we bring together those working within Academia and have a working within Academia and have a working within Academia and have a growing interest uh growing membership growing interest uh growing membership growing interest uh growing membership amongst practitioners at implementing amongst practitioners at implementing amongst practitioners at implementing soil science within the industry and soil science within the industry and soil science within the industry and those with a keen interest uh in those with a keen interest uh in those with a keen interest uh in soils we plan to host 10 webinars during soils we plan to host 10 webinars during soils we plan to host 10 webinars during 2024 so do keep an eye on our website 2024 so do keep an eye on our website 2024 so do keep an eye on our website for further details uh before we begin for further details uh before we begin for further details uh before we begin just a couple more housekeeping notes uh just a couple more housekeeping notes uh just a couple more housekeeping notes uh as there are so many of you here today as there are so many of you here today as there are so many of you here today all your microphones have been muted uh all your microphones have been muted uh all your microphones have been muted uh we'll be taking questions at the end of we'll be taking questions at the end of we'll be taking questions at the end of both presentations together um and we'll both presentations together um and we'll both presentations together um and we'll be monitoring these uh throughout the be monitoring these uh throughout the be monitoring these uh throughout the webinar so if you have any questions webinar so if you have any questions webinar so if you have any questions please do submit them by 12:50 to allow please do submit them by 12:50 to allow please do submit them by 12:50 to allow us to get through as moment as we can um us to get through as moment as we can um us to get through as moment as we can um in the question time and there is a in the question time and there is a in the question time and there is a raise your hand button but as I said raise your hand button but as I said raise your hand button but as I said we're going to keep the questions um uh we're going to keep the questions um uh we're going to keep the questions um uh in into the chat box um today's in into the chat box um today's in into the chat box um today's presentation also has been awarded basis presentation also has been awarded basis presentation also has been awarded basis and CBD points so if you've registered and CBD points so if you've registered and CBD points so if you've registered with either body please contact us with either body please contact us with either body please contact us directly after the event uh and finally directly after the event uh and finally directly after the event uh and finally Please be aware that we are recording Please be aware that we are recording Please be aware that we are recording today's presentation so today's event today's presentation so today's event today's presentation so today's event has been organized in collaboration with has been organized in collaboration with has been organized in collaboration with the Geological Society of London and I'd the Geological Society of London and I'd the Geological Society of London and I'd like to welcome uh Megan odonnell head like to welcome uh Megan odonnell head like to welcome uh Megan odonnell head of policy and Communications to give a of policy and Communications to give a of policy and Communications to give a brief introduction to the organization brief introduction to the organization brief introduction to the organization so over to you Megan as Danny mentioned so over to you Megan as Danny mentioned so over to you Megan as Danny mentioned my name is Dr Megan odonnell and I'm the my name is Dr Megan odonnell and I'm the my name is Dr Megan odonnell and I'm the head of policy and Communications at the head of policy and Communications at the head of policy and Communications at the Geological Society um and I'll tell you Geological Society um and I'll tell you Geological Society um and I'll tell you a little bit about the Geological a little bit about the Geological a little bit about the Geological Society before we get going um the Society before we get going um the Society before we get going um the Geological Society is the UK's learned Geological Society is the UK's learned Geological Society is the UK's learned and professional body for a geoscience and professional body for a geoscience and professional body for a geoscience represent presenting over 12,000 members represent presenting over 12,000 members represent presenting over 12,000 members both in the UK and worldwide um as the both in the UK and worldwide um as the both in the UK and worldwide um as the national forum for debate and um national forum for debate and um national forum for debate and um discussion of earth science topics we discussion of earth science topics we discussion of earth science topics we have a responsibility to communicate um have a responsibility to communicate um have a responsibility to communicate um the importance of geoscience and the importance of geoscience and the importance of geoscience and geoscientific information and skills to geoscientific information and skills to geoscientific information and skills to society to the government to the media society to the government to the media society to the government to the media and to the general public as well as and to the general public as well as and to the general public as well as fostering debate and discussion between fostering debate and discussion between fostering debate and discussion between scientific communities so I'm scientific communities so I'm scientific communities so I'm particularly excited that this webinar particularly excited that this webinar particularly excited that this webinar is happening in collaboration between is happening in collaboration between is happening in collaboration between ourselves in the British Society of soil ourselves in the British Society of soil ourselves in the British Society of soil science today um I work in our policy science today um I work in our policy science today um I work in our policy team and which is sort of the relevance team and which is sort of the relevance team and which is sort of the relevance of the the context of the webinar and of the the context of the webinar and of the the context of the webinar and it's it's cop and um the implications it's it's cop and um the implications it's it's cop and um the implications for sort of soil science going forward for sort of soil science going forward for sort of soil science going forward uh uh uh theme and our policy team does a number theme and our policy team does a number theme and our policy team does a number of things to engage government of things to engage government of things to engage government Parliament and policy makers on on Parliament and policy makers on on Parliament and policy makers on on different topics so it makes sure that different topics so it makes sure that different topics so it makes sure that relevant scientific information is relevant scientific information is relevant scientific information is communicated with those that need it to communicated with those that need it to communicated with those that need it to make sound evidence-based policies and make sound evidence-based policies and make sound evidence-based policies and also to make sure that the people who also to make sure that the people who also to make sure that the people who are making policies are connected to are making policies are connected to are making policies are connected to experts and expertise who hold their C experts and expertise who hold their C experts and expertise who hold their C the custodianship of that information um the custodianship of that information um the custodianship of that information um and so we run events and uh and so we run events and uh and so we run events and uh um we run events like this webinar in um we run events like this webinar in um we run events like this webinar in order to uh touch base with the latest order to uh touch base with the latest order to uh touch base with the latest scientific subjects and developments in scientific subjects and developments in scientific subjects and developments in this area in order to better understand this area in order to better understand this area in order to better understand how the topics that we're representing how the topics that we're representing how the topics that we're representing on behalf of the community are related on behalf of the community are related on behalf of the community are related to public policy concerns so I'm really to public policy concerns so I'm really to public policy concerns so I'm really excited to hear from both our speakers excited to hear from both our speakers excited to hear from both our speakers today about this important topic but today about this important topic but today about this important topic but also from you as an audience in the also from you as an audience in the also from you as an audience in the question and and chat box um in terms of question and and chat box um in terms of question and and chat box um in terms of what's important to you guys that what's important to you guys that what's important to you guys that ourselves and the B continue to focus on ourselves and the B continue to focus on ourselves and the B continue to focus on in this area thanks very much Danny I'm in this area thanks very much Danny I'm in this area thanks very much Danny I'm sorry about the technical hiccup at the beginning no problem at all thank you so beginning no problem at all thank you so beginning no problem at all thank you so much for being with us Megan uh I'd like much for being with us Megan uh I'd like much for being with us Megan uh I'd like now like to introduce our first now like to introduce our first now like to introduce our first presenter Dr Bruce lelis uh many of you presenter Dr Bruce lelis uh many of you presenter Dr Bruce lelis uh many of you will know Bruce he was our vs Cub will know Bruce he was our vs Cub will know Bruce he was our vs Cub president 2021 to president 2021 to president 2021 to 2022 uh and he's a trustee of um BS Cub 2022 uh and he's a trustee of um BS Cub 2022 uh and he's a trustee of um BS Cub he is a chair of the grants and awards he is a chair of the grants and awards he is a chair of the grants and awards committee and was chair of the World committee and was chair of the World committee and was chair of the World Congress of social science working group Congress of social science working group Congress of social science working group as well as the Director of um com the as well as the Director of um com the as well as the Director of um com the the company World Congress of soil the company World Congress of soil the company World Congress of soil science 2022 set up to deliver the event science 2022 set up to deliver the event science 2022 set up to deliver the event uh Bruce is pass of The Institute of uh Bruce is pass of The Institute of uh Bruce is pass of The Institute of professional sour scientists which uh professional sour scientists which uh professional sour scientists which uh merged with BS cubed so Bruce has about merged with BS cubed so Bruce has about merged with BS cubed so Bruce has about background in soil science and Forestry background in soil science and Forestry background in soil science and Forestry and undertook a PhD investigating the and undertook a PhD investigating the and undertook a PhD investigating the development of soils in North Wales uh development of soils in North Wales uh development of soils in North Wales uh over the hollene in relation to over the hollene in relation to over the hollene in relation to environmental change and human impacts environmental change and human impacts environmental change and human impacts after completing a postto research after completing a postto research after completing a postto research project at the University of Leicester project at the University of Leicester project at the University of Leicester looking at the mechanisms of soil looking at the mechanisms of soil looking at the mechanisms of soil erosion and real formation he moved into erosion and real formation he moved into erosion and real formation he moved into consultancy and has developed consultancy and has developed consultancy and has developed significant expertise in soil and significant expertise in soil and significant expertise in soil and agricultural land classification survey agricultural land classification survey agricultural land classification survey the design and supervision of the design and supervision of the design and supervision of appropriate s handling methodologies and appropriate s handling methodologies and appropriate s handling methodologies and in the habit creation restoration and in the habit creation restoration and in the habit creation restoration and translocation where worked across a wide translocation where worked across a wide translocation where worked across a wide range of habitats including lowland range of habitats including lowland range of habitats including lowland raised bogs blanket bog heathland marshy raised bogs blanket bog heathland marshy raised bogs blanket bog heathland marshy and short grassland and river systems and short grassland and river systems and short grassland and river systems Bruce is currently um the UK director of Bruce is currently um the UK director of Bruce is currently um the UK director of sustainable land management at arcadis sustainable land management at arcadis sustainable land management at arcadis and is passionate about promoting the and is passionate about promoting the and is passionate about promoting the importance and wider understanding of importance and wider understanding of importance and wider understanding of soils he's also chair of the C soil soils he's also chair of the C soil soils he's also chair of the C soil community of prepos practice a member of community of prepos practice a member of community of prepos practice a member of the ciw natural Capital Network Steering the ciw natural Capital Network Steering the ciw natural Capital Network Steering group and sits on the the crille group and sits on the the crille group and sits on the the crille university environment industry and university environment industry and university environment industry and advis advisory panel so over to you advis advisory panel so over to you advis advisory panel so over to you Bruce thank you thank you very much Danny and and you thank you very much Danny and and you thank you very much Danny and and good afternoon to everyone um I just good afternoon to everyone um I just good afternoon to everyone um I just check you can see the check you can see the check you can see the presentation yes all presentation yes all presentation yes all good fantastic um yeah so um I'm going good fantastic um yeah so um I'm going good fantastic um yeah so um I'm going to focus on um sort of perhaps close to to focus on um sort of perhaps close to to focus on um sort of perhaps close to the surface um and I'll talk about cop the surface um and I'll talk about cop the surface um and I'll talk about cop but also kind of just trying to pull the but also kind of just trying to pull the but also kind of just trying to pull the focus into in terms of what's next in focus into in terms of what's next in focus into in terms of what's next in relation to one particular aspect about relation to one particular aspect about relation to one particular aspect about nature based Solutions in that context nature based Solutions in that context nature based Solutions in that context of uh the climate and the biodiversity of uh the climate and the biodiversity of uh the climate and the biodiversity crisis um but first of all I want to go crisis um but first of all I want to go crisis um but first of all I want to go back to um the end of last year with back to um the end of last year with back to um the end of last year with that question where do soil's feature at that question where do soil's feature at that question where do soil's feature at cop 28 um and I think it's really worth cop 28 um and I think it's really worth cop 28 um and I think it's really worth looking at this um as it leads on to the looking at this um as it leads on to the looking at this um as it leads on to the question of where we need to continue to question of where we need to continue to question of where we need to continue to focus uh and where we need to continue focus uh and where we need to continue focus uh and where we need to continue to drive for for that sort great to drive for for that sort great to drive for for that sort great recognition of the role soils recognition of the role soils recognition of the role soils play so it was a really really active play so it was a really really active play so it was a really really active time for for BS cubed uh and for soils time for for BS cubed uh and for soils time for for BS cubed uh and for soils more widely at cop 28 um and I think it more widely at cop 28 um and I think it more widely at cop 28 um and I think it was a really um very definite step was a really um very definite step was a really um very definite step change um that I've seen that this is change um that I've seen that this is change um that I've seen that this is that's the third cop I've been to and that's the third cop I've been to and that's the third cop I've been to and I've just put a few of the highlights I've just put a few of the highlights I've just put a few of the highlights onto the screen here with with some onto the screen here with with some onto the screen here with with some photos from myself and some from from photos from myself and some from from photos from myself and some from from Jack our current president as well who Jack our current president as well who Jack our current president as well who was there so we ran a a joint event with was there so we ran a a joint event with was there so we ran a a joint event with with cash and that's the Coalition um of with cash and that's the Coalition um of with cash and that's the Coalition um of action for soil health and also the action for soil health and also the action for soil health and also the climate Center it was focused on natural climate Center it was focused on natural climate Center it was focused on natural carbon sequestration um and leveraging carbon sequestration um and leveraging carbon sequestration um and leveraging soils for mitigation storage and soils for mitigation storage and soils for mitigation storage and biodiversity uh we also took part in a biodiversity uh we also took part in a biodiversity uh we also took part in a side event on strengthening ndc's so side event on strengthening ndc's so side event on strengthening ndc's so that's nationally uh determined that's nationally uh determined that's nationally uh determined contributions but uh for soil health and contributions but uh for soil health and contributions but uh for soil health and and learning around that from practical and learning around that from practical and learning around that from practical experience again I think that was a experience again I think that was a experience again I think that was a really important step I think it's the really important step I think it's the really important step I think it's the first time that soils have been included first time that soils have been included first time that soils have been included in so health has been included in in uh in so health has been included in in uh in so health has been included in in uh ndc's as ndc's as ndc's as well we took part in a panel discussion well we took part in a panel discussion well we took part in a panel discussion with the world Business Council for with the world Business Council for with the world Business Council for sustainable development um in relation sustainable development um in relation sustainable development um in relation to nature-based Solutions in Urban to nature-based Solutions in Urban to nature-based Solutions in Urban Development and you know many many other Development and you know many many other Development and you know many many other conversations we have we had sorry and conversations we have we had sorry and conversations we have we had sorry and so I think it's as I said it was a so I think it's as I said it was a so I think it's as I said it was a really significant step change in both really significant step change in both really significant step change in both our own engagement so the the BS Cube our own engagement so the the BS Cube our own engagement so the the BS Cube engagement but also in in how often um engagement but also in in how often um engagement but also in in how often um and in what context soils were being and in what context soils were being and in what context soils were being discussed discussed discussed and so with that step change I guess and so with that step change I guess and so with that step change I guess question is you know as I said what next question is you know as I said what next question is you know as I said what next for soil this all critical resource for soil this all critical resource for soil this all critical resource which is non-renewable multifunctional which is non-renewable multifunctional which is non-renewable multifunctional incredibly diverse and so on and so I incredibly diverse and so on and so I incredibly diverse and so on and so I think we need to ask those questions how think we need to ask those questions how think we need to ask those questions how do we build further on the messaging and do we build further on the messaging and do we build further on the messaging and the engagement um around how important the engagement um around how important the engagement um around how important soils are to so much um of what we rely soils are to so much um of what we rely soils are to so much um of what we rely on um and that really is building on as on um and that really is building on as on um and that really is building on as I said that sort of breadth of I said that sort of breadth of I said that sort of breadth of conversations with which I came I heard conversations with which I came I heard conversations with which I came I heard um um sorry my screen is flipped flipped flipped um and so how do we you know I said how um and so how do we you know I said how um and so how do we you know I said how do we ensure others recognize the role do we ensure others recognize the role do we ensure others recognize the role soils play in in plant Health in Animal soils play in in plant Health in Animal soils play in in plant Health in Animal Health in our own health and well-being Health in our own health and well-being Health in our own health and well-being um all of which is so critical in that um all of which is so critical in that um all of which is so critical in that conversation around climate change conversation around climate change conversation around climate change mitigation adaptation um and mitigation adaptation um and mitigation adaptation um and resilience and so that's why I wanted resilience and so that's why I wanted resilience and so that's why I wanted just to focus on on nature-based just to focus on on nature-based just to focus on on nature-based Solutions um why those are important and Solutions um why those are important and Solutions um why those are important and therefore why we also must be talking therefore why we also must be talking therefore why we also must be talking about the RO the role that soils play in about the RO the role that soils play in about the RO the role that soils play in these as well and you know clearly these as well and you know clearly these as well and you know clearly carbon is going to be a key carbon is going to be a key carbon is going to be a key consideration and and a key driver but I consideration and and a key driver but I consideration and and a key driver but I do think it's really important when we do think it's really important when we do think it's really important when we talk about the role of soils in in the talk about the role of soils in in the talk about the role of soils in in the climate and biodiversity crisis that we climate and biodiversity crisis that we climate and biodiversity crisis that we do so in the context of the societal do so in the context of the societal do so in the context of the societal benefits which come through through the benefits which come through through the benefits which come through through the implementation of of some of the changes implementation of of some of the changes implementation of of some of the changes um which are required okay so naturebas Solutions what are okay so naturebas Solutions what are okay so naturebas Solutions what are these um so there is now a legal these um so there is now a legal these um so there is now a legal requirement uh in the UK for developers requirement uh in the UK for developers requirement uh in the UK for developers to deliver 10% biodiversity net gain now to deliver 10% biodiversity net gain now to deliver 10% biodiversity net gain now you know many organizations already have you know many organizations already have you know many organizations already have their own targets for biodiversity gain their own targets for biodiversity gain their own targets for biodiversity gain some of which um are definitely more some of which um are definitely more some of which um are definitely more aspirational than than the 10% that's aspirational than than the 10% that's aspirational than than the 10% that's been set by been set by been set by government but what we have here is a is government but what we have here is a is government but what we have here is a is a key driver for change uh and that's a key driver for change uh and that's a key driver for change uh and that's changing how land is used and managed changing how land is used and managed changing how land is used and managed and I think it really brings into the and I think it really brings into the and I think it really brings into the conversation that the concept of of conversation that the concept of of conversation that the concept of of stewardship and so it's it's really stewardship and so it's it's really stewardship and so it's it's really incredibly important that the role of incredibly important that the role of incredibly important that the role of soils in supporting the sustainable land soils in supporting the sustainable land soils in supporting the sustainable land use change required to deliver these use change required to deliver these use change required to deliver these targets is fully targets is fully targets is fully understood and I've just pulled out a understood and I've just pulled out a understood and I've just pulled out a definition of naturebas solutions um on definition of naturebas solutions um on definition of naturebas solutions um on the screen there and whil this doesn't the screen there and whil this doesn't the screen there and whil this doesn't mention soils specifically you know they mention soils specifically you know they mention soils specifically you know they are definitely as a so scientist at the are definitely as a so scientist at the are definitely as a so scientist at the heart of this you working with nature heart of this you working with nature heart of this you working with nature and we've got this reference to the and we've got this reference to the and we've got this reference to the management of natural and management of natural and management of natural and seminatural ecosystems and so we need to seminatural ecosystems and so we need to seminatural ecosystems and so we need to understand how they function how those understand how they function how those understand how they function how those parts uh link parts uh link parts uh link together um and I think it's really together um and I think it's really together um and I think it's really important as well in in this important as well in in this important as well in in this conversation that the role of soils is conversation that the role of soils is conversation that the role of soils is recognized in all aspects of land use recognized in all aspects of land use recognized in all aspects of land use change that will be needed to deliver change that will be needed to deliver change that will be needed to deliver outcomes from nature-based um Solutions outcomes from nature-based um Solutions outcomes from nature-based um Solutions and so I've got over the next um uh few and so I've got over the next um uh few and so I've got over the next um uh few slides uh some of sort of you know the slides uh some of sort of you know the slides uh some of sort of you know the some of the sorts of naturebas solutions some of the sorts of naturebas solutions some of the sorts of naturebas solutions um that you might not perhaps think um that you might not perhaps think um that you might not perhaps think about I want to talk about scale as well about I want to talk about scale as well about I want to talk about scale as well and there particularly focus on the and there particularly focus on the and there particularly focus on the urban context and I think this is these urban context and I think this is these urban context and I think this is these are also perhaps elements um where are also perhaps elements um where are also perhaps elements um where perhaps the importance of the SLE perhaps the importance of the SLE perhaps the importance of the SLE component is not always um component is not always um component is not always um adequately um recognized or adequately um recognized or adequately um recognized or understood so first of all sustainable understood so first of all sustainable understood so first of all sustainable Drainage Systems um this is one area and Drainage Systems um this is one area and Drainage Systems um this is one area and S of as many people refer them refer to S of as many people refer them refer to S of as many people refer them refer to them um are so much more than just sort them um are so much more than just sort them um are so much more than just sort of grassy swell so there is a grassy of grassy swell so there is a grassy of grassy swell so there is a grassy Swale on the screen there but Suds can Swale on the screen there but Suds can Swale on the screen there but Suds can be multifunctional you know they can be multifunctional you know they can be multifunctional you know they can support biodiversity they part of our support biodiversity they part of our support biodiversity they part of our street Scapes uh making up open space um street Scapes uh making up open space um street Scapes uh making up open space um which can bring you know so many health which can bring you know so many health which can bring you know so many health and well-being benefits to the uh and well-being benefits to the uh and well-being benefits to the uh communities in which they're communities in which they're communities in which they're cited and the nature of the soils which cited and the nature of the soils which cited and the nature of the soils which support Suds will be critical in that support Suds will be critical in that support Suds will be critical in that multifunction ity um and also then it's multifunction ity um and also then it's multifunction ity um and also then it's important to to recognize that they important to to recognize that they important to to recognize that they don't need an comprise um soils but they don't need an comprise um soils but they don't need an comprise um soils but they could be constructed from soil forming could be constructed from soil forming could be constructed from soil forming materials to provide the very specific materials to provide the very specific materials to provide the very specific functions um that are needed and again functions um that are needed and again functions um that are needed and again that's another aspect that can you know that's another aspect that can you know that's another aspect that can you know support reuse of materials and and the support reuse of materials and and the support reuse of materials and and the circular economy and so circular economy and so circular economy and so on um green Walls is perhaps another on um green Walls is perhaps another on um green Walls is perhaps another feature um these bring landscape air feature um these bring landscape air feature um these bring landscape air quality benefits and other benefits um quality benefits and other benefits um quality benefits and other benefits um as well and again the nature of the as well and again the nature of the as well and again the nature of the materials used or or designed in the materials used or or designed in the materials used or or designed in the sort of constructed soils context to sort of constructed soils context to sort of constructed soils context to support these will be critical in support these will be critical in support these will be critical in ensuring their success um then kind of ensuring their success um then kind of ensuring their success um then kind of following off from that theme finally following off from that theme finally following off from that theme finally sort of green and and brown RS you know sort of green and and brown RS you know sort of green and and brown RS you know where again the the nature the materials where again the the nature the materials where again the the nature the materials used um will be critical um in their used um will be critical um in their used um will be critical um in their success and again we you start to see success and again we you start to see success and again we you start to see that ability or the opportunity to not that ability or the opportunity to not that ability or the opportunity to not necessarily use um soils that have been necessarily use um soils that have been necessarily use um soils that have been taken from somewhere else but to create taken from somewhere else but to create taken from somewhere else but to create soils from materials that you find um soils from materials that you find um soils from materials that you find um within the within these contexts in within the within these contexts in within the within these contexts in these environments as these environments as these environments as well and I mentioned scale earlier as well and I mentioned scale earlier as well and I mentioned scale earlier as well and I think it's really important well and I think it's really important well and I think it's really important that there's recognition that the that there's recognition that the that there's recognition that the benefits we can drive from from having benefits we can drive from from having benefits we can drive from from having the right soil supporting nature-based the right soil supporting nature-based the right soil supporting nature-based Solutions can happen at all scales um Solutions can happen at all scales um Solutions can happen at all scales um it's not something that can only be it's not something that can only be it's not something that can only be driven through sort of large scale rural driven through sort of large scale rural driven through sort of large scale rural land use change and there's a really land use change and there's a really land use change and there's a really sort of good growing body of evidence sort of good growing body of evidence sort of good growing body of evidence small scale changes within the urban small scale changes within the urban small scale changes within the urban landscape um perhaps you know use the landscape um perhaps you know use the landscape um perhaps you know use the the phrase Greening the gray bring the phrase Greening the gray bring the phrase Greening the gray bring really tangible benefits in terms of really tangible benefits in terms of really tangible benefits in terms of community engagement um increases in community engagement um increases in community engagement um increases in Journeys by ferti or bicycle um but also Journeys by ferti or bicycle um but also Journeys by ferti or bicycle um but also in particular um bring greater in particular um bring greater in particular um bring greater understanding of and care for the understanding of and care for the understanding of and care for the natural natural natural environment and I think in the in the environment and I think in the in the environment and I think in the in the urban context and and probably the rural urban context and and probably the rural urban context and and probably the rural context in many cases as well this is so context in many cases as well this is so context in many cases as well this is so important important important in relation to engagement um in relation in relation to engagement um in relation in relation to engagement um in relation to you improving the quality of life and to you improving the quality of life and to you improving the quality of life and it it can really start to drive the it it can really start to drive the it it can really start to drive the conversations about the natural conversations about the natural conversations about the natural environment which will open up new environment which will open up new environment which will open up new opportunities to talk to different opportunities to talk to different opportunities to talk to different audiences um about soils and the role audiences um about soils and the role audiences um about soils and the role soils play as soils play as soils play as well and I think in in in in these sort well and I think in in in in these sort well and I think in in in in these sort of conversations inevitably uh when of conversations inevitably uh when of conversations inevitably uh when looking at these sort of solutions and looking at these sort of solutions and looking at these sort of solutions and when you start talking about benefits when you start talking about benefits when you start talking about benefits the conversations will turn to to the conversations will turn to to the conversations will turn to to qualifying quantifying in and qualifying quantifying in and qualifying quantifying in and monetizing uh the monetizing uh the monetizing uh the benefits and you know whil there are benefits and you know whil there are benefits and you know whil there are different opinions on whether we should different opinions on whether we should different opinions on whether we should or or can assign a monetary value to the or or can assign a monetary value to the or or can assign a monetary value to the natural world and the benefits receed um natural world and the benefits receed um natural world and the benefits receed um I think it's really helpful to work I think it's really helpful to work I think it's really helpful to work through these steps as these Elevate the through these steps as these Elevate the through these steps as these Elevate the importance of what we're trying to to importance of what we're trying to to importance of what we're trying to to achieve and as as I just mentioned you achieve and as as I just mentioned you achieve and as as I just mentioned you know they'll provide many more know they'll provide many more know they'll provide many more opportunities for for conversations to opportunities for for conversations to opportunities for for conversations to be had around the um the sore component be had around the um the sore component be had around the um the sore component now I think from from my experience you now I think from from my experience you now I think from from my experience you know in the urban context it can be know in the urban context it can be know in the urban context it can be quite easy to identify you know quite easy to identify you know quite easy to identify you know reasonably wide range of potential reasonably wide range of potential reasonably wide range of potential stakeholders who may benefit from from a stakeholders who may benefit from from a stakeholders who may benefit from from a change in that environment um you can change in that environment um you can change in that environment um you can start to to look at you know quite a start to to look at you know quite a start to to look at you know quite a wide range of of of means and and ways wide range of of of means and and ways wide range of of of means and and ways to measure those benefits I mentioned to measure those benefits I mentioned to measure those benefits I mentioned about you know greater uh uh commuting about you know greater uh uh commuting about you know greater uh uh commuting uh Miles by fertile bicycle Etc because uh Miles by fertile bicycle Etc because uh Miles by fertile bicycle Etc because people are enjoying these environments people are enjoying these environments people are enjoying these environments um and you can then start to um think um and you can then start to um think um and you can then start to um think about monetizing those benefits in in about monetizing those benefits in in about monetizing those benefits in in different ways um but as I said you know different ways um but as I said you know different ways um but as I said you know there's a growing body of evidence that there's a growing body of evidence that there's a growing body of evidence that that truly integrating nature into our that truly integrating nature into our that truly integrating nature into our designs um does bring value and it does designs um does bring value and it does designs um does bring value and it does start then drive the solutions that we start then drive the solutions that we start then drive the solutions that we need around climate change mitigation need around climate change mitigation need around climate change mitigation adaptation um and resilience as well as adaptation um and resilience as well as adaptation um and resilience as well as um sort of improvements and enhancements um sort of improvements and enhancements um sort of improvements and enhancements in terms of in terms of in terms of biodiversity and just on the on the sort biodiversity and just on the on the sort biodiversity and just on the on the sort of the monetizing um Point I've just of the monetizing um Point I've just of the monetizing um Point I've just pulled out this um example in relation pulled out this um example in relation pulled out this um example in relation to to London trees which probably was a to to London trees which probably was a to to London trees which probably was a few years ago I think now but it's this few years ago I think now but it's this few years ago I think now but it's this calculation of um over 130 million calculation of um over 130 million calculation of um over 130 million pounds worth of benefits in relation to pounds worth of benefits in relation to pounds worth of benefits in relation to property value air quality carbon property value air quality carbon property value air quality carbon sequestration health and well-being Etc sequestration health and well-being Etc sequestration health and well-being Etc and the point I wanted to make here is I and the point I wanted to make here is I and the point I wanted to make here is I think as soil scientists we need to tap think as soil scientists we need to tap think as soil scientists we need to tap into this narrative um to drive better into this narrative um to drive better into this narrative um to drive better recognition of soils to drive uh more recognition of soils to drive uh more recognition of soils to drive uh more care more thought more monitoring more care more thought more monitoring more care more thought more monitoring more data more research uh and so on all the data more research uh and so on all the data more research uh and so on all the things that you know very often we're things that you know very often we're things that you know very often we're kind of crying out um to to get or to kind of crying out um to to get or to kind of crying out um to to get or to find funding find funding find funding for as for as for as well so what do we need to do well you well so what do we need to do well you well so what do we need to do well you know we need to to promote this concept know we need to to promote this concept know we need to to promote this concept of of sort of system thinking of of sort of system thinking of of sort of system thinking amongst others and and the sort critical amongst others and and the sort critical amongst others and and the sort critical importance of of understanding the importance of of understanding the importance of of understanding the physical environment and and from our physical environment and and from our physical environment and and from our perspective as a s scientist from perspective as a s scientist from perspective as a s scientist from understanding the the place and the role understanding the the place and the role understanding the the place and the role of soils within that so you know how do of soils within that so you know how do of soils within that so you know how do how do those soil forming factors of how do those soil forming factors of how do those soil forming factors of geology geology geology topography climate time land use and topography climate time land use and topography climate time land use and Land Management come together to create Land Management come together to create Land Management come together to create the soils that we we see in any given the soils that we we see in any given the soils that we we see in any given location if we have that understanding location if we have that understanding location if we have that understanding we can use that to start to design we can use that to start to design we can use that to start to design the soils that are needed to support the the soils that are needed to support the the soils that are needed to support the Landscapes and environments that we need Landscapes and environments that we need Landscapes and environments that we need not withstanding that we we want to be not withstanding that we we want to be not withstanding that we we want to be working with environment with sorry working with environment with sorry working with environment with sorry working with nature as that as that working with nature as that as that working with nature as that as that description said um and and maximizing description said um and and maximizing description said um and and maximizing the ReUse of materials um that we've got the ReUse of materials um that we've got the ReUse of materials um that we've got available in any given location as well available in any given location as well available in any given location as well and I put um after climate I put change and I put um after climate I put change and I put um after climate I put change there uh in Brackets um I think we also there uh in Brackets um I think we also there uh in Brackets um I think we also need to make sure that we're designing need to make sure that we're designing need to make sure that we're designing um and thinking about the soils that are um and thinking about the soils that are um and thinking about the soils that are needed for for what the climate will be needed for for what the climate will be needed for for what the climate will be in in coming years and coming decades as in in coming years and coming decades as in in coming years and coming decades as well and then very often again I think well and then very often again I think well and then very often again I think you know we miss that that longterm view you know we miss that that longterm view you know we miss that that longterm view there's a lot of sort of short termism there's a lot of sort of short termism there's a lot of sort of short termism perhaps around decisions that are perhaps around decisions that are perhaps around decisions that are made so I just want to um end with a two made so I just want to um end with a two made so I just want to um end with a two examples of where uh as a focus on this examples of where uh as a focus on this examples of where uh as a focus on this this this sort of new approach has this this sort of new approach has this this sort of new approach has brought value with with soils and the brought value with with soils and the brought value with with soils and the physical environment very much at the physical environment very much at the physical environment very much at the front of of the thinking and the front of of the thinking and the front of of the thinking and the approaches that's been approaches that's been approaches that's been taken so the first is uh langar Garden taken so the first is uh langar Garden taken so the first is uh langar Garden Village which is a new proposed Village which is a new proposed Village which is a new proposed development in development in development in Corall and on this project there's been Corall and on this project there's been Corall and on this project there's been a real drive to embed an understanding a real drive to embed an understanding a real drive to embed an understanding of the soils and the fiscal environment of the soils and the fiscal environment of the soils and the fiscal environment in decision making right from the outset in decision making right from the outset in decision making right from the outset um and in in the context of this project um and in in the context of this project um and in in the context of this project that's particularly important this that's particularly important this that's particularly important this development will have a relatively long development will have a relatively long development will have a relatively long buildout program so potentially not buildout program so potentially not buildout program so potentially not complete deed for for maybe 20 or 30 complete deed for for maybe 20 or 30 complete deed for for maybe 20 or 30 years so we undertook um extensive soil years so we undertook um extensive soil years so we undertook um extensive soil and and agricultural land classification and and agricultural land classification and and agricultural land classification surveys um to inform the planning surveys um to inform the planning surveys um to inform the planning process and that was very much a start process and that was very much a start process and that was very much a start of of the of of the of of the conversations but this information is conversations but this information is conversations but this information is now being used to to build on um and to now being used to to build on um and to now being used to to build on um and to assess the capability essentially the assess the capability essentially the assess the capability essentially the capability of the available resources capability of the available resources capability of the available resources within the the the boundary and within the the the boundary and within the the the boundary and footprint of this development to support footprint of this development to support footprint of this development to support things like ongoing agricultural things like ongoing agricultural things like ongoing agricultural production in parts of the site which production in parts of the site which production in parts of the site which are not yet to be developed and may not are not yet to be developed and may not are not yet to be developed and may not be developed for another 5 10 years um be developed for another 5 10 years um be developed for another 5 10 years um looking at how we can make best use of looking at how we can make best use of looking at how we can make best use of the the soil materials available to the the soil materials available to the the soil materials available to support local food growing to support support local food growing to support support local food growing to support the the landscape and the landscaping the the landscape and the landscaping the the landscape and the landscaping that's required um but also then to that's required um but also then to that's required um but also then to support ecological support ecological support ecological mitigation and this has been set out as mitigation and this has been set out as mitigation and this has been set out as a sort of an overarching um soil a sort of an overarching um soil a sort of an overarching um soil strategy um and I think it's been strategy um and I think it's been strategy um and I think it's been really important you not a complex really important you not a complex really important you not a complex document but it's it's providing um a document but it's it's providing um a document but it's it's providing um a platform for more detailed design and platform for more detailed design and platform for more detailed design and planning and it's also just there in the planning and it's also just there in the planning and it's also just there in the planning documents as a reminder that planning documents as a reminder that planning documents as a reminder that people need to come back to that and people need to come back to that and people need to come back to that and make sure that the the right questions make sure that the the right questions make sure that the the right questions are being asked uh the right are being asked uh the right are being asked uh the right information's available and and the information's available and and the information's available and and the right expertise is is is being used on right expertise is is is being used on right expertise is is is being used on the the the project and um yeah so and ultimately project and um yeah so and ultimately project and um yeah so and ultimately it's hope that this will help and ensure it's hope that this will help and ensure it's hope that this will help and ensure that the best use of is made to support that the best use of is made to support that the best use of is made to support the delivery of the vision for this the delivery of the vision for this the delivery of the vision for this development so larth aspires to be a development so larth aspires to be a development so larth aspires to be a place where where people will live work place where where people will live work place where where people will live work and Thrive that's you know one of their and Thrive that's you know one of their and Thrive that's you know one of their taglines but that can only happen if the taglines but that can only happen if the taglines but that can only happen if the whole system including the the people whole system including the the people whole system including the the people who are living here um and it's a System who are living here um and it's a System who are living here um and it's a System created on the soils is healthy and created on the soils is healthy and created on the soils is healthy and functioning so um you know I not see the functioning so um you know I not see the functioning so um you know I not see the end of the project but it's going to be end of the project but it's going to be end of the project but it's going to be really interesting to see how this really interesting to see how this really interesting to see how this develops and and and how we can take develops and and and how we can take develops and and and how we can take take that that concept and the strategy take that that concept and the strategy take that that concept and the strategy into the level of detail that's required into the level of detail that's required into the level of detail that's required to actually um design uh create and to actually um design uh create and to actually um design uh create and build uh what we what will be at larth build uh what we what will be at larth build uh what we what will be at larth as as as well excuse me um and the next example well excuse me um and the next example well excuse me um and the next example another Housing Development and this in another Housing Development and this in another Housing Development and this in this case it's otle Park um in Kent uh this case it's otle Park um in Kent uh this case it's otle Park um in Kent uh and this is a proposed Garden Town um and this is a proposed Garden Town um and this is a proposed Garden Town um the master plan the overall master plan the master plan the overall master plan the master plan the overall master plan um is for up to 10,000 homes new homes um is for up to 10,000 homes new homes um is for up to 10,000 homes new homes so you know a large site um the site is so you know a large site um the site is so you know a large site um the site is is currently uh predominantly um is currently uh predominantly um is currently uh predominantly um agricultural land and extensive areas of agricultural land and extensive areas of agricultural land and extensive areas of agricultural land uh you can see on the agricultural land uh you can see on the agricultural land uh you can see on the screen there as well but really key to screen there as well but really key to screen there as well but really key to the development of the master plan for the development of the master plan for the development of the master plan for this site has been the understanding of this site has been the understanding of this site has been the understanding of the existing natural environment so that the existing natural environment so that the existing natural environment so that the design can work with nature to use the design can work with nature to use the design can work with nature to use that phrase again but really importantly that phrase again but really importantly that phrase again but really importantly to deliver multifunctional green spaces to deliver multifunctional green spaces to deliver multifunctional green spaces so so really having that concept of of so so really having that concept of of so so really having that concept of of nature-based solutions of biodiversity nature-based solutions of biodiversity nature-based solutions of biodiversity net gain of of integration of of the net gain of of integration of of the net gain of of integration of of the natural world with the built environment natural world with the built environment natural world with the built environment very much um at its very much um at its very much um at its heart and I've just shown a few um some heart and I've just shown a few um some heart and I've just shown a few um some some of the design Graphics um from the some of the design Graphics um from the some of the design Graphics um from the project here but I just wanted to um project here but I just wanted to um project here but I just wanted to um highlight some of the sort of the the highlight some of the sort of the the highlight some of the sort of the the key metrics perhaps which are worth um key metrics perhaps which are worth um key metrics perhaps which are worth um worth thinking about so firstly this worth thinking about so firstly this worth thinking about so firstly this phrase It's a landscape Le design which phrase It's a landscape Le design which phrase It's a landscape Le design which really um Ena the team to draw on that really um Ena the team to draw on that really um Ena the team to draw on that understanding of the system of the understanding of the system of the understanding of the system of the natural environment of the the existing natural environment of the the existing natural environment of the the existing biodiversity but also the the sore biodiversity but also the the sore biodiversity but also the the sore resources um that are available on the resources um that are available on the resources um that are available on the site as well um I've just added this it site as well um I've just added this it site as well um I've just added this it didn't actually this is this is more didn't actually this is this is more didn't actually this is this is more recent it didn't come out in the in the recent it didn't come out in the in the recent it didn't come out in the in the on the slide on the metrics but it's a on the slide on the metrics but it's a on the slide on the metrics but it's a scheme which will deliver nutrient scheme which will deliver nutrient scheme which will deliver nutrient neutrality um through the design through neutrality um through the design through neutrality um through the design through the design of the green spaces and the the design of the green spaces and the the design of the green spaces and the and the master plan and again that's a a and the master plan and again that's a a and the master plan and again that's a a reasonably new but a really really reasonably new but a really really reasonably new but a really really important concept to enable um important concept to enable um important concept to enable um developments to happen but by but with developments to happen but by but with developments to happen but by but with also minimizing the the potential impact also minimizing the the potential impact also minimizing the the potential impact and long-term impact on on the natural and long-term impact on on the natural and long-term impact on on the natural world as well um so this this project world as well um so this this project world as well um so this this project will deliver uh 20% biodiversity net will deliver uh 20% biodiversity net will deliver uh 20% biodiversity net gain which is OB well above the the sort gain which is OB well above the the sort gain which is OB well above the the sort of the legal mandative requirement um of the legal mandative requirement um of the legal mandative requirement um and that that's been again comes to the and that that's been again comes to the and that that's been again comes to the heart of what this Project's been about heart of what this Project's been about heart of what this Project's been about because this project been running for because this project been running for because this project been running for many years before um that that bers gain many years before um that that bers gain many years before um that that bers gain Target was was kind of being talked Target was was kind of being talked Target was was kind of being talked about about about properly but I do do want to just focus properly but I do do want to just focus properly but I do do want to just focus on on this um Point here where it's a on on this um Point here where it's a on on this um Point here where it's a scheme which is going to deliver 50% scheme which is going to deliver 50% scheme which is going to deliver 50% open space and this is perhaps where open space and this is perhaps where open space and this is perhaps where some of my conversations um have been some of my conversations um have been some of my conversations um have been focused on um and I think it's an area focused on um and I think it's an area focused on um and I think it's an area where we we do need to question we do where we we do need to question we do where we we do need to question we do need to delve um a bit deeper because need to delve um a bit deeper because need to delve um a bit deeper because you know development with 50% open space you know development with 50% open space you know development with 50% open space is is great it's a great concept but we is is great it's a great concept but we is is great it's a great concept but we need to ensure absolutely as I've been need to ensure absolutely as I've been need to ensure absolutely as I've been sort of talking um through the sort of talking um through the sort of talking um through the presentation that it's quality um open presentation that it's quality um open presentation that it's quality um open space it's multifunctional open space space it's multifunctional open space space it's multifunctional open space not just for in the uses that it has but not just for in the uses that it has but not just for in the uses that it has but in the in the services and the benefits in the in the services and the benefits in the in the services and the benefits that we get from that space and I think that we get from that space and I think that we get from that space and I think that's what really then starts to uh to that's what really then starts to uh to that's what really then starts to uh to make a design um you know truly kind of make a design um you know truly kind of make a design um you know truly kind of you know Forward Thinking uh and really you know Forward Thinking uh and really you know Forward Thinking uh and really then brings in that absolute requirement then brings in that absolute requirement then brings in that absolute requirement to understand um the soils and that to understand um the soils and that to understand um the soils and that physical physical physical environment so perhaps then if I sort of environment so perhaps then if I sort of environment so perhaps then if I sort of go back to okay well that initial go back to okay well that initial go back to okay well that initial question what next for soils we clearly question what next for soils we clearly question what next for soils we clearly need to keep the momentum going it was a need to keep the momentum going it was a need to keep the momentum going it was a step change at cop 28 we just need to step change at cop 28 we just need to step change at cop 28 we just need to keep picking up that pace uh and picking keep picking up that pace uh and picking keep picking up that pace uh and picking up on those those threads and I just try up on those those threads and I just try up on those those threads and I just try to kind of sum that that sum that up in to kind of sum that that sum that up in to kind of sum that that sum that up in terms of what I see and where my focus terms of what I see and where my focus terms of what I see and where my focus would be so um we need to draw on site would be so um we need to draw on site would be so um we need to draw on site specific knowledge we need to have that specific knowledge we need to have that specific knowledge we need to have that understanding of the system you know understanding of the system you know understanding of the system you know noting that that may or probably will noting that that may or probably will noting that that may or probably will require field-based surveys but also require field-based surveys but also require field-based surveys but also drawing on newer emerging Technologies drawing on newer emerging Technologies drawing on newer emerging Technologies remote sensing the use of remote sensing the use of remote sensing the use of drones and so on we need to make sure drones and so on we need to make sure drones and so on we need to make sure the right expertise is brought to the the right expertise is brought to the the right expertise is brought to the problem um but in that concept being problem um but in that concept being problem um but in that concept being really conscious of working in a truly really conscious of working in a truly really conscious of working in a truly collaborative you know multi collaborative you know multi collaborative you know multi disciplinary disciplinary disciplinary Manner and as I mentioned we need to Manner and as I mentioned we need to Manner and as I mentioned we need to make sure we're delivering quality make sure we're delivering quality make sure we're delivering quality outcomes um and so you know as as I've outcomes um and so you know as as I've outcomes um and so you know as as I've mentioned in terms of what to p that mentioned in terms of what to p that mentioned in terms of what to p that concept of S Health s function will be concept of S Health s function will be concept of S Health s function will be absolutely critical to to the success absolutely critical to to the success absolutely critical to to the success the true success of these schemes and as the true success of these schemes and as the true success of these schemes and as I mentioned we also need to tap into I mentioned we also need to tap into I mentioned we also need to tap into that that those conversations around that that those conversations around that that those conversations around quantification and and and monetization quantification and and and monetization quantification and and and monetization as well to make sure that that is as well to make sure that that is as well to make sure that that is driving uh future understanding future driving uh future understanding future driving uh future understanding future work future research Etc around soils work future research Etc around soils work future research Etc around soils and really that's hopefully what will and really that's hopefully what will and really that's hopefully what will help drive us towards and enable us to help drive us towards and enable us to help drive us towards and enable us to realize what RN Jones um at the World realize what RN Jones um at the World realize what RN Jones um at the World Congress of s science at 18 months go uh Congress of s science at 18 months go uh Congress of s science at 18 months go uh called this new normal this concept of called this new normal this concept of called this new normal this concept of sustainable soils that are part of and sustainable soils that are part of and sustainable soils that are part of and essential for and perceived to be and essential for and perceived to be and essential for and perceived to be and understood to be essential for climate understood to be essential for climate understood to be essential for climate neutrality reversing biodiversity loss neutrality reversing biodiversity loss neutrality reversing biodiversity loss safeguarding human health safeguarding human health safeguarding human health um and so on and so you know hopefully um and so on and so you know hopefully um and so on and so you know hopefully we're not too far away from from really we're not too far away from from really we're not too far away from from really starting to see that particularly with starting to see that particularly with starting to see that particularly with that momentum that perhaps came from that momentum that perhaps came from that momentum that perhaps came from from cop from cop from cop 28 um yeah and I will I will leave it there thanks Bruce it's really great to there thanks Bruce it's really great to there thanks Bruce it's really great to hear that um the conversation is hear that um the conversation is hear that um the conversation is becoming more prominent at cop around becoming more prominent at cop around becoming more prominent at cop around soils uh and then seeing some examples soils uh and then seeing some examples soils uh and then seeing some examples of um plans for nature based Solutions of um plans for nature based Solutions of um plans for nature based Solutions closer to home um so I'll remind you all closer to home um so I'll remind you all closer to home um so I'll remind you all to submit your questions in the question to submit your questions in the question to submit your questions in the question box and we'll come back to them at the box and we'll come back to them at the box and we'll come back to them at the end of our session um so thank you Bruce end of our session um so thank you Bruce end of our session um so thank you Bruce and we'll move on to our next speaker and we'll move on to our next speaker and we'll move on to our next speaker Professor David Manning uh David is a Professor David Manning uh David is a Professor David Manning uh David is a geolog geologist by training and was geolog geologist by training and was geolog geologist by training and was president of the Geological Society of president of the Geological Society of president of the Geological Society of London from 2014 to 2016 he's also a London from 2014 to 2016 he's also a London from 2014 to 2016 he's also a member of BS cubed working as a member of BS cubed working as a member of BS cubed working as a professor of s science at Newcastle professor of s science at Newcastle professor of s science at Newcastle University and an honorary professor of University and an honorary professor of University and an honorary professor of s mineral proces at Edinburgh University s mineral proces at Edinburgh University s mineral proces at Edinburgh University his academic interest spoke on the focus his academic interest spoke on the focus his academic interest spoke on the focus on the interface between biology and on the interface between biology and on the interface between biology and geology David played a major role in the geology David played a major role in the geology David played a major role in the delivery of the 22th World Congress of delivery of the 22th World Congress of delivery of the 22th World Congress of soal science as co-chair of the soal science as co-chair of the soal science as co-chair of the scientific program committee and was scientific program committee and was scientific program committee and was director of the company World Congress director of the company World Congress director of the company World Congress of so science 2022 set up to deliver of so science 2022 set up to deliver of so science 2022 set up to deliver that event David is committed to using that event David is committed to using that event David is committed to using his experience to help achieve the goals his experience to help achieve the goals his experience to help achieve the goals of Net Zero his work focuses on the of Net Zero his work focuses on the of Net Zero his work focuses on the processes that take influence um on the processes that take influence um on the processes that take influence um on the reaction of silicate minerals toide from reaction of silicate minerals toide from reaction of silicate minerals toide from rocks within soils as these provide crop rocks within soils as these provide crop rocks within soils as these provide crop nutrients and at the same time remove nutrients and at the same time remove nutrients and at the same time remove CO2 he also carried out extensive CO2 he also carried out extensive CO2 he also carried out extensive research on carbon and soils using research on carbon and soils using research on carbon and soils using therbal analysis to develop methods to therbal analysis to develop methods to therbal analysis to develop methods to distinguish organic and inorganic carbon distinguish organic and inorganic carbon distinguish organic and inorganic carbon and to understand the transformation of and to understand the transformation of and to understand the transformation of organic carbon that participates in the organic carbon that participates in the organic carbon that participates in the biological carbon cycle to form biological carbon cycle to form biological carbon cycle to form inorganic carbon which does not play a inorganic carbon which does not play a inorganic carbon which does not play a role in that cycle he currently um has role in that cycle he currently um has role in that cycle he currently um has active projects relating to enhance Rock active projects relating to enhance Rock active projects relating to enhance Rock weathering and crop nutrition in Brazil weathering and crop nutrition in Brazil weathering and crop nutrition in Brazil and the UK developing others in Thailand and the UK developing others in Thailand and the UK developing others in Thailand and his in the UK includes major funded and his in the UK includes major funded and his in the UK includes major funded projects for the ministry of Defense in projects for the ministry of Defense in projects for the ministry of Defense in the context of s Caron capture as a the context of s Caron capture as a the context of s Caron capture as a process needed to achieve Net Zero um process needed to achieve Net Zero um process needed to achieve Net Zero um David has over 160 per reviewed Journal David has over 160 per reviewed Journal David has over 160 per reviewed Journal papers and has been awarded recent papers and has been awarded recent papers and has been awarded recent prizes that relate his work on soils prizes that relate his work on soils prizes that relate his work on soils receiving the claim minerals group of receiving the claim minerals group of receiving the claim minerals group of the mineralogical society's designation the mineralogical society's designation the mineralogical society's designation as George Brown lra for 2021 so without as George Brown lra for 2021 so without as George Brown lra for 2021 so without further Ado over to you further Ado over to you further Ado over to you David right thank you very much and um I David right thank you very much and um I David right thank you very much and um I hope you can see my presentation I'd hope you can see my presentation I'd hope you can see my presentation I'd like to thank Bruce for setting the like to thank Bruce for setting the like to thank Bruce for setting the scene and preparing the ground if I scene and preparing the ground if I scene and preparing the ground if I might use those words so allowed me to might use those words so allowed me to might use those words so allowed me to say perhaps rather fewer words in my say perhaps rather fewer words in my say perhaps rather fewer words in my presentation because what I'm going to presentation because what I'm going to presentation because what I'm going to focus on is the role of the subsurface focus on is the role of the subsurface focus on is the role of the subsurface in the sense of the way in which in the sense of the way in which in the sense of the way in which enhanced rck weathering is suddenly enhanced rck weathering is suddenly enhanced rck weathering is suddenly appearing as a a nature-based solution appearing as a a nature-based solution appearing as a a nature-based solution which is growing so rapidly that uh which is growing so rapidly that uh which is growing so rapidly that uh there are all sorts of implications we there are all sorts of implications we there are all sorts of implications we know that the targets that some know that the targets that some know that the targets that some commercial operations have in this space commercial operations have in this space commercial operations have in this space are very ambitious so there's a company are very ambitious so there's a company are very ambitious so there's a company called undo which is planning to U called undo which is planning to U called undo which is planning to U remove 1 billion tons of CO2 by 2030 as remove 1 billion tons of CO2 by 2030 as remove 1 billion tons of CO2 by 2030 as a hard target and this is an ambition a hard target and this is an ambition a hard target and this is an ambition which is really really laudable very which is really really laudable very which is really really laudable very very ambitious um and the scale goes all very ambitious um and the scale goes all very ambitious um and the scale goes all the way down to what Bruce was the way down to what Bruce was the way down to what Bruce was describing about the development of um describing about the development of um describing about the development of um local uh activities and one of the local uh activities and one of the local uh activities and one of the concepts we have is the concept of concepts we have is the concept of concepts we have is the concept of carbon capture Gardens which is where carbon capture Gardens which is where carbon capture Gardens which is where this process is used to really bring it this process is used to really bring it this process is used to really bring it home to people how they can use enhan home to people how they can use enhan home to people how they can use enhan rot weather in their own Gardens and in rot weather in their own Gardens and in rot weather in their own Gardens and in their own landscaping particularly in their own landscaping particularly in their own landscaping particularly in urban urban urban environments so I'm going to focus on environments so I'm going to focus on environments so I'm going to focus on the science behind this and then talk the science behind this and then talk the science behind this and then talk about some of the implications of How about some of the implications of How about some of the implications of How It's put into practice and it's a It's put into practice and it's a It's put into practice and it's a nature-based solution we're we're nature-based solution we're we're nature-based solution we're we're looking at a natural process here by looking at a natural process here by looking at a natural process here by which rock removes atmospheric CO2 and which rock removes atmospheric CO2 and which rock removes atmospheric CO2 and that has controlled the CO2 content of that has controlled the CO2 content of that has controlled the CO2 content of our atmosphere throughout geological our atmosphere throughout geological our atmosphere throughout geological time so we know it happens we know very time so we know it happens we know very time so we know it happens we know very well that it happens it's a process well that it happens it's a process well that it happens it's a process which involves the weathering of rocks which involves the weathering of rocks which involves the weathering of rocks and that weathering of rocks is a and that weathering of rocks is a and that weathering of rocks is a fundamental soil forming process it fundamental soil forming process it fundamental soil forming process it releases the nutrients that crops need releases the nutrients that crops need releases the nutrients that crops need for growth the major elements like for growth the major elements like for growth the major elements like pottassium in particular silicon for pottassium in particular silicon for pottassium in particular silicon for grasses and cereals but also Trace grasses and cereals but also Trace grasses and cereals but also Trace elements and if we look at enhanced Rock elements and if we look at enhanced Rock elements and if we look at enhanced Rock weathering as a a process we can use in weathering as a a process we can use in weathering as a a process we can use in handling land in helping manage land handling land in helping manage land handling land in helping manage land better there are two benefits one of better there are two benefits one of better there are two benefits one of them is to reduce the dependency on them is to reduce the dependency on them is to reduce the dependency on chemical fertilizers although there's no chemical fertilizers although there's no chemical fertilizers although there's no scope for that influencing nitrogen scope for that influencing nitrogen scope for that influencing nitrogen fertilizers and H hand sh weathering has fertilizers and H hand sh weathering has fertilizers and H hand sh weathering has no impact on nitrogen fertilizer use but no impact on nitrogen fertilizer use but no impact on nitrogen fertilizer use but the one which I'm going to focus on the one which I'm going to focus on the one which I'm going to focus on today here is the removal of atmospheric today here is the removal of atmospheric today here is the removal of atmospheric CO2 now if we go back to geology 101 uh CO2 now if we go back to geology 101 uh CO2 now if we go back to geology 101 uh then people learn about rock weathering then people learn about rock weathering then people learn about rock weathering and we've got the mineral names in this and we've got the mineral names in this and we've got the mineral names in this image here uh those which um are least image here uh those which um are least image here uh those which um are least resistant to weathering and so weather resistant to weathering and so weather resistant to weathering and so weather fastest at the top of this screen and fastest at the top of this screen and fastest at the top of this screen and those which are most resistant to those which are most resistant to those which are most resistant to weathering and survive all the way weathering and survive all the way weathering and survive all the way through to the end of the weathering through to the end of the weathering through to the end of the weathering process such as quartz the bottom of the process such as quartz the bottom of the process such as quartz the bottom of the screen and you can see that particular screen and you can see that particular screen and you can see that particular minerals release particular elements so minerals release particular elements so minerals release particular elements so magnesium magnesium ion and calcium magnesium magnesium ion and calcium magnesium magnesium ion and calcium coming off from the least resistant coming off from the least resistant coming off from the least resistant minerals then pottassium coming through minerals then pottassium coming through minerals then pottassium coming through and rather more resistant minerals a bit and rather more resistant minerals a bit and rather more resistant minerals a bit of magnesium still calcium and sodium of magnesium still calcium and sodium of magnesium still calcium and sodium coming through from the least resistant coming through from the least resistant coming through from the least resistant and then working their way through to and then working their way through to and then working their way through to potassium again at the end this potassium again at the end this potassium again at the end this weathering sequence is one which is weathering sequence is one which is weathering sequence is one which is extremely well known and has been known extremely well known and has been known extremely well known and has been known for uh well a hundred years but for uh well a hundred years but for uh well a hundred years but documented by goldage in documented by goldage in documented by goldage in 1938 the the important thing about this 1938 the the important thing about this 1938 the the important thing about this is carbon and the reason I say that is is carbon and the reason I say that is is carbon and the reason I say that is because when these cations are released because when these cations are released because when these cations are released they're released as as charged ions they they're released as as charged ions they they're released as as charged ions they have a positive charge and you've got to have a positive charge and you've got to have a positive charge and you've got to have an equal negative charge in have an equal negative charge in have an equal negative charge in solution otherwise it it won't work you solution otherwise it it won't work you solution otherwise it it won't work you cannot have a solution a soil solution cannot have a solution a soil solution cannot have a solution a soil solution which has only one type of iron within which has only one type of iron within which has only one type of iron within it you've got to have a counterbalancing it you've got to have a counterbalancing it you've got to have a counterbalancing anion a negative charge and in this case anion a negative charge and in this case anion a negative charge and in this case this is bicarbonate that that's the this is bicarbonate that that's the this is bicarbonate that that's the natural anion that is easy that is most natural anion that is easy that is most natural anion that is easy that is most readily available where does it come readily available where does it come readily available where does it come from well we can look at plants as being from well we can look at plants as being from well we can look at plants as being a a CO2 pump so when we look at the a a CO2 pump so when we look at the a a CO2 pump so when we look at the green growth of a plant above the ground green growth of a plant above the ground green growth of a plant above the ground surface we know that that is surface we know that that is surface we know that that is photosynthesis that has created that photosynthesis that has created that photosynthesis that has created that taking carbon from the atmosphere but taking carbon from the atmosphere but taking carbon from the atmosphere but what we forget or we perhaps don't pay what we forget or we perhaps don't pay what we forget or we perhaps don't pay as much attention to as we should is as much attention to as we should is as much attention to as we should is what's happening below the ground and what's happening below the ground and what's happening below the ground and below the ground we've got an equ equal below the ground we've got an equ equal below the ground we've got an equ equal amount of carbon going through the root amount of carbon going through the root amount of carbon going through the root system but not just forming the system but not just forming the system but not just forming the biological materials within the root biological materials within the root biological materials within the root system itself but also being exuded by system itself but also being exuded by system itself but also being exuded by the root system like the organic acids the root system like the organic acids the root system like the organic acids the below ground biological activity is the below ground biological activity is the below ground biological activity is enormous so the organic acids provide enormous so the organic acids provide enormous so the organic acids provide substrates microbes the roots are being substrates microbes the roots are being substrates microbes the roots are being turned over decomposed and so on as they turned over decomposed and so on as they turned over decomposed and so on as they die and that's a very complex set of die and that's a very complex set of die and that's a very complex set of processes but the bottom line is that it processes but the bottom line is that it processes but the bottom line is that it all ends up all that carbon ends up as all ends up all that carbon ends up as all ends up all that carbon ends up as CO2 effective in the soil solution and CO2 effective in the soil solution and CO2 effective in the soil solution and that then goes into the soil solution that then goes into the soil solution that then goes into the soil solution where a proportion of it forms carbonic where a proportion of it forms carbonic where a proportion of it forms carbonic acid h2co3 and here schematically at the acid h2co3 and here schematically at the acid h2co3 and here schematically at the bottom of the screen you can see that bottom of the screen you can see that bottom of the screen you can see that carbonic acid reacting with a calcium carbonic acid reacting with a calcium carbonic acid reacting with a calcium silicate to give you calcium carbonate silicate to give you calcium carbonate silicate to give you calcium carbonate and and silicone solution of course the and and silicone solution of course the and and silicone solution of course the calcium carbonate you can find as calcium carbonate you can find as calcium carbonate you can find as pedogenic carbonates they're well known pedogenic carbonates they're well known pedogenic carbonates they're well known and have been studied for decades and and have been studied for decades and and have been studied for decades and used to determine past used to determine past used to determine past climate so if you want to just put it in climate so if you want to just put it in climate so if you want to just put it in a nutshell if you don't like chemical a nutshell if you don't like chemical a nutshell if you don't like chemical equations we can take a fresh silicate equations we can take a fresh silicate equations we can take a fresh silicate Rock uh add water and CO2 and we produce Rock uh add water and CO2 and we produce Rock uh add water and CO2 and we produce soil with cat ions and bicarbonate in soil with cat ions and bicarbonate in soil with cat ions and bicarbonate in solution this takes us into enhance rot solution this takes us into enhance rot solution this takes us into enhance rot weathering because this is a process we weathering because this is a process we weathering because this is a process we want to exploit to take CO2 out of the want to exploit to take CO2 out of the want to exploit to take CO2 out of the atmosphere through the artificial atmosphere through the artificial atmosphere through the artificial enhancement of this rot weathering enhancement of this rot weathering enhancement of this rot weathering process and the basis for this is to process and the basis for this is to process and the basis for this is to crush the rock but you've got to have crush the rock but you've got to have crush the rock but you've got to have the right sort of rock uh then to spread the right sort of rock uh then to spread the right sort of rock uh then to spread it to land and then once it's spread it to land and then once it's spread it to land and then once it's spread into soil nature actually takes over and into soil nature actually takes over and into soil nature actually takes over and does the rest and this is the inherent does the rest and this is the inherent does the rest and this is the inherent property of it being an hbas solution so property of it being an hbas solution so property of it being an hbas solution so let's have a look at the process there's let's have a look at the process there's let's have a look at the process there's there's a pipeline to enhance shot there's a pipeline to enhance shot there's a pipeline to enhance shot weathering you have the mining of the weathering you have the mining of the weathering you have the mining of the rock it's processed it then is loaded rock it's processed it then is loaded rock it's processed it then is loaded from the stockpile in the quaries taken from the stockpile in the quaries taken from the stockpile in the quaries taken by Road normally to be spread in the by Road normally to be spread in the by Road normally to be spread in the field and then in the field it goes into field and then in the field it goes into field and then in the field it goes into the weathering process where CO2 is the weathering process where CO2 is the weathering process where CO2 is removed and goes into the sour removed and goes into the sour removed and goes into the sour solution So within this we've got the um solution So within this we've got the um solution So within this we've got the um the pipeline if you like where the the pipeline if you like where the the pipeline if you like where the production is something which is production is something which is production is something which is constant for many many years because constant for many many years because constant for many many years because you're producing this from a fixed plant you're producing this from a fixed plant you're producing this from a fixed plant that has taken a certain amount of that has taken a certain amount of that has taken a certain amount of capital investment and is not going to capital investment and is not going to capital investment and is not going to change very much over time that be change very much over time that be change very much over time that be updated and um but not modified greatly updated and um but not modified greatly updated and um but not modified greatly necessarily for many many years then necessarily for many many years then necessarily for many many years then unique to each customer and there maybe unique to each customer and there maybe unique to each customer and there maybe thousands of these you've got the thousands of these you've got the thousands of these you've got the distribution cost and then the spreading distribution cost and then the spreading distribution cost and then the spreading you've got the different crop types you've got the different crop types you've got the different crop types different soil types and this is different soil types and this is different soil types and this is something which has to be taken into something which has to be taken into something which has to be taken into account when looking at the life cycle account when looking at the life cycle account when looking at the life cycle analysis in particular of this process analysis in particular of this process analysis in particular of this process I'll come back to that shortly and then I'll come back to that shortly and then I'll come back to that shortly and then in the weathering side of things for in the weathering side of things for in the weathering side of things for quantifying and Bruce mentioned how quantifying and Bruce mentioned how quantifying and Bruce mentioned how important quantification was and I fully important quantification was and I fully important quantification was and I fully agree this is a difficult bit here agree this is a difficult bit here agree this is a difficult bit here because we're looking at an open system because we're looking at an open system because we're looking at an open system where weathering is taking place so where weathering is taking place so where weathering is taking place so something is disappearing how do we something is disappearing how do we something is disappearing how do we determine that modeling and measurement determine that modeling and measurement determine that modeling and measurement to calibrate those models is the key to calibrate those models is the key to calibrate those models is the key thing here thing here thing here so when we look at what we mine then we so when we look at what we mine then we so when we look at what we mine then we want to get the right rock at the right want to get the right rock at the right want to get the right rock at the right scale and here you can see in the top scale and here you can see in the top scale and here you can see in the top left we've got a quarry producing this left we've got a quarry producing this left we've got a quarry producing this rock the rock is there with a finger on rock the rock is there with a finger on rock the rock is there with a finger on it in the bottom left picture here we it in the bottom left picture here we it in the bottom left picture here we can then look at it under the microscope can then look at it under the microscope can then look at it under the microscope in the top right and we can see textural in the top right and we can see textural in the top right and we can see textural variation there different minerals there variation there different minerals there variation there different minerals there we can then go to the scanning electron we can then go to the scanning electron we can then go to the scanning electron microscope to scale it up again we can microscope to scale it up again we can microscope to scale it up again we can do chemical analysis we can do do chemical analysis we can do do chemical analysis we can do minerological analysis the bottom line minerological analysis the bottom line minerological analysis the bottom line is that we're dealing with a very very is that we're dealing with a very very is that we're dealing with a very very complex material and it's very easy to complex material and it's very easy to complex material and it's very easy to fall into traps and not to be fully fall into traps and not to be fully fall into traps and not to be fully aware of what the material is that aware of what the material is that aware of what the material is that you're actually working so this bit is you're actually working so this bit is you're actually working so this bit is really really really important the important thing about this important the important thing about this important the important thing about this is that only then when you've got the is that only then when you've got the is that only then when you've got the right data Can you estimate the right data Can you estimate the right data Can you estimate the potential CO2 removal for a particular potential CO2 removal for a particular potential CO2 removal for a particular Rock and you need to have the expertise Rock and you need to have the expertise Rock and you need to have the expertise that comes from a competent person to to that comes from a competent person to to that comes from a competent person to to be sure that you've got the right be sure that you've got the right be sure that you've got the right information that it's being correctly information that it's being correctly information that it's being correctly used and this is where the Geological used and this is where the Geological used and this is where the Geological Society comes in uh through the Society comes in uh through the Society comes in uh through the professional status in the same way that professional status in the same way that professional status in the same way that BS Cube comes in with the professional BS Cube comes in with the professional BS Cube comes in with the professional status for S scientists in delivering a status for S scientists in delivering a status for S scientists in delivering a competence that allows people to trust competence that allows people to trust competence that allows people to trust the person signing off the claim for the the person signing off the claim for the the person signing off the claim for the CO2 CO2 CO2 removal then when we go to the removal then when we go to the removal then when we go to the destination of the carbon where does the destination of the carbon where does the destination of the carbon where does the carbon go well I mentioned modeling and carbon go well I mentioned modeling and carbon go well I mentioned modeling and measurement and those are vital and that measurement and those are vital and that measurement and those are vital and that typically we might bear in mind that if typically we might bear in mind that if typically we might bear in mind that if we look at a soil system here we we we look at a soil system here we we we look at a soil system here we we apply the uh the um rock dust to the apply the uh the um rock dust to the apply the uh the um rock dust to the soil and we've got when it rains the soil and we've got when it rains the soil and we've got when it rains the we've got evapor transpiration which we've got evapor transpiration which we've got evapor transpiration which we'll see some water going back into the we'll see some water going back into the we'll see some water going back into the atmosphere we've got surface flow taking atmosphere we've got surface flow taking atmosphere we've got surface flow taking it surface water systems and we have it surface water systems and we have it surface water systems and we have ground water flow one of the key things ground water flow one of the key things ground water flow one of the key things about enhanc R weathering is we need to about enhanc R weathering is we need to about enhanc R weathering is we need to understand the groundwater flow because understand the groundwater flow because understand the groundwater flow because that varies from one part of the planet that varies from one part of the planet that varies from one part of the planet to another of rain water of to another of rain water of to another of rain water of precipitation that isn't evap transpired precipitation that isn't evap transpired precipitation that isn't evap transpired in the UK the back of the envelope in the UK the back of the envelope in the UK the back of the envelope calculation says 10% goes into groundw calculation says 10% goes into groundw calculation says 10% goes into groundw but in Brazil it's 50% that makes a very but in Brazil it's 50% that makes a very but in Brazil it's 50% that makes a very very big difference to the to very big difference to the to very big difference to the to understanding the destination of this understanding the destination of this understanding the destination of this car that's gone through to bicarbonate car that's gone through to bicarbonate car that's gone through to bicarbonate the experiments are used to measure this the experiments are used to measure this the experiments are used to measure this are like on the left of the screen here are like on the left of the screen here are like on the left of the screen here very simple experiments a bucket of soil very simple experiments a bucket of soil very simple experiments a bucket of soil in this case on top of a receptor that in this case on top of a receptor that in this case on top of a receptor that can take the water that's coming through can take the water that's coming through can take the water that's coming through the soil chemical analysis to measure the soil chemical analysis to measure the soil chemical analysis to measure bicarbonate is the bottom line here and bicarbonate is the bottom line here and bicarbonate is the bottom line here and that then is used to calibrate the that then is used to calibrate the that then is used to calibrate the models of carbonation and models of carbonation and models of carbonation and transport it's very important to think transport it's very important to think transport it's very important to think that bassal is actually an aquifer and that bassal is actually an aquifer and that bassal is actually an aquifer and in in Brazil and many other parts of the in in Brazil and many other parts of the in in Brazil and many other parts of the world in fact in total hundreds of world in fact in total hundreds of world in fact in total hundreds of millions of people worldwide will be millions of people worldwide will be millions of people worldwide will be drinking ground water from acers and it drinking ground water from acers and it drinking ground water from acers and it is perfectly safe to drink so that helps is perfectly safe to drink so that helps is perfectly safe to drink so that helps understand the some of the issues understand the some of the issues understand the some of the issues relating to the safety of using these relating to the safety of using these relating to the safety of using these particular rocks that people drink water particular rocks that people drink water particular rocks that people drink water from them all over the from them all over the from them all over the world then the carbon cost here this is world then the carbon cost here this is world then the carbon cost here this is the one which is really important to the one which is really important to the one which is really important to bear in mind because what's the point of bear in mind because what's the point of bear in mind because what's the point of having CO2 removal if it costs more having CO2 removal if it costs more having CO2 removal if it costs more through crushing and transport than the through crushing and transport than the through crushing and transport than the benefit and this is really interesting benefit and this is really interesting benefit and this is really interesting when you look at the carbon cost of a when you look at the carbon cost of a when you look at the carbon cost of a quarry like this one here you can see quarry like this one here you can see quarry like this one here you can see you've got the fixed costs of putting in you've got the fixed costs of putting in you've got the fixed costs of putting in all this installation here it can be all this installation here it can be all this installation here it can be very cheap it uses electric power very cheap it uses electric power very cheap it uses electric power hydroelectricity in Brazil it could use hydroelectricity in Brazil it could use hydroelectricity in Brazil it could use green electricity more than it does now green electricity more than it does now green electricity more than it does now the cost of producing this is the same a the cost of producing this is the same a the cost of producing this is the same a ton of rock crushed is about the same as ton of rock crushed is about the same as ton of rock crushed is about the same as a liter of milk so it's a very very low a liter of milk so it's a very very low a liter of milk so it's a very very low carbon cost very efficient process then carbon cost very efficient process then carbon cost very efficient process then when you move to spreading in the field when you move to spreading in the field when you move to spreading in the field these are custom customer specific with these are custom customer specific with these are custom customer specific with customer own equipment diesel powered customer own equipment diesel powered customer own equipment diesel powered then we start to see a higher carbon then we start to see a higher carbon then we start to see a higher carbon cost coming in for transport cost coming in for transport cost coming in for transport distribution spreading but we can distribution spreading but we can distribution spreading but we can measure both of measure both of measure both of these they're two different systems these they're two different systems these they're two different systems they're connected they need to be they're connected they need to be they're connected they need to be considered as two separate systems with considered as two separate systems with considered as two separate systems with the connection apparent for each single the connection apparent for each single the connection apparent for each single case so the role of the subsurface here case so the role of the subsurface here case so the role of the subsurface here just to wrap up and leave time for just to wrap up and leave time for just to wrap up and leave time for questions is that the we here see the questions is that the we here see the questions is that the we here see the opportunity for geological materials to opportunity for geological materials to opportunity for geological materials to be used increasingly for uh soils for be used increasingly for uh soils for be used increasingly for uh soils for particular purposes for nature-based particular purposes for nature-based particular purposes for nature-based Solutions the important thing about this Solutions the important thing about this Solutions the important thing about this is when it comes to scaling even with an is when it comes to scaling even with an is when it comes to scaling even with an ambitious Target of 1 billion tons per ambitious Target of 1 billion tons per ambitious Target of 1 billion tons per year sorry 1 billion tons total CO2 year sorry 1 billion tons total CO2 year sorry 1 billion tons total CO2 removal which is 5 billion tons of rock removal which is 5 billion tons of rock removal which is 5 billion tons of rock typically that needs to be spread to typically that needs to be spread to typically that needs to be spread to soil we actually have the infrastructure soil we actually have the infrastructure soil we actually have the infrastructure to do that we've got the regulatory to do that we've got the regulatory to do that we've got the regulatory infrastructure we've got the physical infrastructure we've got the physical infrastructure we've got the physical infrastructure it's already there and so infrastructure it's already there and so infrastructure it's already there and so it's possible to scale rapidly the key it's possible to scale rapidly the key it's possible to scale rapidly the key challenge in all of this is the challenge in all of this is the challenge in all of this is the validation of the CO2 removal because validation of the CO2 removal because validation of the CO2 removal because that is a difficult thing how do we that is a difficult thing how do we that is a difficult thing how do we measure something that's disappearing measure something that's disappearing measure something that's disappearing how do we measure something that's being how do we measure something that's being how do we measure something that's being taken from the atmosphere through a taken from the atmosphere through a taken from the atmosphere through a weathering process into an open system weathering process into an open system weathering process into an open system which is effectively what the the sort which is effectively what the the sort which is effectively what the the sort of solution is thank you thank you David and leaving plenty you thank you David and leaving plenty you thank you David and leaving plenty of time um for questions so um people of time um for questions so um people of time um for questions so um people have been sending in their questions so have been sending in their questions so have been sending in their questions so I will um go I will um go I will um go through and one or a couple from um through and one or a couple from um through and one or a couple from um Marta for you dat Marta for you dat Marta for you dat um she's interested in knowing about um she's interested in knowing about um she's interested in knowing about this material in UK Cas soils where this material in UK Cas soils where this material in UK Cas soils where perhaps there might be high magnesium um perhaps there might be high magnesium um perhaps there might be high magnesium um or heavy clay and um the effect on S pH or heavy clay and um the effect on S pH or heavy clay and um the effect on S pH which might have an effect on nutrient which might have an effect on nutrient which might have an effect on nutrient cycling yeah so this is the bit I I cycling yeah so this is the bit I I cycling yeah so this is the bit I I haven't talked about I suppose is that haven't talked about I suppose is that haven't talked about I suppose is that before you use any of these crushed before you use any of these crushed before you use any of these crushed rocks you really do need to know the rocks you really do need to know the rocks you really do need to know the soil that you're going to apply them to soil that you're going to apply them to soil that you're going to apply them to and what the soil characteristics are so and what the soil characteristics are so and what the soil characteristics are so typically when we've tried these typically when we've tried these typically when we've tried these experiments we've been doing these on experiments we've been doing these on experiments we've been doing these on Newcastle University farms for example Newcastle University farms for example Newcastle University farms for example we're seeing a pH change from maybe 6.5 we're seeing a pH change from maybe 6.5 we're seeing a pH change from maybe 6.5 to seven okay so spreading 20 tons per to seven okay so spreading 20 tons per to seven okay so spreading 20 tons per hectare so quite small changes in PH but hectare so quite small changes in PH but hectare so quite small changes in PH but there is a tendency for the use of some there is a tendency for the use of some there is a tendency for the use of some of these cross rocks to to raise the ph of these cross rocks to to raise the ph of these cross rocks to to raise the ph slightly uh but again it's a case of slightly uh but again it's a case of slightly uh but again it's a case of understanding the application in terms understanding the application in terms understanding the application in terms of the mineraly of the soil that you're of the mineraly of the soil that you're of the mineraly of the soil that you're working with not just the chemistry of working with not just the chemistry of working with not just the chemistry of the soil but what minerals are actually the soil but what minerals are actually the soil but what minerals are actually in the soil in terms of geological in the soil in terms of geological in the soil in terms of geological minerals and the mineraly of The Rock minerals and the mineraly of The Rock minerals and the mineraly of The Rock that you're spreading so everything is that you're spreading so everything is that you're spreading so everything is very very case very very case very very case specific thank specific thank specific thank you and I'm gonna head back to Bruce for you and I'm gonna head back to Bruce for you and I'm gonna head back to Bruce for a moment Willie Towers says great talk a moment Willie Towers says great talk a moment Willie Towers says great talk Bruce um inspiring actually uh in one of Bruce um inspiring actually uh in one of Bruce um inspiring actually uh in one of your slides you mentioned identifying your slides you mentioned identifying your slides you mentioned identifying the disbenefits of approaches uh have the disbenefits of approaches uh have the disbenefits of approaches uh have you come across any or other unintended you come across any or other unintended you come across any or other unintended consequences and if you have how do you consequences and if you have how do you consequences and if you have how do you resolve resolve resolve them them them um yeah I think in in all these um yeah I think in in all these um yeah I think in in all these conversations and particularly when you conversations and particularly when you conversations and particularly when you try to uh Elevate the conversations into try to uh Elevate the conversations into try to uh Elevate the conversations into into system thinking into system thinking into system thinking multidisciplinary um thinking you you do multidisciplinary um thinking you you do multidisciplinary um thinking you you do need to be very conscious of of need to be very conscious of of need to be very conscious of of potential um conflict or potential potential um conflict or potential potential um conflict or potential unintended consequences and you know for unintended consequences and you know for unintended consequences and you know for for well we're still in the place where for well we're still in the place where for well we're still in the place where soils lack soils lack soils lack legislation um limited policy compared legislation um limited policy compared legislation um limited policy compared to say biodiversity where we now have to say biodiversity where we now have to say biodiversity where we now have this mandated requirement and I think we this mandated requirement and I think we this mandated requirement and I think we do need to be careful and mindful that do need to be careful and mindful that do need to be careful and mindful that um we don't slip into sort of more um we don't slip into sort of more um we don't slip into sort of more siloed thinking so you know absolute siloed thinking so you know absolute siloed thinking so you know absolute biodiversity is is absolutely critical biodiversity is is absolutely critical biodiversity is is absolutely critical and enhancing biodiversity but we need and enhancing biodiversity but we need and enhancing biodiversity but we need to make sure that's being done in the to make sure that's being done in the to make sure that's being done in the context of what other benefits there are context of what other benefits there are context of what other benefits there are and I talked to my colleagues who who and I talked to my colleagues who who and I talked to my colleagues who who who specialize in in biodiversity that who specialize in in biodiversity that who specialize in in biodiversity that gain and they are very conscious of of gain and they are very conscious of of gain and they are very conscious of of promoting the conversation around promoting the conversation around promoting the conversation around layering the benefits how how can we layering the benefits how how can we layering the benefits how how can we look at the the the multifunctionality look at the the the multifunctionality look at the the the multifunctionality the multiple benefits that can be the multiple benefits that can be the multiple benefits that can be receive from any location with those receive from any location with those receive from any location with those conversations we'll probably always have conversations we'll probably always have conversations we'll probably always have to to to um take into account that we can't um take into account that we can't um take into account that we can't deliver everything everywhere and so deliver everything everywhere and so deliver everything everywhere and so then so I come back to then that that then so I come back to then that that then so I come back to then that that sort of um you know thinking about soil sort of um you know thinking about soil sort of um you know thinking about soil forming factors our soils as an example forming factors our soils as an example forming factors our soils as an example are kind of a unique representation of are kind of a unique representation of are kind of a unique representation of the uh specific climate tophy geology the uh specific climate tophy geology the uh specific climate tophy geology Etc in any given location and I think if Etc in any given location and I think if Etc in any given location and I think if that's our starting point that starts to that's our starting point that starts to that's our starting point that starts to inform us what's the art of the possible inform us what's the art of the possible inform us what's the art of the possible what can we achieve and then we've got what can we achieve and then we've got what can we achieve and then we've got to look at the other drivers who you to look at the other drivers who you to look at the other drivers who you know where does funding come from what know where does funding come from what know where does funding come from what does funding need to focus on what um does funding need to focus on what um does funding need to focus on what um what targets to those individuals or what targets to those individuals or what targets to those individuals or those um companies who are involved what those um companies who are involved what those um companies who are involved what do they want to try to deliver and it do they want to try to deliver and it do they want to try to deliver and it yeah it's a it's a bit a puzzle to put yeah it's a it's a bit a puzzle to put yeah it's a it's a bit a puzzle to put together but I think if if we if we're together but I think if if we if we're together but I think if if we if we're open and we're collaborative I think we open and we're collaborative I think we open and we're collaborative I think we can we can minimize the any sort risk of can we can minimize the any sort risk of can we can minimize the any sort risk of dis benefits thanks Bruce another one from benefits thanks Bruce another one from benefits thanks Bruce another one from Analise Whitley um kind of on the same Analise Whitley um kind of on the same Analise Whitley um kind of on the same topic there was saying about topic there was saying about topic there was saying about um the importance um of soils and um the importance um of soils and um the importance um of soils and careful soil management how is that careful soil management how is that careful soil management how is that transferred from um transferred through transferred from um transferred through transferred from um transferred through to the developer the developer and to the developer the developer and to the developer the developer and implemented especially in the implemented especially in the implemented especially in the construction phase where performance um construction phase where performance um construction phase where performance um of developers volume house builders and of developers volume house builders and of developers volume house builders and their ground workers might be poor their ground workers might be poor their ground workers might be poor regarding regarding regarding soils yeah it's a it's a really really soils yeah it's a it's a really really soils yeah it's a it's a really really good question um and I think we've come good question um and I think we've come good question um and I think we've come a long way um I did unfortunately hear a long way um I did unfortunately hear a long way um I did unfortunately hear someone on meeting um only last week use someone on meeting um only last week use someone on meeting um only last week use the phrase Muk shift but um in relation the phrase Muk shift but um in relation the phrase Muk shift but um in relation to soil movement on a construction site to soil movement on a construction site to soil movement on a construction site um but generally you know a lot of um but generally you know a lot of um but generally you know a lot of people I talk to and work with um who people I talk to and work with um who people I talk to and work with um who are Developers or are Developers or are Developers or contractors and recognize that it's not contractors and recognize that it's not contractors and recognize that it's not a Muk shift it's not just dig it up a Muk shift it's not just dig it up a Muk shift it's not just dig it up shift it somewhere and then get on with shift it somewhere and then get on with shift it somewhere and then get on with the important stuff um but I think there the important stuff um but I think there the important stuff um but I think there there is still a big gap and I would say there is still a big gap and I would say there is still a big gap and I would say perhaps the the key thing is is skills perhaps the the key thing is is skills perhaps the the key thing is is skills and knowledge so these sorts of and knowledge so these sorts of and knowledge so these sorts of conversations and conversations and conversations and engagement um we need to make sure we're engagement um we need to make sure we're engagement um we need to make sure we're we're talking to as broad an audience as we're talking to as broad an audience as we're talking to as broad an audience as possible um we need to to make sure possible um we need to to make sure possible um we need to to make sure we're engaging with with local we're engaging with with local we're engaging with with local authorities to work out and to authorities to work out and to authorities to work out and to understand where this where the skill understand where this where the skill understand where this where the skill gaps lie where the knowledge gaps lie gaps lie where the knowledge gaps lie gaps lie where the knowledge gaps lie and and how how can we work together to and and how how can we work together to and and how how can we work together to fill those um because you know probably fill those um because you know probably fill those um because you know probably the question you know it is right there the question you know it is right there the question you know it is right there is a there are situations where you know is a there are situations where you know is a there are situations where you know we can write a detail s Management plan we can write a detail s Management plan we can write a detail s Management plan sit on a shelf and no one will actually sit on a shelf and no one will actually sit on a shelf and no one will actually go and look at it so so that go and look at it so so that go and look at it so so that implementation um Bas is is really implementation um Bas is is really implementation um Bas is is really really important but we've come a long really important but we've come a long really important but we've come a long way um you know a lot of people I work way um you know a lot of people I work way um you know a lot of people I work with now are very well informed and you with now are very well informed and you with now are very well informed and you know some of the conversations I have know some of the conversations I have know some of the conversations I have are really truly recognizing the the are really truly recognizing the the are really truly recognizing the the importance of getting the soil right in importance of getting the soil right in importance of getting the soil right in order for not not because they're order for not not because they're order for not not because they're interested in soils but they want to interested in soils but they want to interested in soils but they want to deliver high quality high value housing deliver high quality high value housing deliver high quality high value housing to use housing as an to use housing as an to use housing as an example thanks Bruce um and while whilst example thanks Bruce um and while whilst example thanks Bruce um and while whilst we're coming to to you for questions we're coming to to you for questions we're coming to to you for questions I've I've got one um so I was lucky I've I've got one um so I was lucky I've I've got one um so I was lucky enough to go to cop 27 last year and um enough to go to cop 27 last year and um enough to go to cop 27 last year and um I felt like the um I felt like the um I felt like the um risk associated with investing in risk associated with investing in risk associated with investing in climate change mitigation was still climate change mitigation was still climate change mitigation was still considered such a big risk and I was considered such a big risk and I was considered such a big risk and I was wondering from your experience of cop 28 wondering from your experience of cop 28 wondering from your experience of cop 28 did you sense a change in this did you sense a change in this did you sense a change in this particularly um with that increased particularly um with that increased particularly um with that increased compensation around soils uh yeah I I I think there is a a soils uh yeah I I I think there is a a soils uh yeah I I I think there is a a growing drive around around investment growing drive around around investment growing drive around around investment in in all aspects of climate change uh in in all aspects of climate change uh in in all aspects of climate change uh mitigation in particular um mitigation in particular um mitigation in particular um and and I and I think it's through and and I and I think it's through and and I and I think it's through having been I said I've been to three having been I said I've been to three having been I said I've been to three cops having been to all of them I think cops having been to all of them I think cops having been to all of them I think the the the prevalence of um of funders the the the prevalence of um of funders the the the prevalence of um of funders green funders sitting on panels um in green funders sitting on panels um in green funders sitting on panels um in conversations has has grown um and I conversations has has grown um and I conversations has has grown um and I think that's really really important think that's really really important think that's really really important because all this requires the funding um because all this requires the funding um because all this requires the funding um as well but you know the question talk as well but you know the question talk as well but you know the question talk about mitigation and I know definitely about mitigation and I know definitely about mitigation and I know definitely from from Glasgow cop 26 there was a lot from from Glasgow cop 26 there was a lot from from Glasgow cop 26 there was a lot of talk around of talk around of talk around how the adaptation piece was not being how the adaptation piece was not being how the adaptation piece was not being invested in everyone was focused on invested in everyone was focused on invested in everyone was focused on mitigation um but the climate is mitigation um but the climate is mitigation um but the climate is changing the climate has changed and so changing the climate has changed and so changing the climate has changed and so we've got to make sure we've got the we've got to make sure we've got the we've got to make sure we've got the sufficient funding and and there was a sufficient funding and and there was a sufficient funding and and there was a call at cop 26 for um Equitable funding call at cop 26 for um Equitable funding call at cop 26 for um Equitable funding between climate change mitigation and between climate change mitigation and between climate change mitigation and adaptation um I think that shifted and I adaptation um I think that shifted and I adaptation um I think that shifted and I definitely C 28 there were I think I definitely C 28 there were I think I definitely C 28 there were I think I found there were more conversations found there were more conversations found there were more conversations around that were picking up on around that were picking up on around that were picking up on adaptation as well but um maybe that's adaptation as well but um maybe that's adaptation as well but um maybe that's an area to focus on an area to focus on an area to focus on thanks Bruce uh moving back to David now thanks Bruce uh moving back to David now thanks Bruce uh moving back to David now I've got a question from Christopher Ley I've got a question from Christopher Ley I've got a question from Christopher Ley what are some of the controls on the what are some of the controls on the what are some of the controls on the rate of um CO2 removal by enhanced rate of um CO2 removal by enhanced rate of um CO2 removal by enhanced weaing thanks uh the key to this is weaing thanks uh the key to this is weaing thanks uh the key to this is understanding the weathering rates of understanding the weathering rates of understanding the weathering rates of the individual minerals that are present the individual minerals that are present the individual minerals that are present in these rocks so different minerals in these rocks so different minerals in these rocks so different minerals weather at different rates and so the U weather at different rates and so the U weather at different rates and so the U you need to know what the minerological you need to know what the minerological you need to know what the minerological composition of the Rock K so that you composition of the Rock K so that you composition of the Rock K so that you can then use published weathering rates can then use published weathering rates can then use published weathering rates to be able to model the weathering of to be able to model the weathering of to be able to model the weathering of the composite mixture that the rock is the composite mixture that the rock is the composite mixture that the rock is made of but equally you need to take made of but equally you need to take made of but equally you need to take into account the grain size and so the into account the grain size and so the into account the grain size and so the the finer grained the material the more the finer grained the material the more the finer grained the material the more quickly it weathers and there's a quickly it weathers and there's a quickly it weathers and there's a there's a sweet spot if you like in the there's a sweet spot if you like in the there's a sweet spot if you like in the way in which these materials are reduced way in which these materials are reduced way in which these materials are reduced in size you've got the energy cost of in size you've got the energy cost of in size you've got the energy cost of reducing grain size on the one hand to reducing grain size on the one hand to reducing grain size on the one hand to worry about so cost a lot of energy to worry about so cost a lot of energy to worry about so cost a lot of energy to get a flow like the flow you use for get a flow like the flow you use for get a flow like the flow you use for cooking in terms of how it feels between cooking in terms of how it feels between cooking in terms of how it feels between the fingers and and then you can that the fingers and and then you can that the fingers and and then you can that would be the idea for getting the most would be the idea for getting the most would be the idea for getting the most rapid reaction but then there's a rapid reaction but then there's a rapid reaction but then there's a compromise where you might not go that compromise where you might not go that compromise where you might not go that far spend a lot less energy on on far spend a lot less energy on on far spend a lot less energy on on crushing but you'd have a coarser crushing but you'd have a coarser crushing but you'd have a coarser material that feels gritty in the material that feels gritty in the material that feels gritty in the fingers and that material is a material fingers and that material is a material fingers and that material is a material which most people are using uh because which most people are using uh because which most people are using uh because it works adequately so this is where the it works adequately so this is where the it works adequately so this is where the um the rate depends on the rock type the um the rate depends on the rock type the um the rate depends on the rock type the minerals in the Rock and the amount to minerals in the Rock and the amount to minerals in the Rock and the amount to which it has been crushed and milled thanks David um and another one milled thanks David um and another one milled thanks David um and another one from Chris in terms of the can we put a from Chris in terms of the can we put a from Chris in terms of the can we put a monetary value on the carbon capture to monetary value on the carbon capture to monetary value on the carbon capture to incentivize this use of um crushed incentivize this use of um crushed incentivize this use of um crushed rock people are doing that because there rock people are doing that because there rock people are doing that because there are businesses set up uh who are trading are businesses set up uh who are trading are businesses set up uh who are trading in this method of CO2 removal and the in this method of CO2 removal and the in this method of CO2 removal and the thing to remember with that is that it thing to remember with that is that it thing to remember with that is that it isn't like organic carbon it's very isn't like organic carbon it's very isn't like organic carbon it's very different you can't take a soil sample different you can't take a soil sample different you can't take a soil sample and then have an instant answer from a and then have an instant answer from a and then have an instant answer from a lab from a single number uh and the lab from a single number uh and the lab from a single number uh and the resources that are needed to calculate resources that are needed to calculate resources that are needed to calculate the amount of CO2 that's been removed the amount of CO2 that's been removed the amount of CO2 that's been removed and that then can be monetized is that and that then can be monetized is that and that then can be monetized is that they they require a multidisiplinary they they require a multidisiplinary they they require a multidisiplinary team of people and this is where I think team of people and this is where I think team of people and this is where I think we're seeing the development of we're seeing the development of we're seeing the development of businesses in this country and businesses in this country and businesses in this country and internationally where those people are internationally where those people are internationally where those people are being hired um scientists and people being hired um scientists and people being hired um scientists and people from different disciplines outside from different disciplines outside from different disciplines outside science but scientists from different science but scientists from different science but scientists from different disciplines within the Sciences to be disciplines within the Sciences to be disciplines within the Sciences to be able to come up with robust ways of able to come up with robust ways of able to come up with robust ways of measuring the amount of CO2 removed so measuring the amount of CO2 removed so measuring the amount of CO2 removed so that when those CO2 credits are sold that when those CO2 credits are sold that when those CO2 credits are sold they're sold with confidence in the they're sold with confidence in the they're sold with confidence in the numbers that are being generated uh and numbers that are being generated uh and numbers that are being generated uh and that's not something um any single that's not something um any single that's not something um any single landowner can do I mean the size of landowner can do I mean the size of landowner can do I mean the size of these operations is enormous uh and the these operations is enormous uh and the these operations is enormous uh and the amount of money required to keep them um amount of money required to keep them um amount of money required to keep them um running is en ormous as well uh so the running is en ormous as well uh so the running is en ormous as well uh so the other side of the coin is that there's other side of the coin is that there's other side of the coin is that there's no harm done to the soil in the uh in in no harm done to the soil in the uh in in no harm done to the soil in the uh in in a farming sector a farming setting um by a farming sector a farming setting um by a farming sector a farming setting um by this process and indeed you might see this process and indeed you might see this process and indeed you might see increases in soil organic carbon which a increases in soil organic carbon which a increases in soil organic carbon which a farmer could um use for carbon benefits farmer could um use for carbon benefits farmer could um use for carbon benefits there are other benefits which Farmers there are other benefits which Farmers there are other benefits which Farmers have reported to to me when talking to have reported to to me when talking to have reported to to me when talking to them who've been using it um increases them who've been using it um increases them who've been using it um increases in in in biodiversity uh which is good in that biodiversity uh which is good in that biodiversity uh which is good in that setting as well well but also in setting as well well but also in setting as well well but also in improvements in animal health and and we improvements in animal health and and we improvements in animal health and and we know farmers who have seen their vet know farmers who have seen their vet know farmers who have seen their vet bills go down and the saving in the vet bills go down and the saving in the vet bills go down and the saving in the vet bills has covered the cost of buying bills has covered the cost of buying bills has covered the cost of buying these materials so there there are these materials so there there are these materials so there there are benefits which we would never have benefits which we would never have benefits which we would never have expected and um what about in terms of expected and um what about in terms of expected and um what about in terms of um does it have any effect on the um does it have any effect on the um does it have any effect on the nitrous oxide nitrous oxide nitrous oxide emissions um from from arable land emissions um from from arable land emissions um from from arable land question from Fus I think the jury is question from Fus I think the jury is question from Fus I think the jury is out on this there are some papers coming out on this there are some papers coming out on this there are some papers coming through which show that it does but through which show that it does but through which show that it does but don't think anyone yet understands in don't think anyone yet understands in don't think anyone yet understands in detail why that is or how that relates detail why that is or how that relates detail why that is or how that relates to particular rocks and particular to particular rocks and particular to particular rocks and particular applications and a question from Mandy applications and a question from Mandy applications and a question from Mandy stoker asking free advice uh she says stoker asking free advice uh she says stoker asking free advice uh she says that um they've been given a silic based that um they've been given a silic based that um they've been given a silic based product to put on the um the crops and product to put on the um the crops and product to put on the um the crops and the farm sold on the basis that it the farm sold on the basis that it the farm sold on the basis that it enhances growth of crops uh hasn't been enhances growth of crops uh hasn't been enhances growth of crops uh hasn't been tested yet but understand how uh this tested yet but understand how uh this tested yet but understand how uh this might work looking at your Chemistry if might work looking at your Chemistry if might work looking at your Chemistry if minerals are released then maybe we can minerals are released then maybe we can minerals are released then maybe we can get more growth and more CO2 SE get more growth and more CO2 SE get more growth and more CO2 SE sequestration should I try sequestration should I try sequestration should I try it well the answer is yes it's certainly it well the answer is yes it's certainly it well the answer is yes it's certainly worth a try but whether it works or not worth a try but whether it works or not worth a try but whether it works or not will depend on a lot of factors and not will depend on a lot of factors and not will depend on a lot of factors and not least what the soil type is that you least what the soil type is that you least what the soil type is that you already have so um we see the if if already have so um we see the if if already have so um we see the if if we're trying to design an experiment we're trying to design an experiment we're trying to design an experiment with students for example to show with students for example to show with students for example to show whether or not these rocks work we whether or not these rocks work we whether or not these rocks work we always start off with the simplest always start off with the simplest always start off with the simplest mineralogy of soil we start with a mineralogy of soil we start with a mineralogy of soil we start with a quartz or a sandy soil and then it's quartz or a sandy soil and then it's quartz or a sandy soil and then it's easier to see the effects and we make easier to see the effects and we make easier to see the effects and we make sure that we don't add composts because sure that we don't add composts because sure that we don't add composts because sometimes in some of the experimental sometimes in some of the experimental sometimes in some of the experimental work that's been published it's the work that's been published it's the work that's been published it's the compost or the manure that's provides compost or the manure that's provides compost or the manure that's provides the benefits rather than the mineral so the benefits rather than the mineral so the benefits rather than the mineral so you just have to be a bit careful about you just have to be a bit careful about you just have to be a bit careful about how how the trial is designed thanks David um couple designed thanks David um couple designed thanks David um couple questions coming in for Bruce again so questions coming in for Bruce again so questions coming in for Bruce again so um one from uh sarak co uh the um one from uh sarak co uh the um one from uh sarak co uh the residential example with nutrient residential example with nutrient residential example with nutrient neutrality that you spoke of was it a neutrality that you spoke of was it a neutrality that you spoke of was it a closest closest closest uh and also a question for both of you uh and also a question for both of you uh and also a question for both of you how do you judge the monitoring required how do you judge the monitoring required how do you judge the monitoring required um balanced against modeling um balanced against modeling um balanced against modeling verification expectation um I didn't do all the work expectation um I didn't do all the work expectation um I didn't do all the work on the on the nality on on a so I would on the on the nality on on a so I would on the on the nality on on a so I would have to check on on the answer to that have to check on on the answer to that have to check on on the answer to that but it was um it took quite a lot of a but it was um it took quite a lot of a but it was um it took quite a lot of a lot of work and and review to get to the lot of work and and review to get to the lot of work and and review to get to the point where I think we understood what point where I think we understood what point where I think we understood what the system uh was capable of achieving the system uh was capable of achieving the system uh was capable of achieving within the within the design that have within the within the design that have within the within the design that have been put forward in the master plan um been put forward in the master plan um been put forward in the master plan um as well um on the second point so that as well um on the second point so that as well um on the second point so that was in relation to the balance between was in relation to the balance between was in relation to the balance between the monitoring required and whether the monitoring required and whether the monitoring required and whether modeling is a is a better approach is modeling is a is a better approach is modeling is a is a better approach is that right modeling verification yeah that right modeling verification yeah that right modeling verification yeah yeah I mean I'm sure D have a view on yeah I mean I'm sure D have a view on yeah I mean I'm sure D have a view on this but I'm it will always be a balance this but I'm it will always be a balance this but I'm it will always be a balance um and I think we need um and I think we need um and I think we need [Music] [Music] [Music] to we need to recognize that there is to we need to recognize that there is to we need to recognize that there is huge value in on-site data site specific huge value in on-site data site specific huge value in on-site data site specific information but we also need to information but we also need to information but we also need to recognize that that costs money um and recognize that that costs money um and recognize that that costs money um and time and it's not always possible from a time and it's not always possible from a time and it's not always possible from a a funding from a Time perspective to to a funding from a Time perspective to to a funding from a Time perspective to to achieve that and to have that and so I achieve that and to have that and so I achieve that and to have that and so I think alternatives are think alternatives are think alternatives are needed yes I I would agree with that needed yes I I would agree with that needed yes I I would agree with that just to say that in terms of the just to say that in terms of the just to say that in terms of the enhanced weathering world the uh enhanced weathering world the uh enhanced weathering world the uh Protocols are being developed as we Protocols are being developed as we Protocols are being developed as we speak for monitoring and validation and speak for monitoring and validation and speak for monitoring and validation and they are evolving and developing and they are evolving and developing and they are evolving and developing and they're not yet complete but in a few they're not yet complete but in a few they're not yet complete but in a few years we'll have some robust systems for years we'll have some robust systems for years we'll have some robust systems for doing this and uh one for you Bruce and and this and uh one for you Bruce and and this and uh one for you Bruce and and maybe David as well um do you think the maybe David as well um do you think the maybe David as well um do you think the importance of soil importance of soil importance of soil ecosystems uh particularly in highly ecosystems uh particularly in highly ecosystems uh particularly in highly urbanized environments are being well urbanized environments are being well urbanized environments are being well translated to the public outside of translated to the public outside of translated to the public outside of policy that's uh from San Booth probably the short answer is is Booth probably the short answer is is Booth probably the short answer is is know um but I think there are some know um but I think there are some know um but I think there are some really good initiatives and I've seen um really good initiatives and I've seen um really good initiatives and I've seen um from landscape architect practices Etc from landscape architect practices Etc from landscape architect practices Etc some some um some some um some some um Urban they're not really sort of urban Urban they're not really sort of urban Urban they're not really sort of urban Greening but but slight small scale Greening but but slight small scale Greening but but slight small scale changes to Urban environments that bring changes to Urban environments that bring changes to Urban environments that bring nature and the natural world into that nature and the natural world into that nature and the natural world into that system um in a in a you know really system um in a in a you know really system um in a in a you know really integrated manner so not not a sort of a integrated manner so not not a sort of a integrated manner so not not a sort of a separate Fen off Park um you know and separate Fen off Park um you know and separate Fen off Park um you know and and I didn't show but an example um that and I didn't show but an example um that and I didn't show but an example um that I I came across to the landscape I I came across to the landscape I I came across to the landscape Institute when I was judging some awards Institute when I was judging some awards Institute when I was judging some awards there which was a brilliant um scheme in there which was a brilliant um scheme in there which was a brilliant um scheme in Liverpool um and they were able to um Liverpool um and they were able to um Liverpool um and they were able to um ruce their design um but they did it uh ruce their design um but they did it uh ruce their design um but they did it uh in collaboration with local community in collaboration with local community in collaboration with local community they got the local community involved in they got the local community involved in they got the local community involved in the in the build the planting um the the the in the build the planting um the the the in the build the planting um the the management of those green areas um and management of those green areas um and management of those green areas um and their view is that there was a you know their view is that there was a you know their view is that there was a you know a sea change in the um perception of a sea change in the um perception of a sea change in the um perception of soils and the natural world in that soils and the natural world in that soils and the natural world in that Community as result of that but that's Community as result of that but that's Community as result of that but that's that was small scale and I I would that was small scale and I I would that was small scale and I I would definitely say there's much much more to definitely say there's much much more to definitely say there's much much more to do on that yes we we found fantastic do on that yes we we found fantastic do on that yes we we found fantastic responses to what we call carbon capture responses to what we call carbon capture responses to what we call carbon capture Gardens working with local community Gardens working with local community Gardens working with local community groups with people like groundwork groups with people like groundwork groups with people like groundwork involved for um helping them continue involved for um helping them continue involved for um helping them continue once they''re been created uh they've once they''re been created uh they've once they''re been created uh they've been fantastic for reaching out to a been fantastic for reaching out to a been fantastic for reaching out to a very wide community and raising very wide community and raising very wide community and raising awareness and developing interest and awareness and developing interest and awareness and developing interest and they take a bit of carbon out of the they take a bit of carbon out of the they take a bit of carbon out of the atmosphere at the same time great thank you uh and probably time for great thank you uh and probably time for great thank you uh and probably time for one more question from um jam leine one more question from um jam leine one more question from um jam leine sorry if I've pronounced that wrong um sorry if I've pronounced that wrong um sorry if I've pronounced that wrong um they say they're from Algeria and the they say they're from Algeria and the they say they're from Algeria and the majority of the soils are localized in majority of the soils are localized in majority of the soils are localized in the Sahara in the South their question the Sahara in the South their question the Sahara in the South their question which is quite a big question uh how can which is quite a big question uh how can which is quite a big question uh how can we make those soils productive and we make those soils productive and we make those soils productive and capture more um more carbon that's a big question and it carbon that's a big question and it carbon that's a big question and it would take quite a long time to answer would take quite a long time to answer would take quite a long time to answer it but the um uh there are things which it but the um uh there are things which it but the um uh there are things which are happening with the use of these are happening with the use of these are happening with the use of these crushed rocks for example in subsaharan crushed rocks for example in subsaharan crushed rocks for example in subsaharan Africa uh where there are improvements Africa uh where there are improvements Africa uh where there are improvements being observed there but the critical being observed there but the critical being observed there but the critical thing is how do you manage organic thing is how do you manage organic thing is how do you manage organic matter and water on top of that it's matter and water on top of that it's matter and water on top of that it's easy to find the Rocks relatively easy to find the Rocks relatively easy to find the Rocks relatively speaking but it's the organic matter and speaking but it's the organic matter and speaking but it's the organic matter and the water which would be the key things the water which would be the key things the water which would be the key things to have sources of it does make better to have sources of it does make better to have sources of it does make better use of water and it can make better use use of water and it can make better use use of water and it can make better use of organic matter so there are win-wins of organic matter so there are win-wins of organic matter so there are win-wins here but that would be a difficult here but that would be a difficult here but that would be a difficult question to answer question to answer question to answer briefly thanks briefly thanks briefly thanks um so we are just um about to finish up um so we are just um about to finish up um so we are just um about to finish up at 1:00 on time so um thank you all so at 1:00 on time so um thank you all so at 1:00 on time so um thank you all so much for your questions and I'm sure if much for your questions and I'm sure if much for your questions and I'm sure if there were any that I missed we might be there were any that I missed we might be there were any that I missed we might be able to um get the speakers to go back able to um get the speakers to go back able to um get the speakers to go back to you uh so on behalf of bsq I'd like to you uh so on behalf of bsq I'd like to you uh so on behalf of bsq I'd like to express our thanks again to David uh to express our thanks again to David uh to express our thanks again to David uh Bruce and Megan um uh for coming along Bruce and Megan um uh for coming along Bruce and Megan um uh for coming along to support the event today thank you all to support the event today thank you all to support the event today thank you all for attending you'll find a quick for attending you'll find a quick for attending you'll find a quick feedback survey when you leave the feedback survey when you leave the feedback survey when you leave the webinar which we hope you'll take the webinar which we hope you'll take the webinar which we hope you'll take the time to complete time to complete time to complete uh the recording of This webinar will uh the recording of This webinar will uh the recording of This webinar will also be available after the event on our also be available after the event on our also be available after the event on our YouTube channel uh and for those Keen YouTube channel uh and for those Keen YouTube channel uh and for those Keen beans our next webinar is um on the beans our next webinar is um on the beans our next webinar is um on the European European Journal of soil European European Journal of soil European European Journal of soil science as it marks its 75th Anniversary science as it marks its 75th Anniversary science as it marks its 75th Anniversary featuring one of its articles on EU featuring one of its articles on EU featuring one of its articles on EU funded soil projects and this will take funded soil projects and this will take funded soil projects and this will take place on Wednesday 7th of February more place on Wednesday 7th of February more place on Wednesday 7th of February more details about how to register will uh be details about how to register will uh be details about how to register will uh be in the follow-up email and on the events in the follow-up email and on the events in the follow-up email and on the events page of the BS Cube website thank you so page of the BS Cube website thank you so page of the BS Cube website thank you so much for attending um and we hope to see much for attending um and we hope to see much for attending um and we hope to see you again<br /> }}</div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Zoom_into_Soil:_Contaminated_Soils_and_the_Impact_on_Human_Health&diff=11788 2026-05-29T14:07:08Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Ajoute les transcriptions YouTube aux pages vidéo qui n&#039;en ont pas - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/435</p> <hr /> <div>{{vidéo<br /> | Titre = Zoom into Soil: Contaminated Soils and the Impact on Human Health<br /> | Producteur = British Society of Soil Science<br /> | Vignette = Thumbnail_youtube_YuzhZCGfewc.jpg<br /> | Date de mise en ligne = 2024-04-04<br /> | Durée = 59 minutes<br /> | Production = <br /> | Vidéo = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YuzhZCGfewc<br /> | Intervenants 0 = Graham O’Mahony<br /> | Intervenants 1 = Margaret Oliver<br /> | Mots-clés = NBSOIL<br /> }}<br /> <br /> In this webinar, Graham O’Mahony, Chair of the UK Asbestos Training Association (UKATA), and Margaret Oliver, BSSS Honorary Member, discuss contaminated soils and the impact on human health.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Our first speaker is Graham O’Mahony who talks about the following topics: Asbestos In soils – Finding it!; Asbestos Contamination – General Sources; Types of contamination; Training – Geo-Technical; How it’s found? - Preliminary Assessment - Main Survey; Results; Case study.<br /> <br /> Graham O’Mahony has worked in the asbestos industry for over 20 years with roles including 'Building Surveyor' for the local authority, managing their asbestos issues. For nearly 30 years, he has worked in the construction industry. Since leaving the public sector, Graham has worked as an asbestos training consultant, dealing with all aspects of asbestos training, and assisting clients in all matters relating to asbestos, including contaminated land and land remediation. Graham is the managing director of Asbestos Training Limited and is also the chairman of UKATA.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Our second speaker is Margaret Oliver who is a BSSS Honorary Member. Margaret's research interests have included the application of a wide range of numerical and geostatistical methods to soil and other data including pollen counts, forestry, radon emission, remotely sensed imagery, precision agriculture and the incidence of childhood cancer. Specific interests were in sample design for spatial analysis and eventual mapping, risk analysis associated with prescribed thresholds in relation to soil pollutants or deficiencies of crop nutrients, and the relations between different scales of spatial variation. She has published over 100 reviewed academic papers and has also made several contributions to books.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> The British Society of Soil Science is an established international membership organisation and charity committed to the study of soil in its widest aspects. https://soils.org.uk/<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{Pages liées}}<br /> <br /> {{Transcription<br /> | transcription = good morning everyone uh and welcome to good morning everyone uh and welcome to good morning everyone uh and welcome to the webinar I'm Bruce asels uh past the webinar I'm Bruce asels uh past the webinar I'm Bruce asels uh past president of the British Society of s president of the British Society of s president of the British Society of s science um and I'm delighted to welcome science um and I'm delighted to welcome science um and I'm delighted to welcome you all to our fourth webinar of the you all to our fourth webinar of the you all to our fourth webinar of the year before I welcome our presenters I'd year before I welcome our presenters I'd year before I welcome our presenters I'd like to introduce the British Society of like to introduce the British Society of like to introduce the British Society of s science um as hosts of today's webinar s science um as hosts of today's webinar s science um as hosts of today's webinar or a BS cued as we're more uh commonly or a BS cued as we're more uh commonly or a BS cued as we're more uh commonly known we're an established International known we're an established International known we're an established International membership organization and charity membership organization and charity membership organization and charity committed to the study of soil in its committed to the study of soil in its committed to the study of soil in its widest aspects we BR together those widest aspects we BR together those widest aspects we BR together those working within Academia uh and also have working within Academia uh and also have working within Academia uh and also have a growing membership amongst a growing membership amongst a growing membership amongst practitioners implementing s science in practitioners implementing s science in practitioners implementing s science in Industry as well as those with a keen Industry as well as those with a keen Industry as well as those with a keen interest in interest in interest in soils we plan to host a total of 10 soils we plan to host a total of 10 soils we plan to host a total of 10 webinars during 2024 so so do please webinars during 2024 so so do please webinars during 2024 so so do please keep an eye out on our website for for keep an eye out on our website for for keep an eye out on our website for for further details of uh future further details of uh future further details of uh future events um and before we begin just some events um and before we begin just some events um and before we begin just some basic housekeeping um because there are basic housekeeping um because there are basic housekeeping um because there are so many of you here today all your so many of you here today all your so many of you here today all your microphones have been muted um we will microphones have been muted um we will microphones have been muted um we will be taking questions after we've heard be taking questions after we've heard be taking questions after we've heard from both presenters uh and we'll be from both presenters uh and we'll be from both presenters uh and we'll be monitoring these throughout the webinar monitoring these throughout the webinar monitoring these throughout the webinar so if you could please uh submit any so if you could please uh submit any so if you could please uh submit any questions you have by 1250 if possible questions you have by 1250 if possible questions you have by 1250 if possible uh to allow us to get through as many uh uh to allow us to get through as many uh uh to allow us to get through as many uh as we can before we close at one as we can before we close at one as we can before we close at one o' um there is a raise your hand button o' um there is a raise your hand button o' um there is a raise your hand button but we won't be using this uh unless the but we won't be using this uh unless the but we won't be using this uh unless the presenter specifically ask for a show of presenter specifically ask for a show of presenter specifically ask for a show of hands uh and today's presentation has hands uh and today's presentation has hands uh and today's presentation has also been awarded basis and nroo CPD also been awarded basis and nroo CPD also been awarded basis and nroo CPD points uh so if you're registered with points uh so if you're registered with points uh so if you're registered with either body please contact us directly either body please contact us directly either body please contact us directly after the after the after the event um and finally Please be aware event um and finally Please be aware event um and finally Please be aware that we are recording today's that we are recording today's that we are recording today's presentation so uh I would like to presentation so uh I would like to presentation so uh I would like to introduce our first presenter gra Mani introduce our first presenter gra Mani introduce our first presenter gra Mani gra has worked in the asbestos IND gra has worked in the asbestos IND gra has worked in the asbestos IND industry for over 20 years with roles industry for over 20 years with roles industry for over 20 years with roles including building surveyor for local including building surveyor for local including building surveyor for local Authority managing their asbestos issues Authority managing their asbestos issues Authority managing their asbestos issues and for nearly 30 years he's work worked and for nearly 30 years he's work worked and for nearly 30 years he's work worked in the construction in the construction in the construction industry his career started as a gas industry his career started as a gas industry his career started as a gas engineer uh and then qualifying as a engineer uh and then qualifying as a engineer uh and then qualifying as a building surveyor before heading up the building surveyor before heading up the building surveyor before heading up the asbestos surveying and management asbestos surveying and management asbestos surveying and management department for a local Authority in the department for a local Authority in the department for a local Authority in the 1990s since leaving the public sector 1990s since leaving the public sector 1990s since leaving the public sector grahe has worked as an asbestos training grahe has worked as an asbestos training grahe has worked as an asbestos training Consulting consultant dealing with all Consulting consultant dealing with all Consulting consultant dealing with all aspects of asbestos training and aspects of asbestos training and aspects of asbestos training and assisting clients in all matters assisting clients in all matters assisting clients in all matters relating to asbest offs including relating to asbest offs including relating to asbest offs including contaminated land uh and land contaminated land uh and land contaminated land uh and land remediation Gra is the managing director remediation Gra is the managing director remediation Gra is the managing director of asof training limited and is also the of asof training limited and is also the of asof training limited and is also the chairman of UK ATA so over to yourself chairman of UK ATA so over to yourself chairman of UK ATA so over to yourself ran okay good afternoon everybody um and ran okay good afternoon everybody um and ran okay good afternoon everybody um and thank you Bruce for this kind thank you Bruce for this kind thank you Bruce for this kind introduction and for giving me the introduction and for giving me the introduction and for giving me the opportunity to present um this webinar opportunity to present um this webinar opportunity to present um this webinar um I'll get started so for many years in um I'll get started so for many years in um I'll get started so for many years in the UK um the Asus industry is the UK um the Asus industry is the UK um the Asus industry is concentrated on identifying um asbest concentrated on identifying um asbest concentrated on identifying um asbest obviously in buildings and that's been obviously in buildings and that's been obviously in buildings and that's been the case um since the early 2000s and the case um since the early 2000s and the case um since the early 2000s and before so all the guidance and before so all the guidance and before so all the guidance and instructions revolve around ASP as instructions revolve around ASP as instructions revolve around ASP as containing materials in buildings containing materials in buildings containing materials in buildings protecting the most at risk the protecting the most at risk the protecting the most at risk the construction and maintenance workers construction and maintenance workers construction and maintenance workers however over recent years it's become however over recent years it's become however over recent years it's become apparent that asbest has been found apparent that asbest has been found apparent that asbest has been found within the ground historical dumping within the ground historical dumping within the ground historical dumping reuse during demolition many years ago reuse during demolition many years ago reuse during demolition many years ago these sites are now going through a these sites are now going through a these sites are now going through a revamp and reuse and the legacy of revamp and reuse and the legacy of revamp and reuse and the legacy of asbest um seems to be rearing up again asbest um seems to be rearing up again asbest um seems to be rearing up again so my webinars to give you a brief and I so my webinars to give you a brief and I so my webinars to give you a brief and I will keep it brief everybody will keep it brief everybody will keep it brief everybody understanding of how it can be found and understanding of how it can be found and understanding of how it can be found and what methods are used um by the industry what methods are used um by the industry what methods are used um by the industry to identify to identify to identify asvestas so this is what I'll be uh asvestas so this is what I'll be uh asvestas so this is what I'll be uh covering today um I am on quite a tight covering today um I am on quite a tight covering today um I am on quite a tight time link so um I will be sort of time link so um I will be sort of time link so um I will be sort of speeding through it um there's there's speeding through it um there's there's speeding through it um there's there's quite a lot to talk about but uh quite a lot to talk about but uh quite a lot to talk about but uh obviously my time frame is is limited obviously my time frame is is limited obviously my time frame is is limited today so we'll have a look at the today so we'll have a look at the today so we'll have a look at the general sources of contamination how general sources of contamination how general sources of contamination how it's occurred we'll look at the types of it's occurred we'll look at the types of it's occurred we'll look at the types of contamination that we could come across contamination that we could come across contamination that we could come across um whether that be product or whether um whether that be product or whether um whether that be product or whether that be free fiber contamination um I that be free fiber contamination um I that be free fiber contamination um I just want to touch on training for just want to touch on training for just want to touch on training for geotechnical employees because I know in geotechnical employees because I know in geotechnical employees because I know in the past most of you have probably done the past most of you have probably done the past most of you have probably done aspis awareness training however that uh aspis awareness training however that uh aspis awareness training however that uh there are there are specific courses there are there are specific courses there are there are specific courses aimed at geotechnical um staff so we to aimed at geotechnical um staff so we to aimed at geotechnical um staff so we to look have a look at that um and then of look have a look at that um and then of look have a look at that um and then of course uh how it's found so we'll have a course uh how it's found so we'll have a course uh how it's found so we'll have a look at this sort of guidance document look at this sort of guidance document look at this sort of guidance document hsg 248 that was produced a few years hsg 248 that was produced a few years hsg 248 that was produced a few years ago which will look at um the two sort ago which will look at um the two sort ago which will look at um the two sort of aspects prelimary assessment and then of aspects prelimary assessment and then of aspects prelimary assessment and then the main survey and then the results the main survey and then the results the main survey and then the results from that so um what what type of from that so um what what type of from that so um what what type of results Could you actually find but results Could you actually find but results Could you actually find but again very very briefly if I do get time again very very briefly if I do get time again very very briefly if I do get time um I've got a very brief case study I um I've got a very brief case study I um I've got a very brief case study I was involved in a number of years was involved in a number of years was involved in a number of years ago which I'd I'd like to sort of share ago which I'd I'd like to sort of share ago which I'd I'd like to sort of share with you so that it's not all bad news with you so that it's not all bad news with you so that it's not all bad news sometimes it can be uh you know there's sometimes it can be uh you know there's sometimes it can be uh you know there's ways around it that uh can U um you know ways around it that uh can U um you know ways around it that uh can U um you know deal with the aspects in a safe and uh deal with the aspects in a safe and uh deal with the aspects in a safe and uh cost-effective manner so if we have a cost-effective manner so if we have a cost-effective manner so if we have a look at the contamination that we we we look at the contamination that we we we look at the contamination that we we we could actually find in the ground could actually find in the ground could actually find in the ground so um ACM for those of you who don't so um ACM for those of you who don't so um ACM for those of you who don't know aspes is containing material uh know aspes is containing material uh know aspes is containing material uh most of the products that you can see on most of the products that you can see on most of the products that you can see on screen are normally going to be found in screen are normally going to be found in screen are normally going to be found in buildings so very quickly as as the buildings so very quickly as as the buildings so very quickly as as the cement um corrugated roof sheets is cement um corrugated roof sheets is cement um corrugated roof sheets is probably the most common thing that probably the most common thing that probably the most common thing that everybody Associates it with um but it everybody Associates it with um but it everybody Associates it with um but it can be flu pipes it can be a number a can be flu pipes it can be a number a can be flu pipes it can be a number a number of other building products aspe number of other building products aspe number of other building products aspe insallation board or aib as it's insallation board or aib as it's insallation board or aib as it's commonly known um that would be used for commonly known um that would be used for commonly known um that would be used for its fire protection properties um found its fire protection properties um found its fire protection properties um found in domestic and commercial buildings in domestic and commercial buildings in domestic and commercial buildings insulation boilers pip work chlori insulation boilers pip work chlori insulation boilers pip work chlori textiles for again for heat insulation textiles for again for heat insulation textiles for again for heat insulation and and preventing the spread of fire uh and and preventing the spread of fire uh and and preventing the spread of fire uh loose aspes fibers so we could come loose aspes fibers so we could come loose aspes fibers so we could come across in the ground sort of just raw across in the ground sort of just raw across in the ground sort of just raw aspas fibers and then a mixture of VAR aspas fibers and then a mixture of VAR aspas fibers and then a mixture of VAR various different acms excuse me um but various different acms excuse me um but various different acms excuse me um but the thing to say about this is that all the thing to say about this is that all the thing to say about this is that all of those products um generally in most of those products um generally in most of those products um generally in most cases originated from internally within cases originated from internally within cases originated from internally within a building so the question's got to be a building so the question's got to be a building so the question's got to be how do they find their way obviously how do they find their way obviously how do they find their way obviously into the ground now there are a few into the ground now there are a few into the ground now there are a few exceptions to this where we can find exceptions to this where we can find exceptions to this where we can find manufacturing plants that have manufacturing plants that have manufacturing plants that have manufactured such products but if we manufactured such products but if we manufactured such products but if we have a look at um some of the the have a look at um some of the the have a look at um some of the the typical materials that we could come typical materials that we could come typical materials that we could come across uh first one is aspes of cement across uh first one is aspes of cement across uh first one is aspes of cement so on screen there in the middle you can so on screen there in the middle you can so on screen there in the middle you can see part excavation see part excavation see part excavation they've come across some product uh we they've come across some product uh we they've come across some product uh we refer to this as product contamination refer to this as product contamination refer to this as product contamination it's quite visible it's quite easy to it's quite visible it's quite easy to it's quite visible it's quite easy to spot it's quite easy to identify and spot it's quite easy to identify and spot it's quite easy to identify and then most organizations will generally then most organizations will generally then most organizations will generally work on a reactive approach to uh work on a reactive approach to uh work on a reactive approach to uh dealing with that um asess cement dealing with that um asess cement dealing with that um asess cement generally 10 to 15% asbest so uh low generally 10 to 15% asbest so uh low generally 10 to 15% asbest so uh low content lower risk on the scale of um content lower risk on the scale of um content lower risk on the scale of um the hierarchy of the hierarchy of the hierarchy of asbest next one is asbest insulation asbest next one is asbest insulation asbest next one is asbest insulation insulation board or insulating board uh insulation board or insulating board uh insulation board or insulating board uh aib in the middle there you can see it's aib in the middle there you can see it's aib in the middle there you can see it's a bit more fibrous than the asbest a bit more fibrous than the asbest a bit more fibrous than the asbest cement so has a higher potential to cement so has a higher potential to cement so has a higher potential to release fibers has a higher percentage release fibers has a higher percentage release fibers has a higher percentage of asvestas as well but again probably of asvestas as well but again probably of asvestas as well but again probably found from offcuts or um products that found from offcuts or um products that found from offcuts or um products that were found um come out of a building as were found um come out of a building as were found um come out of a building as part of that construction project and as part of that construction project and as part of that construction project and as such um found their way into the ground such um found their way into the ground such um found their way into the ground high-risk ACM generally worked on by high-risk ACM generally worked on by high-risk ACM generally worked on by licensable asbest uh or licensed licensable asbest uh or licensed licensable asbest uh or licensed contractor shall I say insulation quite contractor shall I say insulation quite contractor shall I say insulation quite rare to find aspes insulation loose rare to find aspes insulation loose rare to find aspes insulation loose insulation very high risk with a very insulation very high risk with a very insulation very high risk with a very high percentage of aspa content looks high percentage of aspa content looks high percentage of aspa content looks harmless looks a bit like fluffy sort of harmless looks a bit like fluffy sort of harmless looks a bit like fluffy sort of cotton to be fair but uh normally would cotton to be fair but uh normally would cotton to be fair but uh normally would have been found from a a manufacturing have been found from a a manufacturing have been found from a a manufacturing plant who was using insulation or M plant who was using insulation or M plant who was using insulation or M making insulation that it's just found making insulation that it's just found making insulation that it's just found its way as into the ground and being its way as into the ground and being its way as into the ground and being dumped into the dumped into the dumped into the ground this one's a random pict really ground this one's a random pict really ground this one's a random pict really it sort of pretty much shows just all it sort of pretty much shows just all it sort of pretty much shows just all random types of aspect as containing random types of aspect as containing random types of aspect as containing materials and they range from the full materials and they range from the full materials and they range from the full hierarchy from the lowrisk products such hierarchy from the lowrisk products such hierarchy from the lowrisk products such as resin based products uh such as Flor as resin based products uh such as Flor as resin based products uh such as Flor tiles systens right through to high risk tiles systens right through to high risk tiles systens right through to high risk products such as aspes insulating board products such as aspes insulating board products such as aspes insulating board insulation and possibly even some of the insulation and possibly even some of the insulation and possibly even some of the worst kinds such as uh coins Etc worst kinds such as uh coins Etc worst kinds such as uh coins Etc um buried uh dumped covered over um buried uh dumped covered over um buried uh dumped covered over landscaped over easy option really out landscaped over easy option really out landscaped over easy option really out of sight out of mind and it just sits of sight out of mind and it just sits of sight out of mind and it just sits there for many many years not causing there for many many years not causing there for many many years not causing anybody any problem until we start to anybody any problem until we start to anybody any problem until we start to agitate agitate agitate it um this one um Can you spot the it um this one um Can you spot the it um this one um Can you spot the asbest this here so again this is asbest this here so again this is asbest this here so again this is partway through excavation so um in partway through excavation so um in partway through excavation so um in right in the middle of the screen you'll right in the middle of the screen you'll right in the middle of the screen you'll see a thin Edge probably about five to see a thin Edge probably about five to see a thin Edge probably about five to sort of eight millimeters in thickness sort of eight millimeters in thickness sort of eight millimeters in thickness that is asbest as cement obviously where that is asbest as cement obviously where that is asbest as cement obviously where the bucket is um come through and it's the bucket is um come through and it's the bucket is um come through and it's broken Bren away the piece of broken Bren away the piece of broken Bren away the piece of asbestos some of it is obviously gone asbestos some of it is obviously gone asbestos some of it is obviously gone into the bucket some remains there and into the bucket some remains there and into the bucket some remains there and these are sort of things that we need to these are sort of things that we need to these are sort of things that we need to spot certainly when Excavating and spot certainly when Excavating and spot certainly when Excavating and dealing with soils um as part of dealing with soils um as part of dealing with soils um as part of construction or part of regeneration construction or part of regeneration construction or part of regeneration projects projects projects Etc and lastly is some old pipes maybe Etc and lastly is some old pipes maybe Etc and lastly is some old pipes maybe aspa cement or pitch fiber pipes aspa cement or pitch fiber pipes aspa cement or pitch fiber pipes possibly installed many many years ago possibly installed many many years ago possibly installed many many years ago and now coming to light during and now coming to light during and now coming to light during excavation or maybe they've come to the excavation or maybe they've come to the excavation or maybe they've come to the end of life so as as you seen the end of life so as as you seen the end of life so as as you seen the majority of what we find uh product wise majority of what we find uh product wise majority of what we find uh product wise uh acms we generally refer to this as uh acms we generally refer to this as uh acms we generally refer to this as product contamination often visible and product contamination often visible and product contamination often visible and identifiable by undertaking a visual identifiable by undertaking a visual identifiable by undertaking a visual inspection I can't show the other type inspection I can't show the other type inspection I can't show the other type of contamination that you may come of contamination that you may come of contamination that you may come across as we can't see it um this is across as we can't see it um this is across as we can't see it um this is known as free fiber contamination can't known as free fiber contamination can't known as free fiber contamination can't be seen with uh can't be seen with an be seen with uh can't be seen with an be seen with uh can't be seen with an naked eye so we need a microscope and naked eye so we need a microscope and naked eye so we need a microscope and labor analysis some of this is leeched labor analysis some of this is leeched labor analysis some of this is leeched out of asbest as products some of it as out of asbest as products some of it as out of asbest as products some of it as um natural occur in which Margaret will um natural occur in which Margaret will um natural occur in which Margaret will speak to you about a little bit speak to you about a little bit speak to you about a little bit later so how could it become later so how could it become later so how could it become contaminated well there's various contaminated well there's various contaminated well there's various different ways it's probably the most uh different ways it's probably the most uh different ways it's probably the most uh the most common that I tend to find is the most common that I tend to find is the most common that I tend to find is probably from previous demolished probably from previous demolished probably from previous demolished buildings or structures that have had uh buildings or structures that have had uh buildings or structures that have had uh uh a regeneration 30 40 50 60 years ago uh a regeneration 30 40 50 60 years ago uh a regeneration 30 40 50 60 years ago or Beyond but there are other Roots fly or Beyond but there are other Roots fly or Beyond but there are other Roots fly tipping dumping Factory waste uh formal tipping dumping Factory waste uh formal tipping dumping Factory waste uh formal waste disposal sites there's a site on waste disposal sites there's a site on waste disposal sites there's a site on in the UK the moment that they're in the UK the moment that they're in the UK the moment that they're actually testing the ground and they are actually testing the ground and they are actually testing the ground and they are boring through percussion boring through boring through percussion boring through boring through percussion boring through the ground through an old um waste the ground through an old um waste the ground through an old um waste disposal site one of which is known to disposal site one of which is known to disposal site one of which is known to be an asbest site and of course the be an asbest site and of course the be an asbest site and of course the levels coming up from that of the the levels coming up from that of the the levels coming up from that of the the analysis are showing quite High readings analysis are showing quite High readings analysis are showing quite High readings uh regarding asbest so there's many many uh regarding asbest so there's many many uh regarding asbest so there's many many ways obviously the soil how the soil has ways obviously the soil how the soil has ways obviously the soil how the soil has become become become contaminated um so from a ukata contaminated um so from a ukata contaminated um so from a ukata perspective uh um training for perspective uh um training for perspective uh um training for geotechnical employees where aspes is geotechnical employees where aspes is geotechnical employees where aspes is known or lik to be disturbed whether known or lik to be disturbed whether known or lik to be disturbed whether that be free fiber or prodct that be free fiber or prodct that be free fiber or prodct contamination the control of aspes contamination the control of aspes contamination the control of aspes regulations 2012 will apply these regulations 2012 will apply these regulations 2012 will apply these regulations are quite complex and I regulations are quite complex and I regulations are quite complex and I don't have the time today to go through don't have the time today to go through don't have the time today to go through all of them however there are sort of all of them however there are sort of all of them however there are sort of three key regulations um regulation 11 three key regulations um regulation 11 three key regulations um regulation 11 employers responsibility to prevent employers responsibility to prevent employers responsibility to prevent exposure to employees regulation 16 exposure to employees regulation 16 exposure to employees regulation 16 which is employers responsibility to which is employers responsibility to which is employers responsibility to prevent the spread of asvestas and then prevent the spread of asvestas and then prevent the spread of asvestas and then this one regulation 10 so I quickly this one regulation 10 so I quickly this one regulation 10 so I quickly touch on regulation touch on regulation touch on regulation 11 regulation 11 uh puts nness on 11 regulation 11 uh puts nness on 11 regulation 11 uh puts nness on employers to prevent exposure to employers to prevent exposure to employers to prevent exposure to employees so if we allowed employees to employees so if we allowed employees to employees so if we allowed employees to um knowingly disturb asvestas or disturb um knowingly disturb asvestas or disturb um knowingly disturb asvestas or disturb asvestas and um there is a release there asvestas and um there is a release there asvestas and um there is a release there is an exposure then that's a breach of is an exposure then that's a breach of is an exposure then that's a breach of Regulation 11 if again equally under Regulation 11 if again equally under Regulation 11 if again equally under regulation 16 if we knowingly uh allow regulation 16 if we knowingly uh allow regulation 16 if we knowingly uh allow people to disturb asbest then of course people to disturb asbest then of course people to disturb asbest then of course there could be a spread of as veres there could be a spread of as veres there could be a spread of as veres other people could be affected by that other people could be affected by that other people could be affected by that and of course we all pretty much we're and of course we all pretty much we're and of course we all pretty much we're all aware of the health effects and what all aware of the health effects and what all aware of the health effects and what the health effect could be for aspes the health effect could be for aspes the health effect could be for aspes exposure regulation 10 however uh breaks exposure regulation 10 however uh breaks exposure regulation 10 however uh breaks this down into three categories for this down into three categories for this down into three categories for training most of you would probably have training most of you would probably have training most of you would probably have undertaken aspectus awareness training undertaken aspectus awareness training undertaken aspectus awareness training but lot of sites won't let you on but lot of sites won't let you on but lot of sites won't let you on without a ukat aspectus awareness without a ukat aspectus awareness without a ukat aspectus awareness training is a typic um there is also a training is a typic um there is also a training is a typic um there is also a non-licensed training they're also non-licensed training they're also non-licensed training they're also licensed training um over the years I've licensed training um over the years I've licensed training um over the years I've found that um a number of geotechnical found that um a number of geotechnical found that um a number of geotechnical employees have requested um additional employees have requested um additional employees have requested um additional training to asb's awareness where they training to asb's awareness where they training to asb's awareness where they are knowingly disturbing asvestas or are knowingly disturbing asvestas or are knowingly disturbing asvestas or likely to disturb asvestas and of course likely to disturb asvestas and of course likely to disturb asvestas and of course as such a course was put together a as such a course was put together a as such a course was put together a number of years ago this has now pretty number of years ago this has now pretty number of years ago this has now pretty much been agreed with ukata so it's an much been agreed with ukata so it's an much been agreed with ukata so it's an act it's a ukata certificated course act it's a ukata certificated course act it's a ukata certificated course specific for geotechnical workers what specific for geotechnical workers what specific for geotechnical workers what it does it basically removes things like it does it basically removes things like it does it basically removes things like the the vacuum cleaner that uh uh the the vacuum cleaner that uh uh the the vacuum cleaner that uh uh building would use inside a uh domestic building would use inside a uh domestic building would use inside a uh domestic property or commercial property property or commercial property property or commercial property undertaken asbest as work it remove undertaken asbest as work it remove undertaken asbest as work it remove certain sections that won't be required certain sections that won't be required certain sections that won't be required by geotechnical staff U what it does by geotechnical staff U what it does by geotechnical staff U what it does cover on uh cover in particular uh cover on uh cover in particular uh cover on uh cover in particular uh control methods for um the prevention of control methods for um the prevention of control methods for um the prevention of the spread and prevention exposure it the spread and prevention exposure it the spread and prevention exposure it also covers things like decontamination also covers things like decontamination also covers things like decontamination some of you may be familiar with this um some of you may be familiar with this um some of you may be familiar with this um decontamination units on site red zones decontamination units on site red zones decontamination units on site red zones green zones and then of course RP and PP green zones and then of course RP and PP green zones and then of course RP and PP and the left there you can see the and the left there you can see the and the left there you can see the certificate uh provided by certificate uh provided by certificate uh provided by ukata so how do we find this um so as a ukata so how do we find this um so as a ukata so how do we find this um so as a requirement and of car 2012 as Fest need requirement and of car 2012 as Fest need requirement and of car 2012 as Fest need to be identified and considered where it to be identified and considered where it to be identified and considered where it could be disturbed by sampling or ground could be disturbed by sampling or ground could be disturbed by sampling or ground Works should we call it survey um may Works should we call it survey um may Works should we call it survey um may not require an actual survey though so not require an actual survey though so not require an actual survey though so you can see the aims of that uh survey you can see the aims of that uh survey you can see the aims of that uh survey as is stated there where it occurs what as is stated there where it occurs what as is stated there where it occurs what forms types of asvestas and how forms types of asvestas and how forms types of asvestas and how frequently they occur now frequently they occur now frequently they occur now the um the survey or assessment um it's the um the survey or assessment um it's the um the survey or assessment um it's broken down into two key elements so broken down into two key elements so broken down into two key elements so first thing we've got is the prelimary first thing we've got is the prelimary first thing we've got is the prelimary assessment often referred to as a assessment often referred to as a assessment often referred to as a desktop exercise uh and the second desktop exercise uh and the second desktop exercise uh and the second obviously is the main survey the desktop obviously is the main survey the desktop obviously is the main survey the desktop exercise does become quite an important exercise does become quite an important exercise does become quite an important part of the assessment the desktop is to part of the assessment the desktop is to part of the assessment the desktop is to ascertain if there's a likely presence ascertain if there's a likely presence ascertain if there's a likely presence of as on the site this will look at the of as on the site this will look at the of as on the site this will look at the uses the historical use of the site what uses the historical use of the site what uses the historical use of the site what the site was B previously uh was it an the site was B previously uh was it an the site was B previously uh was it an industrial site did the business on site industrial site did the business on site industrial site did the business on site use asbest what did they do on the site use asbest what did they do on the site use asbest what did they do on the site did they manufacture products worst case did they manufacture products worst case did they manufacture products worst case did they actually manufacture asbest did they actually manufacture asbest did they actually manufacture asbest products on the site there are a few products on the site there are a few products on the site there are a few areas in the UK that did actually do areas in the UK that did actually do areas in the UK that did actually do this a lot of these sites now are not this a lot of these sites now are not this a lot of these sites now are not accessible uh due to the contamination accessible uh due to the contamination accessible uh due to the contamination levels um and the viability of uh levels um and the viability of uh levels um and the viability of uh cleaning that planning records are great cleaning that planning records are great cleaning that planning records are great source of historical um information source of historical um information source of historical um information about the use of that site certainly about the use of that site certainly about the use of that site certainly with with planning uh Records you can with with planning uh Records you can with with planning uh Records you can start to see what uses the site was uh start to see what uses the site was uh start to see what uses the site was uh uh intended for um what the intended use uh intended for um what the intended use uh intended for um what the intended use of that site is for is there a chance we of that site is for is there a chance we of that site is for is there a chance we could come across asbest could it be could come across asbest could it be could come across asbest could it be left undisturbed could we just leave it left undisturbed could we just leave it left undisturbed could we just leave it um modern day construction techniques um modern day construction techniques um modern day construction techniques now do require us to generally go into now do require us to generally go into now do require us to generally go into the soil into the ground so the soil into the ground so the soil into the ground so unfortunately might not be the case but unfortunately might not be the case but unfortunately might not be the case but could we do um change our construction could we do um change our construction could we do um change our construction techniques to make it um less of a risk techniques to make it um less of a risk techniques to make it um less of a risk what's the likelihood of disturbing what's the likelihood of disturbing what's the likelihood of disturbing aspect on site this is where the aspect on site this is where the aspect on site this is where the preliminary assessment comes into into preliminary assessment comes into into preliminary assessment comes into into play um in the sense that could is is play um in the sense that could is is play um in the sense that could is is there a chance that we could obviously there a chance that we could obviously there a chance that we could obviously come across come across come across asbest for if obviously there is a asbest for if obviously there is a asbest for if obviously there is a chance um that asbest could be found chance um that asbest could be found chance um that asbest could be found then we could then move to a main site then we could then move to a main site then we could then move to a main site survey if by the desktop study it looks survey if by the desktop study it looks survey if by the desktop study it looks like there's not likely to be asbest like there's not likely to be asbest like there's not likely to be asbest then we didn't don't need to move any then we didn't don't need to move any then we didn't don't need to move any further we could just work on a reactive further we could just work on a reactive further we could just work on a reactive approach as we've done for many years approach as we've done for many years approach as we've done for many years that if somebody does excavate and they that if somebody does excavate and they that if somebody does excavate and they do come across aspers um in any analysis do come across aspers um in any analysis do come across aspers um in any analysis or any visual inspection then they can or any visual inspection then they can or any visual inspection then they can stop work and then refer that back if stop work and then refer that back if stop work and then refer that back if however the preliminary assessment does however the preliminary assessment does however the preliminary assessment does identify asers then of course um then we identify asers then of course um then we identify asers then of course um then we need to make maybe think about a main need to make maybe think about a main need to make maybe think about a main site survey broken down into again three site survey broken down into again three site survey broken down into again three aspects first would be a visual surface aspects first would be a visual surface aspects first would be a visual surface survey best way to describe this we to survey best way to describe this we to survey best way to describe this we to walk the walk as they say look and see walk the walk as they say look and see walk the walk as they say look and see if there any visible signs of product if there any visible signs of product if there any visible signs of product contamination noting areas by mapping contamination noting areas by mapping contamination noting areas by mapping out the site uh this may be sufficient out the site uh this may be sufficient out the site uh this may be sufficient based on the previous assessment but based on the previous assessment but based on the previous assessment but normally additional surveying would take normally additional surveying would take normally additional surveying would take place secondly this would then involve place secondly this would then involve place secondly this would then involve depth surveys to again look for Visible depth surveys to again look for Visible depth surveys to again look for Visible product product product contamination um depths can vary depend contamination um depths can vary depend contamination um depths can vary depend on the excavation Works uh spoil is laid on the excavation Works uh spoil is laid on the excavation Works uh spoil is laid out on the sheets and then the surface out on the sheets and then the surface out on the sheets and then the surface spoil is visually inspected and then the spoil is visually inspected and then the spoil is visually inspected and then the final one is depth surveys for fine final one is depth surveys for fine final one is depth surveys for fine non-visible aspa this is the free fiber non-visible aspa this is the free fiber non-visible aspa this is the free fiber contamination um this would obviously uh contamination um this would obviously uh contamination um this would obviously uh for surface would normally involve for surface would normally involve for surface would normally involve taking an area of a me squared 10 to 20 taking an area of a me squared 10 to 20 taking an area of a me squared 10 to 20 millimet should we say of a depth and millimet should we say of a depth and millimet should we say of a depth and retaining a one liter sample for depth retaining a one liter sample for depth retaining a one liter sample for depth samples uh depending on the project um samples uh depending on the project um samples uh depending on the project um that dictates that normally about 500 that dictates that normally about 500 that dictates that normally about 500 millimeters so half a meter collecting a millimeters so half a meter collecting a millimeters so half a meter collecting a one to two liter sample samples then one to two liter sample samples then one to two liter sample samples then cone and quartered that's what cone and cone and quartered that's what cone and cone and quartered that's what cone and quartering looks like I'm sure some of quartering looks like I'm sure some of quartering looks like I'm sure some of your members have have done this your members have have done this your members have have done this probably more times than I have so um probably more times than I have so um probably more times than I have so um firstly it's gathered it's flattened firstly it's gathered it's flattened firstly it's gathered it's flattened it's quartered until we get to the size it's quartered until we get to the size it's quartered until we get to the size that we need for the uh for the analysis when taking samples they're due analysis when taking samples they're due analysis when taking samples they're due two general approaches to setting out two general approaches to setting out two general approaches to setting out sample locations sorry I've gone too sample locations sorry I've gone too sample locations sorry I've gone too quick there um these are known as quick there um these are known as quick there um these are known as probability involving random selection probability involving random selection probability involving random selection um and then judgmental sampling these um and then judgmental sampling these um and then judgmental sampling these locations would be based on the locations would be based on the locations would be based on the professional Judgment of surveyor and professional Judgment of surveyor and professional Judgment of surveyor and their knowledge try to seek positive their knowledge try to seek positive their knowledge try to seek positive samples there's a few examples there of samples there's a few examples there of samples there's a few examples there of simple random sampling uh stratified simple random sampling uh stratified simple random sampling uh stratified random sampling and then systematic random sampling and then systematic random sampling and then systematic random sampling and then you got a random sampling and then you got a random sampling and then you got a couple of judgmental um to the bottom of couple of judgmental um to the bottom of couple of judgmental um to the bottom of the bottom of the screen there generally the bottom of the screen there generally the bottom of the screen there generally a minimum of two surface and two depth a minimum of two surface and two depth a minimum of two surface and two depth all samples should always be taken and all samples should always be taken and all samples should always be taken and increase proportionally to the area size increase proportionally to the area size increase proportionally to the area size of the grids uh will be determined by of the grids uh will be determined by of the grids uh will be determined by the site I was recently involved where the site I was recently involved where the site I was recently involved where we set the grids at 10 meters after the we set the grids at 10 meters after the we set the grids at 10 meters after the first round these will reduced um to first round these will reduced um to first round these will reduced um to give a representative sample give a representative sample give a representative sample represented result of the uh of the of represented result of the uh of the of represented result of the uh of the of the site um fly through this one because the site um fly through this one because the site um fly through this one because I'm conscious of time uh just a few I'm conscious of time uh just a few I'm conscious of time uh just a few pictures of tools that generally pictures of tools that generally pictures of tools that generally surveyors or people taking samples would surveyors or people taking samples would surveyors or people taking samples would be required um what happens to samples be required um what happens to samples be required um what happens to samples very quickly sent to a laboratory they very quickly sent to a laboratory they very quickly sent to a laboratory they firstly undertake a visual look at the firstly undertake a visual look at the firstly undertake a visual look at the sample and see if they can find any sample and see if they can find any sample and see if they can find any product product product contamination if no fiber is observed contamination if no fiber is observed contamination if no fiber is observed then they take it to the next level they then they take it to the next level they then they take it to the next level they then take subsamples and then place it then take subsamples and then place it then take subsamples and then place it under microscopes and then hopefully we under microscopes and then hopefully we under microscopes and then hopefully we determine the gravimetric analysis of determine the gravimetric analysis of determine the gravimetric analysis of the actual samples that they've been the actual samples that they've been the actual samples that they've been given given given um additional information just to give um additional information just to give um additional information just to give you an understanding of um the you an understanding of um the you an understanding of um the contamination levels in soil versus the contamination levels in soil versus the contamination levels in soil versus the exposure levels that we could find exposure levels that we could find exposure levels that we could find obviously in the air um Again Margaret obviously in the air um Again Margaret obviously in the air um Again Margaret will mention some of this uh on her talk will mention some of this uh on her talk will mention some of this uh on her talk and once I'm finished and once I'm finished and once I'm finished so when we consider uspest in the soil so when we consider uspest in the soil so when we consider uspest in the soil and is left alone and not agitated there and is left alone and not agitated there and is left alone and not agitated there should not be any risk if it's it's been should not be any risk if it's it's been should not be any risk if it's it's been there and Disturbed for many many years there and Disturbed for many many years there and Disturbed for many many years why would it become a problem however why would it become a problem however why would it become a problem however when we start to move excavate agitate when we start to move excavate agitate when we start to move excavate agitate soil fibers can become airborne and in soil fibers can become airborne and in soil fibers can become airborne and in the UK there are a number of levels of the UK there are a number of levels of the UK there are a number of levels of exposure that we have to consider as exposure that we have to consider as exposure that we have to consider as this is not the root cause for aspes this is not the root cause for aspes this is not the root cause for aspes related diseases sorry as it is the root related diseases sorry as it is the root related diseases sorry as it is the root cause this can be linked to the cause this can be linked to the cause this can be linked to the quantification of the of the levels of quantification of the of the levels of quantification of the of the levels of contamination so in Essence the higher contamination so in Essence the higher contamination so in Essence the higher the levels of asbestos in the soil as a the levels of asbestos in the soil as a the levels of asbestos in the soil as a percentage when agitated this will percentage when agitated this will percentage when agitated this will obviously increase the potential obviously increase the potential obviously increase the potential Airborne fiber concentration this will Airborne fiber concentration this will Airborne fiber concentration this will then in turn increase the the risk of then in turn increase the the risk of then in turn increase the the risk of exposure which then in turn increases exposure which then in turn increases exposure which then in turn increases the risk of developing aspes related the risk of developing aspes related the risk of developing aspes related diseases so it all comes down to diseases so it all comes down to diseases so it all comes down to understanding that level that we find in understanding that level that we find in understanding that level that we find in the ground and our starting point for the ground and our starting point for the ground and our starting point for buildings we've worked on this based on buildings we've worked on this based on buildings we've worked on this based on the percentage of aspes in materials of the percentage of aspes in materials of the percentage of aspes in materials of soils we don't know that percentage so soils we don't know that percentage so soils we don't know that percentage so we have to ascertain that percentage uh we have to ascertain that percentage uh we have to ascertain that percentage uh in 199 sorry 1988 study by Addison at Al in 199 sorry 1988 study by Addison at Al in 199 sorry 1988 study by Addison at Al uh one of the um uh persons involved in uh one of the um uh persons involved in uh one of the um uh persons involved in this was Professor Roger Willie who I this was Professor Roger Willie who I this was Professor Roger Willie who I know very very well um concluded that know very very well um concluded that know very very well um concluded that with a dry a dry soil containing levels with a dry a dry soil containing levels with a dry a dry soil containing levels of a detection of of a detection of of a detection of 0.001% fibers could still exed the 0.001% fibers could still exed the 0.001% fibers could still exed the current clearance indicator question is current clearance indicator question is current clearance indicator question is what is that current clearance indicator what is that current clearance indicator what is that current clearance indicator which I will expl expl on the next slide which I will expl expl on the next slide which I will expl expl on the next slide so in the UK we have what's called a so in the UK we have what's called a so in the UK we have what's called a control limit which is 0.15 as per control limit which is 0.15 as per control limit which is 0.15 as per centimeter cubed and that is fibers in centimeter cubed and that is fibers in centimeter cubed and that is fibers in air that's a concentration of asbest air that's a concentration of asbest air that's a concentration of asbest fibers in air over a measured 4H hour fibers in air over a measured 4H hour fibers in air over a measured 4H hour period there is a sporadic and low period there is a sporadic and low period there is a sporadic and low intensity exposure we don't need concern intensity exposure we don't need concern intensity exposure we don't need concern ourselves with that the limit of ourselves with that the limit of ourselves with that the limit of quantification so if you've ever had quantification so if you've ever had quantification so if you've ever had aspersus removed before an analyst um aspersus removed before an analyst um aspersus removed before an analyst um will hand the area back to the will hand the area back to the will hand the area back to the contractor the contractor hands it back contractor the contractor hands it back contractor the contractor hands it back to the client they have to meet What's to the client they have to meet What's to the client they have to meet What's called the limit quantification or the called the limit quantification or the called the limit quantification or the clearance indicator which is 0.01 fers clearance indicator which is 0.01 fers clearance indicator which is 0.01 fers perc for hazardous waste 0.1% weight for perc for hazardous waste 0.1% weight for perc for hazardous waste 0.1% weight for weight content based on weight content based on weight content based on wm3 and then of course um considered wm3 and then of course um considered wm3 and then of course um considered contamination is between 0 point less contamination is between 0 point less contamination is between 0 point less than than than 0.1 um and um more than 0.001 so that 0.1 um and um more than 0.001 so that 0.1 um and um more than 0.001 so that would be contaminate contaminated but would be contaminate contaminated but would be contaminate contaminated but not hazardous whereas we want to get it not hazardous whereas we want to get it not hazardous whereas we want to get it clean we want to get it to a point where clean we want to get it to a point where clean we want to get it to a point where it's nonhazardous and it's not going to it's nonhazardous and it's not going to it's nonhazardous and it's not going to cause any risk so we want to get it down cause any risk so we want to get it down cause any risk so we want to get it down to a level of to a level of to a level of 0.001% um considered Trace control of 0.001% um considered Trace control of 0.001% um considered Trace control of aspes regulations don't apply neither aspes regulations don't apply neither aspes regulations don't apply neither does the Hazardous pH regulations just does the Hazardous pH regulations just does the Hazardous pH regulations just to say any product that is identified to say any product that is identified to say any product that is identified that contains asvestas will that contains asvestas will that contains asvestas will automatically be considered to be has automatically be considered to be has automatically be considered to be has displaced two guidance documents just to displaced two guidance documents just to displaced two guidance documents just to finish off on the left you've got CLA finish off on the left you've got CLA finish off on the left you've got CLA the car soil document which is an the car soil document which is an the car soil document which is an interpretation of the acop interpretation of the acop interpretation of the acop l143 um it's quite a good document l143 um it's quite a good document l143 um it's quite a good document actually and then on the right you've actually and then on the right you've actually and then on the right you've got hsg 248 appendix 7 within hsg 248 got hsg 248 appendix 7 within hsg 248 got hsg 248 appendix 7 within hsg 248 obviously relates to the um uh soils and obviously relates to the um uh soils and obviously relates to the um uh soils and surveying soils surveying soils surveying soils Etc um Bruce I think I'm probably out Etc um Bruce I think I'm probably out Etc um Bruce I think I'm probably out time am I or have I got a couple of time am I or have I got a couple of time am I or have I got a couple of minutes just to finish this yeah you got a couple of minutes B this yeah you got a couple of minutes B this yeah you got a couple of minutes B okay fine okay I'm looking at my time at okay fine okay I'm looking at my time at okay fine okay I'm looking at my time at the top which says I'm there so very the top which says I'm there so very the top which says I'm there so very very quickly um a site was involved in a very quickly um a site was involved in a very quickly um a site was involved in a number of years ago 1920 site um number of years ago 1920 site um number of years ago 1920 site um government case study uh mid 1980s they government case study uh mid 1980s they government case study uh mid 1980s they demolished part of the site which was demolished part of the site which was demolished part of the site which was niss and Huts uh they were demolished niss and Huts uh they were demolished niss and Huts uh they were demolished and leveled so this had corrugated roof and leveled so this had corrugated roof and leveled so this had corrugated roof sheets pretty much um covering the whole sheets pretty much um covering the whole sheets pretty much um covering the whole of the building the site was planned for of the building the site was planned for of the building the site was planned for redevelopment so they had an inspection redevelopment so they had an inspection redevelopment so they had an inspection carried out concluded it was 500 tons of carried out concluded it was 500 tons of carried out concluded it was 500 tons of soil contaminated with asbest so on the soil contaminated with asbest so on the soil contaminated with asbest so on the right hand side of the screen you can right hand side of the screen you can right hand side of the screen you can see some idea of cost I appreciate these see some idea of cost I appreciate these see some idea of cost I appreciate these these do vary from what they cost now these do vary from what they cost now these do vary from what they cost now but this was a number of years ago so but this was a number of years ago so but this was a number of years ago so overall 42 loads required to be removed overall 42 loads required to be removed overall 42 loads required to be removed from site from site from site 121,000 is that really a costeffective 121,000 is that really a costeffective 121,000 is that really a costeffective approach so the solution we came up with approach so the solution we came up with approach so the solution we came up with was to train suitably train uh required was to train suitably train uh required was to train suitably train uh required people um the soil went through a people um the soil went through a people um the soil went through a trummel as it went through a trummel and trummel as it went through a trummel and trummel as it went through a trummel and a conveyor system they visually picked a conveyor system they visually picked a conveyor system they visually picked out the contaminated U pieces of what out the contaminated U pieces of what out the contaminated U pieces of what they saw was asbest um the soil was then they saw was asbest um the soil was then they saw was asbest um the soil was then tested afterwards so gravimetric tested afterwards so gravimetric tested afterwards so gravimetric analysis was undertaken the concluded analysis was undertaken the concluded analysis was undertaken the concluded level was less than level was less than level was less than 0.01% and as such soil was proven to be 0.01% and as such soil was proven to be 0.01% and as such soil was proven to be clean not contaminated used on site as a clean not contaminated used on site as a clean not contaminated used on site as a backfill the cement um estimated about backfill the cement um estimated about backfill the cement um estimated about 60 tons that was disposed of as 60 tons that was disposed of as 60 tons that was disposed of as hazardous waste which it has to be um hazardous waste which it has to be um hazardous waste which it has to be um and therefore the disposal costs were and therefore the disposal costs were and therefore the disposal costs were about about about £14,000 saving of just under £100,000 £14,000 saving of just under £100,000 £14,000 saving of just under £100,000 disposal cost things obviously to disposal cost things obviously to disposal cost things obviously to consider in there was the time cost of consider in there was the time cost of consider in there was the time cost of Labor uh another a number of factors Labor uh another a number of factors Labor uh another a number of factors which obviously would be added into that which obviously would be added into that which obviously would be added into that cost cost cost variation okay so that's me any variation okay so that's me any variation okay so that's me any questions I know Bruce is going to be questions I know Bruce is going to be questions I know Bruce is going to be taking questions a little bit later my taking questions a little bit later my taking questions a little bit later my contact details are there contact details are there contact details are there so I think that's uh I'll hand back to so I think that's uh I'll hand back to so I think that's uh I'll hand back to you Bruce brilliant thank you very much you Bruce brilliant thank you very much you Bruce brilliant thank you very much uh grae that that was really really uh grae that that was really really uh grae that that was really really inform ative um yeah so as grae said inform ative um yeah so as grae said inform ative um yeah so as grae said just as a reminder uh we'll be taking um just as a reminder uh we'll be taking um just as a reminder uh we'll be taking um questions for both speakers at the end questions for both speakers at the end questions for both speakers at the end of the session so um do please start of the session so um do please start of the session so um do please start adding your your questions into um the adding your your questions into um the adding your your questions into um the portal there as well so um our next portal there as well so um our next portal there as well so um our next speaker is Margaret Oliver Margaret is a speaker is Margaret Oliver Margaret is a speaker is Margaret Oliver Margaret is a uh vs honorary member and Margaret's uh vs honorary member and Margaret's uh vs honorary member and Margaret's research interests have included the research interests have included the research interests have included the application of a wide range of numerical application of a wide range of numerical application of a wide range of numerical and geostatistical methods to soil and and geostatistical methods to soil and and geostatistical methods to soil and other data including pollen count other data including pollen count other data including pollen count forestry raidon emissions remotely forestry raidon emissions remotely forestry raidon emissions remotely sensed imagery Precision Agriculture and sensed imagery Precision Agriculture and sensed imagery Precision Agriculture and the incidence of Childhood the incidence of Childhood the incidence of Childhood Cancer specific interests have been in Cancer specific interests have been in Cancer specific interests have been in Sample design for spatial analysis and Sample design for spatial analysis and Sample design for spatial analysis and eventual mapping risk analysis eventual mapping risk analysis eventual mapping risk analysis associated with prescribed thresholds in associated with prescribed thresholds in associated with prescribed thresholds in relation to soil pollutants or relation to soil pollutants or relation to soil pollutants or deficiencies of crop nutrients and the deficiencies of crop nutrients and the deficiencies of crop nutrients and the relationship between different scales um relationship between different scales um relationship between different scales um of spatial variation and most recent of spatial variation and most recent of spatial variation and most recent research has been in the field of research has been in the field of research has been in the field of precision precision precision agriculture Margaret retired at the end agriculture Margaret retired at the end agriculture Margaret retired at the end of September 2004 from her post as of September 2004 from her post as of September 2004 from her post as reader in spatial analysis at the reader in spatial analysis at the reader in spatial analysis at the University of reading but she's retained University of reading but she's retained University of reading but she's retained a link and a base at the University as a a link and a base at the University as a a link and a base at the University as a visiting Professor since January visiting Professor since January visiting Professor since January 2005 Margaret has published over 100 2005 Margaret has published over 100 2005 Margaret has published over 100 reviews reviewed academic papers and has reviews reviewed academic papers and has reviews reviewed academic papers and has also made several contributions to books also made several contributions to books also made several contributions to books so she's co-authored uh she's the so she's co-authored uh she's the so she's co-authored uh she's the co-author of three books and has edited co-author of three books and has edited co-author of three books and has edited two books and since retirement has two books and since retirement has two books and since retirement has continued with her interest in the continued with her interest in the continued with her interest in the relationship between soil and human relationship between soil and human relationship between soil and human health Margaret was uh also the health Margaret was uh also the health Margaret was uh also the co-editor and chief of precision co-editor and chief of precision co-editor and chief of precision agriculture for six years until the end agriculture for six years until the end agriculture for six years until the end of 2010 she was Deputy editor of the of 2010 she was Deputy editor of the of 2010 she was Deputy editor of the European Journal of soil science for European Journal of soil science for European Journal of soil science for four years and then editor-in chief of four years and then editor-in chief of four years and then editor-in chief of that journal for four years and from that journal for four years and from that journal for four years and from 2019 to 2023 she was editor-in-chief 2019 to 2023 she was editor-in-chief 2019 to 2023 she was editor-in-chief with Michael Goss uh of the revision and with Michael Goss uh of the revision and with Michael Goss uh of the revision and updating of the Encyclopedia of soils in updating of the Encyclopedia of soils in updating of the Encyclopedia of soils in the environment so over to you the environment so over to you the environment so over to you Margaret hello every body and thank you Margaret hello every body and thank you Margaret hello every body and thank you Bruce for inviting me um today to talk Bruce for inviting me um today to talk Bruce for inviting me um today to talk about this um I don't normally talk about this um I don't normally talk about this um I don't normally talk about the effect of toxic amounts of about the effect of toxic amounts of about the effect of toxic amounts of substances in soil it's usually substances in soil it's usually substances in soil it's usually deficiencies and human health that I deficiencies and human health that I deficiencies and human health that I talked about more than um toxic talked about more than um toxic talked about more than um toxic amounts but I think one of the things amounts but I think one of the things amounts but I think one of the things I'd like to emphasize today because the I'd like to emphasize today because the I'd like to emphasize today because the importance of soil on human health importance of soil on human health importance of soil on human health hasn't been recognized as much as it hasn't been recognized as much as it hasn't been recognized as much as it could have been and also um with graham could have been and also um with graham could have been and also um with graham talking about asbest this a heading in talking about asbest this a heading in talking about asbest this a heading in the newspaper about call to bury a toxic the newspaper about call to bury a toxic the newspaper about call to bury a toxic Village relates to Village relates to Village relates to asvestas so in the two villages in capid asvestas so in the two villages in capid asvestas so in the two villages in capid doia uh one contains tremolite and the doia uh one contains tremolite and the doia uh one contains tremolite and the other aranit and both cause an endemic other aranit and both cause an endemic other aranit and both cause an endemic malignant plom malignant plom malignant plom mesothelioma you can see that the mesothelioma you can see that the mesothelioma you can see that the minerals appear quite different um and minerals appear quite different um and minerals appear quite different um and it's possible for the doctors well the it's possible for the doctors well the it's possible for the doctors well the Pathologists who looked at the lesions Pathologists who looked at the lesions Pathologists who looked at the lesions of these people to identify the village of these people to identify the village of these people to identify the village they came from because they were uh they came from because they were uh they came from because they were uh different related to the uh mineral that different related to the uh mineral that different related to the uh mineral that caused them so that's the other bit of caused them so that's the other bit of caused them so that's the other bit of the paper while I've got that on the the paper while I've got that on the the paper while I've got that on the screen I'd like to mention that that I screen I'd like to mention that that I screen I'd like to mention that that I think all Thor of scientists need to think all Thor of scientists need to think all Thor of scientists need to become more proactive in trying to get become more proactive in trying to get become more proactive in trying to get information into the press and Raphael information into the press and Raphael information into the press and Raphael viscara Rosell has just had a an article viscara Rosell has just had a an article viscara Rosell has just had a an article published in the cber times about his published in the cber times about his published in the cber times about his work on uh emissions of carbon dioxide work on uh emissions of carbon dioxide work on uh emissions of carbon dioxide from rangelands so please soil from rangelands so please soil from rangelands so please soil scientists become scientists become scientists become proactive so the main research on Trace proactive so the main research on Trace proactive so the main research on Trace elements began in the late elements began in the late elements began in the late 1920s and Trace elements affect Health 1920s and Trace elements affect Health 1920s and Trace elements affect Health through deficiency and toxy toxicity in through deficiency and toxy toxicity in through deficiency and toxy toxicity in soil the most evidence in isolated soil the most evidence in isolated soil the most evidence in isolated communities because there the the food communities because there the the food communities because there the the food is matched much more to the local is matched much more to the local is matched much more to the local environment and it's much more difficult environment and it's much more difficult environment and it's much more difficult to identify these effect effects in um to identify these effect effects in um to identify these effect effects in um developed countries M much is picked up developed countries M much is picked up developed countries M much is picked up from the effects on the vulnerable from the effects on the vulnerable from the effects on the vulnerable groups such as pregnant women children groups such as pregnant women children groups such as pregnant women children and the elderly into which I now sadly and the elderly into which I now sadly and the elderly into which I now sadly fall but still working and so the fall but still working and so the fall but still working and so the relations between Trace elements and relations between Trace elements and relations between Trace elements and health are very complex the soil health are very complex the soil health are very complex the soil condition affects them um high pH can condition affects them um high pH can condition affects them um high pH can promote or restrict the availability of promote or restrict the availability of promote or restrict the availability of an element or um elements can enhance an element or um elements can enhance an element or um elements can enhance each other's toxic effects um in each other's toxic effects um in each other's toxic effects um in synergism all or they can elements can synergism all or they can elements can synergism all or they can elements can act together and cause antagonism to act together and cause antagonism to act together and cause antagonism to another one like copper and cadmium can another one like copper and cadmium can another one like copper and cadmium can affect affect affect sink some forms of elements are much sink some forms of elements are much sink some forms of elements are much more available than others more available than others more available than others selenate has always been thought to be selenate has always been thought to be selenate has always been thought to be more available than selenite but that's more available than selenite but that's more available than selenite but that's questionable at the moment and questionable at the moment and questionable at the moment and irrigation leads to excess of certain irrigation leads to excess of certain irrigation leads to excess of certain elements and this is a point that needs elements and this is a point that needs elements and this is a point that needs to be real to be real to be real taken seriously in terms of um irri the taken seriously in terms of um irri the taken seriously in terms of um irri the the increase in irrigation that's likely the increase in irrigation that's likely the increase in irrigation that's likely to occur so some elements are essential to occur so some elements are essential to occur so some elements are essential both to us and to plants but they can both to us and to plants but they can both to us and to plants but they can affect Health um when they're in excess affect Health um when they're in excess affect Health um when they're in excess accumulation so I've got a list there of accumulation so I've got a list there of accumulation so I've got a list there of the ones that can cause concern but the ones that can cause concern but the ones that can cause concern but there are also non-essential elements there are also non-essential elements there are also non-essential elements that can be toxic uh at certain limits that can be toxic uh at certain limits that can be toxic uh at certain limits and there's another and there's another and there's another list so arenic is a non-essential list so arenic is a non-essential list so arenic is a non-essential element and it sources can be natural or element and it sources can be natural or element and it sources can be natural or from industrial activity many of these from industrial activity many of these from industrial activity many of these um toxic products have been applied in um toxic products have been applied in um toxic products have been applied in agricultural um fertilizers and agricultural um fertilizers and agricultural um fertilizers and pesticides um the pathways of the pesticides um the pathways of the pesticides um the pathways of the ingestion of soil particles themselves ingestion of soil particles themselves ingestion of soil particles themselves but also contain contaminated water and but also contain contaminated water and but also contain contaminated water and you can see some of the uh sad effects you can see some of the uh sad effects you can see some of the uh sad effects that occur as a result of the that occur as a result of the that occur as a result of the contamination Bangladesh I'm sure a lot contamination Bangladesh I'm sure a lot contamination Bangladesh I'm sure a lot of you know has a major problem with of you know has a major problem with of you know has a major problem with arenic arenic arenic contamination um curs naturally in the contamination um curs naturally in the contamination um curs naturally in the groundwater related to arsenic compounds groundwater related to arsenic compounds groundwater related to arsenic compounds in the in the soil and the Delta area in the in the soil and the Delta area in the in the soil and the Delta area when it becomes water log the arenic when it becomes water log the arenic when it becomes water log the arenic becomes mobile and this results in the becomes mobile and this results in the becomes mobile and this results in the contain contain contain contamination so excess cadmium there contamination so excess cadmium there contamination so excess cadmium there was a lot of information about this many was a lot of information about this many was a lot of information about this many years ago at shien where a field was years ago at shien where a field was years ago at shien where a field was contaminated from fertilizers with contaminated from fertilizers with contaminated from fertilizers with cadmium the problem is it remains in the cadmium the problem is it remains in the cadmium the problem is it remains in the soil for a very long time it's more soil for a very long time it's more soil for a very long time it's more available at lower pH and it accumulates available at lower pH and it accumulates available at lower pH and it accumulates in cereals and animal awful but the in cereals and animal awful but the in cereals and animal awful but the problem with this is it causes serious problem with this is it causes serious problem with this is it causes serious renal renal renal dysfunction this example in Japan um of dysfunction this example in Japan um of dysfunction this example in Japan um of itti itti disease um I learned recently itti itti disease um I learned recently itti itti disease um I learned recently that it's called OU it's translated as that it's called OU it's translated as that it's called OU it's translated as ouch ouch disease um a lead Zink mine ouch ouch disease um a lead Zink mine ouch ouch disease um a lead Zink mine was polluted polluted a river in um was polluted polluted a river in um was polluted polluted a river in um Italy and all in Japan and also pad soil Italy and all in Japan and also pad soil Italy and all in Japan and also pad soil and there was 10 times as much cadmium and there was 10 times as much cadmium and there was 10 times as much cadmium in the rice as in the uncontaminated in the rice as in the uncontaminated in the rice as in the uncontaminated soil caused serious kidney damage and soil caused serious kidney damage and soil caused serious kidney damage and you can see on the left hand side the you can see on the left hand side the you can see on the left hand side the area where the contamination was worse area where the contamination was worse area where the contamination was worse from the pollutant and then on the right from the pollutant and then on the right from the pollutant and then on the right hand map you can see um the area where hand map you can see um the area where hand map you can see um the area where the there was High um incidence of itti the there was High um incidence of itti the there was High um incidence of itti disease and you can see in these um disease and you can see in these um disease and you can see in these um photographs here the middle kidney is photographs here the middle kidney is photographs here the middle kidney is very necrosed and the right hand one as very necrosed and the right hand one as very necrosed and the right hand one as well is withered and then there are well is withered and then there are well is withered and then there are lesions in the bones as well that have lesions in the bones as well that have lesions in the bones as well that have occurred as a result of this occurred as a result of this occurred as a result of this disease um I think we all know in soil disease um I think we all know in soil disease um I think we all know in soil science the the problems with lead science the the problems with lead science the the problems with lead there's been many many studies of the uh there's been many many studies of the uh there's been many many studies of the uh Pathways of ingestion with children the Pathways of ingestion with children the Pathways of ingestion with children the hand to mouth um ingestion by children hand to mouth um ingestion by children hand to mouth um ingestion by children it's especially toxic to children it's especially toxic to children it's especially toxic to children because it accumulates in the body and because it accumulates in the body and because it accumulates in the body and it can cause it can cause it can cause neurological um defects and reduces neurological um defects and reduces neurological um defects and reduces children's IQ hence um the seriousness children's IQ hence um the seriousness children's IQ hence um the seriousness with which this was taken in the UK and with which this was taken in the UK and with which this was taken in the UK and Europe as Europe as Europe as well I'm sure many of you really think well I'm sure many of you really think well I'm sure many of you really think well many of these things have been well many of these things have been well many of these things have been dealt with in Europe and the UK now but dealt with in Europe and the UK now but dealt with in Europe and the UK now but these problems with these metals and um these problems with these metals and um these problems with these metals and um are still going on in the developing are still going on in the developing are still going on in the developing World um Mercury is a non-essential World um Mercury is a non-essential World um Mercury is a non-essential element we've known heard a lot about element we've known heard a lot about element we've known heard a lot about that in the past can accumulate in the that in the past can accumulate in the that in the past can accumulate in the soil and again many of these elements soil and again many of these elements soil and again many of these elements cause kidney damage also heart damage cause kidney damage also heart damage cause kidney damage also heart damage and um issues with the nervous and um issues with the nervous and um issues with the nervous system chromium and copper so chromium system chromium and copper so chromium system chromium and copper so chromium is important for um to avoid diabetes is important for um to avoid diabetes is important for um to avoid diabetes can be natural or can be natural or can be natural or anthropogenic um in excess it again anthropogenic um in excess it again anthropogenic um in excess it again causes cardiovascular disease it can be causes cardiovascular disease it can be causes cardiovascular disease it can be cogenic so several issues if there's cogenic so several issues if there's cogenic so several issues if there's toxicity copper toxicity is rare and uh toxicity copper toxicity is rare and uh toxicity copper toxicity is rare and uh but it still can cause issues with but it still can cause issues with but it still can cause issues with children Florine is something that children Florine is something that children Florine is something that relates very strongly to um the semiarid relates very strongly to um the semiarid relates very strongly to um the semiarid regions and are regions and are regions and are with high rates of with high rates of with high rates of irrigation um it's an element that's irrigation um it's an element that's irrigation um it's an element that's rapidly absorbed by the body and it rapidly absorbed by the body and it rapidly absorbed by the body and it enters the bone structure permanently um enters the bone structure permanently um enters the bone structure permanently um we all know that Florine has been added we all know that Florine has been added we all know that Florine has been added or fluoride in the case of adding it to or fluoride in the case of adding it to or fluoride in the case of adding it to water has been added to water in Britain water has been added to water in Britain water has been added to water in Britain to avoid Dental cares because deficiency to avoid Dental cares because deficiency to avoid Dental cares because deficiency can lead to that but excess leads to can lead to that but excess leads to can lead to that but excess leads to fluorosis and you'll see the list of as fluorosis and you'll see the list of as fluorosis and you'll see the list of as well this is well this is well this is serious um it also causes softening of serious um it also causes softening of serious um it also causes softening of the bones and you'll see here the the bones and you'll see here the the bones and you'll see here the effects on teeth where there's too much effects on teeth where there's too much effects on teeth where there's too much Florine present and on the left hand Florine present and on the left hand Florine present and on the left hand side the person who's got the softening side the person who's got the softening side the person who's got the softening of the bones genu algum and then the of the bones genu algum and then the of the bones genu algum and then the large areas suffer from floring um problems nickar naturally was also associated nickar naturally was also associated nickar naturally was also associated with um applications of sewage sludge with um applications of sewage sludge with um applications of sewage sludge and many of these elements Trace and many of these elements Trace and many of these elements Trace elements are present in sewage sludge elements are present in sewage sludge elements are present in sewage sludge but again uh we are constantly getting but again uh we are constantly getting but again uh we are constantly getting better at dealing with this in this better at dealing with this in this better at dealing with this in this country and it's mobile especially at country and it's mobile especially at country and it's mobile especially at low PH it's important for human low PH it's important for human low PH it's important for human metabolism but again leads to problems metabolism but again leads to problems metabolism but again leads to problems with the livers and kidney and with the livers and kidney and with the livers and kidney and neurological effects and other neurological effects and other neurological effects and other things uh selenium usually I'm talking things uh selenium usually I'm talking things uh selenium usually I'm talking about selenium because it's deficient about selenium because it's deficient about selenium because it's deficient and in Britain we we do suffer from some and in Britain we we do suffer from some and in Britain we we do suffer from some selenium selenium selenium deficiency the importance of selenium in deficiency the importance of selenium in deficiency the importance of selenium in the diet wasn't recognized until the the diet wasn't recognized until the the diet wasn't recognized until the 1960s um it's got a narrow range between 1960s um it's got a narrow range between 1960s um it's got a narrow range between deficiency and deficiency and deficiency and toxicity and selenosis is the illness toxicity and selenosis is the illness toxicity and selenosis is the illness that results from that results from that results from toxicity interestingly it was first toxicity interestingly it was first toxicity interestingly it was first identified in animals in arid and identified in animals in arid and identified in animals in arid and semiarid regions as early as the middle semiarid regions as early as the middle semiarid regions as early as the middle of the 16th century although they didn't of the 16th century although they didn't of the 16th century although they didn't know what the problem was but they saw know what the problem was but they saw know what the problem was but they saw all the issues that resulted from the all the issues that resulted from the all the issues that resulted from the animals having too much selenium in animals having too much selenium in animals having too much selenium in their diet and you can see here these their diet and you can see here these their diet and you can see here these sheep affected by um too much selenium sheep affected by um too much selenium sheep affected by um too much selenium in their in their um in their in their um in their in their um diets oh one of those is gone I've lost diets oh one of those is gone I've lost diets oh one of those is gone I've lost one of the slides showing the effect on one of the slides showing the effect on one of the slides showing the effect on humans it causes effects on on human humans it causes effects on on human humans it causes effects on on human nails and also um loss of hair in nails and also um loss of hair in nails and also um loss of hair in humans um zinc is an element that is has humans um zinc is an element that is has humans um zinc is an element that is has become increasingly of concern over the become increasingly of concern over the become increasingly of concern over the world it's deficient over very large world it's deficient over very large world it's deficient over very large areas and it's its um effects are rather areas and it's its um effects are rather areas and it's its um effects are rather Insidious so again it was not recognized Insidious so again it was not recognized Insidious so again it was not recognized until the until the until the 1960s 1960s 1960s um it results toxicity results where um it results toxicity results where um it results toxicity results where there's Mining and smelting very often there's Mining and smelting very often there's Mining and smelting very often or it can be natural again sewage sludge or it can be natural again sewage sludge or it can be natural again sewage sludge fertilizes pesticides are the main fertilizes pesticides are the main fertilizes pesticides are the main causes of this top toxicity and giving causes of this top toxicity and giving causes of this top toxicity and giving rise to various tissue lesions anemia rise to various tissue lesions anemia rise to various tissue lesions anemia and excess and excess and excess headaches oh there I don't know how headaches oh there I don't know how headaches oh there I don't know how that's got out of place I was trying to that's got out of place I was trying to that's got out of place I was trying to remove a slide earlier that's what's remove a slide earlier that's what's remove a slide earlier that's what's happened so this is the effect of the happened so this is the effect of the happened so this is the effect of the toxicity sorry about that everybody so to conclude then it's been everybody so to conclude then it's been everybody so to conclude then it's been much research is being done in soil and much research is being done in soil and much research is being done in soil and human health but there remains a lot to human health but there remains a lot to human health but there remains a lot to be done be done be done it's very difficult research to do um it's very difficult research to do um it's very difficult research to do um the co the relations are much more the co the relations are much more the co the relations are much more complex and subtle than was originally complex and subtle than was originally complex and subtle than was originally thought we need to gain understanding of thought we need to gain understanding of thought we need to gain understanding of the causes of element toxicity and and the causes of element toxicity and and the causes of element toxicity and and uh deficiency in the environment and if uh deficiency in the environment and if uh deficiency in the environment and if we can do this then we can provide more we can do this then we can provide more we can do this then we can provide more information to the epidemiologists and information to the epidemiologists and information to the epidemiologists and Pathologists who are looking to improve Pathologists who are looking to improve Pathologists who are looking to improve human health human health human health there's a lot of Advance being made in there's a lot of Advance being made in there's a lot of Advance being made in reducing the toxic anthropogenic inputs reducing the toxic anthropogenic inputs reducing the toxic anthropogenic inputs into soil um and in the remediation of into soil um and in the remediation of into soil um and in the remediation of polluted sites but as I going back to polluted sites but as I going back to polluted sites but as I going back to what I said earlier um this applies in what I said earlier um this applies in what I said earlier um this applies in in Europe and the United States but in in Europe and the United States but in in Europe and the United States but in many of the developing countries um this many of the developing countries um this many of the developing countries um this there is still there's still a lot of there is still there's still a lot of there is still there's still a lot of work to be done in this work to be done in this work to be done in this area and I think the future is bright area and I think the future is bright area and I think the future is bright because with improvements in databases because with improvements in databases because with improvements in databases and methods of mapping the risk of and methods of mapping the risk of and methods of mapping the risk of toxicity and diseases this will help to toxicity and diseases this will help to toxicity and diseases this will help to further our understanding and also we further our understanding and also we further our understanding and also we need to engage a lot more in um the need to engage a lot more in um the need to engage a lot more in um the medical Sciences I've said this before medical Sciences I've said this before medical Sciences I've said this before because they um we all work in our because they um we all work in our because they um we all work in our isolated areas and it isn't until we get isolated areas and it isn't until we get isolated areas and it isn't until we get more crossover between these um more crossover between these um more crossover between these um disciplines that we're going to make disciplines that we're going to make disciplines that we're going to make progress in this area so I'll leave you progress in this area so I'll leave you progress in this area so I'll leave you with um this thank you very much indeed brilliant thank you very much indeed brilliant thank you very much indeed brilliant thank you very much Margaret again another another fantastic Margaret again another another fantastic Margaret again another another fantastic uh presentation running through huge uh presentation running through huge uh presentation running through huge amounts of of information there as well amounts of of information there as well amounts of of information there as well um so we've now come to the uh the sort um so we've now come to the uh the sort um so we've now come to the uh the sort of the the Q&amp;amp;A uh session of the the of the the Q&amp;amp;A uh session of the the of the the Q&amp;amp;A uh session of the the webinar um and so um if you can please webinar um and so um if you can please webinar um and so um if you can please um keep putting your questions um keep putting your questions um keep putting your questions into uh the portal um that'll be really into uh the portal um that'll be really into uh the portal um that'll be really good and we'll try to get through them good and we'll try to get through them good and we'll try to get through them um yeah those are two fantastic um um yeah those are two fantastic um um yeah those are two fantastic um presentations and I think also perhaps presentations and I think also perhaps presentations and I think also perhaps quite sobering just to to have that that quite sobering just to to have that that quite sobering just to to have that that recognition of the risk that is is out recognition of the risk that is is out recognition of the risk that is is out there um from both historical and and there um from both historical and and there um from both historical and and sort current um activities and it's sort current um activities and it's sort current um activities and it's a what came to my mind was perhaps a what came to my mind was perhaps a what came to my mind was perhaps there's a sort of a slight dilemma there there's a sort of a slight dilemma there there's a sort of a slight dilemma there for us as s scientists and particularly for us as s scientists and particularly for us as s scientists and particularly maybe for for us as the the briti St of maybe for for us as the the briti St of maybe for for us as the the briti St of s science and we want we want to uh to s science and we want we want to uh to s science and we want we want to uh to grow uh s science as a career we want grow uh s science as a career we want grow uh s science as a career we want more people to become s scientists we more people to become s scientists we more people to become s scientists we want to engage with the public um and want to engage with the public um and want to engage with the public um and part of that engagement in in my mind is part of that engagement in in my mind is part of that engagement in in my mind is about looking at soils feeding soils about looking at soils feeding soils about looking at soils feeding soils smelling soils as well um and clearly smelling soils as well um and clearly smelling soils as well um and clearly we've got to be very very conscious of we've got to be very very conscious of we've got to be very very conscious of the um the health and safety risk both the um the health and safety risk both the um the health and safety risk both to ourselves as as sour scientists and to ourselves as as sour scientists and to ourselves as as sour scientists and when we're out surveying but also in when we're out surveying but also in when we're out surveying but also in that engagement piece um in in how we that engagement piece um in in how we that engagement piece um in in how we how how we um how we address that um as how how we um how we address that um as how how we um how we address that um as well um but yeah two two fantastic well um but yeah two two fantastic well um but yeah two two fantastic presentations um if I just go to the the presentations um if I just go to the the presentations um if I just go to the the questions and apologies that my my questions and apologies that my my questions and apologies that my my screen is not showing I think all the screen is not showing I think all the screen is not showing I think all the information but I think the first first information but I think the first first information but I think the first first question um and I hope I pronounce this question um and I hope I pronounce this question um and I hope I pronounce this right from anuli um this question for right from anuli um this question for right from anuli um this question for yourself graah are there any companies yourself graah are there any companies yourself graah are there any companies that you're aware of that you're aware of that you're aware of organizations um that work with organizations um that work with organizations um that work with ukaa uh in South ukaa uh in South ukaa uh in South Africa a very specific question there Africa a very specific question there Africa a very specific question there it's um I I don't know the answer to it's um I I don't know the answer to it's um I I don't know the answer to that question um I do know that the that question um I do know that the that question um I do know that the Chief Operating Officer Craig Chief Operating Officer Craig Chief Operating Officer Craig Evans he has connections or ukata have Evans he has connections or ukata have Evans he has connections or ukata have connections throughout the world um not connections throughout the world um not connections throughout the world um not I don't know if it's specific to South I don't know if it's specific to South I don't know if it's specific to South Africa but maybe if your member was to Africa but maybe if your member was to Africa but maybe if your member was to uh email yata then uh Craig would uh email yata then uh Craig would uh email yata then uh Craig would certainly be able to answer that certainly be able to answer that certainly be able to answer that question but as a as an organization question but as a as an organization question but as a as an organization although it's the UK asbest training although it's the UK asbest training although it's the UK asbest training association we are spreading the world association we are spreading the world association we are spreading the world the word overseas and we have uh quite a the word overseas and we have uh quite a the word overseas and we have uh quite a few countries around the world that are few countries around the world that are few countries around the world that are um sort of trying to follow our lead um sort of trying to follow our lead um sort of trying to follow our lead with the the standards that uh that we with the the standards that uh that we with the the standards that uh that we have set so yeah if your if your member have set so yeah if your if your member have set so yeah if your if your member can send an email to Craig then I'm sure can send an email to Craig then I'm sure can send an email to Craig then I'm sure he'll be able to answer he'll be able to answer he'll be able to answer that um an apologies I can't see all the that um an apologies I can't see all the that um an apologies I can't see all the names of who's asking questions but um names of who's asking questions but um names of who's asking questions but um the next one relates to probably a the next one relates to probably a the next one relates to probably a question for for both of you um uh question for for both of you um uh question for for both of you um uh someone's recalling that lar parts of someone's recalling that lar parts of someone's recalling that lar parts of Glasgow having um excess levels of of Glasgow having um excess levels of of Glasgow having um excess levels of of chromium six causing health problems um chromium six causing health problems um chromium six causing health problems um across large parts of the city across large parts of the city across large parts of the city including for those playing sports on including for those playing sports on including for those playing sports on contaminated ground um so are there any contaminated ground um so are there any contaminated ground um so are there any other areas of the UK which are other areas of the UK which are other areas of the UK which are particular hotpots uh suggestion perhaps particular hotpots uh suggestion perhaps particular hotpots uh suggestion perhaps cormal or the southern Uplands cormal or the southern Uplands cormal or the southern Uplands perhaps do you want to go perhaps do you want to go perhaps do you want to go Margaret well I don't with chromium no I Margaret well I don't with chromium no I Margaret well I don't with chromium no I don't I don't know of any other I don't don't I don't know of any other I don't don't I don't know of any other I don't know of any particular areas sorry uh know of any particular areas sorry uh know of any particular areas sorry uh with asbest um quite a few sorry few sorry few sorry Margaret and did you say Margaret and did you say Margaret and did you say chromium the the the example um was ER chromium the the the example um was ER chromium the the the example um was ER to a recollection about Glasgow and to a recollection about Glasgow and to a recollection about Glasgow and choman but I think the question could be choman but I think the question could be choman but I think the question could be around hotpots for any other yeah sorry got gram you finish other yeah sorry got gram you finish other yeah sorry got gram you finish there are a number of hotpots in the UK there are a number of hotpots in the UK there are a number of hotpots in the UK um Glasgow is um historically from its um Glasgow is um historically from its um Glasgow is um historically from its ship building industry not necessarily ship building industry not necessarily ship building industry not necessarily contaminating soils but historically contaminating soils but historically contaminating soils but historically from the use of asbest um if we was to from the use of asbest um if we was to from the use of asbest um if we was to go down to let's say down to East London go down to let's say down to East London go down to let's say down to East London um There Was An Old Cape asbest Factory um There Was An Old Cape asbest Factory um There Was An Old Cape asbest Factory Cape obviously a big aspect manufacturer Cape obviously a big aspect manufacturer Cape obviously a big aspect manufacturer and the the the the ground has been uh and the the the the ground has been uh and the the the the ground has been uh rebuilt over um with the town center and rebuilt over um with the town center and rebuilt over um with the town center and housing um and there are a few there a housing um and there are a few there a housing um and there are a few there a few areas around there where there are a few areas around there where there are a few areas around there where there are a few hotspots um there is an area I few hotspots um there is an area I few hotspots um there is an area I believe it's I believe it's up in um believe it's I believe it's up in um believe it's I believe it's up in um rochow but don't quote me if I'm I'm rochow but don't quote me if I'm I'm rochow but don't quote me if I'm I'm wrong there um there was a a Turner um wrong there um there was a a Turner um wrong there um there was a a Turner um Factory it's I believe it's on a big Factory it's I believe it's on a big Factory it's I believe it's on a big round I've never seen it it's on a big round I've never seen it it's on a big round I've never seen it it's on a big roundabout and um the factory itself is roundabout and um the factory itself is roundabout and um the factory itself is so the land is so contaminated it's just so the land is so contaminated it's just so the land is so contaminated it's just not cost effective to clean the soil um not cost effective to clean the soil um not cost effective to clean the soil um to then reproduce maybe domestic to then reproduce maybe domestic to then reproduce maybe domestic properties housing um developments Etc properties housing um developments Etc properties housing um developments Etc and there are a few areas like that and there are a few areas like that and there are a few areas like that where Manufacturing was in the UK the where Manufacturing was in the UK the where Manufacturing was in the UK the thing that the the history behind the UK thing that the the history behind the UK thing that the the history behind the UK was that we we we we've LED quite a lot was that we we we we've LED quite a lot was that we we we we've LED quite a lot in respect to um development and in respect to um development and in respect to um development and standards and quite high standards and standards and quite high standards and standards and quite high standards and of course manufacturing asbest was was a of course manufacturing asbest was was a of course manufacturing asbest was was a big big industry for for for for many big big industry for for for for many big big industry for for for for many areas within the UK the Legacy from that areas within the UK the Legacy from that areas within the UK the Legacy from that is the contaminated soil the contam is the contaminated soil the contam is the contaminated soil the contam contaminated land that obviously that's contaminated land that obviously that's contaminated land that obviously that's been left behind the business have now been left behind the business have now been left behind the business have now gone because there's There's No Business gone because there's There's No Business gone because there's There's No Business there for them anymore um and over time there for them anymore um and over time there for them anymore um and over time I'm sure it will it will come to um I'm sure it will it will come to um I'm sure it will it will come to um closed that they will clear this uh closed that they will clear this uh closed that they will clear this uh clear these areas and make sure clear these areas and make sure clear these areas and make sure obviously they're clean and uh they're obviously they're clean and uh they're obviously they're clean and uh they're not contaminated but I have been not contaminated but I have been not contaminated but I have been involved in areas I'm not going to say involved in areas I'm not going to say involved in areas I'm not going to say specifically but I spoke earlier about specifically but I spoke earlier about specifically but I spoke earlier about 0.001% um content for gravimetric 0.001% um content for gravimetric 0.001% um content for gravimetric analysis I've been involved in areas analysis I've been involved in areas analysis I've been involved in areas where they've sampled 200 millimet down where they've sampled 200 millimet down where they've sampled 200 millimet down and they've found and they've found and they've found 0.5% which is greater than the Hazardous 0.5% which is greater than the Hazardous 0.5% which is greater than the Hazardous Waste um Threshold at 200 millimeters Waste um Threshold at 200 millimeters Waste um Threshold at 200 millimeters down so we are talking I don't know down so we are talking I don't know down so we are talking I don't know convert that 8 inches down that they convert that 8 inches down that they convert that 8 inches down that they found levels of contamination so um it's found levels of contamination so um it's found levels of contamination so um it's there there's many many hotpots there there's many many hotpots there there's many many hotpots obviously throughout the obviously throughout the obviously throughout the UK I think that's true with lead as well UK I think that's true with lead as well UK I think that's true with lead as well um some of the studies that have been um some of the studies that have been um some of the studies that have been done with lead and I mean the problem is done with lead and I mean the problem is done with lead and I mean the problem is we don't know a lot because we have we don't know a lot because we have we don't know a lot because we have haven't mapped areas in sufficient haven't mapped areas in sufficient haven't mapped areas in sufficient detail to know where all these uh detail to know where all these uh detail to know where all these uh contaminants or potential pollutants are contaminants or potential pollutants are contaminants or potential pollutants are but say for instance one of the studies but say for instance one of the studies but say for instance one of the studies that I um looked at was a lead study in that I um looked at was a lead study in that I um looked at was a lead study in Yorkshire um they did a um a detail Yorkshire um they did a um a detail Yorkshire um they did a um a detail survey there because of it was going to survey there because of it was going to survey there because of it was going to be a children's playground but that be a children's playground but that be a children's playground but that doesn't happen very often so how many doesn't happen very often so how many doesn't happen very often so how many you know we don't know how often you know we don't know how often you know we don't know how often children might might be affected by children might might be affected by children might might be affected by things like that and going back to things like that and going back to things like that and going back to mention cornw war raidon of course is an mention cornw war raidon of course is an mention cornw war raidon of course is an issue there I left my raidon slides out issue there I left my raidon slides out issue there I left my raidon slides out so um because I didn't think I'd have so um because I didn't think I'd have so um because I didn't think I'd have time thank you and and that Lees very time thank you and and that Lees very time thank you and and that Lees very nicely on to to a next question and I nicely on to to a next question and I nicely on to to a next question and I kind of really interested in your kind of really interested in your kind of really interested in your comment Margaret the future's bright and comment Margaret the future's bright and comment Margaret the future's bright and about you know data actually about you know data actually about you know data actually availability of information but there's availability of information but there's availability of information but there's a question here about how can a question here about how can a question here about how can individuals protect themselves and their individuals protect themselves and their individuals protect themselves and their families from the potential health risk families from the potential health risk families from the potential health risk associated with the contaminated soils associated with the contaminated soils associated with the contaminated soils particularly if they live in or near particularly if they live in or near particularly if they live in or near affected areas uh maybe a view from both affected areas uh maybe a view from both affected areas uh maybe a view from both of you would be of you would be of you would be interesting well I think one of the interesting well I think one of the interesting well I think one of the things is to to if you live in working things is to to if you live in working things is to to if you live in working in the soil um I do think that people in the soil um I do think that people in the soil um I do think that people need that need to be much more careful need that need to be much more careful need that need to be much more careful about their hand-to mouth contact about their hand-to mouth contact about their hand-to mouth contact because I think they can be absorbing because I think they can be absorbing because I think they can be absorbing materials um that they're not aware of materials um that they're not aware of materials um that they're not aware of they think it's okay to take in some they think it's okay to take in some they think it's okay to take in some soil but there's lots of Nares in the soil but there's lots of Nares in the soil but there's lots of Nares in the soil that people need to be aware of I soil that people need to be aware of I soil that people need to be aware of I mean a lot of the microbiology for mean a lot of the microbiology for mean a lot of the microbiology for instance they need to take care instance they need to take care instance they need to take care of and also inhalation is a problem I of and also inhalation is a problem I of and also inhalation is a problem I mean I don't know whether you saw the mean I don't know whether you saw the mean I don't know whether you saw the article about in the southwest of article about in the southwest of article about in the southwest of California um valley fever is increasing California um valley fever is increasing California um valley fever is increasing and this is from the inhalation of a fungus from from my perspective um it's fungus from from my perspective um it's fungus from from my perspective um it's it's got to come back down to this sort it's got to come back down to this sort it's got to come back down to this sort of preliminary assessment that's of preliminary assessment that's of preliminary assessment that's undertaken before we start to redevelop undertaken before we start to redevelop undertaken before we start to redevelop these Brownfield sites looking at the these Brownfield sites looking at the these Brownfield sites looking at the news this morning there's lots of news this morning there's lots of news this morning there's lots of political talk about you know 1.5 political talk about you know 1.5 political talk about you know 1.5 million new homes coming and Brownfield million new homes coming and Brownfield million new homes coming and Brownfield gray sites Etc um it's it's the from the gray sites Etc um it's it's the from the gray sites Etc um it's it's the from the workers perspective um for many many workers perspective um for many many workers perspective um for many many years we've found that we as an industry years we've found that we as an industry years we've found that we as an industry have worked reactively to finding have worked reactively to finding have worked reactively to finding contaminants such as asvestas uh we need contaminants such as asvestas uh we need contaminants such as asvestas uh we need to be a little bit more proactive in to be a little bit more proactive in to be a little bit more proactive in that approach and with guidance that approach and with guidance that approach and with guidance documents as I showed earlier hsg 248 documents as I showed earlier hsg 248 documents as I showed earlier hsg 248 that's a that's a step forward uh we that's a that's a step forward uh we that's a that's a step forward uh we spoke earlier off camera Margaret about spoke earlier off camera Margaret about spoke earlier off camera Margaret about knowledge and about sharing information knowledge and about sharing information knowledge and about sharing information um and it's all got to come back down to um and it's all got to come back down to um and it's all got to come back down to that is let's be honest with what's what that is let's be honest with what's what that is let's be honest with what's what what we've got here um let's not try to what we've got here um let's not try to what we've got here um let's not try to to hide it under the ground Let's uh to hide it under the ground Let's uh to hide it under the ground Let's uh let's speak freely and um make sure let's speak freely and um make sure let's speak freely and um make sure we've managed the manage the issues and we've managed the manage the issues and we've managed the manage the issues and manage the risks manage the risks manage the risks accordingly I mean going back to the you accordingly I mean going back to the you accordingly I mean going back to the you know the future is right the more we are know the future is right the more we are know the future is right the more we are going to be able to get much more going to be able to get much more going to be able to get much more information I mean it's possible that we information I mean it's possible that we information I mean it's possible that we can get much cheaper information about can get much cheaper information about can get much cheaper information about what's in the soil eventually with what's in the soil eventually with what's in the soil eventually with probes I mean that U someone was talking probes I mean that U someone was talking probes I mean that U someone was talking at the soul meeting last year about the at the soul meeting last year about the at the soul meeting last year about the probes can be used um in the soil and probes can be used um in the soil and probes can be used um in the soil and also they've got human um monitoring and also they've got human um monitoring and also they've got human um monitoring and this is how we're going to and this this this is how we're going to and this this this is how we're going to and this this produces masses of information and produces masses of information and produces masses of information and that's how we're going to develop and that's how we're going to develop and that's how we're going to develop and improve our environment enormously and improve our environment enormously and improve our environment enormously and where so scientists are going to be at where so scientists are going to be at where so scientists are going to be at the center of things which is where we the center of things which is where we the center of things which is where we should should should be yeah I I I agree I think the comments be yeah I I I agree I think the comments be yeah I I I agree I think the comments you've made about you know data sharing you've made about you know data sharing you've made about you know data sharing Bally going point about people being Bally going point about people being Bally going point about people being open and honest about what's there so open and honest about what's there so open and honest about what's there so rather than trying to hide it as a as a rather than trying to hide it as a as a rather than trying to hide it as a as a problem um I think will be uh be really problem um I think will be uh be really problem um I think will be uh be really important alongside then you know basic important alongside then you know basic important alongside then you know basic hygiene I suppose it comes down to in hygiene I suppose it comes down to in hygiene I suppose it comes down to in terms of you know that point you made terms of you know that point you made terms of you know that point you made Margaret about you know handt mouth um Margaret about you know handt mouth um Margaret about you know handt mouth um uh transfer and just washing your hands uh transfer and just washing your hands uh transfer and just washing your hands as s scientist but also Partners um you as s scientist but also Partners um you as s scientist but also Partners um you know when we're out on the about when we know when we're out on the about when we know when we're out on the about when we slip and fall over and get mud slip and fall over and get mud slip and fall over and get mud everywhere just basic of things um and everywhere just basic of things um and everywhere just basic of things um and that that point around collaboration is that that point around collaboration is that that point around collaboration is is this next one's not really a a is this next one's not really a a is this next one's not really a a question but it's kind of perhaps a question but it's kind of perhaps a question but it's kind of perhaps a point of note um someone sort of said a point of note um someone sort of said a point of note um someone sort of said a great comment about the requirement for great comment about the requirement for great comment about the requirement for communication between and across communication between and across communication between and across disciplin that you made Margaret in your disciplin that you made Margaret in your disciplin that you made Margaret in your presentation and this person is presentation and this person is presentation and this person is recommending the interested people look recommending the interested people look recommending the interested people look at the society for environmental at the society for environmental at the society for environmental geochemistry and health uh and they put geochemistry and health uh and they put geochemistry and health uh and they put in there that's SE in there that's SE in there that's SE g.net for more information along those g.net for more information along those g.net for more information along those lines um so yeah so probably a good link lines um so yeah so probably a good link lines um so yeah so probably a good link and and as ever you know soils you know and and as ever you know soils you know and and as ever you know soils you know are at the heart of so many things um in are at the heart of so many things um in are at the heart of so many things um in our environment in our in our lives in our environment in our in our lives in our environment in our in our lives in our world um and making sure we've got our world um and making sure we've got our world um and making sure we've got those linkages um is really really those linkages um is really really those linkages um is really really important um so there's another question important um so there's another question important um so there's another question here questions to for yourself Margaret here questions to for yourself Margaret here questions to for yourself Margaret about what do you think about total about what do you think about total about what do you think about total organic food Laine as a test in line organic food Laine as a test in line organic food Laine as a test in line with pasas analysis think that's with pasas analysis think that's with pasas analysis think that's something you were aware of I I I hav I something you were aware of I I I hav I something you were aware of I I I hav I have I haven't I haven't got anything to have I haven't I haven't got anything to have I haven't I haven't got anything to comment about this I comment about this I comment about this I um it's I don't know anything about that um it's I don't know anything about that um it's I don't know anything about that I have done some work on organic I have done some work on organic I have done some work on organic pollutants um for a paper that I've just pollutants um for a paper that I've just pollutants um for a paper that I've just written but I couldn't comment on that written but I couldn't comment on that written but I couldn't comment on that particular okay uh a very specific one I particular okay uh a very specific one I particular okay uh a very specific one I I again um I oh can I see anything name I again um I oh can I see anything name I again um I oh can I see anything name there's that Martin Webster I mean I've there's that Martin Webster I mean I've there's that Martin Webster I mean I've got I've got colleagues who work with got I've got colleagues who work with got I've got colleagues who work with pasas um if you wanted to uh if there's pasas um if you wanted to uh if there's pasas um if you wanted to uh if there's something you wanted to follow up on something you wanted to follow up on something you wanted to follow up on there I'm happy to sort link you through there I'm happy to sort link you through there I'm happy to sort link you through to someone I work with on to someone I work with on to someone I work with on that um so the next question then is um that um so the next question then is um that um so the next question then is um uh how does so contamination affect uh how does so contamination affect uh how does so contamination affect agricultural practices and food safety agricultural practices and food safety agricultural practices and food safety uh and what measures are in place to uh and what measures are in place to uh and what measures are in place to ensure the safety of crops grown in ensure the safety of crops grown in ensure the safety of crops grown in contaminated areas I don't know whether contaminated areas I don't know whether contaminated areas I don't know whether either of you would like to have a go at either of you would like to have a go at either of you would like to have a go at that one I think that's that's that's a question um obviously farmers will be a question um obviously farmers will be a question um obviously farmers will be aware of certain contaminants because of aware of certain contaminants because of aware of certain contaminants because of the way it affects the crops and um this the way it affects the crops and um this the way it affects the crops and um this is I can done in part to irrigation is I can done in part to irrigation is I can done in part to irrigation greater care needs to be taken with ir greater care needs to be taken with ir greater care needs to be taken with ir ation because a lot of um materials lot ation because a lot of um materials lot ation because a lot of um materials lot of elements uh concentrate in the soil of elements uh concentrate in the soil of elements uh concentrate in the soil as a result of irrigation um farmers are as a result of irrigation um farmers are as a result of irrigation um farmers are aware of what their their soil contains aware of what their their soil contains aware of what their their soil contains largely and largely and largely and um and I do think we have to be very um and I do think we have to be very um and I do think we have to be very very careful about the contaminants very careful about the contaminants very careful about the contaminants going into so I mean one of the things I going into so I mean one of the things I going into so I mean one of the things I haven't talked about today is far um haven't talked about today is far um haven't talked about today is far um Pharmaceuticals and some of the Pharmaceuticals and some of the Pharmaceuticals and some of the Pharmaceuticals now that they think that Pharmaceuticals now that they think that Pharmaceuticals now that they think that have been applied in sewage stud are have been applied in sewage stud are have been applied in sewage stud are being taken up into crops and so there's being taken up into crops and so there's being taken up into crops and so there's so much that we need to take into so much that we need to take into so much that we need to take into consideration um so yes they are moving consideration um so yes they are moving consideration um so yes they are moving from and it's like the um um from and it's like the um um from and it's like the um um microplastic um this is moving this is microplastic um this is moving this is microplastic um this is moving this is moving from the soil into the crop it's moving from the soil into the crop it's moving from the soil into the crop it's another pollutant that we've got to deal another pollutant that we've got to deal another pollutant that we've got to deal with yeah I think we very in that so with yeah I think we very in that so with yeah I think we very in that so answer that question very quickly come answer that question very quickly come answer that question very quickly come back to that need for collaboration back to that need for collaboration back to that need for collaboration interdisciplinary cost discipline interdisciplinary cost discipline interdisciplinary cost discipline working working working recognizing that soils and and the recognizing that soils and and the recognizing that soils and and the natural environment is a system that is natural environment is a system that is natural environment is a system that is interl and you you you tweak one part um interl and you you you tweak one part um interl and you you you tweak one part um and something will change elsewhere or and something will change elsewhere or and something will change elsewhere or there are implications elsewhere um just there are implications elsewhere um just there are implications elsewhere um just check on the time I've got a CL for a check on the time I've got a CL for a check on the time I've got a CL for a couple more questions um one couple more questions um one couple more questions um one specifically for yourself grae can you specifically for yourself grae can you specifically for yourself grae can you clarify the rule retrace versus the clarify the rule retrace versus the clarify the rule retrace versus the 0.001% HSC 0.001% HSC 0.001% HSC 248 um which specifies Trace as being 248 um which specifies Trace as being 248 um which specifies Trace as being one or two fibers or Fiber bundles in one or two fibers or Fiber bundles in one or two fibers or Fiber bundles in the whole the whole the whole sample um which can be ordered of sample um which can be ordered of sample um which can be ordered of magnitude below that percentage magnitude below that percentage magnitude below that percentage threshold sorry just repeat that threshold sorry just repeat that threshold sorry just repeat that question the question the question the rule it's clarifying the rules between rule it's clarifying the rules between rule it's clarifying the rules between the the trace um versus that that sort the the trace um versus that that sort the the trace um versus that that sort of percentage in h241 I think think the of percentage in h241 I think think the of percentage in h241 I think think the question is really about looking at how question is really about looking at how question is really about looking at how does that match with one or two fibers does that match with one or two fibers does that match with one or two fibers or Fiber bundles which maybe orders or Fiber bundles which maybe orders or Fiber bundles which maybe orders magnitude below that magnitude below that magnitude below that threshold of threshold of threshold of 0.001 0.001 0.001 yeah yeah I think the the the thing with yeah yeah I think the the the thing with yeah yeah I think the the the thing with the the the definition of the the the definition of the the the definition of Trace as laid down in the regulations um Trace as laid down in the regulations um Trace as laid down in the regulations um they they they've got to come to a they they they've got to come to a they they they've got to come to a conclusion that um where where the conclusion that um where where the conclusion that um where where the levels are such low such as one or two levels are such low such as one or two levels are such low such as one or two fibers then of course the regulations fibers then of course the regulations fibers then of course the regulations won't apply because the risk obviously won't apply because the risk obviously won't apply because the risk obviously is very very low in that in that respect is very very low in that in that respect is very very low in that in that respect um with regard to the the the um with regard to the the the um with regard to the the the quantification of the contamination in quantification of the contamination in quantification of the contamination in the soil of the soil of the soil of 0.01 um it's all relative to the the 0.01 um it's all relative to the the 0.01 um it's all relative to the the size of the sample obviously they size of the sample obviously they size of the sample obviously they analyze normally about 30 um 30 grams or analyze normally about 30 um 30 grams or analyze normally about 30 um 30 grams or so uh and then they they'll work out so uh and then they they'll work out so uh and then they they'll work out that percentage but with with the with that percentage but with with the with that percentage but with with the with the regulations um if if we was to take the regulations um if if we was to take the regulations um if if we was to take a line that um everything that contained a line that um everything that contained a line that um everything that contained asbest whether it be one or one or two asbest whether it be one or one or two asbest whether it be one or one or two fibers then the you know the control fibers then the you know the control fibers then the you know the control measures would have to have to apply um measures would have to have to apply um measures would have to have to apply um we wouldn't we wouldn't leave our homes we wouldn't we wouldn't leave our homes we wouldn't we wouldn't leave our homes um we have to we have to have a line um we have to we have to have a line um we have to we have to have a line there so the HSC have come out and there so the HSC have come out and there so the HSC have come out and defined Trace as the as as the one or defined Trace as the as as the one or defined Trace as the as as the one or two fibers but it depends on the two fibers but it depends on the two fibers but it depends on the obviously the analysis that determines obviously the analysis that determines obviously the analysis that determines that the chances of coming across two that the chances of coming across two that the chances of coming across two fibers as a bundle is probably going to fibers as a bundle is probably going to fibers as a bundle is probably going to be slim it's either going to be nothing be slim it's either going to be nothing be slim it's either going to be nothing or it's going to be many many fibers to or it's going to be many many fibers to or it's going to be many many fibers to be be be fair all right I'm I'm conscious of time fair all right I'm I'm conscious of time fair all right I'm I'm conscious of time um there are other questions in uh that um there are other questions in uh that um there are other questions in uh that have been logged in the portal maybe have been logged in the portal maybe have been logged in the portal maybe we'll um we'll try and pick those up we'll um we'll try and pick those up we'll um we'll try and pick those up offline um but yeah thank you to to offline um but yeah thank you to to offline um but yeah thank you to to participants for all the questions that participants for all the questions that participants for all the questions that you've uh you've put in there um it' be you've uh you've put in there um it' be you've uh you've put in there um it' be great to have more time at some point to great to have more time at some point to great to have more time at some point to go through those go through those go through those um so yeah just for me to close now um so yeah just for me to close now um so yeah just for me to close now really so on on behalf of b s s science really so on on behalf of b s s science really so on on behalf of b s s science I would like to express our thanks to to I would like to express our thanks to to I would like to express our thanks to to Graham uh and to Margaret for coming Graham uh and to Margaret for coming Graham uh and to Margaret for coming along to present today uh thank you to along to present today uh thank you to along to present today uh thank you to all you for attending um you will find a all you for attending um you will find a all you for attending um you will find a quick feedback survey when you leave the quick feedback survey when you leave the quick feedback survey when you leave the webinar uh which we really hope you'll webinar uh which we really hope you'll webinar uh which we really hope you'll take time to complete is really useful take time to complete is really useful take time to complete is really useful for us to understand how how well these for us to understand how how well these for us to understand how how well these These webinars are are landing um and These webinars are are landing um and These webinars are are landing um and also the recording of the webinar if you also the recording of the webinar if you also the recording of the webinar if you want to look back or if if you haven't want to look back or if if you haven't want to look back or if if you haven't been able to join today it'll also be been able to join today it'll also be been able to join today it'll also be available after the event on our our available after the event on our our available after the event on our our YouTube channel YouTube channel YouTube channel um our next webinar is scheduled to be um our next webinar is scheduled to be um our next webinar is scheduled to be on Wednesday the 8th of May on carbon on Wednesday the 8th of May on carbon on Wednesday the 8th of May on carbon sequestration so do please keep an eye sequestration so do please keep an eye sequestration so do please keep an eye out on our website um and in a followup out on our website um and in a followup out on our website um and in a followup email for for details of how to register email for for details of how to register email for for details of how to register for that um and yeah I I hope to see you for that um and yeah I I hope to see you for that um and yeah I I hope to see you all at at future events in the meantime all at at future events in the meantime all at at future events in the meantime thank you again and goodbye<br /> }}</div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Zoom_into_Soil:_Grassland_Soil_Health&diff=11787 2026-05-29T14:07:03Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Ajoute les transcriptions YouTube aux pages vidéo qui n&#039;en ont pas - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/435</p> <hr /> <div>{{vidéo<br /> | Titre = Zoom into Soil: Grassland Soil Health<br /> | Producteur = British Society of Soil Science<br /> | Vignette = Thumbnail_youtube_3eae5bLtCms.jpg<br /> | Date de mise en ligne = 2025-02-21<br /> | Durée = 60 minutes<br /> | Production = <br /> | Vidéo = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3eae5bLtCms<br /> | Intervenants 0 = Paul Newell-Price<br /> | Intervenants 1 = John Langley-Randall<br /> | Mots-clés = NBSOIL<br /> }}<br /> <br /> In this webinar, Dr Paul Newell-Price and John Langley-Randall from ADAS discuss grassland soil health.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Paul is Head of Soils &amp; Nutrients at ADAS. He is a Soil Scientist, Chartered Scientist and Fellow of the British Society of Soil Science with over thirty years of research and advisory experience working on the interactions between land management practices and ecosystem service delivery in the UK and overseas. Paul joined ADAS in 2005 and was Scientific Coordinator of the Horizon 2020 SUPER-G project on Sustainable Permanent Grassland Systems and Policies (2018-2024). In this webinar, Paul discusses the challenges and various options for managing grasslands for soil health, and how this interacts with the delivery of multiple ecosystem services, including results from Defra and EU-funded projects from the past 15 years.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> John is a soil scientist at ADAS having joined the soils and nutrients team in 2022. Since joining ADAS John has been working on a range of projects including Super-G, a European project evaluating sustainable permanent grasslands to optimise productivity while supporting ecosystem services, as well as reviewing the potential of biochar in UK agriculture, and evaluating on-farm implementation of the Sustainable Farming Incentive schemes. Prior to joining ADAS, John completed his PhD at Bangor University which assessed the impact of slurry acidification on soil and crop health through UK field trials. In this webinar, John outlines the results of a Natural England funded project which compared the impact of mob and conventional grazing on soil chemical, biological and physical indicators as well as outlining a multi-year Defra funded mob grazing project currently undertaken by ADAS.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> The British Society of Soil Science is an established international membership organisation and charity committed to the study of soil in its widest aspects. https://soils.org.uk/<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{Pages liées}}<br /> <br /> {{Transcription<br /> | transcription = welcome to the webinar um I'm Lizzie seu welcome to the webinar um I'm Lizzie seu welcome to the webinar um I'm Lizzie seu president-elect the British Society of s president-elect the British Society of s president-elect the British Society of s science and I'm delighted to welcome you science and I'm delighted to welcome you science and I'm delighted to welcome you all to our second webinar of the year all to our second webinar of the year all to our second webinar of the year before I welcome our presenters today before I welcome our presenters today before I welcome our presenters today I'd just like to introduce the British I'd just like to introduce the British I'd just like to introduce the British Society of s science as hosts of today's Society of s science as hosts of today's Society of s science as hosts of today's webinar we're an established webinar we're an established webinar we're an established International membership organization International membership organization International membership organization and charity committed to the study of and charity committed to the study of and charity committed to the study of soil in its widest aspects we bring soil in its widest aspects we bring soil in its widest aspects we bring together those working within Academia together those working within Academia together those working within Academia and have a growing membership amongst and have a growing membership amongst and have a growing membership amongst practitioners implementing sour science practitioners implementing sour science practitioners implementing sour science and Industry and those are the key and Industry and those are the key and Industry and those are the key interests in soils so we plan to host 10 interests in soils so we plan to host 10 interests in soils so we plan to host 10 webinars during 2025 so keep an eye out webinars during 2025 so keep an eye out webinars during 2025 so keep an eye out on our website for further on our website for further on our website for further details before we begin today just some details before we begin today just some details before we begin today just some basic housekeeping as there's so many of basic housekeeping as there's so many of basic housekeeping as there's so many of you here today all your microphones have you here today all your microphones have you here today all your microphones have been muted we will be taking questions been muted we will be taking questions been muted we will be taking questions during at the end of the presentations during at the end of the presentations during at the end of the presentations so we'll be monitoring these throughout so we'll be monitoring these throughout so we'll be monitoring these throughout the webinar so please can you make sure the webinar so please can you make sure the webinar so please can you make sure that you submit any questions for the that you submit any questions for the that you submit any questions for the speakers by 12:50 to allow us to get speakers by 12:50 to allow us to get speakers by 12:50 to allow us to get through as many as we through as many as we through as many as we can although you'll see that there is a can although you'll see that there is a can although you'll see that there is a raise your hand button we won't be using raise your hand button we won't be using raise your hand button we won't be using this unless the presenter specifically this unless the presenter specifically this unless the presenter specifically asks for a show of asks for a show of asks for a show of hands um the presentations today have hands um the presentations today have hands um the presentations today have been awarded basis and N Roo CPD points been awarded basis and N Roo CPD points been awarded basis and N Roo CPD points so if you are registered with either the so if you are registered with either the so if you are registered with either the please contact us up directly after the please contact us up directly after the please contact us up directly after the event and finally be Please be aware event and finally be Please be aware event and finally be Please be aware that we're recording today's that we're recording today's that we're recording today's presentation I'd like to quickly presentation I'd like to quickly presentation I'd like to quickly introduce our corporate member Adas um introduce our corporate member Adas um introduce our corporate member Adas um Adas us is one of the UK's leading Adas us is one of the UK's leading Adas us is one of the UK's leading Agricultural and environmental R&amp;amp;D Agricultural and environmental R&amp;amp;D Agricultural and environmental R&amp;amp;D consultancy businesses with about 450 consultancy businesses with about 450 consultancy businesses with about 450 staff based across the UK working in a staff based across the UK working in a staff based across the UK working in a range of disciplines including Source range of disciplines including Source range of disciplines including Source science both of our speakers today are science both of our speakers today are science both of our speakers today are from the Adas sours research group and from the Adas sours research group and from the Adas sours research group and we be presenting on the topic of we be presenting on the topic of we be presenting on the topic of grassland soil grassland soil grassland soil Health our first speaker is Dr Paul new Health our first speaker is Dr Paul new Health our first speaker is Dr Paul new price Paul is head of ss and nutrients price Paul is head of ss and nutrients price Paul is head of ss and nutrients at Adas he's a soul scientist a charart at Adas he's a soul scientist a charart at Adas he's a soul scientist a charart scientist and a fellow of the British scientist and a fellow of the British scientist and a fellow of the British Society of s science with over 30 years Society of s science with over 30 years Society of s science with over 30 years of research and advisory experience of research and advisory experience of research and advisory experience working on the interactions between Land working on the interactions between Land working on the interactions between Land Management practices and ecosystem Management practices and ecosystem Management practices and ecosystem Service delivery in the UK and Service delivery in the UK and Service delivery in the UK and overseas Paul joined Adas in 2005 and overseas Paul joined Adas in 2005 and overseas Paul joined Adas in 2005 and was scientific coordinator for the was scientific coordinator for the was scientific coordinator for the Horizon 2020 superg project on Horizon 2020 superg project on Horizon 2020 superg project on sustainable permanent grass and systems sustainable permanent grass and systems sustainable permanent grass and systems and and and policies Paul will discuss the policies Paul will discuss the policies Paul will discuss the challenges and various options for challenges and various options for challenges and various options for managing grass and for s health and how managing grass and for s health and how managing grass and for s health and how this interacts with the delivery of this interacts with the delivery of this interacts with the delivery of multiple ecosystem services including multiple ecosystem services including multiple ecosystem services including results from Def and EU funded projects results from Def and EU funded projects results from Def and EU funded projects from the past 15 years so over to you Paul thanks Lizzy um good afternoon Paul thanks Lizzy um good afternoon Paul thanks Lizzy um good afternoon everybody great okay so in terms of what everybody great okay so in terms of what everybody great okay so in terms of what I want to cover to get today uh yeah I want to cover to get today uh yeah I want to cover to get today uh yeah focus on managing grasslands but um I focus on managing grasslands but um I focus on managing grasslands but um I want to focus on first of all what we want to focus on first of all what we want to focus on first of all what we mean by soil Health um and linking mean by soil Health um and linking mean by soil Health um and linking through to to provision of ecosystem through to to provision of ecosystem through to to provision of ecosystem Services we've been looking at a bit Services we've been looking at a bit Services we've been looking at a bit more detail in terms of soil properties more detail in terms of soil properties more detail in terms of soil properties how that relates to soil health and how how that relates to soil health and how how that relates to soil health and how we can manage soils to we can manage soils to we can manage soils to improve their health their properties uh improve their health their properties uh improve their health their properties uh and the delivery of various functions and the delivery of various functions and the delivery of various functions and then it'll be a focus on grass and then it'll be a focus on grass and then it'll be a focus on grass management so the idea is really to set management so the idea is really to set management so the idea is really to set the scene for John's later talk um on the scene for John's later talk um on the scene for John's later talk um on the mob grazing project another work the mob grazing project another work the mob grazing project another work we've done around grazing practices how we've done around grazing practices how we've done around grazing practices how that influences things so this is more that influences things so this is more that influences things so this is more an an an overview um so I'll introduce so the overview um so I'll introduce so the overview um so I'll introduce so the options various options in terms of options various options in terms of options various options in terms of managing grasslands so how we manage managing grasslands so how we manage managing grasslands so how we manage them um how we can how we can alter them um how we can how we can alter them um how we can how we can alter things look at the impact of that things look at the impact of that things look at the impact of that management because it can be challenging management because it can be challenging management because it can be challenging to to man to manage grasslands um to to man to manage grasslands um to to man to manage grasslands um sustainably or or for a range of sustainably or or for a range of sustainably or or for a range of ecosystem Services I'll touch upon their ecosystem Services I'll touch upon their ecosystem Services I'll touch upon their condition in terms of uh National scale condition in terms of uh National scale condition in terms of uh National scale so England and Wales proportion of soils so England and Wales proportion of soils so England and Wales proportion of soils in good condition that sort of thing and in good condition that sort of thing and in good condition that sort of thing and then a little bit about mitigation just then a little bit about mitigation just then a little bit about mitigation just just touching upon that in terms of the just touching upon that in terms of the just touching upon that in terms of the sorts of things that are available to sorts of things that are available to sorts of things that are available to Farmers and that that farmers do to M Farmers and that that farmers do to M Farmers and that that farmers do to M mitigate poor condition and then I'll mitigate poor condition and then I'll mitigate poor condition and then I'll touch upon at the end um this question touch upon at the end um this question touch upon at the end um this question of trying to deliver multiple ecosystem of trying to deliver multiple ecosystem of trying to deliver multiple ecosystem Services trying to deliver Services trying to deliver Services trying to deliver multi-functionality from grasslands and multi-functionality from grasslands and multi-functionality from grasslands and then just a few conclusions then just a few conclusions then just a few conclusions so yeah if we're talking about Gras and so yeah if we're talking about Gras and so yeah if we're talking about Gras and management and delivering Soul Health management and delivering Soul Health management and delivering Soul Health what do we mean by so health and we what do we mean by so health and we what do we mean by so health and we think this is quite a useful definition think this is quite a useful definition think this is quite a useful definition so soil health is the ability of a soil so soil health is the ability of a soil so soil health is the ability of a soil to act as a living system to sustain in to act as a living system to sustain in to act as a living system to sustain in the long term its most important the long term its most important the long term its most important function so I think I think the key function so I think I think the key function so I think I think the key Point here is on S being a living system Point here is on S being a living system Point here is on S being a living system um so it's not only s chemical um so it's not only s chemical um so it's not only s chemical properties but physical properties but properties but physical properties but properties but physical properties but it's also it's also it's also biological and it's linked through soil biological and it's linked through soil biological and it's linked through soil functions so the ability of soils to functions so the ability of soils to functions so the ability of soils to produce biomass uh crop support crop produce biomass uh crop support crop produce biomass uh crop support crop yield but also allow soils to drain yield but also allow soils to drain yield but also allow soils to drain regulate water flows regulate air flows regulate water flows regulate air flows regulate water flows regulate air flows um and also store carbon things like um and also store carbon things like um and also store carbon things like that so so the soil functions feed that so so the soil functions feed that so so the soil functions feed through to the soil ecosystem services through to the soil ecosystem services through to the soil ecosystem services and to The Wider ecosystem services that and to The Wider ecosystem services that and to The Wider ecosystem services that you can see on the right hand side of you can see on the right hand side of you can see on the right hand side of the slide there so what we want from the slide there so what we want from the slide there so what we want from soils will depend on the context um in soils will depend on the context um in soils will depend on the context um in terms of what the priorities are in terms of what the priorities are in terms of what the priorities are in terms of its functions and the ecosystem terms of its functions and the ecosystem terms of its functions and the ecosystem services that it delivers so that feeds services that it delivers so that feeds services that it delivers so that feeds through to um the soil through to um the soil through to um the soil properties so as I mentioned we've got properties so as I mentioned we've got properties so as I mentioned we've got in terms of soil health and defining the in terms of soil health and defining the in terms of soil health and defining the soil Health it is an integration of the soil Health it is an integration of the soil Health it is an integration of the the physical the chemical and the the physical the chemical and the the physical the chemical and the biological and and they are integrated biological and and they are integrated biological and and they are integrated they're interrelated so in terms of the they're interrelated so in terms of the they're interrelated so in terms of the physical properties if we compress the physical properties if we compress the physical properties if we compress the small soil if we smear it if we reduce small soil if we smear it if we reduce small soil if we smear it if we reduce the pore space then there's less space the pore space then there's less space the pore space then there's less space for the biology the fungal H the roots for the biology the fungal H the roots for the biology the fungal H the roots and for other soil organisms to explore and for other soil organisms to explore and for other soil organisms to explore through the soil we can also affect through the soil we can also affect through the soil we can also affect things through uh the chemical so pH things through uh the chemical so pH things through uh the chemical so pH things like pH the amount of nutrient things like pH the amount of nutrient things like pH the amount of nutrient input can drive what biology exists input can drive what biology exists input can drive what biology exists within the soils we know that that those within the soils we know that that those within the soils we know that that those are two two very interrelated are two two very interrelated are two two very interrelated factors so in terms of s properties we factors so in terms of s properties we factors so in terms of s properties we have our inherent properties so that have our inherent properties so that have our inherent properties so that sets the sets the sets the context um I'll just show us map here context um I'll just show us map here context um I'll just show us map here which illustrates the range of different which illustrates the range of different which illustrates the range of different soil types those S inherent soil types soil types those S inherent soil types soil types those S inherent soil types so the soil texture soil depth but also so the soil texture soil depth but also so the soil texture soil depth but also s drainage very important um and this s drainage very important um and this s drainage very important um and this map just shows really the variation in map just shows really the variation in map just shows really the variation in terms of s top soil texture and depth we terms of s top soil texture and depth we terms of s top soil texture and depth we also need to think about um the full also need to think about um the full also need to think about um the full soil profile because it's a soil profile because it's a soil profile because it's a three-dimensional system so not only the three-dimensional system so not only the three-dimensional system so not only the top soil but how is how is the sub top soil but how is how is the sub top soil but how is how is the sub subsoil behaving what is it what are its subsoil behaving what is it what are its subsoil behaving what is it what are its properties and um what's its condition properties and um what's its condition properties and um what's its condition so those are the inherent properties so those are the inherent properties so those are the inherent properties that we're working which we we can s that we're working which we we can s that we're working which we we can s change the inherent properties to some change the inherent properties to some change the inherent properties to some degree through degree through degree through management and those are what we call management and those are what we call management and those are what we call Dynamic properties so a whole range of Dynamic properties so a whole range of Dynamic properties so a whole range of management practices that we can use to management practices that we can use to management practices that we can use to change those Dynamic properties change those Dynamic properties change those Dynamic properties which you can which you can see there which you can which you can see there which you can which you can see there and some of which we can use within and some of which we can use within and some of which we can use within grassland grassland grassland systems so just focusing on given that systems so just focusing on given that systems so just focusing on given that soil is a living system I just want to soil is a living system I just want to soil is a living system I just want to focus on uh the biology for a minute so focus on uh the biology for a minute so focus on uh the biology for a minute so just thinking about how important the just thinking about how important the just thinking about how important the soil biology in terms of soil functions soil biology in terms of soil functions soil biology in terms of soil functions we need the we need that biology to work we need the we need that biology to work we need the we need that biology to work in terms of improving nutrient cycling in terms of improving nutrient cycling in terms of improving nutrient cycling but also decomposition of organic but also decomposition of organic but also decomposition of organic materials are added to land crop materials are added to land crop materials are added to land crop residues or anything else that's it's residues or anything else that's it's residues or anything else that's it's about and this slide I think is a useful about and this slide I think is a useful about and this slide I think is a useful one in terms of illustrating the one in terms of illustrating the one in terms of illustrating the different trophic levels so we've got different trophic levels so we've got different trophic levels so we've got the bacteria we've got the fungi we know the bacteria we've got the fungi we know the bacteria we've got the fungi we know that those that fungi bacterial ratio is that those that fungi bacterial ratio is that those that fungi bacterial ratio is affected by management things like pH affected by management things like pH affected by management things like pH and nitrogen addition but you'll see as and nitrogen addition but you'll see as and nitrogen addition but you'll see as we move from left to right in the slide we move from left to right in the slide we move from left to right in the slide we have the different tropic levels uh we have the different tropic levels uh we have the different tropic levels uh within that food web so we go from the within that food web so we go from the within that food web so we go from the yellow to the blue uh you can you can yellow to the blue uh you can you can yellow to the blue uh you can you can read the different organisms we've got read the different organisms we've got read the different organisms we've got there through to the red the predatory there through to the red the predatory there through to the red the predatory organisms and then through the soil organisms and then through the soil organisms and then through the soil dwelling high high level dwelling high high level dwelling high high level predators and um yeah the the the food predators and um yeah the the the food predators and um yeah the the the food web the range of organisms that we have web the range of organisms that we have web the range of organisms that we have in the soil are driven by to a certain in the soil are driven by to a certain in the soil are driven by to a certain extent inherent inherent properties but extent inherent inherent properties but extent inherent inherent properties but also those Dynamic properties that we also those Dynamic properties that we also those Dynamic properties that we can alter through management and you'll can alter through management and you'll can alter through management and you'll see here we've also got earthworms which see here we've also got earthworms which see here we've also got earthworms which are a key organism in the soil not not are a key organism in the soil not not are a key organism in the soil not not only as an indicator but as a key only as an indicator but as a key only as an indicator but as a key ecosystem engineer because they actually ecosystem engineer because they actually ecosystem engineer because they actually alter the environment of the soil quite alter the environment of the soil quite alter the environment of the soil quite significantly so just to focus on that significantly so just to focus on that significantly so just to focus on that for a moment we often use earthworms as for a moment we often use earthworms as for a moment we often use earthworms as an indicator of soil an indicator of soil an indicator of soil Health they are sensitive to pH they're Health they are sensitive to pH they're Health they are sensitive to pH they're sensitive to water water logging sensitive to water water logging sensitive to water water logging compaction tillage organic matter compaction tillage organic matter compaction tillage organic matter management um and it's one of the um one management um and it's one of the um one management um and it's one of the um one of the or of the or of the or organisms that's used in sort of organisms that's used in sort of organisms that's used in sort of national scale s national scale s national scale s monitoring um we can not only look at monitoring um we can not only look at monitoring um we can not only look at total numbers of earthworms and their total numbers of earthworms and their total numbers of earthworms and their biomass but also split them into biomass but also split them into biomass but also split them into different EC types so we've got the Epic different EC types so we've got the Epic different EC types so we've got the Epic which are the litter surface dwellers which are the litter surface dwellers which are the litter surface dwellers the endj the top s dwellers and then an the endj the top s dwellers and then an the endj the top s dwellers and then an E6 the Deep burrowers which create those E6 the Deep burrowers which create those E6 the Deep burrowers which create those deep channels which help with airation deep channels which help with airation deep channels which help with airation and drainage so to say key key ecos and drainage so to say key key ecos and drainage so to say key key ecos system um service engineer so bear that system um service engineer so bear that system um service engineer so bear that in mind when I'm presenting some of the in mind when I'm presenting some of the in mind when I'm presenting some of the results of mitigation uh later results of mitigation uh later results of mitigation uh later on so moving on to Grassland management on so moving on to Grassland management on so moving on to Grassland management itself then having set the scene in itself then having set the scene in itself then having set the scene in terms of soil Health s properties and terms of soil Health s properties and terms of soil Health s properties and indicators and biology what can we do indicators and biology what can we do indicators and biology what can we do with uh grassland uh in the terms of the with uh grassland uh in the terms of the with uh grassland uh in the terms of the way we manage manage it and this is just way we manage manage it and this is just way we manage manage it and this is just a couple of slides which were developed a couple of slides which were developed a couple of slides which were developed by uh a couple of the partn is from The by uh a couple of the partn is from The by uh a couple of the partn is from The Horizon 2020 superg project which is on Horizon 2020 superg project which is on Horizon 2020 superg project which is on sustainable permanent grassland sustainable permanent grassland sustainable permanent grassland systems uh by stanislav hayok and Dario systems uh by stanislav hayok and Dario systems uh by stanislav hayok and Dario Sako so yeah various ways that we can Sako so yeah various ways that we can Sako so yeah various ways that we can use grasslands in terms of cutting or use grasslands in terms of cutting or use grasslands in terms of cutting or grazing various various other um grazing various various other um grazing various various other um uses we can alter the way we defoliate uses we can alter the way we defoliate uses we can alter the way we defoliate the soil so how many Cuts or grazings the soil so how many Cuts or grazings the soil so how many Cuts or grazings per year when we graze when we cut it so per year when we graze when we cut it so per year when we graze when we cut it so are we focusing on a on a summer grazing are we focusing on a on a summer grazing are we focusing on a on a summer grazing season or we looking to extend the season or we looking to extend the season or we looking to extend the grazing into the Autumn early grazing in grazing into the Autumn early grazing in grazing into the Autumn early grazing in the spring or even winter grazing so um the spring or even winter grazing so um the spring or even winter grazing so um a variety of different pressures that a variety of different pressures that a variety of different pressures that can be on the system whole different can be on the system whole different can be on the system whole different number of livestock types that we can number of livestock types that we can number of livestock types that we can use and then a question of stocking use and then a question of stocking use and then a question of stocking rates both at the farm scale but also rates both at the farm scale but also rates both at the farm scale but also the field scale when we graze so are we the field scale when we graze so are we the field scale when we graze so are we looking at set stocking type type looking at set stocking type type looking at set stocking type type activity activity activity continuous extensive or various forms of continuous extensive or various forms of continuous extensive or various forms of rotational I won't go into this in rotational I won't go into this in rotational I won't go into this in detail because John will will be looking detail because John will will be looking detail because John will will be looking at this um with a bit more Focus but we at this um with a bit more Focus but we at this um with a bit more Focus but we can rotate that grazing we can vary in can rotate that grazing we can vary in can rotate that grazing we can vary in vary in terms of how long it is before vary in terms of how long it is before vary in terms of how long it is before we go back to each um field or Paddock we go back to each um field or Paddock we go back to each um field or Paddock so short medium and long grazing so short medium and long grazing so short medium and long grazing intervals and then the frequency of intervals and then the frequency of intervals and then the frequency of livestock movement can be altered how livestock movement can be altered how livestock movement can be altered how many livestock we have how long the gra many livestock we have how long the gra many livestock we have how long the gra for and how quickly they're moved for and how quickly they're moved for and how quickly they're moved on various other things we also do in on various other things we also do in on various other things we also do in terms of managing the grassland we can terms of managing the grassland we can terms of managing the grassland we can Reed we can overseed we can destroy the Reed we can overseed we can destroy the Reed we can overseed we can destroy the sword and start again or we can rivate sword and start again or we can rivate sword and start again or we can rivate and and Seed uh over the top to and and Seed uh over the top to and and Seed uh over the top to introduce new species and there's introduce new species and there's introduce new species and there's variation in terms of how how frequently variation in terms of how how frequently variation in terms of how how frequently we do that we can use fertilizers and we do that we can use fertilizers and we do that we can use fertilizers and Lime at various frequencies and Lime at various frequencies and Lime at various frequencies and amounts and then in and we can also add amounts and then in and we can also add amounts and then in and we can also add them a new to the soil uh different them a new to the soil uh different them a new to the soil uh different application rates uh different types and application rates uh different types and application rates uh different types and different ways of spreading we can also different ways of spreading we can also different ways of spreading we can also irrigate um and that may be a reflection irrigate um and that may be a reflection irrigate um and that may be a reflection of the European project that we're of the European project that we're of the European project that we're talking about irrigation type and talking about irrigation type and talking about irrigation type and frequency there we we tend to more focus frequency there we we tend to more focus frequency there we we tend to more focus on drainage as being a big thing for us on drainage as being a big thing for us on drainage as being a big thing for us very important for our heavy soils very important for our heavy soils very important for our heavy soils grasslands on heavy soils uh and then grasslands on heavy soils uh and then grasslands on heavy soils uh and then there's other forms of cultivation that there's other forms of cultivation that there's other forms of cultivation that we can do including harrowing but also we can do including harrowing but also we can do including harrowing but also sword lifting which will I'll get into so that's just a bit about the so that's just a bit about the so that's just a bit about the management in terms of the impacts of management in terms of the impacts of management in terms of the impacts of management um talked about um number of management um talked about um number of management um talked about um number of times we cut how we graze when we graze times we cut how we graze when we graze times we cut how we graze when we graze and given that we have quite a lot of ss and given that we have quite a lot of ss and given that we have quite a lot of ss that are wet and have sort of poor that are wet and have sort of poor that are wet and have sort of poor drainage status that can be a bit of drainage status that can be a bit of drainage status that can be a bit of challenge in terms of maintaining that challenge in terms of maintaining that challenge in terms of maintaining that phys those physical properties physical phys those physical properties physical phys those physical properties physical health so a lot of management pre health so a lot of management pre health so a lot of management pre pressures particularly if we're looking pressures particularly if we're looking pressures particularly if we're looking to extend grazing into into the to extend grazing into into the to extend grazing into into the winter uh we can get we can this can winter uh we can get we can this can winter uh we can get we can this can result in compaction at various levels result in compaction at various levels result in compaction at various levels so we know that from the various so we know that from the various so we know that from the various research that's been done um that sheep research that's been done um that sheep research that's been done um that sheep tend to cause that compaction in tend to cause that compaction in tend to cause that compaction in puddling the surface a top few puddling the surface a top few puddling the surface a top few centimeters with cattle it can be down centimeters with cattle it can be down centimeters with cattle it can be down to 10 cm and then with Machinery it can to 10 cm and then with Machinery it can to 10 cm and then with Machinery it can be much more deep seated compaction that be much more deep seated compaction that be much more deep seated compaction that we see that we see and have to deal we see that we see and have to deal we see that we see and have to deal with but what's the extent of um that with but what's the extent of um that with but what's the extent of um that action and what sort of condition are so action and what sort of condition are so action and what sort of condition are so soil is in uh we did a we did a a survey soil is in uh we did a we did a a survey soil is in uh we did a we did a a survey about 10 15 years ago now uh looking at about 10 15 years ago now uh looking at about 10 15 years ago now uh looking at various methods to assess soil condition various methods to assess soil condition various methods to assess soil condition this is just one of the methods used this is just one of the methods used this is just one of the methods used developed by Gram Shepard from New developed by Gram Shepard from New developed by Gram Shepard from New Zealand called visual soil assessment Zealand called visual soil assessment Zealand called visual soil assessment which looks at soil structure and which looks at soil structure and which looks at soil structure and consistence the porosity of the soil the consistence the porosity of the soil the consistence the porosity of the soil the color of the soil metric Matrix number color of the soil metric Matrix number color of the soil metric Matrix number and color of soil models as indication and color of soil models as indication and color of soil models as indication of range but also compaction earthworms of range but also compaction earthworms of range but also compaction earthworms appearing again in terms of the count appearing again in terms of the count appearing again in terms of the count and then the surface relief um so and then the surface relief um so and then the surface relief um so there's these different visual there's these different visual there's these different visual indicators a part of the system which indicators a part of the system which indicators a part of the system which each have their own each have their own each have their own multipliers and then you add those multipliers and then you add those multipliers and then you add those scores up to give you a total VSA score scores up to give you a total VSA score scores up to give you a total VSA score so if overall we've got a score less so if overall we've got a score less so if overall we've got a score less than 10 it's assessed as being in poor than 10 it's assessed as being in poor than 10 it's assessed as being in poor condition 10 to 20 moderate more than 20 condition 10 to 20 moderate more than 20 condition 10 to 20 moderate more than 20 is good um so this was done across um is good um so this was done across um is good um so this was done across um 300 fields in England and Wales um not 300 fields in England and Wales um not 300 fields in England and Wales um not only the VSA score but the the visual only the VSA score but the the visual only the VSA score but the the visual evaluation of Sol solar structure score evaluation of Sol solar structure score evaluation of Sol solar structure score earthworm counts and other earthworm counts and other earthworm counts and other things but from that survey we found things but from that survey we found things but from that survey we found that around about 10% of soils uh or that around about 10% of soils uh or that around about 10% of soils uh or fields that were investigated were in fields that were investigated were in fields that were investigated were in poor condition and this was the same poor condition and this was the same poor condition and this was the same whether we looked at it um from visual whether we looked at it um from visual whether we looked at it um from visual soil assessment technique or the visual soil assessment technique or the visual soil assessment technique or the visual evaluation of uh s structure the vest evaluation of uh s structure the vest evaluation of uh s structure the vest technique round about 10% poor round technique round about 10% poor round technique round about 10% poor round about half in moderate condition uh and about half in moderate condition uh and about half in moderate condition uh and 30 30 to 40% in in good 30 30 to 40% in in good 30 30 to 40% in in good condition so that's what we're sort of condition so that's what we're sort of condition so that's what we're sort of dealing with um how do we uh avoid the dealing with um how do we uh avoid the dealing with um how do we uh avoid the compaction the first place or how how do compaction the first place or how how do compaction the first place or how how do we mitigate the risk of poor soil we mitigate the risk of poor soil we mitigate the risk of poor soil condition poor soil condition poor soil condition poor soil Health um with that s physical condition Health um with that s physical condition Health um with that s physical condition f um feeding through to impacts on S f um feeding through to impacts on S f um feeding through to impacts on S biology as well and overall health well biology as well and overall health well biology as well and overall health well we can prevent that compaction in the we can prevent that compaction in the we can prevent that compaction in the first place just by uh thinking about first place just by uh thinking about first place just by uh thinking about when to graze when the SS are when to graze when the SS are when to graze when the SS are particularly wet the different parts of particularly wet the different parts of particularly wet the different parts of the farm this is thing the sort of thing the farm this is thing the sort of thing the farm this is thing the sort of thing that farmers are doing on a day-to-day that farmers are doing on a day-to-day that farmers are doing on a day-to-day basis they know their fields um they basis they know their fields um they basis they know their fields um they know which ones sit wet for longer and know which ones sit wet for longer and know which ones sit wet for longer and which ones can be grazed and how which ones can be grazed and how which ones can be grazed and how frequently so a variety of methods to do frequently so a variety of methods to do frequently so a variety of methods to do to avoid that um and then in terms of to avoid that um and then in terms of to avoid that um and then in terms of Machinery it's again it's thinking about Machinery it's again it's thinking about Machinery it's again it's thinking about when those SS are wet and particular when those SS are wet and particular when those SS are wet and particular Ally susceptible to compaction Ally susceptible to compaction Ally susceptible to compaction compression uh and smearing but it's not compression uh and smearing but it's not compression uh and smearing but it's not always possible to to avoid that if the always possible to to avoid that if the always possible to to avoid that if the grass has got to be cut or the or the grass has got to be cut or the or the grass has got to be cut or the or the livest got to be grazed for whatever livest got to be grazed for whatever livest got to be grazed for whatever reason so if the if that severe reason so if the if that severe reason so if the if that severe compaction cannot be avoided um there compaction cannot be avoided um there compaction cannot be avoided um there may be other ways that that farmers try may be other ways that that farmers try may be other ways that that farmers try to eleviate the compaction that occurs to eleviate the compaction that occurs to eleviate the compaction that occurs so just a few thoughts on that in terms so just a few thoughts on that in terms so just a few thoughts on that in terms of what we can do of what we can do of what we can do um there are various options available um there are various options available um there are various options available to Farmers through AG environment to Farmers through AG environment to Farmers through AG environment schemes or Capital grants uh another schemes or Capital grants uh another schemes or Capital grants uh another sustainable farming incentive and things sustainable farming incentive and things sustainable farming incentive and things like herbal lays are one that can be like herbal lays are one that can be like herbal lays are one that can be used and that's Illustrated here in this used and that's Illustrated here in this used and that's Illustrated here in this slide um here we we've got a sort of slide um here we we've got a sort of slide um here we we've got a sort of spade full of soil showing some fairly spade full of soil showing some fairly spade full of soil showing some fairly com clear compaction with horizontal com clear compaction with horizontal com clear compaction with horizontal platey structure in a HW Hallsworth platey structure in a HW Hallsworth platey structure in a HW Hallsworth series soil that's a clay oil um and series soil that's a clay oil um and series soil that's a clay oil um and then a picture of a sword lifter trying then a picture of a sword lifter trying then a picture of a sword lifter trying to alleviate that compaction which is um to alleviate that compaction which is um to alleviate that compaction which is um often used when compaction is often used when compaction is often used when compaction is found so it's a question what the the found so it's a question what the the found so it's a question what the the degree to which these different degree to which these different degree to which these different techniques can can alleviate the techniques can can alleviate the techniques can can alleviate the compaction and change the soil compaction and change the soil compaction and change the soil properties improve the soil properties improve the soil properties improve the soil health and we did a bit of work um under health and we did a bit of work um under health and we did a bit of work um under the defer project BD 5001 which was the defer project BD 5001 which was the defer project BD 5001 which was looking at s structural degradation and looking at s structural degradation and looking at s structural degradation and mitigation mitigation mitigation options uh and at four sites across options uh and at four sites across options uh and at four sites across England and Wales we introduced deep England and Wales we introduced deep England and Wales we introduced deep rooting herbs and legumes but also did rooting herbs and legumes but also did rooting herbs and legumes but also did sword sword sword lifting uh at two different depths and lifting uh at two different depths and lifting uh at two different depths and this this uh slide illustrates the sword this this uh slide illustrates the sword this this uh slide illustrates the sword lifter the typical setup for a sword lifter the typical setup for a sword lifter the typical setup for a sword lifter this is just one type of machine lifter this is just one type of machine lifter this is just one type of machine but they all have a similar setup in but they all have a similar setup in but they all have a similar setup in terms of having leading discs the leg terms of having leading discs the leg terms of having leading discs the leg the with a TI on it and a pack a roller the with a TI on it and a pack a roller the with a TI on it and a pack a roller behind to sort of push the the sword behind to sort of push the the sword behind to sort of push the the sword back down back down back down again so we were looking at that at two again so we were looking at that at two again so we were looking at that at two different depths alongside deep rooting different depths alongside deep rooting different depths alongside deep rooting herbs and leggings being uh herbs and leggings being uh herbs and leggings being uh overseeded plus the two mitigation overseeded plus the two mitigation overseeded plus the two mitigation options in combination um and here are the results combination um and here are the results combination um and here are the results from that work just looking at the from that work just looking at the from that work just looking at the looking at the results from the medium looking at the results from the medium looking at the results from the medium textured soil site so three of three of textured soil site so three of three of textured soil site so three of three of the sites had Fairly consistent results the sites had Fairly consistent results the sites had Fairly consistent results um haven't presented the results for the um haven't presented the results for the um haven't presented the results for the Deep rooting herbs and legumes here Deep rooting herbs and legumes here Deep rooting herbs and legumes here because they didn't have an observable because they didn't have an observable because they didn't have an observable or St statistically significant effect or St statistically significant effect or St statistically significant effect uh on infiltration rate so this is just uh on infiltration rate so this is just uh on infiltration rate so this is just just looking at the infiltration rate just looking at the infiltration rate just looking at the infiltration rate effects uh on the sword lifting effects uh on the sword lifting effects uh on the sword lifting treatment so we've got unloosened on the treatment so we've got unloosened on the treatment so we've got unloosened on the uh left hand side uh for the four years uh left hand side uh for the four years uh left hand side uh for the four years after loosening and we can see that in after loosening and we can see that in after loosening and we can see that in we got saturated infiltration rate on we got saturated infiltration rate on we got saturated infiltration rate on the y- axis and then in the blue um the y- axis and then in the blue um the y- axis and then in the blue um which is for 2011 we can see compared to which is for 2011 we can see compared to which is for 2011 we can see compared to the unloosened treatment uh dramatic the unloosened treatment uh dramatic the unloosened treatment uh dramatic increases in infiltration rate on the increases in infiltration rate on the increases in infiltration rate on the deeper loosened to around 35 CM depth deeper loosened to around 35 CM depth deeper loosened to around 35 CM depth but also increases where it was but also increases where it was but also increases where it was shallower loosened we see that effect shallower loosened we see that effect shallower loosened we see that effect also continues into also continues into also continues into 2012 and then is reduced in 2013 and 2012 and then is reduced in 2013 and 2012 and then is reduced in 2013 and 2014 so we have this dramatic increase 2014 so we have this dramatic increase 2014 so we have this dramatic increase in water INF filtration rates which is in water INF filtration rates which is in water INF filtration rates which is very useful for practical terms in terms very useful for practical terms in terms very useful for practical terms in terms of how that land can be of how that land can be of how that land can be managed uh opportunities to graze or or managed uh opportunities to graze or or managed uh opportunities to graze or or to to carry out field to to carry out field to to carry out field operations um so a couple of years where operations um so a couple of years where operations um so a couple of years where we have higher higher infiltration rates we have higher higher infiltration rates we have higher higher infiltration rates higher than is probably natural or higher than is probably natural or higher than is probably natural or normal and then it returns um to nearer normal and then it returns um to nearer normal and then it returns um to nearer sort normal or lower infiltration rates sort normal or lower infiltration rates sort normal or lower infiltration rates so that that was results we got uh as so that that was results we got uh as so that that was results we got uh as part of the the BD 51 project we did part of the the BD 51 project we did part of the the BD 51 project we did something similar on a different soil something similar on a different soil something similar on a different soil type as part of the superg project so type as part of the superg project so type as part of the superg project so this was at CoCo Park in North umberland this was at CoCo Park in North umberland this was at CoCo Park in North umberland un Newcastle University un Newcastle University un Newcastle University Farm um similar treatments but this time Farm um similar treatments but this time Farm um similar treatments but this time we've got to control one deep loosen we've got to control one deep loosen we've got to control one deep loosen treatment and a multispecies swords treatment and a multispecies swords treatment and a multispecies swords herbal L herbal L herbal L treatment uh and we can see that in the treatment uh and we can see that in the treatment uh and we can see that in the year following um loosening and addition year following um loosening and addition year following um loosening and addition of the multispecies swords we got this of the multispecies swords we got this of the multispecies swords we got this again this large increase in again this large increase in again this large increase in infiltration ation rates but then by the infiltration ation rates but then by the infiltration ation rates but then by the following year following year following year 2022 those infiltration rates are back 2022 those infiltration rates are back 2022 those infiltration rates are back to more or less where they were before to more or less where they were before to more or less where they were before no difference between treatment so in no difference between treatment so in no difference between treatment so in this case we only saw the difference for this case we only saw the difference for this case we only saw the difference for that one year uh because 20122 or 20 that one year uh because 20122 or 20 that one year uh because 20122 or 20 2021 into 2022 was particularly wet um 2021 into 2022 was particularly wet um 2021 into 2022 was particularly wet um and return you know return the the and return you know return the the and return you know return the the fields back to how they were fields back to how they were fields back to how they were before so those are the effects on um before so those are the effects on um before so those are the effects on um in infiltration rate as an indicator of in infiltration rate as an indicator of in infiltration rate as an indicator of sort of sort of sort of drainage drainage drainage um so so far so good but we also also as um so so far so good but we also also as um so so far so good but we also also as part of the BD 50001 project look not part of the BD 50001 project look not part of the BD 50001 project look not only at the infiltration ratees and only at the infiltration ratees and only at the infiltration ratees and yield effects but also effects on deep yield effects but also effects on deep yield effects but also effects on deep burrowing earthworms or earthworms as a burrowing earthworms or earthworms as a burrowing earthworms or earthworms as a whole across the ecotype groups um and whole across the ecotype groups um and whole across the ecotype groups um and this was at one site napan that we were this was at one site napan that we were this was at one site napan that we were able to do able to do able to do this uh and it shows um from the work this uh and it shows um from the work this uh and it shows um from the work that was done this chart showing the that was done this chart showing the that was done this chart showing the mean number of anic earthworms so those mean number of anic earthworms so those mean number of anic earthworms so those are the Deep burrowing earthworms the are the Deep burrowing earthworms the are the Deep burrowing earthworms the effect of shallow loosening and deeper effect of shallow loosening and deeper effect of shallow loosening and deeper loosening in the three years following loosening in the three years following loosening in the three years following um that loosening treatment so compared um that loosening treatment so compared um that loosening treatment so compared to the unloosened we see a reduction in to the unloosened we see a reduction in to the unloosened we see a reduction in the following year and in the following year and in the following year and in 2012 um the second year by 2014 no 2012 um the second year by 2014 no 2012 um the second year by 2014 no difference between the UN Loos and the difference between the UN Loos and the difference between the UN Loos and the shallon loosen but deeper loosening shallon loosen but deeper loosening shallon loosen but deeper loosening still s lower than the UN loosened still s lower than the UN loosened still s lower than the UN loosened treatment treatment treatment so if we're thinking about earthworms so if we're thinking about earthworms so if we're thinking about earthworms being an important ecosystem engineer being an important ecosystem engineer being an important ecosystem engineer and and doing good work for us we need and and doing good work for us we need and and doing good work for us we need to bear in mind that um the the sword to bear in mind that um the the sword to bear in mind that um the the sword lifting treatment May what looks like is lifting treatment May what looks like is lifting treatment May what looks like is impacting on these earthworms um impacting on these earthworms um impacting on these earthworms um populations even if it is only temporary populations even if it is only temporary populations even if it is only temporary so worth bearing in mind probably need so worth bearing in mind probably need so worth bearing in mind probably need more work on this it is one one uh more work on this it is one one uh more work on this it is one one uh loosening um loosening um loosening um application one one luening event one application one one luening event one application one one luening event one site so beuse useful to see if that's site so beuse useful to see if that's site so beuse useful to see if that's replicated elsewhere just to finish then I'll just elsewhere just to finish then I'll just elsewhere just to finish then I'll just quickly go through some other work that quickly go through some other work that quickly go through some other work that we did as part of the superg project um we did as part of the superg project um we did as part of the superg project um sustainable permanent grasslands project sustainable permanent grasslands project sustainable permanent grasslands project this was a systematic review read by um this was a systematic review read by um this was a systematic review read by um led by Rie shills at vgan engan um led by Rie shills at vgan engan um led by Rie shills at vgan engan um looking at permanent grasslands and looking at permanent grasslands and looking at permanent grasslands and comparing them against other land uses comparing them against other land uses comparing them against other land uses in terms of their ability to deliver in terms of their ability to deliver in terms of their ability to deliver multiple ecosystem multiple ecosystem multiple ecosystem Services um so we're looking about Services um so we're looking about Services um so we're looking about looked at about looked at about looked at about 650 um papers that that covered this 650 um papers that that covered this 650 um papers that that covered this different different land use contrasts different different land use contrasts different different land use contrasts and different management and different management and different management contrasts and the first conclusion that contrasts and the first conclusion that contrasts and the first conclusion that we came to as a result haven't got time we came to as a result haven't got time we came to as a result haven't got time to go into the detail but it was clear to go into the detail but it was clear to go into the detail but it was clear that preventing the conversion of that preventing the conversion of that preventing the conversion of permanent grassland to crop or temporary permanent grassland to crop or temporary permanent grassland to crop or temporary grassland or even forest forest secures grassland or even forest forest secures grassland or even forest forest secures a provision of multiple ecosystem a provision of multiple ecosystem a provision of multiple ecosystem Services because there were ecosystem Services because there were ecosystem Services because there were ecosystem services that um permanent grass provide services that um permanent grass provide services that um permanent grass provide that those other land uses um can't that those other land uses um can't that those other land uses um can't either cannot provide or don't provide either cannot provide or don't provide either cannot provide or don't provide in quite the same way but then we looked in quite the same way but then we looked in quite the same way but then we looked at permanent grasslands um themselves at permanent grasslands um themselves at permanent grasslands um themselves and how they're managed and we looked at and how they're managed and we looked at and how they're managed and we looked at a whole range of different Management a whole range of different Management a whole range of different Management contrasts in terms of how that contrasts in terms of how that contrasts in terms of how that management affects a range of management affects a range of management affects a range of indicators that indicate the range of indicators that indicate the range of indicators that indicate the range of ecosystem services so for for um these ecosystem services so for for um these ecosystem services so for for um these three management contrasts only got time three management contrasts only got time three management contrasts only got time to have a look at three of them today so to have a look at three of them today so to have a look at three of them today so looking at grass from renew increased looking at grass from renew increased looking at grass from renew increased defoliation frequency and nitrogen input defoliation frequency and nitrogen input defoliation frequency and nitrogen input what were the effect of those on these what were the effect of those on these what were the effect of those on these different indicators so for delivery of different indicators so for delivery of different indicators so for delivery of biodiversity we're looking at biodiversity we're looking at biodiversity we're looking at pollinators threatened species and plant pollinators threatened species and plant pollinators threatened species and plant richness for greenhouse gas emissions or richness for greenhouse gas emissions or richness for greenhouse gas emissions or climate regulation we're looking at climate regulation we're looking at climate regulation we're looking at Nitros oxide methane and carbon dioxide Nitros oxide methane and carbon dioxide Nitros oxide methane and carbon dioxide emissions soil Health Quality looking at emissions soil Health Quality looking at emissions soil Health Quality looking at Carbon Carbon Carbon sequestration um for water quality we're sequestration um for water quality we're sequestration um for water quality we're looking at nitrogen phosphorus losses looking at nitrogen phosphorus losses looking at nitrogen phosphorus losses and then for the food Production Service and then for the food Production Service and then for the food Production Service yield energy and yield energy and yield energy and protein um and for each of the protein um and for each of the protein um and for each of the management management management contrasts um if the if the dot is contrasts um if the if the dot is contrasts um if the if the dot is towards the outside of the donut in the towards the outside of the donut in the towards the outside of the donut in the green zone then that management green zone then that management green zone then that management intervention is F has a favorable effect intervention is F has a favorable effect intervention is F has a favorable effect on the indicator and the service if the on the indicator and the service if the on the indicator and the service if the dots towards the middle in dots towards the middle in dots towards the middle in that redder Zone then the the management that redder Zone then the the management that redder Zone then the the management intervention has a unfavorable effect on intervention has a unfavorable effect on intervention has a unfavorable effect on that indicator and service so if we just that indicator and service so if we just that indicator and service so if we just look at the blue dots first of all in look at the blue dots first of all in look at the blue dots first of all in terms of grassland terms of grassland terms of grassland renewal um it's fairly clear that renew renewal um it's fairly clear that renew renewal um it's fairly clear that renew in the grassland has a has a faval in the grassland has a has a faval in the grassland has a has a faval effect on increasing yield but can effect on increasing yield but can effect on increasing yield but can impact on water quality impact on water quality impact on water quality uh and lead to loss of carbon and and uh and lead to loss of carbon and and uh and lead to loss of carbon and and high greenhouse gas emissions see the high greenhouse gas emissions see the high greenhouse gas emissions see the blue dots towards the middle if we if blue dots towards the middle if we if blue dots towards the middle if we if we're increasing the frequency of we're increasing the frequency of we're increasing the frequency of cutting and grazing so that's the green cutting and grazing so that's the green cutting and grazing so that's the green dots that can increase protein and dots that can increase protein and dots that can increase protein and energy in the grasslands but decreases energy in the grasslands but decreases energy in the grasslands but decreases yield and can have a negative effect on yield and can have a negative effect on yield and can have a negative effect on pollinators threatened species and pollinators threatened species and pollinators threatened species and Botanical Botanical Botanical diversity and then finally nitrogen diversity and then finally nitrogen diversity and then finally nitrogen input which is the red dots clear input which is the red dots clear input which is the red dots clear benefits for yield uh and protein but uh benefits for yield uh and protein but uh benefits for yield uh and protein but uh has it has impacts on the pollinators has it has impacts on the pollinators has it has impacts on the pollinators and the threatened and the threatened and the threatened species um botanical diversity species um botanical diversity species um botanical diversity greenhouse gas emissions and water greenhouse gas emissions and water greenhouse gas emissions and water quality quality quality so if we're looking at it at a so if we're looking at it at a so if we're looking at it at a systematic review level It's s clear systematic review level It's s clear systematic review level It's s clear that um if we're looking for grassers to that um if we're looking for grassers to that um if we're looking for grassers to deliver multifunctionality multiple deliver multifunctionality multiple deliver multifunctionality multiple ecosystem Services uh we need to think ecosystem Services uh we need to think ecosystem Services uh we need to think about how how they're man managed um and about how how they're man managed um and about how how they're man managed um and how we s incentivize Farmers to sort of how we s incentivize Farmers to sort of how we s incentivize Farmers to sort of create those conditions to to deliver create those conditions to to deliver create those conditions to to deliver that s that s that s multifunctionality so just in summary multifunctionality so just in summary multifunctionality so just in summary then um soil yeah is a is a living then um soil yeah is a is a living then um soil yeah is a is a living system important to remember the biology system important to remember the biology system important to remember the biology and how it interacts with the physical and how it interacts with the physical and how it interacts with the physical and the and the and the chemical uh soil health is vital for chemical uh soil health is vital for chemical uh soil health is vital for delivering essential soil ecosystem delivering essential soil ecosystem delivering essential soil ecosystem Services there are interacting inherent Services there are interacting inherent Services there are interacting inherent and dynamic soil properties which deter and dynamic soil properties which deter and dynamic soil properties which deter the ability to deliver those ecosystem the ability to deliver those ecosystem the ability to deliver those ecosystem Services uh Dynamics or properties are Services uh Dynamics or properties are Services uh Dynamics or properties are determined by the Land Management we can determined by the Land Management we can determined by the Land Management we can alter the inherent inherent properties alter the inherent inherent properties alter the inherent inherent properties to a to a to a degree Dynamic s properties to Greater degree Dynamic s properties to Greater degree Dynamic s properties to Greater extent there are multiple challenges and extent there are multiple challenges and extent there are multiple challenges and options with managing grasslands all options with managing grasslands all options with managing grasslands all sorts of things that we can do in terms sorts of things that we can do in terms sorts of things that we can do in terms of condition we think around 10% of of condition we think around 10% of of condition we think around 10% of grass and soils are in poor condition grass and soils are in poor condition grass and soils are in poor condition from a survey about 10 years ago but from a survey about 10 years ago but from a survey about 10 years ago but will be new uh information coming will be new uh information coming will be new uh information coming through via the natural Capital through via the natural Capital through via the natural Capital ecosystem assessment ecosystem assessment ecosystem assessment surveys uh we really need to try to surveys uh we really need to try to surveys uh we really need to try to manage grass to avoid the severe comp manage grass to avoid the severe comp manage grass to avoid the severe comp compaction but there are sometimes compaction but there are sometimes compaction but there are sometimes challenges in doing this um and I would challenges in doing this um and I would challenges in doing this um and I would suggest only use the mechanical suggest only use the mechanical suggest only use the mechanical alleviation sword lifting type alleviation sword lifting type alleviation sword lifting type techniques as a last result where we techniques as a last result where we techniques as a last result where we really have that severe compaction really have that severe compaction really have that severe compaction affecting drainage and farm affecting drainage and farm affecting drainage and farm performance we need farming systems that performance we need farming systems that performance we need farming systems that are resilient and adaptive and are resilient and adaptive and are resilient and adaptive and contribute to sustainably sustainability contribute to sustainably sustainability contribute to sustainably sustainability at all scales You Know Field farm at all scales You Know Field farm at all scales You Know Field farm catchment National and Global and then catchment National and Global and then catchment National and Global and then finally temporary and permanent finally temporary and permanent finally temporary and permanent grasslands could play an increasingly grasslands could play an increasingly grasslands could play an increasingly important role in sustainable important role in sustainable important role in sustainable agricultural systems adapting to climate agricultural systems adapting to climate agricultural systems adapting to climate change and delivering change and delivering change and delivering multifunctionality thank you that's great thanks Paul um just a you that's great thanks Paul um just a you that's great thanks Paul um just a reminder to everyone that we'll be reminder to everyone that we'll be reminder to everyone that we'll be taking questions at the end of the next taking questions at the end of the next taking questions at the end of the next present ation so if you have a question present ation so if you have a question present ation so if you have a question please submit it by the questions Box by please submit it by the questions Box by please submit it by the questions Box by 1250 um I'd now like to introduce you to 1250 um I'd now like to introduce you to 1250 um I'd now like to introduce you to our second presenter John Langley our second presenter John Langley our second presenter John Langley Randall John's a soul scientist Adas um Randall John's a soul scientist Adas um Randall John's a soul scientist Adas um having joined the souls and nutrients having joined the souls and nutrients having joined the souls and nutrients team in team in team in 2022 since joining Adas John has been 2022 since joining Adas John has been 2022 since joining Adas John has been working on a range of projects including working on a range of projects including working on a range of projects including the super Jeep project that Paul the super Jeep project that Paul the super Jeep project that Paul mentioned in his presentation um as well mentioned in his presentation um as well mentioned in his presentation um as well as reviewing the potential of biochar in as reviewing the potential of biochar in as reviewing the potential of biochar in the UK AG in UK Agriculture and the UK AG in UK Agriculture and the UK AG in UK Agriculture and evaluating on farm implement ation of evaluating on farm implement ation of evaluating on farm implement ation of the sustainable farming incentive the sustainable farming incentive the sustainable farming incentive schemes before joining Adas John schemes before joining Adas John schemes before joining Adas John completed his PhD at bang University completed his PhD at bang University completed his PhD at bang University which assessed the impact of slurry which assessed the impact of slurry which assessed the impact of slurry acidification on soil and crop Health acidification on soil and crop Health acidification on soil and crop Health through UK field trials so John's going through UK field trials so John's going through UK field trials so John's going to talk to us about the results of a to talk to us about the results of a to talk to us about the results of a natural England funded project which natural England funded project which natural England funded project which compared the impact of mob and compared the impact of mob and compared the impact of mob and conventional grazing on S chemical conventional grazing on S chemical conventional grazing on S chemical biological and physical indicators as biological and physical indicators as biological and physical indicators as well as outlining a multi-year defra well as outlining a multi-year defra well as outlining a multi-year defra funded mob grazing project currently funded mob grazing project currently funded mob grazing project currently undertaken by ad by an Adas Le consult undertaken by ad by an Adas Le consult undertaken by ad by an Adas Le consult sing with project Partners so over over sing with project Partners so over over sing with project Partners so over over to you to you to you John great thanks Lizzy and uh thanks John great thanks Lizzy and uh thanks John great thanks Lizzy and uh thanks Paul for um for yeah for introducing Paul for um for yeah for introducing Paul for um for yeah for introducing where we are with um gr management so where we are with um gr management so where we are with um gr management so yeah as lazy said I'm going to be um yeah as lazy said I'm going to be um yeah as lazy said I'm going to be um talking through the impacts of mob talking through the impacts of mob talking through the impacts of mob grazing on soil health so just as a um grazing on soil health so just as a um grazing on soil health so just as a um brief starting point I'll I'll I'm going brief starting point I'll I'll I'm going brief starting point I'll I'll I'm going to to to outline um the types of grazing systems outline um the types of grazing systems outline um the types of grazing systems that are typically found within um that are typically found within um that are typically found within um within the UK before moving on to um the within the UK before moving on to um the within the UK before moving on to um the results and the methodologies used in a results and the methodologies used in a results and the methodologies used in a natural England funded study and natural England funded study and natural England funded study and starting to introduce the U mob grazing starting to introduce the U mob grazing starting to introduce the U mob grazing study the death funded one which is study the death funded one which is study the death funded one which is still ongoing at the still ongoing at the still ongoing at the moment moment moment so from in the in the UK landscape um so from in the in the UK landscape um so from in the in the UK landscape um key factors that characterize the key factors that characterize the key factors that characterize the grazing systems so a lot of it's grazing systems so a lot of it's grazing systems so a lot of it's dependent on levels of stocking dependent on levels of stocking dependent on levels of stocking intensity frequency of livestock intensity frequency of livestock intensity frequency of livestock movements the length of the rest period movements the length of the rest period movements the length of the rest period between grazing um grazing events and between grazing um grazing events and between grazing um grazing events and the pre and post grazing grass covers so the pre and post grazing grass covers so the pre and post grazing grass covers so typically the effectively the length the typically the effectively the length the typically the effectively the length the length of grass that uh livestock enters length of grass that uh livestock enters length of grass that uh livestock enters and leaves the field at as well as the and leaves the field at as well as the and leaves the field at as well as the impact of um grazing impact of um grazing impact of um grazing management um and I'll go into this in a management um and I'll go into this in a management um and I'll go into this in a little bit more detail uh over the next little bit more detail uh over the next little bit more detail uh over the next couple of slides but in general there's couple of slides but in general there's couple of slides but in general there's a bit of a uh a sliding scale between a bit of a uh a sliding scale between a bit of a uh a sliding scale between livestock intensity movements between livestock intensity movements between livestock intensity movements between what um would be found and clas a set what um would be found and clas a set what um would be found and clas a set stock system um compared to the The stock system um compared to the The stock system um compared to the The Other Extreme which is um a mob grazing Other Extreme which is um a mob grazing Other Extreme which is um a mob grazing system so just to outline in a bit more system so just to outline in a bit more system so just to outline in a bit more detail a continuous set stock grazing detail a continuous set stock grazing detail a continuous set stock grazing system this is typically where livestock system this is typically where livestock system this is typically where livestock are turned out into a field or a number are turned out into a field or a number are turned out into a field or a number of fields with open Gates and be left of fields with open Gates and be left of fields with open Gates and be left there for what can be up to the uh there for what can be up to the uh there for what can be up to the uh entire grazing period or season um entire grazing period or season um entire grazing period or season um there's relatively little demand in there's relatively little demand in there's relatively little demand in terms of management and it can uh lead terms of management and it can uh lead terms of management and it can uh lead to um potentially preferred grazing so to um potentially preferred grazing so to um potentially preferred grazing so uh increases the risk of weed species uh increases the risk of weed species uh increases the risk of weed species developing within the developing within the developing within the grassland but also requires less grassland but also requires less grassland but also requires less management time by the farmer um and management time by the farmer um and management time by the farmer um and also once the infrastructure is in place also once the infrastructure is in place also once the infrastructure is in place typically gateways and water typically gateways and water typically gateways and water um the infrastructure there and is a um the infrastructure there and is a um the infrastructure there and is a relatively easy easy system to relatively easy easy system to relatively easy easy system to manage the next step towards um what be manage the next step towards um what be manage the next step towards um what be clust as a mob grazing system is clust as a mob grazing system is clust as a mob grazing system is rotational grazing where the intensity rotational grazing where the intensity rotational grazing where the intensity uh the grazing density is typically uh the grazing density is typically uh the grazing density is typically increased ever so slightly and there's a increased ever so slightly and there's a increased ever so slightly and there's a movement of cattle but they still have movement of cattle but they still have movement of cattle but they still have access to quite wide um white wide access to quite wide um white wide access to quite wide um white wide grazing areas so typically field level grazing areas so typically field level grazing areas so typically field level or potentially between two Fields with or potentially between two Fields with or potentially between two Fields with an open Gateway but then gateways get an open Gateway but then gateways get an open Gateway but then gateways get closed and get excluded from certain closed and get excluded from certain closed and get excluded from certain areas to give to extend that rest period areas to give to extend that rest period areas to give to extend that rest period between grazing between grazing between grazing events next is where we see a little bit events next is where we see a little bit events next is where we see a little bit of subdivision entering into to a of subdivision entering into to a of subdivision entering into to a grazing system so here is an the on grazing system so here is an the on grazing system so here is an the on screen is an example where grazing um screen is an example where grazing um screen is an example where grazing um levels are increased so the actual levels are increased so the actual levels are increased so the actual density of the livestock themselves are density of the livestock themselves are density of the livestock themselves are increased and have a more strict uh increased and have a more strict uh increased and have a more strict uh rotation around subdivided Fields um and rotation around subdivided Fields um and rotation around subdivided Fields um and again the grazing period is reduced in again the grazing period is reduced in again the grazing period is reduced in each cell and the rest period is each cell and the rest period is each cell and the rest period is increased and then finally in terms of increased and then finally in terms of increased and then finally in terms of management the um the opposite end of management the um the opposite end of management the um the opposite end of the spectrum to set stocking is Mob the spectrum to set stocking is Mob the spectrum to set stocking is Mob grazing we'll go into this a little bit grazing we'll go into this a little bit grazing we'll go into this a little bit more in in more detail in terms of what more in in more detail in terms of what more in in more detail in terms of what mob grazing is and the fact that it's mob grazing is and the fact that it's mob grazing is and the fact that it's quite difficult to Define but it tends quite difficult to Define but it tends quite difficult to Define but it tends to be characterized by high density to be characterized by high density to be characterized by high density grazing so um Fields get subdivided into grazing so um Fields get subdivided into grazing so um Fields get subdivided into quite small Parcels the livestock get quite small Parcels the livestock get quite small Parcels the livestock get grazed for it can be depending on the grazed for it can be depending on the grazed for it can be depending on the livestock it can be a matter of hours up livestock it can be a matter of hours up livestock it can be a matter of hours up to a couple of days um and they get to a couple of days um and they get to a couple of days um and they get Grays in that area for a short period of Grays in that area for a short period of Grays in that area for a short period of time but then moved on very very quickly time but then moved on very very quickly time but then moved on very very quickly so it um has a longer um grass recovery so it um has a longer um grass recovery so it um has a longer um grass recovery period um and they typically graze period um and they typically graze period um and they typically graze higher grass covers so they tend to go higher grass covers so they tend to go higher grass covers so they tend to go in with more ve standing in with more ve standing in with more ve standing vegetation the Um this can add um yeah vegetation the Um this can add um yeah vegetation the Um this can add um yeah management time on for Farmers because management time on for Farmers because management time on for Farmers because they have to move the livestock on they have to move the livestock on they have to move the livestock on regularly so like I said potentially um regularly so like I said potentially um regularly so like I said potentially um once or twice a day depending on the once or twice a day depending on the once or twice a day depending on the system or every other day um some system or every other day um some system or every other day um some Farmers say that's quite good because Farmers say that's quite good because Farmers say that's quite good because they get to watch the livestock moving they get to watch the livestock moving they get to watch the livestock moving so can reduce um that uh callouts by so can reduce um that uh callouts by so can reduce um that uh callouts by being able to identify um issues earlier being able to identify um issues earlier being able to identify um issues earlier but also it the system relies on more but also it the system relies on more but also it the system relies on more infrastructure inputs typically uh infrastructure inputs typically uh infrastructure inputs typically uh temporary fencing and uh especially uh temporary fencing and uh especially uh temporary fencing and uh especially uh water water water provision so in a mob grazing system provision so in a mob grazing system provision so in a mob grazing system um literature is starting to emerge and um literature is starting to emerge and um literature is starting to emerge and is starting to become a little bit more is starting to become a little bit more is starting to become a little bit more common in the UK generally um due to the common in the UK generally um due to the common in the UK generally um due to the perceived benefits um that listed on the perceived benefits um that listed on the perceived benefits um that listed on the screen now so um these are perceived at screen now so um these are perceived at screen now so um these are perceived at the moment there's thought to be greater the moment there's thought to be greater the moment there's thought to be greater pasture productivity and like I pasture productivity and like I pasture productivity and like I mentioned when the um when there's a mentioned when the um when there's a mentioned when the um when there's a longer rest period between um grazing longer rest period between um grazing longer rest period between um grazing events there's um the opportunity for a events there's um the opportunity for a events there's um the opportunity for a greater photos synthesis um and increase greater photos synthesis um and increase greater photos synthesis um and increase productivity that way um but and it also productivity that way um but and it also productivity that way um but and it also shifts the sword composition towards uh shifts the sword composition towards uh shifts the sword composition towards uh taller grass taller grass taller grass species as there's a high intensity species as there's a high intensity species as there's a high intensity grazing um events occurring um due to grazing um events occurring um due to grazing um events occurring um due to the stock intensity over a short period the stock intensity over a short period the stock intensity over a short period of time it reduces the risk of preferred of time it reduces the risk of preferred of time it reduces the risk of preferred um grazing so um livestock effectively um grazing so um livestock effectively um grazing so um livestock effectively have to eat what's in front of them so have to eat what's in front of them so have to eat what's in front of them so there's a potential reduced buildup of there's a potential reduced buildup of there's a potential reduced buildup of weed weed weed species um due to the livestock not species um due to the livestock not species um due to the livestock not going back to the um Fields uh or or the going back to the um Fields uh or or the going back to the um Fields uh or or the area of of um the cells um does it area of of um the cells um does it area of of um the cells um does it breaks it can break the uh parasite um breaks it can break the uh parasite um breaks it can break the uh parasite um life cycle and something we're going to life cycle and something we're going to life cycle and something we're going to look in a bit more detail uh for for for look in a bit more detail uh for for for look in a bit more detail uh for for for the Natural England study especially is the Natural England study especially is the Natural England study especially is the potential to improve soil health and the potential to improve soil health and the potential to improve soil health and carbon sequestration and this is due to carbon sequestration and this is due to carbon sequestration and this is due to increased biomass returning to soil increased biomass returning to soil increased biomass returning to soil following tramping due to the higher following tramping due to the higher following tramping due to the higher density of livestock and a more even density of livestock and a more even density of livestock and a more even distribution of um feces and urine into distribution of um feces and urine into distribution of um feces and urine into urine into each cell and then also the urine into each cell and then also the urine into each cell and then also the longer rest period between grazing longer rest period between grazing longer rest period between grazing events is um perceived to increase and events is um perceived to increase and events is um perceived to increase and promote Ruth um root promote Ruth um root promote Ruth um root growth so that sets a scene where we are growth so that sets a scene where we are growth so that sets a scene where we are in in in um grazing and outlin some of in in in um grazing and outlin some of in in in um grazing and outlin some of the uh perceived benefits of mob grazing the uh perceived benefits of mob grazing the uh perceived benefits of mob grazing so I'm now going to talk about the so I'm now going to talk about the so I'm now going to talk about the Natural England um study which looked at Natural England um study which looked at Natural England um study which looked at uh Mob raising this was uh completed uh Mob raising this was uh completed uh Mob raising this was uh completed it's yeah over over a year ago now um it's yeah over over a year ago now um it's yeah over over a year ago now um and the main aim of this was simply to and the main aim of this was simply to and the main aim of this was simply to assess the impact of mob grazing on soil assess the impact of mob grazing on soil assess the impact of mob grazing on soil health and uh this was going to be health and uh this was going to be health and uh this was going to be compared to Conventional grazing so set compared to Conventional grazing so set compared to Conventional grazing so set stocked or semi- rotational grazing uh stocked or semi- rotational grazing uh stocked or semi- rotational grazing uh using a per Farm using a per Farm using a per Farm approach so to get Farmers involved we approach so to get Farmers involved we approach so to get Farmers involved we um set up an online expression of um set up an online expression of um set up an online expression of Interest form which was circulated Interest form which was circulated Interest form which was circulated Within existing Adas and Natural England Within existing Adas and Natural England Within existing Adas and Natural England networks and this was very much just a networks and this was very much just a networks and this was very much just a question to see um what Farmers have um question to see um what Farmers have um question to see um what Farmers have um on on farm so outline the type of on on farm so outline the type of on on farm so outline the type of grazing management and grassing so quite grazing management and grassing so quite grazing management and grassing so quite simply do you do you identify yourself simply do you do you identify yourself simply do you do you identify yourself as mob grazing or um and what kind of um as mob grazing or um and what kind of um as mob grazing or um and what kind of um what type type of livestock that you what type type of livestock that you what type type of livestock that you actually graze ages toward the soil type actually graze ages toward the soil type actually graze ages toward the soil type before using that initial um online of before using that initial um online of before using that initial um online of expression to um identify potential or expression to um identify potential or expression to um identify potential or suitable purs of um of farms um and suitable purs of um of farms um and suitable purs of um of farms um and these were either on the same Farm um these were either on the same Farm um these were either on the same Farm um these these purs to um reduce the the these these purs to um reduce the the these these purs to um reduce the the the difference between uh soil type and the difference between uh soil type and the difference between uh soil type and climate um or we asked Farmers if they climate um or we asked Farmers if they climate um or we asked Farmers if they didn't have any um any of the didn't have any um any of the didn't have any um any of the alternative um grazing methods so alternative um grazing methods so alternative um grazing methods so typically we would identify the mob typically we would identify the mob typically we would identify the mob grazes first and if they had areas of uh grazes first and if they had areas of uh grazes first and if they had areas of uh conventional grazing on the farm we conventional grazing on the farm we conventional grazing on the farm we would use that as a comparison and if would use that as a comparison and if would use that as a comparison and if they didn't we would ask them to they didn't we would ask them to they didn't we would ask them to nominate a neighbor for them to contact nominate a neighbor for them to contact nominate a neighbor for them to contact us and that's how we um would would find us and that's how we um would would find us and that's how we um would would find that per Farm approach and we would ask that per Farm approach and we would ask that per Farm approach and we would ask for the field as close to the Mob for the field as close to the Mob for the field as close to the Mob grazing field um as possible to act as grazing field um as possible to act as grazing field um as possible to act as the as the comparison so in this um the as the comparison so in this um the as the comparison so in this um detailed um um question phone survey we detailed um um question phone survey we detailed um um question phone survey we asked um outline um information on uh asked um outline um information on uh asked um outline um information on uh length of time in Grass the fertilizer length of time in Grass the fertilizer length of time in Grass the fertilizer use grazing duration number of livestock use grazing duration number of livestock use grazing duration number of livestock all information that we need to um look all information that we need to um look all information that we need to um look at uh helping to explain any changes at uh helping to explain any changes at uh helping to explain any changes that we found during the field workor so that we found during the field workor so that we found during the field workor so once we um once we um yeah sorry so once we um once we um yeah sorry so once we um once we um yeah sorry so going back to um the other methods that going back to um the other methods that going back to um the other methods that we used um we use fairly typical um we used um we use fairly typical um we used um we use fairly typical um methods to identify changes in soil methods to identify changes in soil methods to identify changes in soil physical chemical and um biological physical chemical and um biological physical chemical and um biological properties so as Paul mentioned earlier properties so as Paul mentioned earlier properties so as Paul mentioned earlier we used well this we used um the VZ U we used well this we used um the VZ U we used well this we used um the VZ U method to look at um soil structure we method to look at um soil structure we method to look at um soil structure we did earthworm counts looked at soil Bor did earthworm counts looked at soil Bor did earthworm counts looked at soil Bor density soil chemistry um and a whole density soil chemistry um and a whole density soil chemistry um and a whole host of the nutrients that you typically host of the nutrients that you typically host of the nutrients that you typically find so organic carbon and also looked find so organic carbon and also looked find so organic carbon and also looked at some of the respiration rates as well at some of the respiration rates as well at some of the respiration rates as well as um yeah to to support the earthworm as um yeah to to support the earthworm as um yeah to to support the earthworm numbers in in Sol numbers in in Sol numbers in in Sol biology so as we'll move on to the biology so as we'll move on to the biology so as we'll move on to the results now so we we found those 24 results now so we we found those 24 results now so we we found those 24 pairs of sites um the map on the right pairs of sites um the map on the right pairs of sites um the map on the right hand side of the screen as you're hand side of the screen as you're hand side of the screen as you're looking at it identifies where the sites looking at it identifies where the sites looking at it identifies where the sites were distributed around the UK so we were distributed around the UK so we were distributed around the UK so we feel we got a good representation of feel we got a good representation of feel we got a good representation of different areas and different climate different areas and different climate different areas and different climate and soil types um we tried to uh match and soil types um we tried to uh match and soil types um we tried to uh match the livestock types the types of grazing the livestock types the types of grazing the livestock types the types of grazing as closely as possible um you can see as closely as possible um you can see as closely as possible um you can see Dury and suckler were matched like for Dury and suckler were matched like for Dury and suckler were matched like for like in the purs although with the um like in the purs although with the um like in the purs although with the um with the beef rearing we had slightly with the beef rearing we had slightly with the beef rearing we had slightly more um rearing finishing on the mob more um rearing finishing on the mob more um rearing finishing on the mob grazing and slightly more sheep um in grazing and slightly more sheep um in grazing and slightly more sheep um in the conventional grazing that was just the conventional grazing that was just the conventional grazing that was just to um in in terms of purring up the to um in in terms of purring up the to um in in terms of purring up the fields importantly though I think it's fields importantly though I think it's fields importantly though I think it's um the bottom table on the screen there um the bottom table on the screen there um the bottom table on the screen there really highlights um the relatively new really highlights um the relatively new really highlights um the relatively new nature of um mob grazing um within nature of um mob grazing um within nature of um mob grazing um within within within um within UK agriculture within within um within UK agriculture within within um within UK agriculture so the majority of the Farms that we so the majority of the Farms that we so the majority of the Farms that we included in in the study uh were um were included in in the study uh were um were included in in the study uh were um were up to 5 years old with with mob grazing up to 5 years old with with mob grazing up to 5 years old with with mob grazing and very you were in that top bracket of and very you were in that top bracket of and very you were in that top bracket of over 10 whereas if you look at the over 10 whereas if you look at the over 10 whereas if you look at the conventional side of things the majority conventional side of things the majority conventional side of things the majority is is reverse effectively so the is is reverse effectively so the is is reverse effectively so the majority of the Farms were um were over majority of the Farms were um were over majority of the Farms were um were over 10 years old and quite a lot of those 10 years old and quite a lot of those 10 years old and quite a lot of those were like substantially exceeded 10 were like substantially exceeded 10 were like substantially exceeded 10 years old when I was asking the years old when I was asking the years old when I was asking the questions quite a lot of the Farms said questions quite a lot of the Farms said questions quite a lot of the Farms said they've been in that type of grazing they've been in that type of grazing they've been in that type of grazing management for forever was the response management for forever was the response management for forever was the response I got so we had to classify it somehow I got so we had to classify it somehow I got so we had to classify it somehow so we just foke it down in these in so we just foke it down in these in so we just foke it down in these in these these these groups um as parts of the farmer survey groups um as parts of the farmer survey groups um as parts of the farmer survey I think it was um I think it was um I think it was um interesting to notice uh the stalking interesting to notice uh the stalking interesting to notice uh the stalking density on the left hand side so just to density on the left hand side so just to density on the left hand side so just to break down this graph so uh the top break down this graph so uh the top break down this graph so uh the top three panels um stocking density three panels um stocking density three panels um stocking density intensity and typical rest period that's intensity and typical rest period that's intensity and typical rest period that's um for Mob grazing and then the bottom um for Mob grazing and then the bottom um for Mob grazing and then the bottom three uh left to right there for uh three uh left to right there for uh three uh left to right there for uh conventional um set stocked or um some conventional um set stocked or um some conventional um set stocked or um some kind of loose rotational kind of loose rotational kind of loose rotational grazing and we can see we'll start off grazing and we can see we'll start off grazing and we can see we'll start off with st stocking uh density so one with st stocking uh density so one with st stocking uh density so one further on the left um there's an order further on the left um there's an order further on the left um there's an order of magnitude difference between what was of magnitude difference between what was of magnitude difference between what was found in conventional and what was found found in conventional and what was found found in conventional and what was found in mob grazing so um typical stocking in mob grazing so um typical stocking in mob grazing so um typical stocking density was around about 10 livestock density was around about 10 livestock density was around about 10 livestock units per hectare for conventional units per hectare for conventional units per hectare for conventional grazing whereas it was upwards of 100 grazing whereas it was upwards of 100 grazing whereas it was upwards of 100 and there was also from up grazing and and there was also from up grazing and and there was also from up grazing and there was also a clear division between there was also a clear division between there was also a clear division between types of livestock that was that were types of livestock that was that were types of livestock that was that were grazing so um dur um was uh typically grazing so um dur um was uh typically grazing so um dur um was uh typically found to be at a higher livestock found to be at a higher livestock found to be at a higher livestock density you can see that in the top um density you can see that in the top um density you can see that in the top um orange uh Circle that I've put on the orange uh Circle that I've put on the orange uh Circle that I've put on the graph though as the Sheep tended to be graph though as the Sheep tended to be graph though as the Sheep tended to be slightly lower um which wasn't found in slightly lower um which wasn't found in slightly lower um which wasn't found in U in set stock grazing but then once we U in set stock grazing but then once we U in set stock grazing but then once we kind of normalize that data so multiply kind of normalize that data so multiply kind of normalize that data so multiply the livestock units by the number of the livestock units by the number of the livestock units by the number of grazing dat we can see it kind of brings grazing dat we can see it kind of brings grazing dat we can see it kind of brings the uh brings the two systems slightly the uh brings the two systems slightly the uh brings the two systems slightly closer together um know there was a closer together um know there was a closer together um know there was a bigger range in um in uh conventional bigger range in um in uh conventional bigger range in um in uh conventional conventional grazing and then to conventional grazing and then to conventional grazing and then to importantly as part of the system for importantly as part of the system for importantly as part of the system for mobg grazing as outlined at the start mobg grazing as outlined at the start mobg grazing as outlined at the start was the typical rest period um in mobg was the typical rest period um in mobg was the typical rest period um in mobg grazing systems were was was higher was grazing systems were was was higher was grazing systems were was was higher was about twice as high as it was for um about twice as high as it was for um about twice as high as it was for um conventional systems so a lot of uh mobg conventional systems so a lot of uh mobg conventional systems so a lot of uh mobg grazing eviden has come over from the grazing eviden has come over from the grazing eviden has come over from the USA and just put it into a bit of USA and just put it into a bit of USA and just put it into a bit of context that the livestock density can context that the livestock density can context that the livestock density can be on average based on one paper uh be on average based on one paper uh be on average based on one paper uh survey that I I found was about 400 survey that I I found was about 400 survey that I I found was about 400 livestock units per hectare so we're livestock units per hectare so we're livestock units per hectare so we're still slightly less than what's typical still slightly less than what's typical still slightly less than what's typical in the mob grazing um systems in the US in the mob grazing um systems in the US in the mob grazing um systems in the US but again it's clear that the stock in but again it's clear that the stock in but again it's clear that the stock in density is much higher than the density is much higher than the density is much higher than the conventional um stock intensity was conventional um stock intensity was conventional um stock intensity was similar as I mentioned rest and rest similar as I mentioned rest and rest similar as I mentioned rest and rest period was uh greater and although the period was uh greater and although the period was uh greater and although the data wasn't shown here mob grazers um data wasn't shown here mob grazers um data wasn't shown here mob grazers um typically had set targets for pre and typically had set targets for pre and typically had set targets for pre and post cover length so the um the height post cover length so the um the height post cover length so the um the height of the um of the sword that the of the um of the sword that the of the um of the sword that the livestock was going into um but there livestock was going into um but there livestock was going into um but there wasn't very much uh the much difference wasn't very much uh the much difference wasn't very much uh the much difference between uh fertilizer use between the between uh fertilizer use between the between uh fertilizer use between the systems a significant impact of U mob systems a significant impact of U mob systems a significant impact of U mob grazing of the perceived um benefits of grazing of the perceived um benefits of grazing of the perceived um benefits of is the increase in soil carbon um so we is the increase in soil carbon um so we is the increase in soil carbon um so we would have expected these graphs to would have expected these graphs to would have expected these graphs to effectively show the other other way effectively show the other other way effectively show the other other way around so what we found was that around so what we found was that around so what we found was that conventional grazing had a significantly conventional grazing had a significantly conventional grazing had a significantly higher carbon stock in the top 15 higher carbon stock in the top 15 higher carbon stock in the top 15 cm cm cm um which continued as a numerical um which continued as a numerical um which continued as a numerical difference but not significant uh difference but not significant uh difference but not significant uh statistical difference uh throughout the statistical difference uh throughout the statistical difference uh throughout the uh 15 to 30 cm and then when it was uh 15 to 30 cm and then when it was uh 15 to 30 cm and then when it was combined to show the whole top 30 cmet combined to show the whole top 30 cmet combined to show the whole top 30 cmet profile and we think this could be a profile and we think this could be a profile and we think this could be a relic of the fact that mob grazing relic of the fact that mob grazing relic of the fact that mob grazing systems have had a recent management systems have had a recent management systems have had a recent management change which can can affect soil carbon change which can can affect soil carbon change which can can affect soil carbon whereas um as I mentioned earlier that whereas um as I mentioned earlier that whereas um as I mentioned earlier that the length of time in um conventional the length of time in um conventional the length of time in um conventional grazing set stock systems was a much grazing set stock systems was a much grazing set stock systems was a much much longer so that could be one reason much longer so that could be one reason much longer so that could be one reason for this um these results and it will for this um these results and it will for this um these results and it will probably um rely on potentially returned probably um rely on potentially returned probably um rely on potentially returned visits as um as time goes by to some of visits as um as time goes by to some of visits as um as time goes by to some of these fields if possible to see um if these fields if possible to see um if these fields if possible to see um if there's any any any changes as a result there's any any any changes as a result there's any any any changes as a result of the mob of the mob of the mob grazing and then interestingly we found grazing and then interestingly we found grazing and then interestingly we found that there were significant differences that there were significant differences that there were significant differences in um in soil biology so this is in um in soil biology so this is in um in soil biology so this is earthworm number and biomass and the earthworm number and biomass and the earthworm number and biomass and the cells highlighted in yellow show a cells highlighted in yellow show a cells highlighted in yellow show a significant increase in earthworm significant increase in earthworm significant increase in earthworm numbers and and biomass and that's numbers and and biomass and that's numbers and and biomass and that's largely driven by um by juveniles and uh largely driven by um by juveniles and uh largely driven by um by juveniles and uh anderic um and it was initially supposed anderic um and it was initially supposed anderic um and it was initially supposed that obviously the return of vegetation that obviously the return of vegetation that obviously the return of vegetation through the trampling of mob grazing through the trampling of mob grazing through the trampling of mob grazing could be um a reason for this um this could be um a reason for this um this could be um a reason for this um this increase but we we think due to the um increase but we we think due to the um increase but we we think due to the um no no significant difference between the no no significant difference between the no no significant difference between the soil uh respiration that this is soil uh respiration that this is soil uh respiration that this is unlikely to be the case and may be a unlikely to be the case and may be a unlikely to be the case and may be a result of disturbance that if if the result of disturbance that if if the result of disturbance that if if the livestock are in set stocked or livestock are in set stocked or livestock are in set stocked or rotational fields for longer um it may rotational fields for longer um it may rotational fields for longer um it may disturb the life um cycle of of the disturb the life um cycle of of the disturb the life um cycle of of the worms whereas if the if there's longer worms whereas if the if there's longer worms whereas if the if there's longer rest periods um that that could be a rest periods um that that could be a rest periods um that that could be a reason for for the um increased um reason for for the um increased um reason for for the um increased um figures that we find figures that we find figures that we find here so that that's a quick overview of here so that that's a quick overview of here so that that's a quick overview of that of the Natural England project and that of the Natural England project and that of the Natural England project and I'll briefly introduce the mob grazing I'll briefly introduce the mob grazing I'll briefly introduce the mob grazing impacts benefits and tradeoffs which is impacts benefits and tradeoffs which is impacts benefits and tradeoffs which is the death with funded project this is an the death with funded project this is an the death with funded project this is an ongoing project to assess the Practical ongoing project to assess the Practical ongoing project to assess the Practical economic and environmental implications economic and environmental implications economic and environmental implications of mob grazing systems um we partway of mob grazing systems um we partway of mob grazing systems um we partway through the field work which is due to through the field work which is due to through the field work which is due to end this year before um best practice end this year before um best practice end this year before um best practice guidance can be um released next year guidance can be um released next year guidance can be um released next year but we've we have completed the survey but we've we have completed the survey but we've we have completed the survey of grazing practices in the UK and the of grazing practices in the UK and the of grazing practices in the UK and the rapid evidence assessment so this is led rapid evidence assessment so this is led rapid evidence assessment so this is led by Adas but we are working with uh by Adas but we are working with uh by Adas but we are working with uh Newcastle University Liz genev AFB bang Newcastle University Liz genev AFB bang Newcastle University Liz genev AFB bang University and lrm vets um and we will University and lrm vets um and we will University and lrm vets um and we will be looking at various or we are looking be looking at various or we are looking be looking at various or we are looking at various at various at various um uh infield measures so soil quality um uh infield measures so soil quality um uh infield measures so soil quality environmental emissions uh biodiversity environmental emissions uh biodiversity environmental emissions uh biodiversity and livestock performance across uh nine and livestock performance across uh nine and livestock performance across uh nine sites um for for the field sites um for for the field sites um for for the field workor so just to outline the survey workor so just to outline the survey workor so just to outline the survey we've got a lot of information uh which we've got a lot of information uh which we've got a lot of information uh which is at peerreview at the moment so we is at peerreview at the moment so we is at peerreview at the moment so we hope to be able to share that with you hope to be able to share that with you hope to be able to share that with you soon but the online survey that soon but the online survey that soon but the online survey that initially looked at 231 respondents um initially looked at 231 respondents um initially looked at 231 respondents um which looked at all livestock types so which looked at all livestock types so which looked at all livestock types so the map on the right hand side shows you the map on the right hand side shows you the map on the right hand side shows you um the livestock Enterprises and um and um the livestock Enterprises and um and um the livestock Enterprises and um and the distribution of of the of the um of the distribution of of the of the um of the distribution of of the of the um of the respondents so it was good good um the respondents so it was good good um the respondents so it was good good um good mix across across the UK and then good mix across across the UK and then good mix across across the UK and then um we we hone this into a bit more um we we hone this into a bit more um we we hone this into a bit more detailed um phone interview so 66 of detailed um phone interview so 66 of detailed um phone interview so 66 of these um explored socioeconomic drivers these um explored socioeconomic drivers these um explored socioeconomic drivers enablers and barriers to mob grazing and enablers and barriers to mob grazing and enablers and barriers to mob grazing and rotational grazing um that was carried rotational grazing um that was carried rotational grazing um that was carried out and is like I said is being reviewed out and is like I said is being reviewed out and is like I said is being reviewed by um by defer by um by defer by um by defer currently this led on to to the rapid currently this led on to to the rapid currently this led on to to the rapid evidence assessment which is effectively evidence assessment which is effectively evidence assessment which is effectively a um a literature riew with quite um a um a literature riew with quite um a um a literature riew with quite um strict um search terms um and I won't go strict um search terms um and I won't go strict um search terms um and I won't go through those but it was um in in in in through those but it was um in in in in through those but it was um in in in in in uh detail for the primary research in uh detail for the primary research in uh detail for the primary research questions but you can read them on the questions but you can read them on the questions but you can read them on the screen um but to do with the screen um but to do with the screen um but to do with the environmental impacts productivity and environmental impacts productivity and environmental impacts productivity and profitability impacts and um the impacts profitability impacts and um the impacts profitability impacts and um the impacts on rotational um grazing on Animal on rotational um grazing on Animal on rotational um grazing on Animal Health and Welfare um and this was all Health and Welfare um and this was all Health and Welfare um and this was all from published literature from published literature from published literature so just to pick out one one aspect of it so just to pick out one one aspect of it so just to pick out one one aspect of it to do with soil Health um this is a bit to do with soil Health um this is a bit to do with soil Health um this is a bit of an overview of uh the impact of mob of an overview of uh the impact of mob of an overview of uh the impact of mob grazing on so organic matter and we can grazing on so organic matter and we can grazing on so organic matter and we can see that we're looking at um a low see that we're looking at um a low see that we're looking at um a low number of of papers that have reported number of of papers that have reported number of of papers that have reported on Mob grazing impact on SOL organic on Mob grazing impact on SOL organic on Mob grazing impact on SOL organic matter in general so we got five papers matter in general so we got five papers matter in general so we got five papers where it's compared to continuous where it's compared to continuous where it's compared to continuous grazing um and a handful of papers where grazing um and a handful of papers where grazing um and a handful of papers where it's compared to rotational grazing it it's compared to rotational grazing it it's compared to rotational grazing it is important to note here that though is important to note here that though is important to note here that though that since this Rea was completed um or that since this Rea was completed um or that since this Rea was completed um or the literature has has come out which the literature has has come out which the literature has has come out which isn't covered here such as the uh Lisa isn't covered here such as the uh Lisa isn't covered here such as the uh Lisa Norton paper and I think rothamstead Norton paper and I think rothamstead Norton paper and I think rothamstead have also looked at um mob grazing as have also looked at um mob grazing as have also looked at um mob grazing as well but these aren't those papers well but these aren't those papers well but these aren't those papers aren't included in this Rea due to the aren't included in this Rea due to the aren't included in this Rea due to the the timing of it but overall um there the timing of it but overall um there the timing of it but overall um there was deemed to be um insufficient was deemed to be um insufficient was deemed to be um insufficient independent scientific research to independent scientific research to independent scientific research to provide a robust evidence-based to provide a robust evidence-based to provide a robust evidence-based to assess the impact of mob grazing systems assess the impact of mob grazing systems assess the impact of mob grazing systems on ecosystem Service delivery grass and on ecosystem Service delivery grass and on ecosystem Service delivery grass and productivity or animal health Health productivity or animal health Health productivity or animal health Health especially under temperate climatic especially under temperate climatic especially under temperate climatic conditions so that leads into the field conditions so that leads into the field conditions so that leads into the field work that has been undergoing for a work that has been undergoing for a work that has been undergoing for a couple of years now so this is to couple of years now so this is to couple of years now so this is to investigate the impacts benefits and investigate the impacts benefits and investigate the impacts benefits and tradeoffs of a mob grazing system tradeoffs of a mob grazing system tradeoffs of a mob grazing system compared to a conventional set stock compared to a conventional set stock compared to a conventional set stock semi- rotational grazing system and this semi- rotational grazing system and this semi- rotational grazing system and this is within um commercial Farm sites and is within um commercial Farm sites and is within um commercial Farm sites and this is really to provide evidence on this is really to provide evidence on this is really to provide evidence on impacts and MOB grazing for UK farms uh impacts and MOB grazing for UK farms uh impacts and MOB grazing for UK farms uh over multiple uh grazing over multiple uh grazing over multiple uh grazing Seasons so the fieldwork um it was Seasons so the fieldwork um it was Seasons so the fieldwork um it was carried out on and it is still being carried out on and it is still being carried out on and it is still being carried out on Commercial Farm sites carried out on Commercial Farm sites carried out on Commercial Farm sites each site um each Farm effectively will each site um each Farm effectively will each site um each Farm effectively will compare two grazing systems so part of compare two grazing systems so part of compare two grazing systems so part of the grazing platform will be set aside the grazing platform will be set aside the grazing platform will be set aside for the conventional control which will for the conventional control which will for the conventional control which will set stocked or semi- rotational system set stocked or semi- rotational system set stocked or semi- rotational system and then mob grazing um was also carried and then mob grazing um was also carried and then mob grazing um was also carried out nearby um to contrast and see what out nearby um to contrast and see what out nearby um to contrast and see what those differences were uh in terms of uh those differences were uh in terms of uh those differences were uh in terms of uh experimental design it was a split field experimental design it was a split field experimental design it was a split field design so fields are split between design so fields are split between design so fields are split between control and MOB grazing um and at the control and MOB grazing um and at the control and MOB grazing um and at the start of each season cattle were start of each season cattle were start of each season cattle were allocated to the control and MOB grazing allocated to the control and MOB grazing allocated to the control and MOB grazing to make it um balance in terms of to make it um balance in terms of to make it um balance in terms of livestock across the um England Wales livestock across the um England Wales livestock across the um England Wales we've got um nine sites most of these we've got um nine sites most of these we've got um nine sites most of these all um well they all had um cattle um a all um well they all had um cattle um a all um well they all had um cattle um a mixture of beef and dairy um and we also mixture of beef and dairy um and we also mixture of beef and dairy um and we also had one site in Wales which is ging and had one site in Wales which is ging and had one site in Wales which is ging and celon site um number nine which also had celon site um number nine which also had celon site um number nine which also had sheep as part of the uh the platform as sheep as part of the uh the platform as sheep as part of the uh the platform as well so this work is on yeah this work well so this work is on yeah this work well so this work is on yeah this work is on goinging um and hopefully we'll is on goinging um and hopefully we'll is on goinging um and hopefully we'll have some more data in the next year or have some more data in the next year or have some more data in the next year or two in terms of results for this site two in terms of results for this site two in terms of results for this site but in terms of um overall conclusions but in terms of um overall conclusions but in terms of um overall conclusions for the impact of mob grazing on soil for the impact of mob grazing on soil for the impact of mob grazing on soil Health overall we found that it was Health overall we found that it was Health overall we found that it was quite difficult to actually Define what quite difficult to actually Define what quite difficult to actually Define what mob grazing is um especially as it's mob grazing is um especially as it's mob grazing is um especially as it's used interchangeably with other terms so used interchangeably with other terms so used interchangeably with other terms so cell grazing but it's generally around cell grazing but it's generally around cell grazing but it's generally around the basic principles of um having longer the basic principles of um having longer the basic principles of um having longer pre and poost grazing covers quite small pre and poost grazing covers quite small pre and poost grazing covers quite small grazing areas but more regular movements grazing areas but more regular movements grazing areas but more regular movements um and typically greater uh stocking um and typically greater uh stocking um and typically greater uh stocking density and then in terms of uh results density and then in terms of uh results density and then in terms of uh results from the Natural England study that I from the Natural England study that I from the Natural England study that I just presented earthworm numbers in just presented earthworm numbers in just presented earthworm numbers in biomass significantly were significantly biomass significantly were significantly biomass significantly were significantly high in mob gra systems but there's no high in mob gra systems but there's no high in mob gra systems but there's no very little difference in soil chemistry very little difference in soil chemistry very little difference in soil chemistry and soil uh physical condition and soil uh physical condition and soil uh physical condition surprisingly soil organic carbon was surprisingly soil organic carbon was surprisingly soil organic carbon was greater in conventional um top soils um greater in conventional um top soils um greater in conventional um top soils um but that needs to be carat with the fact but that needs to be carat with the fact but that needs to be carat with the fact that most mob grazing sites in the study that most mob grazing sites in the study that most mob grazing sites in the study had been in that system for less than had been in that system for less than had been in that system for less than five years whereas the conventional five years whereas the conventional five years whereas the conventional grazing was um much longer than that and grazing was um much longer than that and grazing was um much longer than that and that's um important to highlight the that's um important to highlight the that's um important to highlight the that the changes in soil chemistry are that the changes in soil chemistry are that the changes in soil chemistry are likely to take um a number of years to likely to take um a number of years to likely to take um a number of years to actually become actually become actually become detectable that's my slide so thanks detectable that's my slide so thanks detectable that's my slide so thanks very much for listening and hope you very much for listening and hope you very much for listening and hope you found it useful and suppose yeah if found it useful and suppose yeah if found it useful and suppose yeah if there's any questions I suppose we go go there's any questions I suppose we go go there's any questions I suppose we go go into that question s session into that question s session into that question s session now that's great thanks John um we now now that's great thanks John um we now now that's great thanks John um we now come to the Q&amp;amp;A section of the webinar come to the Q&amp;amp;A section of the webinar come to the Q&amp;amp;A section of the webinar so I think Paul will join us back on so I think Paul will join us back on so I think Paul will join us back on screen as screen as screen as well um so we've got a couple of well um so we've got a couple of well um so we've got a couple of questions in the chat um I'm going to questions in the chat um I'm going to questions in the chat um I'm going to start with one for you Paul um given start with one for you Paul um given start with one for you Paul um given that the projects didn't improve that the projects didn't improve that the projects didn't improve infiltration rates over time so you only infiltration rates over time so you only infiltration rates over time so you only got a short um Improvement for a short got a short um Improvement for a short got a short um Improvement for a short period um what did you conclude about period um what did you conclude about period um what did you conclude about the tools you chose to try and reduce the tools you chose to try and reduce the tools you chose to try and reduce [Music] [Music] [Music] compaction okay yeah um yes I mean the compaction okay yeah um yes I mean the compaction okay yeah um yes I mean the limited amount of time that those higher limited amount of time that those higher limited amount of time that those higher infiltration rates infiltration rates infiltration rates um sustained for yeah I mean it's a bit um sustained for yeah I mean it's a bit um sustained for yeah I mean it's a bit it's a bit of an it's a bit of an it's a bit of an issue um and it's it's a yeah it's a bit issue um and it's it's a yeah it's a bit issue um and it's it's a yeah it's a bit of a quandry for the for the farmer land of a quandry for the for the farmer land of a quandry for the for the farmer land manager really because where they do manager really because where they do manager really because where they do have compaction and and significant have compaction and and significant have compaction and and significant drainage problems it does restrict them drainage problems it does restrict them drainage problems it does restrict them in terms of when they can access the in terms of when they can access the in terms of when they can access the land and when they can graze and that land and when they can graze and that land and when they can graze and that can have an significant impact on the can have an significant impact on the can have an significant impact on the business in terms of housing costs and business in terms of housing costs and business in terms of housing costs and having to feed indoors and manage the having to feed indoors and manage the having to feed indoors and manage the the the manures and slurries that it the the manures and slurries that it the the manures and slurries that it produce when when the Stocker produce when when the Stocker produce when when the Stocker indors so a lot of people do feel that indors so a lot of people do feel that indors so a lot of people do feel that the sword lifting is is really useful the sword lifting is is really useful the sword lifting is is really useful and helps them uh to improve the and helps them uh to improve the and helps them uh to improve the drainage of of those drainage of of those drainage of of those fields um but it's yeah it's not a fields um but it's yeah it's not a fields um but it's yeah it's not a simple solution because you have to be simple solution because you have to be simple solution because you have to be very careful first of all you know that very careful first of all you know that very careful first of all you know that you've got severe compaction because if you've got severe compaction because if you've got severe compaction because if if you're doing it when your SS are in if you're doing it when your SS are in if you're doing it when your SS are in good condition then you're likely to do good condition then you're likely to do good condition then you're likely to do more harm than good you better off not more harm than good you better off not more harm than good you better off not doing it um but also you need to do it doing it um but also you need to do it doing it um but also you need to do it in the right conditions so I mean the in the right conditions so I mean the in the right conditions so I mean the idea right right um the ideal conditions idea right right um the ideal conditions idea right right um the ideal conditions for sword lifting are already having a for sword lifting are already having a for sword lifting are already having a bit of moisture on the top in the sword bit of moisture on the top in the sword bit of moisture on the top in the sword so you don't tear sword as the as the so you don't tear sword as the as the so you don't tear sword as the as the discs and tines go in and then it needs discs and tines go in and then it needs discs and tines go in and then it needs to be dry lower down where the tines are to be dry lower down where the tines are to be dry lower down where the tines are working so they actually shattering working so they actually shattering working so they actually shattering rather than smearing at that working rather than smearing at that working rather than smearing at that working depth so all these things are very depth so all these things are very depth so all these things are very important and then once it's been lifted important and then once it's been lifted important and then once it's been lifted the land is quite um sensitive to the land is quite um sensitive to the land is quite um sensitive to recompaction recompaction recompaction so you don't want to be going back on so you don't want to be going back on so you don't want to be going back on with machinery for a few months I mean with machinery for a few months I mean with machinery for a few months I mean the recommendation is to be light the recommendation is to be light the recommendation is to be light grazing preferably with she deep um over grazing preferably with she deep um over grazing preferably with she deep um over that following winter uh before you that following winter uh before you that following winter uh before you you'd go back in cat with cattle in the you'd go back in cat with cattle in the you'd go back in cat with cattle in the spring or heavy machinery that the spring or heavy machinery that the spring or heavy machinery that the following sort of spring early summer um following sort of spring early summer um following sort of spring early summer um but you know having said that it does but you know having said that it does but you know having said that it does improve conditions for three or four improve conditions for three or four improve conditions for three or four years um and then it would be question years um and then it would be question years um and then it would be question of of of reassessing because if if you if you're reassessing because if if you if you're reassessing because if if you if you're managing the land well after that then managing the land well after that then managing the land well after that then um there's there's no reason why you um there's there's no reason why you um there's there's no reason why you couldn't sustain better infiltration couldn't sustain better infiltration couldn't sustain better infiltration rates than they were previously they rates than they were previously they rates than they were previously they might not be as high as the two or three might not be as high as the two or three might not be as high as the two or three years following lifting but they could years following lifting but they could years following lifting but they could be better than they were before you be better than they were before you be better than they were before you sword sword sword lifted sorry I rambled a bit but that's lifted sorry I rambled a bit but that's lifted sorry I rambled a bit but that's my my my answer thank you um we'll have one more answer thank you um we'll have one more answer thank you um we'll have one more To You Paul before I come to John um To You Paul before I come to John um To You Paul before I come to John um Leah's answer is asked um she said that Leah's answer is asked um she said that Leah's answer is asked um she said that she was curious if there was a she was curious if there was a she was curious if there was a relationship between earthworm's soil relationship between earthworm's soil relationship between earthworm's soil infiltration with graph species root infiltration with graph species root infiltration with graph species root architecture architecture architecture gr and grass species gr and grass species gr and grass species diversity yeah know we we didn't see diversity yeah know we we didn't see diversity yeah know we we didn't see that relationship I other studies may that relationship I other studies may that relationship I other studies may have looked at that um but in terms of have looked at that um but in terms of have looked at that um but in terms of the the relationship the the relationship the the relationship between um grft and plant species between um grft and plant species between um grft and plant species diversity and diversity and diversity and infiltration um we didn't see that I infiltration um we didn't see that I infiltration um we didn't see that I mean that that study particularly the mean that that study particularly the mean that that study particularly the experimental work we were manipulating experimental work we were manipulating experimental work we were manipulating the species diversity by overseeding the species diversity by overseeding the species diversity by overseeding and so we we had greater diversity as a and so we we had greater diversity as a and so we we had greater diversity as a result of that overseeding that didn't result of that overseeding that didn't result of that overseeding that didn't result in higher infiltration rates result in higher infiltration rates result in higher infiltration rates which was what we were we were hoping which was what we were we were hoping which was what we were we were hoping for um but but it didn't result in that for um but but it didn't result in that for um but but it didn't result in that um we um we um we also concluded from you other other also concluded from you other other also concluded from you other other parts of that project that there didn't parts of that project that there didn't parts of that project that there didn't seem to be a strong relationship between seem to be a strong relationship between seem to be a strong relationship between the the species diversity and soil the the species diversity and soil the the species diversity and soil compaction as a whole so soil compaction compaction as a whole so soil compaction compaction as a whole so soil compaction didn't seem to be a limitation in terms didn't seem to be a limitation in terms didn't seem to be a limitation in terms of achieving greater diversity in swords of achieving greater diversity in swords of achieving greater diversity in swords but yeah it's it's an interesting area but yeah it's it's an interesting area but yeah it's it's an interesting area and the whole whole idea about root and the whole whole idea about root and the whole whole idea about root architecture being a factor is is architecture being a factor is is architecture being a factor is is interesting um we we did see that interesting um we we did see that interesting um we we did see that through through the sword lifting okay through through the sword lifting okay through through the sword lifting okay back to the metal again but through the back to the metal again but through the back to the metal again but through the sword lifting we were able to improve sword lifting we were able to improve sword lifting we were able to improve root architecture and root depth um you root architecture and root depth um you root architecture and root depth um you know part post sword lifting so that was know part post sword lifting so that was know part post sword lifting so that was interesting I mean difficult to relate interesting I mean difficult to relate interesting I mean difficult to relate that through to function but but yeah that through to function but but yeah that through to function but but yeah did did result in uh deeper did did result in uh deeper did did result in uh deeper Roots okay thank you um we are coming up Roots okay thank you um we are coming up Roots okay thank you um we are coming up to time I'm just gonna um there's a to time I'm just gonna um there's a to time I'm just gonna um there's a couple of questions for John and and couple of questions for John and and couple of questions for John and and then we'll then we'll wrap up um so John then we'll then we'll wrap up um so John then we'll then we'll wrap up um so John F first one's a quick one um you F first one's a quick one um you F first one's a quick one um you mentioned about pasture productivity um mentioned about pasture productivity um mentioned about pasture productivity um how do you define pasture how do you define pasture how do you define pasture productivity um so it's typically uh productivity um so it's typically uh productivity um so it's typically uh yields and um how much livestock yeah yields and um how much livestock yeah yields and um how much livestock yeah you can um you can um you can um yeah gr Grays on it so uh yeah it's fair yeah gr Grays on it so uh yeah it's fair yeah gr Grays on it so uh yeah it's fair straightforward okay um another question straightforward okay um another question straightforward okay um another question for John um what are your thoughts on for John um what are your thoughts on for John um what are your thoughts on what grassland species are more suitable what grassland species are more suitable what grassland species are more suitable for Mob grazing for Mob grazing for Mob grazing practices the has been a little bit of practices the has been a little bit of practices the has been a little bit of research on um on on on species and you research on um on on on species and you research on um on on on species and you you can lose herb species um due to the you can lose herb species um due to the you can lose herb species um due to the the longer longer nature of the the longer longer nature of the the longer longer nature of the vegetation when you go in so um yeah vegetation when you go in so um yeah vegetation when you go in so um yeah some some grasses grassy species do do some some grasses grassy species do do some some grasses grassy species do do tend to F tend to F tend to F better okay okay you you answer that better okay okay you you answer that better okay okay you you answer that quite quickly so there's just one other quite quickly so there's just one other quite quickly so there's just one other quick one here that that I'll ask as quick one here that that I'll ask as quick one here that that I'll ask as well um someone was asking specifically well um someone was asking specifically well um someone was asking specifically about the um the survey and how we about the um the survey and how we about the um the survey and how we analyze the data specifically what type analyze the data specifically what type analyze the data specifically what type of software we use to analyze the of software we use to analyze the of software we use to analyze the data um so that was I just used R and data um so that was I just used R and data um so that was I just used R and then um I use statistical packages then um I use statistical packages then um I use statistical packages within R to um try and use um yeah uh within R to um try and use um yeah uh within R to um try and use um yeah uh use linear mix models to see if there use linear mix models to see if there use linear mix models to see if there were any differences between between the were any differences between between the were any differences between between the uh the uh the uh the data okay thank you so now just coming data okay thank you so now just coming data okay thank you so now just coming up to the end of the hour so apologize up to the end of the hour so apologize up to the end of the hour so apologize if we didn't get your questions I can if we didn't get your questions I can if we didn't get your questions I can see that um Paul's answered some of see that um Paul's answered some of see that um Paul's answered some of those directly um to the the people that those directly um to the the people that those directly um to the the people that posos them but um I'll now draw the draw posos them but um I'll now draw the draw posos them but um I'll now draw the draw the session to an end so on behalf of the session to an end so on behalf of the session to an end so on behalf of the British Society of sour science um the British Society of sour science um the British Society of sour science um I'd like to express our thanks to both I'd like to express our thanks to both I'd like to express our thanks to both Paul and John for coming along to Paul and John for coming along to Paul and John for coming along to present today um and thanks to all of present today um and thanks to all of present today um and thanks to all of you for attending um you will find a you for attending um you will find a you for attending um you will find a quick feedback survey when you leave the quick feedback survey when you leave the quick feedback survey when you leave the webinar which we'll hope you'll take the webinar which we'll hope you'll take the webinar which we'll hope you'll take the time to time to time to complete the recording of the webinar complete the recording of the webinar complete the recording of the webinar will also be available after the event will also be available after the event will also be available after the event on our YouTube channel um just a quick on our YouTube channel um just a quick on our YouTube channel um just a quick reminder that today's presentation has reminder that today's presentation has reminder that today's presentation has also been awarded basis in Roso points also been awarded basis in Roso points also been awarded basis in Roso points so if you're registered with either body so if you're registered with either body so if you're registered with either body please send your details to to us um please send your details to to us um please send your details to to us um after the event so you can email to after the event so you can email to after the event so you can email to admin soils. admin soils. admin soils. org.uk so our next webinar is org.uk so our next webinar is org.uk so our next webinar is provisionally scheduled for Wednesday provisionally scheduled for Wednesday provisionally scheduled for Wednesday the 5th of March March and we hope it'll the 5th of March March and we hope it'll the 5th of March March and we hope it'll be on Outreach and science so keep an be on Outreach and science so keep an be on Outreach and science so keep an eye on our website to find out how to eye on our website to find out how to eye on our website to find out how to register so I hope to see you at future register so I hope to see you at future register so I hope to see you at future events and in the meantime thanks thank events and in the meantime thanks thank events and in the meantime thanks thank you again and goodbye<br /> }}</div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Zoom_into_Soil:_Perspectives_on_Regenerative_Farming&diff=11786 2026-05-29T14:06:58Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Ajoute les transcriptions YouTube aux pages vidéo qui n&#039;en ont pas - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/435</p> <hr /> <div>{{vidéo<br /> | Titre = Zoom into Soil: Perspectives on Regenerative Farming<br /> | Producteur = British Society of Soil Science<br /> | Vignette = Thumbnail_youtube_16oA2iq5Gts.jpg<br /> | Date de mise en ligne = 2025-06-20<br /> | Durée = 60 minutes<br /> | Production = <br /> | Vidéo = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=16oA2iq5Gts<br /> | Intervenants 0 = Prof. Jonathan Storkey<br /> | Intervenants 1 = Dr. Jenny Bussell<br /> | Intervenants 2 = Jonah Prout<br /> | Mots-clés = NBSOIL<br /> }}<br /> <br /> In this webinar, Prof. Jonathan Storkey, agroecologist at Rothamsted Research, and Dr. Jenny Bussell, Principal Scientist at The Allerton Project, discuss Perspectives on Regenerative Farming. The webinar was organised in partnership with BSSS Corporate member, Rothamsted Research.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Prof. Jon Storkey is an agroecologist with a background in sustainable weed management. He has been following with interest the growth in regenerative farming practices and is interested in how the concept can be defined and the benefits quantified. He is leading on a new long-term trial at Rothamsted that is monitoring the effect of reduced tillage, organic amendments and crop diversification on soils, crops and biodiversity.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Jonah Prout will also be presenting with Jon. Jonah is a postdoctoral researcher at Rothamsted Research, with a focus on soil carbon. He is currently working with and further developing the Rothamsted soil carbon turnover model (RothC). Jonah's PhD investigated SOC/clay ratio as a metric for assessing soil carbon status of agricultural soils, linked to soil structure.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Dr Jenny Bussell is a soil scientist with a background in greenhouse gas emissions soil health and carbon sequestration. Jenny currently runs the agri-environmental research at the Allerton Project, which includes agroforestry, bio-stimulants, biochar and a long-running trial on both the profitability and soil health aspects of regenerative farming.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> https://soils.org.uk/videos/zoom-into-soil-perspectives-on-regenerative-farming/<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> The British Society of Soil Science is an established international membership organisation and charity committed to the study of soil in its widest aspects. https://soils.org.uk/<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> #regenerativefarming #regenerativeagriculture #britishsocietyofsoilscience #rothamsted #rothamstedresearch #soil<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{Pages liées}}<br /> <br /> {{Transcription<br /> | transcription = Hello everyone. Welcome to the webinar. Hello everyone. Welcome to the webinar. Hello everyone. Welcome to the webinar. Um I'm Lizzie Sigu. I'm president-elect Um I'm Lizzie Sigu. I'm president-elect Um I'm Lizzie Sigu. I'm president-elect of the British Society of Soil Science of the British Society of Soil Science of the British Society of Soil Science and I'm delighted to welcome you to our and I'm delighted to welcome you to our and I'm delighted to welcome you to our sixth webinar of the year. Before I sixth webinar of the year. Before I sixth webinar of the year. Before I welcome our pres presenters, I'd like to welcome our pres presenters, I'd like to welcome our pres presenters, I'd like to introduce the British Society of Soil introduce the British Society of Soil introduce the British Society of Soil Science as hosts of today's webinar. Science as hosts of today's webinar. Science as hosts of today's webinar. We're an established international We're an established international We're an established international membership organization and charity membership organization and charity membership organization and charity committed to the study of soil and its committed to the study of soil and its committed to the study of soil and its widest aspects. We bring together those widest aspects. We bring together those widest aspects. We bring together those working within our academia and have a working within our academia and have a working within our academia and have a growing membership amongst practitioners growing membership amongst practitioners growing membership amongst practitioners implementing soil science and industry implementing soil science and industry implementing soil science and industry and those with a keen interest in soils. and those with a keen interest in soils. and those with a keen interest in soils. So we plan to host 10 webinars during So we plan to host 10 webinars during So we plan to host 10 webinars during 2025. So keep an eye out on our website 2025. So keep an eye out on our website 2025. So keep an eye out on our website for further details. Before we kick off for further details. Before we kick off for further details. Before we kick off um just some basic housekeeping as um just some basic housekeeping as um just some basic housekeeping as there's so many of you here today all there's so many of you here today all there's so many of you here today all your microphones have been muted. We your microphones have been muted. We your microphones have been muted. We will be taking questions at the end of will be taking questions at the end of will be taking questions at the end of the presentations and we'll be the presentations and we'll be the presentations and we'll be monitoring these throughout the webinar. monitoring these throughout the webinar. monitoring these throughout the webinar. So please could you try and submit any So please could you try and submit any So please could you try and submit any questions that you have via the questions that you have via the questions that you have via the questions box by 12:50 to give us time questions box by 12:50 to give us time questions box by 12:50 to give us time to get through as many as as we can. Um to get through as many as as we can. Um to get through as many as as we can. Um today's presentation has also been today's presentation has also been today's presentation has also been awarded basis and neurosis CPD points. awarded basis and neurosis CPD points. awarded basis and neurosis CPD points. So if you're registered with either of So if you're registered with either of So if you're registered with either of these schemes, please contact us these schemes, please contact us these schemes, please contact us directly after the event and we'll directly after the event and we'll directly after the event and we'll allocate you those points. Finally, allocate you those points. Finally, allocate you those points. Finally, please be aware that we're recording please be aware that we're recording please be aware that we're recording today's presentation. today's presentation. today's presentation. So the webinar today is organized in So the webinar today is organized in So the webinar today is organized in partnership with the British Society of partnership with the British Society of partnership with the British Society of Soil Science corporate member Soil Science corporate member Soil Science corporate member Rothamstead research. Rothamstead research. Rothamstead research. Rothamstead is the longest running Rothamstead is the longest running Rothamstead is the longest running agricultural research institute in the agricultural research institute in the agricultural research institute in the world with a proud history of world with a proud history of world with a proud history of groundbreaking discoveries. Rothamstead groundbreaking discoveries. Rothamstead groundbreaking discoveries. Rothamstead is home to three unique resources open is home to three unique resources open is home to three unique resources open to researchers from all over the world. to researchers from all over the world. to researchers from all over the world. The long-term experiments, Rothamstead The long-term experiments, Rothamstead The long-term experiments, Rothamstead insect survey and Northw farm platform. insect survey and Northw farm platform. insect survey and Northw farm platform. So to tell us a bit more, I'd like to So to tell us a bit more, I'd like to So to tell us a bit more, I'd like to introduce impact and engagement manager introduce impact and engagement manager introduce impact and engagement manager Dr. Georgia Matrosa to briefly explain a Dr. Georgia Matrosa to briefly explain a Dr. Georgia Matrosa to briefly explain a bit about Rothamstead. bit about Rothamstead. bit about Rothamstead. Amazing. Thanks very much for this Amazing. Thanks very much for this Amazing. Thanks very much for this introduction, Lizzie. Um so uh good introduction, Lizzie. Um so uh good introduction, Lizzie. Um so uh good afternoon everyone. Just a short afternoon everyone. Just a short afternoon everyone. Just a short introduction about Rothamstead research introduction about Rothamstead research introduction about Rothamstead research before we start with the presenters of before we start with the presenters of before we start with the presenters of today's webinar. Um so can I have the today's webinar. Um so can I have the today's webinar. Um so can I have the best slide please? So roams research is globally recognized So roams research is globally recognized So roams research is globally recognized institute at the forefront of institute at the forefront of institute at the forefront of agricultural science and innovation and agricultural science and innovation and agricultural science and innovation and is dedicated to addressing critical is dedicated to addressing critical is dedicated to addressing critical challenges for the food production and challenges for the food production and challenges for the food production and environmental protection. Um it is one environmental protection. Um it is one environmental protection. Um it is one of the oldest agricultural research of the oldest agricultural research of the oldest agricultural research institutes in the world uh having two institutes in the world uh having two institutes in the world uh having two campuses and two additional field trial campuses and two additional field trial campuses and two additional field trial sites uh with 830 sites uh with 830 sites uh with 830 acres of field environment. It is a acres of field environment. It is a acres of field environment. It is a worldleading nonprofit research center worldleading nonprofit research center worldleading nonprofit research center uh that focuses on strategic uh that focuses on strategic uh that focuses on strategic agricultural science to the benefit of agricultural science to the benefit of agricultural science to the benefit of farmers and the society worldwide. farmers and the society worldwide. farmers and the society worldwide. Currently there's more than 500 people Currently there's more than 500 people Currently there's more than 500 people employed from different nationalities employed from different nationalities employed from different nationalities and we also have collaborations with and we also have collaborations with and we also have collaborations with different countries abroad. uh we're different countries abroad. uh we're different countries abroad. uh we're very p actively producing uh scientific very p actively producing uh scientific very p actively producing uh scientific publications with about 300 publications publications with about 300 publications publications with about 300 publications per year and uh stimulusly we have about per year and uh stimulusly we have about per year and uh stimulusly we have about 300 ongoing projects at the same time. 300 ongoing projects at the same time. 300 ongoing projects at the same time. Uh overall we have active engagement Uh overall we have active engagement Uh overall we have active engagement with the farming industry uh and and the with the farming industry uh and and the with the farming industry uh and and the public to deliver knowledge, expertise public to deliver knowledge, expertise public to deliver knowledge, expertise and research outcomes. and research outcomes. and research outcomes. So on the next slide please. So on the next slide please. So on the next slide please. uh Rothstead uh um research uh uh Rothstead uh um research uh uh Rothstead uh um research uh foundation uh dates back from 1843 foundation uh dates back from 1843 foundation uh dates back from 1843 uh when uh John Bennett Law, the owner uh when uh John Bennett Law, the owner uh when uh John Bennett Law, the owner of the Roth estate, appointed uh Joseph of the Roth estate, appointed uh Joseph of the Roth estate, appointed uh Joseph Henry Gilbert, a chemist as his Henry Gilbert, a chemist as his Henry Gilbert, a chemist as his scientific collaborator uh in order to scientific collaborator uh in order to scientific collaborator uh in order to uh first uh find out uh what found uh first uh find out uh what found uh first uh find out uh what found really what what was around uh uh this really what what was around uh uh this really what what was around uh uh this scientific collaboration and planted the scientific collaboration and planted the scientific collaboration and planted the first of what are become to known the first of what are become to known the first of what are become to known the classical roles that long-term classical roles that long-term classical roles that long-term experiments on broadb. experiments on broadb. experiments on broadb. So um they help us to form and develop So um they help us to form and develop So um they help us to form and develop our understanding of plant nutrition and our understanding of plant nutrition and our understanding of plant nutrition and produce the world's first commercial produce the world's first commercial produce the world's first commercial chemical fertilizers. So the next slide please. Um nowadays we So the next slide please. Um nowadays we So the next slide please. Um nowadays we have moved on uh from that and uh at have moved on uh from that and uh at have moved on uh from that and uh at Rothen research we work uh on a lot more Rothen research we work uh on a lot more Rothen research we work uh on a lot more than just that including uh high-tech than just that including uh high-tech than just that including uh high-tech monitoring of insects uh the importance monitoring of insects uh the importance monitoring of insects uh the importance of build margins for the abundance of of build margins for the abundance of of build margins for the abundance of pollinators and in general benefits of pollinators and in general benefits of pollinators and in general benefits of insects. Um and we also look at the life insects. Um and we also look at the life insects. Um and we also look at the life underground in the soil and we do this underground in the soil and we do this underground in the soil and we do this with a combination of field and lab work with a combination of field and lab work with a combination of field and lab work uh and by using molecular tools. So this uh and by using molecular tools. So this uh and by using molecular tools. So this brings together fundamental and applied brings together fundamental and applied brings together fundamental and applied research uh with real uh world impact. research uh with real uh world impact. research uh with real uh world impact. And the next and final slide please. Um And the next and final slide please. Um And the next and final slide please. Um as already been mentioned uh by Lizzy, as already been mentioned uh by Lizzy, as already been mentioned uh by Lizzy, Roth set is home to three unique uh Roth set is home to three unique uh Roth set is home to three unique uh capabilities open to researchers uh from capabilities open to researchers uh from capabilities open to researchers uh from all around the world. Um so this is the all around the world. Um so this is the all around the world. Um so this is the long uh term field experiments set up long uh term field experiments set up long uh term field experiments set up 182 years ago uh which is the oldest 182 years ago uh which is the oldest 182 years ago uh which is the oldest continuous economic experiments in the continuous economic experiments in the continuous economic experiments in the world. uh but nowadays we also are world. uh but nowadays we also are world. uh but nowadays we also are asking uh current questions and applying asking uh current questions and applying asking uh current questions and applying new methods that we gain novel insights new methods that we gain novel insights new methods that we gain novel insights on modern agricultural challenges from on modern agricultural challenges from on modern agricultural challenges from that we also host the national insect that we also host the national insect that we also host the national insect survey uh by running two traps trap survey uh by running two traps trap survey uh by running two traps trap networks in the UK since uh 1964 uh to networks in the UK since uh 1964 uh to networks in the UK since uh 1964 uh to monitor aids large moths and many other monitor aids large moths and many other monitor aids large moths and many other um uh migrating insects. H also not to um uh migrating insects. H also not to um uh migrating insects. H also not to forget the northwick pump platform in forget the northwick pump platform in forget the northwick pump platform in Devon which is a grazing research Devon which is a grazing research Devon which is a grazing research facility and that focuses on the facility and that focuses on the facility and that focuses on the environmental impact and efficiency of environmental impact and efficiency of environmental impact and efficiency of the livestock production uh nowadays. Um the livestock production uh nowadays. Um the livestock production uh nowadays. Um it's a very short introduction to static it's a very short introduction to static it's a very short introduction to static research. Obviously we're doing a lot research. Obviously we're doing a lot research. Obviously we're doing a lot more than what I was able to present more than what I was able to present more than what I was able to present today. Uh but I I leave this there for today. Uh but I I leave this there for today. Uh but I I leave this there for now and if you have any question or now and if you have any question or now and if you have any question or specific request please do reach out to specific request please do reach out to specific request please do reach out to us. us. us. That's great. Thanks Georgia. Um so now That's great. Thanks Georgia. Um so now That's great. Thanks Georgia. Um so now I'd like to introduce our presenters um I'd like to introduce our presenters um I'd like to introduce our presenters um and invite them to join me on screen. Um and invite them to join me on screen. Um and invite them to join me on screen. Um our first presenter today is Professor our first presenter today is Professor our first presenter today is Professor John Stalky. John is an aggroecologist John Stalky. John is an aggroecologist John Stalky. John is an aggroecologist with a background in sustainable weed with a background in sustainable weed with a background in sustainable weed management. He's been following with management. He's been following with management. He's been following with interest the growth in regenerative interest the growth in regenerative interest the growth in regenerative farming practices and is interested in farming practices and is interested in farming practices and is interested in how the concept can be defined and the how the concept can be defined and the how the concept can be defined and the benefits quantified. He's leading on a benefits quantified. He's leading on a benefits quantified. He's leading on a new long-term trial at Rothamstead that new long-term trial at Rothamstead that new long-term trial at Rothamstead that is monitoring the effects of reduced is monitoring the effects of reduced is monitoring the effects of reduced tillage organic amendments and crop tillage organic amendments and crop tillage organic amendments and crop diversification on source crops and diversification on source crops and diversification on source crops and biodiversity. biodiversity. biodiversity. So John will be presenting today with So John will be presenting today with So John will be presenting today with Jonah Proust. Um Jonah's a post-doal Jonah Proust. Um Jonah's a post-doal Jonah Proust. Um Jonah's a post-doal researcher at Rothamstead research with researcher at Rothamstead research with researcher at Rothamstead research with a focus on soil carbon. He's currently a focus on soil carbon. He's currently a focus on soil carbon. He's currently working with and further developing the working with and further developing the working with and further developing the Rothstead so carbon turnover model. Um Rothstead so carbon turnover model. Um Rothstead so carbon turnover model. Um Jonah's PhD investigated soil organic Jonah's PhD investigated soil organic Jonah's PhD investigated soil organic carbon play ratio as a metric for carbon play ratio as a metric for carbon play ratio as a metric for assessing soil carbon status of assessing soil carbon status of assessing soil carbon status of agricultural soils linked to soil agricultural soils linked to soil agricultural soils linked to soil structure. And then our final presenter structure. And then our final presenter structure. And then our final presenter is Dr. Jenny Busel. Jenny is a soil is Dr. Jenny Busel. Jenny is a soil is Dr. Jenny Busel. Jenny is a soil scientist with a background in scientist with a background in scientist with a background in greenhouse gas emissions, soil health greenhouse gas emissions, soil health greenhouse gas emissions, soil health and carbon sequestration. Jenny and carbon sequestration. Jenny and carbon sequestration. Jenny currently runs the agro environmental currently runs the agro environmental currently runs the agro environmental research at the Allatton project which research at the Allatton project which research at the Allatton project which includes agroforestry, bio stimulants, includes agroforestry, bio stimulants, includes agroforestry, bio stimulants, biochar and a longunning trial on both biochar and a longunning trial on both biochar and a longunning trial on both the profitability and soil health the profitability and soil health the profitability and soil health aspects of regenerative farming. So aspects of regenerative farming. So aspects of regenerative farming. So thank you all um for agreeing to present thank you all um for agreeing to present thank you all um for agreeing to present today. So we wanted to start the web today. So we wanted to start the web today. So we wanted to start the web start our presentations by posing a start our presentations by posing a start our presentations by posing a question um to you all and that is what question um to you all and that is what question um to you all and that is what do you think regenerative agriculture do you think regenerative agriculture do you think regenerative agriculture means? So to our audience, please feel means? So to our audience, please feel means? So to our audience, please feel free to add your definitions via the free to add your definitions via the free to add your definitions via the questions box as well. But um John, questions box as well. But um John, questions box as well. But um John, we'll come to you first. we'll come to you first. we'll come to you first. Thanks very much and thanks for the Thanks very much and thanks for the Thanks very much and thanks for the opportunity to to speak this afternoon. opportunity to to speak this afternoon. opportunity to to speak this afternoon. Um so again, these are personal Um so again, these are personal Um so again, these are personal perspectives, but I think regenerative perspectives, but I think regenerative perspectives, but I think regenerative farming is a continuum, not a category. farming is a continuum, not a category. farming is a continuum, not a category. So it is a very useful framework for So it is a very useful framework for So it is a very useful framework for interpreting different combinations of interpreting different combinations of interpreting different combinations of practices in different circumstances or practices in different circumstances or practices in different circumstances or contexts. So there's nothing contexts. So there's nothing contexts. So there's nothing particularly novel about any one of particularly novel about any one of particularly novel about any one of those practices whether it be reduced those practices whether it be reduced those practices whether it be reduced tillage or cover crops or crop tillage or cover crops or crop tillage or cover crops or crop diversification diversification diversification and they might previously have been and they might previously have been and they might previously have been given other labels like agroecological given other labels like agroecological given other labels like agroecological approaches but it's a useful framework approaches but it's a useful framework approaches but it's a useful framework for looking at novel combinations and for looking at novel combinations and for looking at novel combinations and how we can move systems along that how we can move systems along that how we can move systems along that continuum. So my uh ambition and goal continuum. So my uh ambition and goal continuum. So my uh ambition and goal wouldn't be that we have a subset of wouldn't be that we have a subset of wouldn't be that we have a subset of farms that we can call regenerative but farms that we can call regenerative but farms that we can call regenerative but that we're moving all farms along that that we're moving all farms along that that we're moving all farms along that continuum. continuum. continuum. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Jonah, did you want to add anything to Jonah, did you want to add anything to Jonah, did you want to add anything to that or is it you Jenny? Yeah, that or is it you Jenny? Yeah, that or is it you Jenny? Yeah, I don't mind. Sorry. Um yeah, I think I I don't mind. Sorry. Um yeah, I think I I don't mind. Sorry. Um yeah, I think I agree with John. Yeah, that it's sort of agree with John. Yeah, that it's sort of agree with John. Yeah, that it's sort of that continuum and that you pick that continuum and that you pick that continuum and that you pick different aspects of it depending on different aspects of it depending on different aspects of it depending on context. Um, and it sort of well I have context. Um, and it sort of well I have context. Um, and it sort of well I have a slight bias but it feels sort of like a slight bias but it feels sort of like a slight bias but it feels sort of like a soil first approach to farming a soil first approach to farming a soil first approach to farming effectively. So understanding that effectively. So understanding that effectively. So understanding that that's sort of the foundation of the that's sort of the foundation of the that's sort of the foundation of the industry and you know our lives and food industry and you know our lives and food industry and you know our lives and food production um and really working towards production um and really working towards production um and really working towards building that up as the resilience of building that up as the resilience of building that up as the resilience of that sector effectively. Yeah, Jenny, I agree. I agree with my Yeah, Jenny, I agree. I agree with my Yeah, Jenny, I agree. I agree with my other presenters obviously and I I very other presenters obviously and I I very other presenters obviously and I I very much agree with this. It's the soil much agree with this. It's the soil much agree with this. It's the soil first element. I think it's it's not a first element. I think it's it's not a first element. I think it's it's not a recipe of the things you have to have on recipe of the things you have to have on recipe of the things you have to have on your farm, but it's an aim. It's an aim your farm, but it's an aim. It's an aim your farm, but it's an aim. It's an aim to make your soil in a better state than to make your soil in a better state than to make your soil in a better state than it was. And that will fluctuate it was. And that will fluctuate it was. And that will fluctuate depending on what you're doing, what depending on what you're doing, what depending on what you're doing, what crop you've got, what the weather's done crop you've got, what the weather's done crop you've got, what the weather's done to you in the last few months. But it's to you in the last few months. But it's to you in the last few months. But it's that overall goal and the decisions that overall goal and the decisions that overall goal and the decisions you're making with the soil health and you're making with the soil health and you're making with the soil health and that improvement in your in your goal that improvement in your in your goal that improvement in your in your goal and in your mind. and in your mind. and in your mind. Yeah. Okay. Um thank thank you all. Um I Yeah. Okay. Um thank thank you all. Um I Yeah. Okay. Um thank thank you all. Um I think that's set the scene nicely for us think that's set the scene nicely for us think that's set the scene nicely for us to lead into our first presentation. So to lead into our first presentation. So to lead into our first presentation. So John, we'll pass over to you now. Okay. So, I'm going to assume that's Okay. So, I'm going to assume that's Okay. So, I'm going to assume that's working working working um if I don't hear otherwise. Awesome. um if I don't hear otherwise. Awesome. um if I don't hear otherwise. Awesome. Okay. Then, so um I'm going to it's a Okay. Then, so um I'm going to it's a Okay. Then, so um I'm going to it's a very short talk that I've got uh this very short talk that I've got uh this very short talk that I've got uh this afternoon. I'm going to present uh a new afternoon. I'm going to present uh a new afternoon. I'm going to present uh a new experimental platform that some of you experimental platform that some of you experimental platform that some of you may be familiar with already, but has may be familiar with already, but has may be familiar with already, but has has been designed to address some of the has been designed to address some of the has been designed to address some of the complexity around this concept of complexity around this concept of complexity around this concept of regenerative agriculture that we're regenerative agriculture that we're regenerative agriculture that we're spending the next hour or so thinking spending the next hour or so thinking spending the next hour or so thinking about. And as I started to allude to um about. And as I started to allude to um about. And as I started to allude to um in my introductory remarks, there's two in my introductory remarks, there's two in my introductory remarks, there's two big challenges I think to the concept. big challenges I think to the concept. big challenges I think to the concept. One is the one of of categorization. One is the one of of categorization. One is the one of of categorization. So at the moment the community is So at the moment the community is So at the moment the community is wrestling with this question around wrestling with this question around wrestling with this question around certification. Can we certify a farmer certification. Can we certify a farmer certification. Can we certify a farmer or system as being regenerative? And or system as being regenerative? And or system as being regenerative? And it's very difficult to do that because it's very difficult to do that because it's very difficult to do that because Jenny's right. It's not a prescription. Jenny's right. It's not a prescription. Jenny's right. It's not a prescription. There's not a one-sizefits-all that you There's not a one-sizefits-all that you There's not a one-sizefits-all that you can cut and paste into different can cut and paste into different can cut and paste into different contexts. But it's the way I think of it contexts. But it's the way I think of it contexts. But it's the way I think of it is alternative recipes or similar is alternative recipes or similar is alternative recipes or similar ingredients in different combinations ingredients in different combinations ingredients in different combinations that give you different flavored cakes that give you different flavored cakes that give you different flavored cakes or size cakes or whatever. So I've just or size cakes or whatever. So I've just or size cakes or whatever. So I've just picked out some of the example picked out some of the example picked out some of the example ingredients here that you can have in ingredients here that you can have in ingredients here that you can have in arable systems and in livestock systems. arable systems and in livestock systems. arable systems and in livestock systems. And obviously one of the principles of And obviously one of the principles of And obviously one of the principles of regenag is to move towards more mixed regenag is to move towards more mixed regenag is to move towards more mixed systems that integrate livestock into systems that integrate livestock into systems that integrate livestock into arable. But you can't say that that farm arable. But you can't say that that farm arable. But you can't say that that farm now is regenerative and that one isn't now is regenerative and that one isn't now is regenerative and that one isn't that. So that's the first problem that that. So that's the first problem that that. So that's the first problem that we're wrestling with at Rothemstead in we're wrestling with at Rothemstead in we're wrestling with at Rothemstead in trying to provide the evidence base. The trying to provide the evidence base. The trying to provide the evidence base. The problem of categorization. How do you problem of categorization. How do you problem of categorization. How do you quantify the metrics of a system along quantify the metrics of a system along quantify the metrics of a system along this continuum of regenerative uh this continuum of regenerative uh this continuum of regenerative uh transformation? transformation? transformation? And the second problem and and Jonah And the second problem and and Jonah And the second problem and and Jonah will talk about this in more detail is will talk about this in more detail is will talk about this in more detail is contextualization. contextualization. contextualization. What works where. So the reason a single What works where. So the reason a single What works where. So the reason a single recipe or a single prescription cannot recipe or a single prescription cannot recipe or a single prescription cannot be rolled out to transform the whole of be rolled out to transform the whole of be rolled out to transform the whole of the UK to regenerative agriculture is the UK to regenerative agriculture is the UK to regenerative agriculture is some things work well some somewhere and some things work well some somewhere and some things work well some somewhere and other things work well elsewhere. And other things work well elsewhere. And other things work well elsewhere. And the classic example of this is soil the classic example of this is soil the classic example of this is soil texture and the response of soil organic texture and the response of soil organic texture and the response of soil organic carbon to soil texture. So these are a carbon to soil texture. So these are a carbon to soil texture. So these are a couple of examples from our existing couple of examples from our existing couple of examples from our existing long-term experiments that compare the long-term experiments that compare the long-term experiments that compare the buildup of soil carbon over decades buildup of soil carbon over decades buildup of soil carbon over decades under contrasting land management. under contrasting land management. under contrasting land management. Wobburn is a sandy soil and so we say Wobburn is a sandy soil and so we say Wobburn is a sandy soil and so we say see very little response to the see very little response to the see very little response to the treatments whereas high field is a clay treatments whereas high field is a clay treatments whereas high field is a clay field uh clay soils at Harpendon and so field uh clay soils at Harpendon and so field uh clay soils at Harpendon and so we see a very strong response to the we see a very strong response to the we see a very strong response to the land use change and specifically the land use change and specifically the land use change and specifically the arable reversion. So we have these two I arable reversion. So we have these two I arable reversion. So we have these two I think they're they're fundamental think they're they're fundamental think they're they're fundamental challenges to the research community challenges to the research community challenges to the research community seeking to feed in evidence to the regen seeking to feed in evidence to the regen seeking to feed in evidence to the regen conversation categorization. conversation categorization. conversation categorization. How do we compare a regen system? How do How do we compare a regen system? How do How do we compare a regen system? How do we define it? And contextualization. we define it? And contextualization. we define it? And contextualization. And uh that makes for a very uh complex And uh that makes for a very uh complex And uh that makes for a very uh complex research question, very complex research research question, very complex research research question, very complex research field. Um it's not as simple as just field. Um it's not as simple as just field. Um it's not as simple as just demonstrating that a particular new demonstrating that a particular new demonstrating that a particular new fertilizer affects yield in a particular fertilizer affects yield in a particular fertilizer affects yield in a particular way. It's more of a Rubik's cube. It's way. It's more of a Rubik's cube. It's way. It's more of a Rubik's cube. It's more of understanding how almost an more of understanding how almost an more of understanding how almost an infinite combination of different infinite combination of different infinite combination of different contexts and combinations of practices contexts and combinations of practices contexts and combinations of practices will impact multiple outcomes. And I I will impact multiple outcomes. And I I will impact multiple outcomes. And I I took this giant Rubik's cube to um took this giant Rubik's cube to um took this giant Rubik's cube to um ground swell last year and just asked ground swell last year and just asked ground swell last year and just asked people to write on it what their people to write on it what their people to write on it what their priorities were for for um research into priorities were for for um research into priorities were for for um research into regen. And this just gives you a a regen. And this just gives you a a regen. And this just gives you a a snapshot of that, an overview of that, snapshot of that, an overview of that, snapshot of that, an overview of that, of what people's priorities were. But of what people's priorities were. But of what people's priorities were. But I've just put this slide up to I've just put this slide up to I've just put this slide up to illustrate this concept of complexity illustrate this concept of complexity illustrate this concept of complexity that we're talking about very complex that we're talking about very complex that we're talking about very complex systems. Um Jenny will talk about the systems. Um Jenny will talk about the systems. Um Jenny will talk about the impact of of seasonal weather as well impact of of seasonal weather as well impact of of seasonal weather as well and these kind of jokers that are played and these kind of jokers that are played and these kind of jokers that are played into the pack as well. So, how do we into the pack as well. So, how do we into the pack as well. So, how do we design experiments and how do we design design experiments and how do we design design experiments and how do we design research programs that can help us research programs that can help us research programs that can help us navigate this complexity? And navigate this complexity? And navigate this complexity? And Rothamstead is ideally placed to provide Rothamstead is ideally placed to provide Rothamstead is ideally placed to provide that evidence base because what you need that evidence base because what you need that evidence base because what you need are long-term experimental platforms are long-term experimental platforms are long-term experimental platforms that can be used to unpick this that can be used to unpick this that can be used to unpick this complexity and provide some predictive complexity and provide some predictive complexity and provide some predictive power to say that if you did a certain power to say that if you did a certain power to say that if you did a certain thing in a certain farm, these are the thing in a certain farm, these are the thing in a certain farm, these are the responses you would expect to see in responses you would expect to see in responses you would expect to see in different outcomes. And that was very different outcomes. And that was very different outcomes. And that was very much the vision for the new uh much the vision for the new uh much the vision for the new uh regenerative farming experiment that we regenerative farming experiment that we regenerative farming experiment that we set up at Rothamstead at two sites. So set up at Rothamstead at two sites. So set up at Rothamstead at two sites. So we're fortunate in that we've got a we're fortunate in that we've got a we're fortunate in that we've got a research farm in Suffuk at Broomsb with research farm in Suffuk at Broomsb with research farm in Suffuk at Broomsb with a light sandy soil and a main campus at a light sandy soil and a main campus at a light sandy soil and a main campus at Harton with a heavy clay soil. So we can Harton with a heavy clay soil. So we can Harton with a heavy clay soil. So we can look at those different contexts. look at those different contexts. look at those different contexts. And then we set up this experiment And then we set up this experiment And then we set up this experiment specifically to understand how different specifically to understand how different specifically to understand how different outcomes co-vary. If we pull a outcomes co-vary. If we pull a outcomes co-vary. If we pull a particular lever like reduced tillage, particular lever like reduced tillage, particular lever like reduced tillage, how does so carbon respond? But how does how does so carbon respond? But how does how does so carbon respond? But how does weeds respond? How does so microbiology weeds respond? How does so microbiology weeds respond? How does so microbiology respond? So the experiment was designed respond? So the experiment was designed respond? So the experiment was designed to look at multiple ingredients of to look at multiple ingredients of to look at multiple ingredients of region a in systematically different region a in systematically different region a in systematically different combinations and then to monitor the tra combinations and then to monitor the tra combinations and then to monitor the tra trajectory of these different outcomes trajectory of these different outcomes trajectory of these different outcomes in the circles there. So biodiversity, in the circles there. So biodiversity, in the circles there. So biodiversity, soil health, peste disease pressure, soil health, peste disease pressure, soil health, peste disease pressure, greenhouse gas emissions, yield and greenhouse gas emissions, yield and greenhouse gas emissions, yield and quality for example. quality for example. quality for example. So this uh slide introduces the So this uh slide introduces the So this uh slide introduces the structure of the experiment. We have at structure of the experiment. We have at structure of the experiment. We have at both sites a total of 60 main plots and both sites a total of 60 main plots and both sites a total of 60 main plots and each of those 60 plots is in one of each of those 60 plots is in one of each of those 60 plots is in one of three rotations. We have a very simple three rotations. We have a very simple three rotations. We have a very simple rotation with uh two winter wheats and rotation with uh two winter wheats and rotation with uh two winter wheats and nory rape, a more complex one with two nory rape, a more complex one with two nory rape, a more complex one with two winter weights, two winter wheats, a winter weights, two winter wheats, a winter weights, two winter wheats, a spring barley and a spring beans. And spring barley and a spring beans. And spring barley and a spring beans. And then we have the more complex rotation then we have the more complex rotation then we have the more complex rotation with a perennial uh legumebased lay in with a perennial uh legumebased lay in with a perennial uh legumebased lay in it as well. So that's the principle of it as well. So that's the principle of it as well. So that's the principle of crop diversification of green cover. Uh crop diversification of green cover. Uh crop diversification of green cover. Uh then we also introduce then we also introduce then we also introduce uh a tillage treatment. The plots are uh a tillage treatment. The plots are uh a tillage treatment. The plots are either in a plow system or in a reduced either in a plow system or in a reduced either in a plow system or in a reduced till system ideally zero till. So that's till system ideally zero till. So that's till system ideally zero till. So that's your reduced disturbance uh principle. your reduced disturbance uh principle. your reduced disturbance uh principle. And then each of those 60 plots is split And then each of those 60 plots is split And then each of those 60 plots is split into two. And then half of them we grow into two. And then half of them we grow into two. And then half of them we grow cover crops and we add organic cover crops and we add organic cover crops and we add organic amendments, green compost. And then the amendments, green compost. And then the amendments, green compost. And then the other half we don't. And then finally, other half we don't. And then finally, other half we don't. And then finally, so that's the improving uh saw carbon so that's the improving uh saw carbon so that's the improving uh saw carbon principle. principle. principle. And so and and then finally, we have a And so and and then finally, we have a And so and and then finally, we have a treatment that is reducing pesticides, treatment that is reducing pesticides, treatment that is reducing pesticides, reducing inputs on half of the plots and reducing inputs on half of the plots and reducing inputs on half of the plots and not on the others. And the beauty of the not on the others. And the beauty of the not on the others. And the beauty of the experiment is that it uh combines all of experiment is that it uh combines all of experiment is that it uh combines all of these ingredients in different these ingredients in different these ingredients in different combinations. So we can look at the combinations. So we can look at the combinations. So we can look at the effect for example of cover crops in a effect for example of cover crops in a effect for example of cover crops in a zero till system or in a plow system. We zero till system or in a plow system. We zero till system or in a plow system. We can look at the effect of compost in a can look at the effect of compost in a can look at the effect of compost in a diverse rotation or a simple rotation. diverse rotation or a simple rotation. diverse rotation or a simple rotation. And I think that's the real research And I think that's the real research And I think that's the real research need and the evidence gap is how these need and the evidence gap is how these need and the evidence gap is how these different practices in the context of different practices in the context of different practices in the context of regen principles interact and impact regen principles interact and impact regen principles interact and impact different outcomes. different outcomes. different outcomes. So, I won't dwell on the detail of the So, I won't dwell on the detail of the So, I won't dwell on the detail of the rotations, but they've been designed to rotations, but they've been designed to rotations, but they've been designed to be flexible because the experiment is be flexible because the experiment is be flexible because the experiment is long-term. And so, we have the long-term. And so, we have the long-term. And so, we have the flexibility to slot different crops in flexibility to slot different crops in flexibility to slot different crops in and out and change these up to a degree. and out and change these up to a degree. and out and change these up to a degree. But this illustrates the fact that we But this illustrates the fact that we But this illustrates the fact that we have uh a diversity of cropping and then have uh a diversity of cropping and then have uh a diversity of cropping and then we're also introducing organic inputs, we're also introducing organic inputs, we're also introducing organic inputs, compost into key phases in the rotation. compost into key phases in the rotation. compost into key phases in the rotation. And I've just given myself a little note And I've just given myself a little note And I've just given myself a little note there to remind myself that at the there to remind myself that at the there to remind myself that at the brooms barn site because we grow brooms barn site because we grow brooms barn site because we grow sugarbeat in the seven-year rotation, we sugarbeat in the seven-year rotation, we sugarbeat in the seven-year rotation, we effectively have a rotational plowing effectively have a rotational plowing effectively have a rotational plowing system. Um, which I know that my other system. Um, which I know that my other system. Um, which I know that my other presenters are really interested in as presenters are really interested in as presenters are really interested in as well as a potential solution to uh reach well as a potential solution to uh reach well as a potential solution to uh reach a compromise with some of the some of a compromise with some of the some of a compromise with some of the some of the drawbacks if you like of reduced the drawbacks if you like of reduced the drawbacks if you like of reduced tillage. tillage. tillage. So my last couple of slides before I So my last couple of slides before I So my last couple of slides before I hand over to Jonah are to introduce some hand over to Jonah are to introduce some hand over to Jonah are to introduce some of the the results. We've only been of the the results. We've only been of the the results. We've only been going for seven years. So we're going for seven years. So we're going for seven years. So we're effectively in the transition stage from effectively in the transition stage from effectively in the transition stage from a a plowed system to a reduced till a a plowed system to a reduced till a a plowed system to a reduced till system if you like. But the the results system if you like. But the the results system if you like. But the the results we're seeing in that transition phase we're seeing in that transition phase we're seeing in that transition phase support the literature in that we're support the literature in that we're support the literature in that we're seeing a decrease in yields in the seeing a decrease in yields in the seeing a decrease in yields in the reduced till plots primarily through u reduced till plots primarily through u reduced till plots primarily through u poorer establishment of the crops. But poorer establishment of the crops. But poorer establishment of the crops. But importantly that yield penalty of the importantly that yield penalty of the importantly that yield penalty of the the conservation agriculture or the the conservation agriculture or the the conservation agriculture or the reduced tillage system is dependent on reduced tillage system is dependent on reduced tillage system is dependent on the what's happening in the rest of the the what's happening in the rest of the the what's happening in the rest of the system. And this just illustrates that system. And this just illustrates that system. And this just illustrates that there's an interaction with site and an there's an interaction with site and an there's an interaction with site and an interaction with proceeding crop. I'm interaction with proceeding crop. I'm interaction with proceeding crop. I'm not going to talk about the detail but not going to talk about the detail but not going to talk about the detail but just want to introduce the principle just want to introduce the principle just want to introduce the principle that if somebody asks does reduced that if somebody asks does reduced that if somebody asks does reduced tillage reduce my yields of wheat the tillage reduce my yields of wheat the tillage reduce my yields of wheat the answer will always be it depends. It answer will always be it depends. It answer will always be it depends. It depends on your soil type. It depends on depends on your soil type. It depends on depends on your soil type. It depends on what else you're doing in your system. what else you're doing in your system. what else you're doing in your system. And the important principle is the real And the important principle is the real And the important principle is the real gains and benefits are to be achieved gains and benefits are to be achieved gains and benefits are to be achieved through the layering of these practices through the layering of these practices through the layering of these practices and the addition of these regen act and the addition of these regen act and the addition of these regen act principles. Taking any one in isolation principles. Taking any one in isolation principles. Taking any one in isolation may well not lead to overall benefits. may well not lead to overall benefits. may well not lead to overall benefits. And that's just another example of the And that's just another example of the And that's just another example of the kind of results we're getting. These are kind of results we're getting. These are kind of results we're getting. These are initial results. So I would ask you not initial results. So I would ask you not initial results. So I would ask you not to share these please but the the to share these please but the the to share these please but the the previous slide has published previous slide has published previous slide has published and the the graph on the left shows the and the the graph on the left shows the and the the graph on the left shows the impact of compost on spring barley impact of compost on spring barley impact of compost on spring barley yields yields yields but it also shows the interaction with but it also shows the interaction with but it also shows the interaction with tillage. So we know that we get reduced tillage. So we know that we get reduced tillage. So we know that we get reduced barley yield when we reduce the tillage barley yield when we reduce the tillage barley yield when we reduce the tillage but that reduction is mitigated by the but that reduction is mitigated by the but that reduction is mitigated by the application of the compost. So we're application of the compost. So we're application of the compost. So we're seeing a a greater benefit of the seeing a a greater benefit of the seeing a a greater benefit of the compost to the spring barley when it's compost to the spring barley when it's compost to the spring barley when it's in a reduced till system. And these are in a reduced till system. And these are in a reduced till system. And these are exactly the kind of benefits and exactly the kind of benefits and exactly the kind of benefits and findings that we want to be um findings that we want to be um findings that we want to be um delivering and making available to the delivering and making available to the delivering and making available to the community. And the one on the right community. And the one on the right community. And the one on the right there is just an example from there is just an example from there is just an example from biodiversity and natural enemies of biodiversity and natural enemies of biodiversity and natural enemies of pests of all seed rape. So the little pests of all seed rape. So the little pests of all seed rape. So the little wigwam you see there is collecting wigwam you see there is collecting wigwam you see there is collecting um paricettoids emerging in a winter um paricettoids emerging in a winter um paricettoids emerging in a winter wheat following an allseed rape crop. So wheat following an allseed rape crop. So wheat following an allseed rape crop. So those are eggs that have been laid in those are eggs that have been laid in those are eggs that have been laid in the previous allsee crop and those the previous allsee crop and those the previous allsee crop and those paracettoids are now emerging and will paracettoids are now emerging and will paracettoids are now emerging and will control the pests in neighboring or sea control the pests in neighboring or sea control the pests in neighboring or sea rape fields. And we know that in a rape fields. And we know that in a rape fields. And we know that in a zeroill system, in a plowed system, we zeroill system, in a plowed system, we zeroill system, in a plowed system, we destroy those eggs and we destroy those destroy those eggs and we destroy those destroy those eggs and we destroy those pupy. But in a zeroill system, we retain pupy. But in a zeroill system, we retain pupy. But in a zeroill system, we retain that benefit for the following crop. So that benefit for the following crop. So that benefit for the following crop. So again, it's just a flavor of the kind of again, it's just a flavor of the kind of again, it's just a flavor of the kind of work that we're doing, the importance of work that we're doing, the importance of work that we're doing, the importance of monitoring interactions of practices on monitoring interactions of practices on monitoring interactions of practices on multiple outcomes over time. And we're multiple outcomes over time. And we're multiple outcomes over time. And we're going to use those um data to help going to use those um data to help going to use those um data to help navigate some of this complexity. And at navigate some of this complexity. And at navigate some of this complexity. And at that point I'm going to stop and hand that point I'm going to stop and hand that point I'm going to stop and hand over to Jonah. Thanks Jonah. Hi everyone. Just get my screen. So hopefully you can see the So hopefully you can see the So hopefully you can see the presentation and lose you while I look presentation and lose you while I look presentation and lose you while I look at this. So hi everyone. I'm guess at this. So hi everyone. I'm guess at this. So hi everyone. I'm guess continuing on from John and thinking continuing on from John and thinking continuing on from John and thinking about some of the results from the LSRE about some of the results from the LSRE about some of the results from the LSRE as well. Um going to start off with sort as well. Um going to start off with sort as well. Um going to start off with sort of regenag and five principles. So John of regenag and five principles. So John of regenag and five principles. So John touched on it as well, but we've got touched on it as well, but we've got touched on it as well, but we've got don't disturb the soil, keep the soil don't disturb the soil, keep the soil don't disturb the soil, keep the soil surface covered, keep living roots in surface covered, keep living roots in surface covered, keep living roots in the soil, grow a diverse range of crops, the soil, grow a diverse range of crops, the soil, grow a diverse range of crops, and bring grazing animals back to the and bring grazing animals back to the and bring grazing animals back to the land. So we can see soil is in three out land. So we can see soil is in three out land. So we can see soil is in three out of those explicitly and then it's in the of those explicitly and then it's in the of those explicitly and then it's in the other two sort of implicitly. So it's other two sort of implicitly. So it's other two sort of implicitly. So it's the real foundation of this regen a the real foundation of this regen a the real foundation of this regen a movement etc. um growing a diverse range movement etc. um growing a diverse range movement etc. um growing a diverse range of crops then feeds into it through root of crops then feeds into it through root of crops then feeds into it through root architecture, rooting depth and things architecture, rooting depth and things architecture, rooting depth and things and bringing graves and animals back to and bringing graves and animals back to and bringing graves and animals back to the land uh feels like it's part of a the land uh feels like it's part of a the land uh feels like it's part of a enhancing these rotations where we're enhancing these rotations where we're enhancing these rotations where we're not growing crops to improve or enhance not growing crops to improve or enhance not growing crops to improve or enhance the inputs that are coming down and we the inputs that are coming down and we the inputs that are coming down and we might also include soil amendments under might also include soil amendments under might also include soil amendments under this sort of umbrella of enhancing these this sort of umbrella of enhancing these this sort of umbrella of enhancing these rotations. rotations. rotations. So taking these then through the lens of So taking these then through the lens of So taking these then through the lens of the large scale rotation experiment. So the large scale rotation experiment. So the large scale rotation experiment. So John's given us a really nice overview John's given us a really nice overview John's given us a really nice overview of that and I'll also touch on these uh of that and I'll also touch on these uh of that and I'll also touch on these uh experiments that John gave us a glimpse experiments that John gave us a glimpse experiments that John gave us a glimpse of as well. So starting with don't of as well. So starting with don't of as well. So starting with don't disturb the soil, I've got managing disturb the soil, I've got managing disturb the soil, I've got managing tillage and plowing responsibly. So like tillage and plowing responsibly. So like tillage and plowing responsibly. So like we said there's some compromise here. we said there's some compromise here. we said there's some compromise here. The responsibility nature is that The responsibility nature is that The responsibility nature is that sometimes we're going to have to till sometimes we're going to have to till sometimes we're going to have to till just as part of rotations as part of just as part of rotations as part of just as part of rotations as part of systems. Um but doing that in a systems. Um but doing that in a systems. Um but doing that in a responsible way is what we want to try responsible way is what we want to try responsible way is what we want to try to find out. um and it's from the LSRE. to find out. um and it's from the LSRE. to find out. um and it's from the LSRE. So I'm just presenting the first So I'm just presenting the first So I'm just presenting the first three-year uh data because I haven't had three-year uh data because I haven't had three-year uh data because I haven't had a chance to look at the most recent a chance to look at the most recent a chance to look at the most recent sampling because it's fairly recent. But sampling because it's fairly recent. But sampling because it's fairly recent. But um we can see there's an effect of um we can see there's an effect of um we can see there's an effect of tillillage across the treatments on soil tillillage across the treatments on soil tillillage across the treatments on soil organic carbon. So this is change in organic carbon. So this is change in organic carbon. So this is change in percent carbon. Conventional till has percent carbon. Conventional till has percent carbon. Conventional till has little to no effect but slight negative. little to no effect but slight negative. little to no effect but slight negative. Zero till has positive effect. And when Zero till has positive effect. And when Zero till has positive effect. And when we think about each site, so Broomst the we think about each site, so Broomst the we think about each site, so Broomst the sandy site has a slight bigger decrease sandy site has a slight bigger decrease sandy site has a slight bigger decrease in carbon than the sort of zero at in carbon than the sort of zero at in carbon than the sort of zero at Harpendon, but they both have this Harpendon, but they both have this Harpendon, but they both have this positive effect with zero till. positive effect with zero till. positive effect with zero till. Then we capture quite a few of them with Then we capture quite a few of them with Then we capture quite a few of them with this next treatment. So this is the this next treatment. So this is the this next treatment. So this is the amended treatment, the nutrition amended treatment, the nutrition amended treatment, the nutrition treatment where we've got cover crops treatment where we've got cover crops treatment where we've got cover crops and compost. Um, sorry, I meant to have and compost. Um, sorry, I meant to have and compost. Um, sorry, I meant to have a laser pointer, a laser pointer, a laser pointer, not a pen. There we go. Um, and this not a pen. There we go. Um, and this not a pen. There we go. Um, and this covers sort of keeping the soil surface covers sort of keeping the soil surface covers sort of keeping the soil surface covered, keeping living roots in the covered, keeping living roots in the covered, keeping living roots in the soil, and bringing grazing animals back soil, and bringing grazing animals back soil, and bringing grazing animals back to land through that circularity, to land through that circularity, to land through that circularity, nutrient cycling if we extended it to nutrient cycling if we extended it to nutrient cycling if we extended it to this compost effectively, cuz we're not this compost effectively, cuz we're not this compost effectively, cuz we're not always going to have livestock always going to have livestock always going to have livestock available, etc. But um, what we can see available, etc. But um, what we can see available, etc. But um, what we can see is that we've got this effect of amended is that we've got this effect of amended is that we've got this effect of amended uh, treatment versus the conventional uh, treatment versus the conventional uh, treatment versus the conventional treatment in terms of the carbon. And we treatment in terms of the carbon. And we treatment in terms of the carbon. And we can bring in the fourth uh principle can bring in the fourth uh principle can bring in the fourth uh principle looking at the combination of the two um looking at the combination of the two um looking at the combination of the two um sorry just hide that um where we've got sorry just hide that um where we've got sorry just hide that um where we've got this additional effectively with the this additional effectively with the this additional effectively with the zero till and amendment having a greater zero till and amendment having a greater zero till and amendment having a greater increase than conventional um and zero increase than conventional um and zero increase than conventional um and zero till till till when we think of sorry when we think of when we think of sorry when we think of when we think of sorry when we think of growing a diverse range of crops that growing a diverse range of crops that growing a diverse range of crops that would sort of fall under the umbrella of would sort of fall under the umbrella of would sort of fall under the umbrella of our rotations. s effectively like John our rotations. s effectively like John our rotations. s effectively like John touched on. We've got our um three-year touched on. We've got our um three-year touched on. We've got our um three-year rotation, 5ear rotation, sevenyear rotation, 5ear rotation, sevenyear rotation, 5ear rotation, sevenyear rotations. Um but we don't see a clear rotations. Um but we don't see a clear rotations. Um but we don't see a clear pattern here necessarily that we might pattern here necessarily that we might pattern here necessarily that we might think okay going from 3 to 5 to 7 do we think okay going from 3 to 5 to 7 do we think okay going from 3 to 5 to 7 do we get an overall increase in them? We get get an overall increase in them? We get get an overall increase in them? We get a sort of mixed picture and that's like a sort of mixed picture and that's like a sort of mixed picture and that's like John said there's lots of complexity John said there's lots of complexity John said there's lots of complexity within this dot effectively. Um and what within this dot effectively. Um and what within this dot effectively. Um and what we can see from the sites from the we can see from the sites from the we can see from the sites from the difference just between the sites the difference just between the sites the difference just between the sites the three-year is being sort of drawn up by three-year is being sort of drawn up by three-year is being sort of drawn up by the effect of Broom's barn. Uh within the effect of Broom's barn. Uh within the effect of Broom's barn. Uh within this data the three years basically had this data the three years basically had this data the three years basically had its full cycle. We've had about half of its full cycle. We've had about half of its full cycle. We've had about half of this and just under half of this cycle. this and just under half of this cycle. this and just under half of this cycle. So the longest cycle. Um so there's more So the longest cycle. Um so there's more So the longest cycle. Um so there's more to tease out there and hopefully we'll to tease out there and hopefully we'll to tease out there and hopefully we'll get some more answers with the next set get some more answers with the next set get some more answers with the next set of results from the sixyear data. So of results from the sixyear data. So of results from the sixyear data. So that's where I'm going to finish on the that's where I'm going to finish on the that's where I'm going to finish on the LSRE. I'm just going to bring us to the LSRE. I'm just going to bring us to the LSRE. I'm just going to bring us to the woven and high field data. So these are woven and high field data. So these are woven and high field data. So these are the plots that John showed where we've the plots that John showed where we've the plots that John showed where we've got this difference in SOC. Uh the got this difference in SOC. Uh the got this difference in SOC. Uh the treatments are down here, but um largely treatments are down here, but um largely treatments are down here, but um largely the black treatments are arable. And the black treatments are arable. And the black treatments are arable. And these are lay grass um rotations. In these are lay grass um rotations. In these are lay grass um rotations. In high field, we've got grass, so old high field, we've got grass, so old high field, we've got grass, so old grass, receded grass, lay arable, and a grass, receded grass, lay arable, and a grass, receded grass, lay arable, and a bare fow which was kept free of bare fow which was kept free of bare fow which was kept free of vegetation, routinely plowed to see how vegetation, routinely plowed to see how vegetation, routinely plowed to see how quickly carbon could be driven off a quickly carbon could be driven off a quickly carbon could be driven off a grassland effectively. So like John grassland effectively. So like John grassland effectively. So like John said, we've got sort of sandy soil at said, we've got sort of sandy soil at said, we've got sort of sandy soil at woven, 13% clay, high field, 28% clay, woven, 13% clay, high field, 28% clay, woven, 13% clay, high field, 28% clay, so higher. When we consider their so higher. When we consider their so higher. When we consider their textures, we get a more balanced picture textures, we get a more balanced picture textures, we get a more balanced picture of what's going on with the carbon and of what's going on with the carbon and of what's going on with the carbon and the carbon status of the soil cuz the the carbon status of the soil cuz the the carbon status of the soil cuz the woven site looks unlikely to ever reach woven site looks unlikely to ever reach woven site looks unlikely to ever reach the carbon values of high field. You the carbon values of high field. You the carbon values of high field. You know, it's doing a similar thing to the know, it's doing a similar thing to the know, it's doing a similar thing to the lays, but it's not reaching the same. lays, but it's not reaching the same. lays, but it's not reaching the same. But we get quite similar SOC over clay But we get quite similar SOC over clay But we get quite similar SOC over clay for the arable treatments. not for the arable treatments. not for the arable treatments. not diagnostic necessarily of an arable diagnostic necessarily of an arable diagnostic necessarily of an arable treatment but interesting that they were treatment but interesting that they were treatment but interesting that they were very similar here. Um the lays are able very similar here. Um the lays are able very similar here. Um the lays are able to bring it out of this say degraded to bring it out of this say degraded to bring it out of this say degraded state. Um and from a regen point of view state. Um and from a regen point of view state. Um and from a regen point of view um this is a grazed lay treatment before um this is a grazed lay treatment before um this is a grazed lay treatment before this line. Um where we're seeing sort this line. Um where we're seeing sort this line. Um where we're seeing sort this increase almost up to the good this increase almost up to the good this increase almost up to the good line. So that seems quite a positive line. So that seems quite a positive line. So that seems quite a positive effect and then it switches to sort of effect and then it switches to sort of effect and then it switches to sort of chemical fertilizers and you know it chemical fertilizers and you know it chemical fertilizers and you know it goes down a bit but not as far as the goes down a bit but not as far as the goes down a bit but not as far as the arable. And here the laser mitigating arable. And here the laser mitigating arable. And here the laser mitigating sort of that loss um going down to the sort of that loss um going down to the sort of that loss um going down to the arable uh system. And we get a better arable uh system. And we get a better arable uh system. And we get a better appreciation for this degraded state of appreciation for this degraded state of appreciation for this degraded state of the bare fellowow because it's got a the bare fellowow because it's got a the bare fellowow because it's got a similar carbon to woven but it's that similar carbon to woven but it's that similar carbon to woven but it's that much worse effectively because of its much worse effectively because of its much worse effectively because of its clay content. Um just to move through clay content. Um just to move through clay content. Um just to move through this is my last slide effectively and this is my last slide effectively and this is my last slide effectively and this is just a couple images of well a this is just a couple images of well a this is just a couple images of well a couple videos of 2 mm aggregates from couple videos of 2 mm aggregates from couple videos of 2 mm aggregates from each of these treatments. So the each of these treatments. So the each of these treatments. So the grassland and the bare fellowow and grassland and the bare fellowow and grassland and the bare fellowow and showing sort of the poor spaces and the showing sort of the poor spaces and the showing sort of the poor spaces and the poor connectivity uh how much greater it poor connectivity uh how much greater it poor connectivity uh how much greater it is in a grassland versus the bare is in a grassland versus the bare is in a grassland versus the bare fellowow where there's little to no fellowow where there's little to no fellowow where there's little to no connectivity. connectivity. connectivity. So that's me done. Thank you very much. So that's me done. Thank you very much. So that's me done. Thank you very much. I'll pass over to Jenny. Right. Thank you. I'm just going to Right. Thank you. I'm just going to Right. Thank you. I'm just going to share my screen so you can all see my share my screen so you can all see my share my screen so you can all see my presentation there. Hopefully that's working for you there. Hopefully that's working for you there. Hopefully that's working for you all. Um, so as John said, um, I'm going all. Um, so as John said, um, I'm going all. Um, so as John said, um, I'm going to be talking about a little bit about to be talking about a little bit about to be talking about a little bit about our regenerative agriculture project our regenerative agriculture project our regenerative agriculture project that we do at the Alton project. that we do at the Alton project. that we do at the Alton project. slightly smaller scale than the many slightly smaller scale than the many slightly smaller scale than the many many plots of the Rothamsteads version many plots of the Rothamsteads version many plots of the Rothamsteads version but we um farm it in a more um farmer but we um farm it in a more um farmer but we um farm it in a more um farmer friendly kind of practice rather than a friendly kind of practice rather than a friendly kind of practice rather than a research experiment. So that allows us research experiment. So that allows us research experiment. So that allows us to look a little bit about the to look a little bit about the to look a little bit about the management issues of these kind of management issues of these kind of management issues of these kind of systems and the context as John touched systems and the context as John touched systems and the context as John touched out and the consequences of um what out and the consequences of um what out and the consequences of um what happens when it doesn't quite go to happens when it doesn't quite go to happens when it doesn't quite go to plan. So that's what I'm going to focus plan. So that's what I'm going to focus plan. So that's what I'm going to focus on in this talk. But first of all, just on in this talk. But first of all, just on in this talk. But first of all, just who I am and who we are. So the who I am and who we are. So the who I am and who we are. So the Allatinum project is a education and Allatinum project is a education and Allatinum project is a education and research trust. Its overall aims is to research trust. Its overall aims is to research trust. Its overall aims is to combine productive farming with wildlife combine productive farming with wildlife combine productive farming with wildlife conservation and to research the conservation and to research the conservation and to research the interactions between farming, wildlife interactions between farming, wildlife interactions between farming, wildlife conservation, resource management. So conservation, resource management. So conservation, resource management. So that's where the soil science element that's where the soil science element that's where the soil science element comes in and and the environment. Um and comes in and and the environment. Um and comes in and and the environment. Um and my job on the Arton project is to look my job on the Arton project is to look my job on the Arton project is to look after that research and help shape its after that research and help shape its after that research and help shape its direction and then we disseminate the direction and then we disseminate the direction and then we disseminate the results um to farmers, policy makers and results um to farmers, policy makers and results um to farmers, policy makers and others. others. others. Now the agricultural sector has a number Now the agricultural sector has a number Now the agricultural sector has a number of challenges at the moment. You see of challenges at the moment. You see of challenges at the moment. You see headlines like these about the headlines like these about the headlines like these about the degradation of our top soil. Um and then degradation of our top soil. Um and then degradation of our top soil. Um and then you have the added impact of the recent you have the added impact of the recent you have the added impact of the recent extreme weather events possibly um extreme weather events possibly um extreme weather events possibly um brought on by climate change with brought on by climate change with brought on by climate change with extreme flooding events, extreme drought extreme flooding events, extreme drought extreme flooding events, extreme drought effects. Now, um we're currently going effects. Now, um we're currently going effects. Now, um we're currently going through which is really adding pressure through which is really adding pressure through which is really adding pressure onto the agricultural sector and partly onto the agricultural sector and partly onto the agricultural sector and partly why they're looking for not just to why they're looking for not just to why they're looking for not just to improve those degra degraded soils but improve those degra degraded soils but improve those degra degraded soils but also to look at improving their overall also to look at improving their overall also to look at improving their overall system resilience, their business system resilience, their business system resilience, their business resilience and their soil resilience um resilience and their soil resilience um resilience and their soil resilience um for these unexpected events. for these unexpected events. for these unexpected events. And to add on to that, climate change is And to add on to that, climate change is And to add on to that, climate change is a pressure. agriculture account for 14% a pressure. agriculture account for 14% a pressure. agriculture account for 14% of global greenhouse gas emissions and of global greenhouse gas emissions and of global greenhouse gas emissions and are about 3% of anthropogenic CO2 are about 3% of anthropogenic CO2 are about 3% of anthropogenic CO2 emissions but a massive 68% of emissions but a massive 68% of emissions but a massive 68% of anthropogenic nitrous oxide emissions. anthropogenic nitrous oxide emissions. anthropogenic nitrous oxide emissions. So there's a lot of pressure on farmers So there's a lot of pressure on farmers So there's a lot of pressure on farmers um to become carbon neutral particular um to become carbon neutral particular um to become carbon neutral particular pressure on farmers because they're in pressure on farmers because they're in pressure on farmers because they're in the unique position of being able to the unique position of being able to the unique position of being able to grow crops which can actually trap that grow crops which can actually trap that grow crops which can actually trap that CO2 from the air, bring it down and CO2 from the air, bring it down and CO2 from the air, bring it down and place it back in the soil. They're also place it back in the soil. They're also place it back in the soil. They're also the custodians of a large sway about the custodians of a large sway about the custodians of a large sway about twothirds of our um you know our UK soil twothirds of our um you know our UK soil twothirds of our um you know our UK soil habitat. So it's their job to look after habitat. So it's their job to look after habitat. So it's their job to look after it, make sure those soils don't become it, make sure those soils don't become it, make sure those soils don't become degraded or become improved. And that's degraded or become improved. And that's degraded or become improved. And that's another reason why people are looking to another reason why people are looking to another reason why people are looking to these kind of systems to help that. these kind of systems to help that. these kind of systems to help that. Um so this is our farm. Most of these Um so this is our farm. Most of these Um so this is our farm. Most of these fields have trials on it of some kind, fields have trials on it of some kind, fields have trials on it of some kind, but I'm going to focus on the ones that but I'm going to focus on the ones that but I'm going to focus on the ones that I've highlighted on this map today. The I've highlighted on this map today. The I've highlighted on this map today. The type of trials we do, we have the type of trials we do, we have the type of trials we do, we have the Sententa trial, which is the Sententa trial, which is the Sententa trial, which is the regenerative agriculture trial I was regenerative agriculture trial I was regenerative agriculture trial I was talking about. It runs across five talking about. It runs across five talking about. It runs across five fields, and it's a long-term trial where fields, and it's a long-term trial where fields, and it's a long-term trial where we take a approach, different approaches we take a approach, different approaches we take a approach, different approaches to farming and just see how it works to farming and just see how it works to farming and just see how it works over many, many years. But we also have over many, many years. But we also have over many, many years. But we also have shorter term trials where we look at one shorter term trials where we look at one shorter term trials where we look at one specific problem. And it's this specific problem. And it's this specific problem. And it's this combination of these short trials where combination of these short trials where combination of these short trials where we look at specific things like adding we look at specific things like adding we look at specific things like adding biochar, adding bio stimulants to the biochar, adding bio stimulants to the biochar, adding bio stimulants to the soil and these long-term system soil and these long-term system soil and these long-term system approaches means we can um understand approaches means we can um understand approaches means we can um understand things in context, pull all these things in context, pull all these things in context, pull all these findings together and try and have an findings together and try and have an findings together and try and have an understanding of how what we do might understanding of how what we do might understanding of how what we do might impact other areas of our farming. And impact other areas of our farming. And impact other areas of our farming. And that's why I find it so interesting to that's why I find it so interesting to that's why I find it so interesting to work here on all these different work here on all these different work here on all these different projects. projects. projects. I'm going to start with introducing you I'm going to start with introducing you I'm going to start with introducing you to the conservation agriculture project to the conservation agriculture project to the conservation agriculture project that we have at Allatin. We are the that we have at Allatin. We are the that we have at Allatin. We are the Lodington site, so we're on a heavy clay Lodington site, so we're on a heavy clay Lodington site, so we're on a heavy clay soil, but there's a a sister site over soil, but there's a a sister site over soil, but there's a a sister site over in Len, which is on a nice sandy soil. in Len, which is on a nice sandy soil. in Len, which is on a nice sandy soil. So similar to John's experiment, we So similar to John's experiment, we So similar to John's experiment, we realized that the context was very realized that the context was very realized that the context was very important here and that looking at these important here and that looking at these important here and that looking at these kind of approaches on just a heavy land kind of approaches on just a heavy land kind of approaches on just a heavy land was not going to be enough and it needed was not going to be enough and it needed was not going to be enough and it needed um another site on a nice light land so um another site on a nice light land so um another site on a nice light land so we could understand the context of the we could understand the context of the we could understand the context of the soil type with what we were doing to the soil type with what we were doing to the soil type with what we were doing to the farming. farming. farming. Then there's three different systems. So Then there's three different systems. So Then there's three different systems. So there's a conventional where we use full there's a conventional where we use full there's a conventional where we use full inversion plowing. There's the inversion plowing. There's the inversion plowing. There's the sustainable system where we use sustainable system where we use sustainable system where we use non-inversion but um semi semideep non-inversion but um semi semideep non-inversion but um semi semideep cultivations and then there's the direct cultivations and then there's the direct cultivations and then there's the direct drill system which sometimes includes drill system which sometimes includes drill system which sometimes includes light cultivations depending on the crop light cultivations depending on the crop light cultivations depending on the crop and the season um what we're trying to and the season um what we're trying to and the season um what we're trying to achieve. So we have three I think I'd achieve. So we have three I think I'd achieve. So we have three I think I'd say approaches rather than um regimented say approaches rather than um regimented say approaches rather than um regimented systems to farming and they each run systems to farming and they each run systems to farming and they each run across a field like this. So this is one across a field like this. So this is one across a field like this. So this is one field split into our three treatments. field split into our three treatments. field split into our three treatments. And this is replicated across five And this is replicated across five And this is replicated across five fields on our farm. fields on our farm. fields on our farm. And here I'm not going to go into these And here I'm not going to go into these And here I'm not going to go into these results in great detail, but he's are results in great detail, but he's are results in great detail, but he's are the results from our first five years of the results from our first five years of the results from our first five years of this project. And you can see as John this project. And you can see as John this project. And you can see as John was saying, context is very important was saying, context is very important was saying, context is very important here because does your does your um here because does your does your um here because does your does your um yield decrease when you take on these yield decrease when you take on these yield decrease when you take on these regen agricultural principles? Well, on regen agricultural principles? Well, on regen agricultural principles? Well, on our heavy land, yes, it did. But on the our heavy land, yes, it did. But on the our heavy land, yes, it did. But on the lighter land in Lenham, no, maybe not so lighter land in Lenham, no, maybe not so lighter land in Lenham, no, maybe not so much. Um, but overall, our profitability much. Um, but overall, our profitability much. Um, but overall, our profitability wasn't that badly impacted because wasn't that badly impacted because wasn't that badly impacted because moving machinery through heavy glacials moving machinery through heavy glacials moving machinery through heavy glacials takes quite a lot of energy, time, um, takes quite a lot of energy, time, um, takes quite a lot of energy, time, um, fuel. So, actually by reducing those fuel. So, actually by reducing those fuel. So, actually by reducing those kind of costs, we can actually protect kind of costs, we can actually protect kind of costs, we can actually protect our overall profitability on the farm. our overall profitability on the farm. our overall profitability on the farm. So this this project didn't just look at So this this project didn't just look at So this this project didn't just look at the environmental impacts of what we the environmental impacts of what we the environmental impacts of what we were doing, but we also tried to were doing, but we also tried to were doing, but we also tried to understand the profitability of running understand the profitability of running understand the profitability of running these different systems on different these different systems on different these different systems on different types of land. types of land. types of land. But what I really want to focus this But what I really want to focus this But what I really want to focus this talk on is what we learned along the talk on is what we learned along the talk on is what we learned along the way. Because we are a commercial farm um way. Because we are a commercial farm um way. Because we are a commercial farm um and we try and farm using normal and we try and farm using normal and we try and farm using normal equipment um in normal ways, we can come equipment um in normal ways, we can come equipment um in normal ways, we can come up against these unexpected consequences up against these unexpected consequences up against these unexpected consequences which I find possibly the most which I find possibly the most which I find possibly the most interesting for our research and interesting for our research and interesting for our research and certainly for the visitors who come here certainly for the visitors who come here certainly for the visitors who come here and want to learn from our trials, and want to learn from our trials, and want to learn from our trials, possibly the most interesting for them possibly the most interesting for them possibly the most interesting for them too. Um I'm going to focus today on the too. Um I'm going to focus today on the too. Um I'm going to focus today on the weeds, the weather and the nitrous oxide weeds, the weather and the nitrous oxide weeds, the weather and the nitrous oxide and how how those three things um and how how those three things um and how how those three things um impacted our work. impacted our work. impacted our work. So firstly this is some research So firstly this is some research So firstly this is some research actually by someone from the weeds group actually by someone from the weeds group actually by someone from the weeds group at Rotham, David Clmont who's part of at Rotham, David Clmont who's part of at Rotham, David Clmont who's part of the black grass uh research group. So, the black grass uh research group. So, the black grass uh research group. So, it was the BGRI network who go around it was the BGRI network who go around it was the BGRI network who go around and they're currently doing it now, I and they're currently doing it now, I and they're currently doing it now, I think, mapping fields and looking at think, mapping fields and looking at think, mapping fields and looking at black grass. And we got him to come and black grass. And we got him to come and black grass. And we got him to come and look at our long-term Senta trials. And look at our long-term Senta trials. And look at our long-term Senta trials. And what he could show us was that when you what he could show us was that when you what he could show us was that when you don't plow, you do tend to run into a don't plow, you do tend to run into a don't plow, you do tend to run into a weed burden. Especially if we've had weed burden. Especially if we've had weed burden. Especially if we've had lots of winter crops, we haven't had lots of winter crops, we haven't had lots of winter crops, we haven't had that period before spring to control it that period before spring to control it that period before spring to control it with herbicides. You start building up with herbicides. You start building up with herbicides. You start building up quite a high weed pressure. quite a high weed pressure. quite a high weed pressure. And for all that plowing isn't great for And for all that plowing isn't great for And for all that plowing isn't great for protecting our organic matter and for protecting our organic matter and for protecting our organic matter and for protecting our soil biodiversity and protecting our soil biodiversity and protecting our soil biodiversity and health and structure, it is really good health and structure, it is really good health and structure, it is really good at controlling weeds. And that's why one at controlling weeds. And that's why one at controlling weeds. And that's why one one of the many reasons um that I've one of the many reasons um that I've one of the many reasons um that I've been talking as John Stalky said about been talking as John Stalky said about been talking as John Stalky said about the idea of rotational plowing whether the idea of rotational plowing whether the idea of rotational plowing whether plowing infrequently but to really plowing infrequently but to really plowing infrequently but to really control the weeds is an option in these control the weeds is an option in these control the weeds is an option in these regenerative systems because we do have regenerative systems because we do have regenerative systems because we do have to consider these problems when we're to consider these problems when we're to consider these problems when we're trying to put in place these manageable trying to put in place these manageable trying to put in place these manageable systems. systems. systems. And as I said at the Alaton project, we And as I said at the Alaton project, we And as I said at the Alaton project, we have lots of little specific trials have lots of little specific trials have lots of little specific trials looking at at one particular thing. And looking at at one particular thing. And looking at at one particular thing. And this one is one of our biochar trials this one is one of our biochar trials this one is one of our biochar trials which is in partnership with the which is in partnership with the which is in partnership with the University of Nottingham. The whole idea University of Nottingham. The whole idea University of Nottingham. The whole idea of the trial was to look at adding of the trial was to look at adding of the trial was to look at adding biochar to soil, seeing what it did to biochar to soil, seeing what it did to biochar to soil, seeing what it did to pH, um, soil bulk density, soil carbon pH, um, soil bulk density, soil carbon pH, um, soil bulk density, soil carbon content, those kind of things. But what content, those kind of things. But what content, those kind of things. But what we found was where we added the biochart we found was where we added the biochart we found was where we added the biochart in a nice neat rectangle along our in a nice neat rectangle along our in a nice neat rectangle along our field. We got a lovely neat rectangle of field. We got a lovely neat rectangle of field. We got a lovely neat rectangle of black grass coming up. So again, David black grass coming up. So again, David black grass coming up. So again, David Kont was very happy to come along and Kont was very happy to come along and Kont was very happy to come along and map that for us and he could show us map that for us and he could show us map that for us and he could show us that we did seem to have a higher that we did seem to have a higher that we did seem to have a higher pressure of black grass coming up just pressure of black grass coming up just pressure of black grass coming up just where we'd added the biochar. Now this where we'd added the biochar. Now this where we'd added the biochar. Now this is where it's those building of is where it's those building of is where it's those building of different uh management different uh management different uh management that that causes this problem. So that that causes this problem. So that that causes this problem. So because we are were a regentive farm, we because we are were a regentive farm, we because we are were a regentive farm, we top dressed the soil with the biochar top dressed the soil with the biochar top dressed the soil with the biochar and then we didn't incorporate into the and then we didn't incorporate into the and then we didn't incorporate into the soil. We then sprayed um we we drilled soil. We then sprayed um we we drilled soil. We then sprayed um we we drilled straight into it. We sprayed our straight into it. We sprayed our straight into it. We sprayed our pre-emergence herbicides while this pre-emergence herbicides while this pre-emergence herbicides while this biochar was still freshly applied and biochar was still freshly applied and biochar was still freshly applied and all on the surface. And we think what all on the surface. And we think what all on the surface. And we think what probably happened was it absorbed a lot probably happened was it absorbed a lot probably happened was it absorbed a lot of that herbicide of that herbicide of that herbicide um and made it a lot less effective at um and made it a lot less effective at um and made it a lot less effective at killing and controlling the weeds. And killing and controlling the weeds. And killing and controlling the weeds. And what we got was this unintended what we got was this unintended what we got was this unintended consequence was an enormous patch of consequence was an enormous patch of consequence was an enormous patch of black grass. Um, so black grass. Um, so black grass. Um, so yes, maybe biochar has some benefits or yes, maybe biochar has some benefits or yes, maybe biochar has some benefits or is is possible to be used on fields in is is possible to be used on fields in is is possible to be used on fields in certain ways, but maybe not in one of certain ways, but maybe not in one of certain ways, but maybe not in one of these regenerative systems, just on the these regenerative systems, just on the these regenerative systems, just on the surface with direct drilling into it if surface with direct drilling into it if surface with direct drilling into it if you're trying to control your weed you're trying to control your weed you're trying to control your weed pressure. So another unintended pressure. So another unintended pressure. So another unintended consequence there. consequence there. consequence there. And then we move into the weather. So And then we move into the weather. So And then we move into the weather. So the results we showed you at the the results we showed you at the the results we showed you at the profitability of our regen a system was profitability of our regen a system was profitability of our regen a system was shown after the first five years of the shown after the first five years of the shown after the first five years of the project. Um there was some bad weather project. Um there was some bad weather project. Um there was some bad weather during that, but it really started after during that, but it really started after during that, but it really started after those first five years in about 2023 those first five years in about 2023 those first five years in about 2023 when we had storm bette kicking off the when we had storm bette kicking off the when we had storm bette kicking off the season. Um just when we might have been season. Um just when we might have been season. Um just when we might have been wanting to drill our winter crops and wanting to drill our winter crops and wanting to drill our winter crops and then uh the weather continued all then uh the weather continued all then uh the weather continued all through the autumn, all through the through the autumn, all through the through the autumn, all through the winter, all through early spring and we winter, all through early spring and we winter, all through early spring and we couldn't get on any of our fields. They couldn't get on any of our fields. They couldn't get on any of our fields. They weren't travelable because we're a heavy weren't travelable because we're a heavy weren't travelable because we're a heavy clay site. Infiltration is about maybe clay site. Infiltration is about maybe clay site. Infiltration is about maybe if you're lucky 4 millimeters an hour. if you're lucky 4 millimeters an hour. if you're lucky 4 millimeters an hour. And when you get 63 mm of rain in a day, And when you get 63 mm of rain in a day, And when you get 63 mm of rain in a day, it's going to be a long time before that it's going to be a long time before that it's going to be a long time before that field um percolates all that water away field um percolates all that water away field um percolates all that water away and you're able to travel again on that and you're able to travel again on that and you're able to travel again on that field. And when you're getting more and field. And when you're getting more and field. And when you're getting more and more rain on top of already uh soaked more rain on top of already uh soaked more rain on top of already uh soaked soil, you're not going to be able to get soil, you're not going to be able to get soil, you're not going to be able to get on. We found that when the weather did this, We found that when the weather did this, We found that when the weather did this, there was actually a um there was actually a um there was actually a um a benefit to the fields, the the plots a benefit to the fields, the the plots a benefit to the fields, the the plots that had been plowed because we'd that had been plowed because we'd that had been plowed because we'd airated them, we'd lifted them, we'd airated them, we'd lifted them, we'd airated them, we'd lifted them, we'd increased the infiltration rate. The increased the infiltration rate. The increased the infiltration rate. The little graph you can see there on the little graph you can see there on the little graph you can see there on the right is the compaction measured in right is the compaction measured in right is the compaction measured in those different plots. And you can see those different plots. And you can see those different plots. And you can see that there is particularly in the first that there is particularly in the first that there is particularly in the first 20 cm 20 cm 20 cm less less compaction in that plow soil. less less compaction in that plow soil. less less compaction in that plow soil. And that meant the water could And that meant the water could And that meant the water could infiltrate just that little bit faster infiltrate just that little bit faster infiltrate just that little bit faster through those plow plots. And what we through those plow plots. And what we through those plow plots. And what we got was much better establishment. got was much better establishment. got was much better establishment. Um, so when farmers are thinking about Um, so when farmers are thinking about Um, so when farmers are thinking about what they can do to make their soil and what they can do to make their soil and what they can do to make their soil and make their business more resilient, make make their business more resilient, make make their business more resilient, make sure they get crops in when we're sure they get crops in when we're sure they get crops in when we're getting weather like this, some getting weather like this, some getting weather like this, some certainly on heavy lands are starting to certainly on heavy lands are starting to certainly on heavy lands are starting to think maybe it's plowing. Maybe I need think maybe it's plowing. Maybe I need think maybe it's plowing. Maybe I need to go back to this in order to make sure to go back to this in order to make sure to go back to this in order to make sure I can get a crop in. However, if you I can get a crop in. However, if you I can get a crop in. However, if you look at that line running through the look at that line running through the look at that line running through the middle of that field, you can see that middle of that field, you can see that middle of that field, you can see that it's not without its risks. So where we it's not without its risks. So where we it's not without its risks. So where we had the direct drilled soil on either had the direct drilled soil on either had the direct drilled soil on either side, um there isn't such a deep channel side, um there isn't such a deep channel side, um there isn't such a deep channel running through it. But where we had running through it. But where we had running through it. But where we had that fluffy soil that had been worked that fluffy soil that had been worked that fluffy soil that had been worked was broken up into smaller aggregates, was broken up into smaller aggregates, was broken up into smaller aggregates, was more mobile, it's really dug a deep was more mobile, it's really dug a deep was more mobile, it's really dug a deep channel of soil erosion. So yes, maybe channel of soil erosion. So yes, maybe channel of soil erosion. So yes, maybe it can infiltrate the water more, but in it can infiltrate the water more, but in it can infiltrate the water more, but in turn it is more prone to erosion risks. turn it is more prone to erosion risks. turn it is more prone to erosion risks. So um tradeoffs there as well. And lastly, when we get events like we And lastly, when we get events like we And lastly, when we get events like we had in 2023, 2024 and to a certain had in 2023, 2024 and to a certain had in 2023, 2024 and to a certain extent um the beginning of last season extent um the beginning of last season extent um the beginning of last season as well, as well, as well, you get another unintended consequence you get another unintended consequence you get another unintended consequence particularly on heavy land like ours, particularly on heavy land like ours, particularly on heavy land like ours, which is nitrous oxide. Nitrous oxide is which is nitrous oxide. Nitrous oxide is which is nitrous oxide. Nitrous oxide is preferentially produced in anoxic preferentially produced in anoxic preferentially produced in anoxic environments. environments. environments. So when you have direct drilled fields So when you have direct drilled fields So when you have direct drilled fields and there's very little pore space, it and there's very little pore space, it and there's very little pore space, it fills up quickly with water and that fills up quickly with water and that fills up quickly with water and that water then becomes an oxic very quickly water then becomes an oxic very quickly water then becomes an oxic very quickly and suddenly all the nitrogen in that and suddenly all the nitrogen in that and suddenly all the nitrogen in that field is going to be released as nitrous field is going to be released as nitrous field is going to be released as nitrous oxide. oxide. oxide. This picture is of one of my long-term This picture is of one of my long-term This picture is of one of my long-term experiments where we're just comparing experiments where we're just comparing experiments where we're just comparing plowing every year with direct drill. We plowing every year with direct drill. We plowing every year with direct drill. We are very um so this isn't farmed as a are very um so this isn't farmed as a are very um so this isn't farmed as a farmer would as a systems approach but farmer would as a systems approach but farmer would as a systems approach but more as just a comparison between what more as just a comparison between what more as just a comparison between what happens if you plow what happens if you happens if you plow what happens if you happens if you plow what happens if you do not move the soil at all. And what we do not move the soil at all. And what we do not move the soil at all. And what we found is after those seasons of bad found is after those seasons of bad found is after those seasons of bad weather we ended up with no crop weather we ended up with no crop weather we ended up with no crop establishment because all the seed was establishment because all the seed was establishment because all the seed was sitting in water for far too long and we sitting in water for far too long and we sitting in water for far too long and we couldn't get in to establish a crop for couldn't get in to establish a crop for couldn't get in to establish a crop for many many months. So that whole season many many months. So that whole season many many months. So that whole season it was just being battered by the rain it was just being battered by the rain it was just being battered by the rain and and nothing was growing in it in and and nothing was growing in it in and and nothing was growing in it in those direct drill plots. And we'd been those direct drill plots. And we'd been those direct drill plots. And we'd been watching slowly as the sole structure watching slowly as the sole structure watching slowly as the sole structure improved over the last 13 years that improved over the last 13 years that improved over the last 13 years that this experiment's been going on. And this experiment's been going on. And this experiment's been going on. And suddenly the soil structure started suddenly the soil structure started suddenly the soil structure started plummeting. plummeting. plummeting. And when I went to take some And when I went to take some And when I went to take some measurements, I found that there was a measurements, I found that there was a measurements, I found that there was a real increase in nitrous oxide. So the real increase in nitrous oxide. So the real increase in nitrous oxide. So the nitrous oxide you can see here in the nitrous oxide you can see here in the nitrous oxide you can see here in the direct drill plots was enormous compared direct drill plots was enormous compared direct drill plots was enormous compared to when we had the plow plots or even to when we had the plow plots or even to when we had the plow plots or even when we alleviated some of that when we alleviated some of that when we alleviated some of that compaction with subs soiling. Now we had compaction with subs soiling. Now we had compaction with subs soiling. Now we had already previously looked at this on a already previously looked at this on a already previously looked at this on a specific compaction experiment where we' specific compaction experiment where we' specific compaction experiment where we' driven up and down many times with a driven up and down many times with a driven up and down many times with a tractor. I think it was about eight tractor. I think it was about eight tractor. I think it was about eight hours the farm manager spent in a hours the farm manager spent in a hours the farm manager spent in a tractor trying really hard to compact tractor trying really hard to compact tractor trying really hard to compact the soil for me. And he did a great job. the soil for me. And he did a great job. the soil for me. And he did a great job. And we could see that there was this And we could see that there was this And we could see that there was this slight increase in nitrous oxide when we slight increase in nitrous oxide when we slight increase in nitrous oxide when we looked in the winter when the soils were looked in the winter when the soils were looked in the winter when the soils were saturated and wet compared to when we saturated and wet compared to when we saturated and wet compared to when we looked in the summer. But generally CO2 looked in the summer. But generally CO2 looked in the summer. But generally CO2 was still the biggest impact on the was still the biggest impact on the was still the biggest impact on the emissions. Um but when I saw this result emissions. Um but when I saw this result emissions. Um but when I saw this result which happened without any artificial which happened without any artificial which happened without any artificial compaction, it was purely the result of compaction, it was purely the result of compaction, it was purely the result of direct drill plots. It hadn't managed to direct drill plots. It hadn't managed to direct drill plots. It hadn't managed to establish a crop in a really bad year of establish a crop in a really bad year of establish a crop in a really bad year of weather on a heavy soil. Um it it became weather on a heavy soil. Um it it became weather on a heavy soil. Um it it became very real for me that this is a genuine very real for me that this is a genuine very real for me that this is a genuine problem that farmers might find in the problem that farmers might find in the problem that farmers might find in the region a system when farming these kinds region a system when farming these kinds region a system when farming these kinds of heavy soils. So again, unintended of heavy soils. So again, unintended of heavy soils. So again, unintended consequences and trade-offs we have to consequences and trade-offs we have to consequences and trade-offs we have to think about. And another reason why think about. And another reason why think about. And another reason why occasionally occasionally occasionally cultivating in a rotation might be cultivating in a rotation might be cultivating in a rotation might be considered the best option in terms of considered the best option in terms of considered the best option in terms of soil health, crop establishment and even soil health, crop establishment and even soil health, crop establishment and even climate change. climate change. climate change. So in in summary, regenerative So in in summary, regenerative So in in summary, regenerative agriculture has many trade-offs and as agriculture has many trade-offs and as agriculture has many trade-offs and as John has said, it's very important to John has said, it's very important to John has said, it's very important to consider the context when making consider the context when making consider the context when making decisions. So thinking very hard about decisions. So thinking very hard about decisions. So thinking very hard about what kind of soil you have, what you're what kind of soil you have, what you're what kind of soil you have, what you're trying to achieve, what kind of crop trying to achieve, what kind of crop trying to achieve, what kind of crop you're growing, and even what the you're growing, and even what the you're growing, and even what the weather might do. I think we have a role weather might do. I think we have a role weather might do. I think we have a role in research to disport the education and in research to disport the education and in research to disport the education and help with the decision- making that help with the decision- making that help with the decision- making that these farmers have to make. And there is these farmers have to make. And there is these farmers have to make. And there is movements now in agrch to also help movements now in agrch to also help movements now in agrch to also help support these decisions. But in the end, support these decisions. But in the end, support these decisions. But in the end, the decision still has to come down to the decision still has to come down to the decision still has to come down to the farmer. So there is need for support the farmer. So there is need for support the farmer. So there is need for support from the industry, the government and from the industry, the government and from the industry, the government and consumers to help farmers make the right consumers to help farmers make the right consumers to help farmers make the right choices on this journey towards choices on this journey towards choices on this journey towards improving our overall soil health. Um, improving our overall soil health. Um, improving our overall soil health. Um, thank you very much. That's great. Thank you all. Um, thank That's great. Thank you all. Um, thank That's great. Thank you all. Um, thank you all for your presentations. Um, that you all for your presentations. Um, that you all for your presentations. Um, that was really interesting. So, we've now was really interesting. So, we've now was really interesting. So, we've now come to the Q&amp;amp;A section of the webinar. come to the Q&amp;amp;A section of the webinar. come to the Q&amp;amp;A section of the webinar. So, I'm going to invite all our speakers So, I'm going to invite all our speakers So, I'm going to invite all our speakers to join me back on camera. Um, just a to join me back on camera. Um, just a to join me back on camera. Um, just a reminder to our audience that if you reminder to our audience that if you reminder to our audience that if you have any questions, um, please submit have any questions, um, please submit have any questions, um, please submit them via the questions box and we'll try them via the questions box and we'll try them via the questions box and we'll try and get through as many as possible. and get through as many as possible. and get through as many as possible. So, just just to kick off, I'm going to So, just just to kick off, I'm going to So, just just to kick off, I'm going to take chairman's prerogative and ask a take chairman's prerogative and ask a take chairman's prerogative and ask a few of my own. Um John um thank you for few of my own. Um John um thank you for few of my own. Um John um thank you for the outline of the the brooms bar and the outline of the the brooms bar and the outline of the the brooms bar and the Harpington rotation experiment. Um I the Harpington rotation experiment. Um I the Harpington rotation experiment. Um I can see that that's going to be really can see that that's going to be really can see that that's going to be really valuable resource for us to understand valuable resource for us to understand valuable resource for us to understand the impacts of these farming systems. So the impacts of these farming systems. So the impacts of these farming systems. So I know I think you said you started in I know I think you said you started in I know I think you said you started in 2017 2018. 2017 2018. 2017 2018. So I I was just wondering um well So I I was just wondering um well So I I was just wondering um well firstly for you to date what what are firstly for you to date what what are firstly for you to date what what are your headline messages or the the key your headline messages or the the key your headline messages or the the key things that you found from from that things that you found from from that things that you found from from that work? work? work? Um okay so the the the first one is that Um okay so the the the first one is that Um okay so the the the first one is that um some of the unintended consequences um some of the unintended consequences um some of the unintended consequences that Jen has referred to can be that Jen has referred to can be that Jen has referred to can be mitigated by other practices. So um for mitigated by other practices. So um for mitigated by other practices. So um for example the the poor establishment on example the the poor establishment on example the the poor establishment on the no till plots can be mitigated with the no till plots can be mitigated with the no till plots can be mitigated with um in increasing the soil organic carbon um in increasing the soil organic carbon um in increasing the soil organic carbon increases the infiltration. Um so it's increases the infiltration. Um so it's increases the infiltration. Um so it's it's layering um practices and then the it's layering um practices and then the it's layering um practices and then the second thing is you're right that this second thing is you're right that this second thing is you're right that this uh element of time. So what we've what uh element of time. So what we've what uh element of time. So what we've what I've effectively presented is the I've effectively presented is the I've effectively presented is the transition phase but we are seeing the transition phase but we are seeing the transition phase but we are seeing the regenerative plots get gradually better. regenerative plots get gradually better. regenerative plots get gradually better. So the difference between the zero till So the difference between the zero till So the difference between the zero till and the plow plots in terms of yield is and the plow plots in terms of yield is and the plow plots in terms of yield is decreasing with time. Um, so we need uh decreasing with time. Um, so we need uh decreasing with time. Um, so we need uh we need a long-term monitoring approach we need a long-term monitoring approach we need a long-term monitoring approach to this. So I think the temptation is to to this. So I think the temptation is to to this. So I think the temptation is to try something for a couple of years, see try something for a couple of years, see try something for a couple of years, see it doesn't work. Example, the the slugs it doesn't work. Example, the the slugs it doesn't work. Example, the the slugs might go crazy or you might get poor might go crazy or you might get poor might go crazy or you might get poor establishment or you know get weeds and establishment or you know get weeds and establishment or you know get weeds and then give up. But I think the value of then give up. But I think the value of then give up. But I think the value of this experiment is to provide the this experiment is to provide the this experiment is to provide the evidence base to give people the evidence base to give people the evidence base to give people the confidence to stay the course to say confidence to stay the course to say confidence to stay the course to say well if you adapt your system in this well if you adapt your system in this well if you adapt your system in this way you can still retain those benefits way you can still retain those benefits way you can still retain those benefits and make it work. Yeah. And I think it and make it work. Yeah. And I think it and make it work. Yeah. And I think it really highlights the benefits of those really highlights the benefits of those really highlights the benefits of those longterm trials and longterm trials and longterm trials and I do you know how long I mean how I do you know how long I mean how I do you know how long I mean how obviously your ambition probably will be obviously your ambition probably will be obviously your ambition probably will be to keep it going for many many years in to keep it going for many many years in to keep it going for many many years in the future but do you do you know how the future but do you do you know how the future but do you do you know how long you've got um secured that piece of long you've got um secured that piece of long you've got um secured that piece of work at the moment? So we have the work at the moment? So we have the work at the moment? So we have the advantage as as Georgia referred to at advantage as as Georgia referred to at advantage as as Georgia referred to at Rottham said as of being supported by Rottham said as of being supported by Rottham said as of being supported by something called the laws agricultural something called the laws agricultural something called the laws agricultural trust which is a charity that also trust which is a charity that also trust which is a charity that also maintains the long-term trials like maintains the long-term trials like maintains the long-term trials like broadborg and our ambition is to broadborg and our ambition is to broadborg and our ambition is to integrate this new trial within that set integrate this new trial within that set integrate this new trial within that set of experiments such that it has that of experiments such that it has that of experiments such that it has that longterm security uh but you're right it longterm security uh but you're right it longterm security uh but you're right it is really important um our statistician is really important um our statistician is really important um our statistician who designed the experiment has worked who designed the experiment has worked who designed the experiment has worked out that I think it will it will out that I think it will it will out that I think it will it will everything will all the rotations will everything will all the rotations will everything will all the rotations will go around and all the wheels and cogs go around and all the wheels and cogs go around and all the wheels and cogs will turn and it will get back to its will turn and it will get back to its will turn and it will get back to its starting point in 120 years. So that's starting point in 120 years. So that's starting point in 120 years. So that's how we're at. Fantastic. how we're at. Fantastic. how we're at. Fantastic. I like that answer 120 years. Brilliant. I like that answer 120 years. Brilliant. I like that answer 120 years. Brilliant. Um also to pick up I liked what um Jenny Um also to pick up I liked what um Jenny Um also to pick up I liked what um Jenny your comment on the um unexpected your comment on the um unexpected your comment on the um unexpected consequences. It's always interesting we consequences. It's always interesting we consequences. It's always interesting we have these sometimes these assumptions have these sometimes these assumptions have these sometimes these assumptions of what we might find. So, so John, if I of what we might find. So, so John, if I of what we might find. So, so John, if I may come back to you again, you know, may come back to you again, you know, may come back to you again, you know, was there anything in in particular that was there anything in in particular that was there anything in in particular that you you you found with that work that you you you found with that work that you you you found with that work that you really weren't expecting that you you really weren't expecting that you you really weren't expecting that you hadn't anticipated? hadn't anticipated? hadn't anticipated? Um, it's it's not necessarily an Um, it's it's not necessarily an Um, it's it's not necessarily an unintended negative consequence, but unintended negative consequence, but unintended negative consequence, but looking at the the data recently, the looking at the the data recently, the looking at the the data recently, the plots that we apply compost to in the plots that we apply compost to in the plots that we apply compost to in the zero till system, zero till system, zero till system, they have less trash in the spring. So they have less trash in the spring. So they have less trash in the spring. So that by the trash, the stubbles and the that by the trash, the stubbles and the that by the trash, the stubbles and the crop residues. So in the zero till crop residues. So in the zero till crop residues. So in the zero till systems, they're left on the surface. systems, they're left on the surface. systems, they're left on the surface. They can sometimes be a problem in the They can sometimes be a problem in the They can sometimes be a problem in the following spring. Well, they can they following spring. Well, they can they following spring. Well, they can they can support slugs and and diseases and can support slugs and and diseases and can support slugs and and diseases and they can also um be a problem in they can also um be a problem in they can also um be a problem in drilling the following spring. The comp drilling the following spring. The comp drilling the following spring. The comp where we add the compost, the amount of where we add the compost, the amount of where we add the compost, the amount of trash is decreasing. So that was an trash is decreasing. So that was an trash is decreasing. So that was an unexpected benefit of the compost that unexpected benefit of the compost that unexpected benefit of the compost that we're effectively feeding the micro we're effectively feeding the micro we're effectively feeding the micro microbiology and the soil biology which microbiology and the soil biology which microbiology and the soil biology which is decomposing and removing those crop is decomposing and removing those crop is decomposing and removing those crop residues at a faster rate. Yeah. Okay. residues at a faster rate. Yeah. Okay. residues at a faster rate. Yeah. Okay. Fascinating. Thank you. Um Jonah, I I Fascinating. Thank you. Um Jonah, I I Fascinating. Thank you. Um Jonah, I I really like the image that you put up really like the image that you put up really like the image that you put up showing the aggregates from the fellow showing the aggregates from the fellow showing the aggregates from the fellow and the grassland. Um I thought they and the grassland. Um I thought they and the grassland. Um I thought they were fascinating. Um what what I was were fascinating. Um what what I was were fascinating. Um what what I was wondering was does that with that wondering was does that with that wondering was does that with that technology, do you just get that image? technology, do you just get that image? technology, do you just get that image? I mean the image is great. I was I mean the image is great. I was I mean the image is great. I was wondering whether you were able to wondering whether you were able to wondering whether you were able to extract from that any sort of numerical extract from that any sort of numerical extract from that any sort of numerical value of the pore size. value of the pore size. value of the pore size. Yes. Yes. So it's not my image. I have a Yes. Yes. So it's not my image. I have a Yes. Yes. So it's not my image. I have a take that from sort of And Neil and take that from sort of And Neil and take that from sort of And Neil and others work. But yeah, they definitely others work. But yeah, they definitely others work. But yeah, they definitely have that data and can look at then have that data and can look at then have that data and can look at then building models on the pocity of the building models on the pocity of the building models on the pocity of the soil and things like that and looking at soil and things like that and looking at soil and things like that and looking at it in terms of organic matter, moisture it in terms of organic matter, moisture it in terms of organic matter, moisture content, things like that to draw out content, things like that to draw out content, things like that to draw out these relationships and get better these relationships and get better these relationships and get better understanding of what's going on in understanding of what's going on in understanding of what's going on in those systems. those systems. those systems. So are you man are you managing to use So are you man are you managing to use So are you man are you managing to use that technology on on sort of the that technology on on sort of the that technology on on sort of the experiment that that John was talking experiment that that John was talking experiment that that John was talking about? I think I think John is possibly about? I think I think John is possibly about? I think I think John is possibly nodding. Yes. As in Yeah. So, uh, John nodding. Yes. As in Yeah. So, uh, John nodding. Yes. As in Yeah. So, uh, John will have more information of whether will have more information of whether will have more information of whether it's been used yet, but I think it would it's been used yet, but I think it would it's been used yet, but I think it would be great to look at different rotations be great to look at different rotations be great to look at different rotations in the LSR and think about differences in the LSR and think about differences in the LSR and think about differences in terms of, um, length of time since in terms of, um, length of time since in terms of, um, length of time since plowing in sort of the rotational plow plowing in sort of the rotational plow plowing in sort of the rotational plow or the difference between no till and or the difference between no till and or the difference between no till and tillage, you know, different cropping tillage, you know, different cropping tillage, you know, different cropping uh, sequences as well there in terms of uh, sequences as well there in terms of uh, sequences as well there in terms of the roots, whether we've added the roots, whether we've added the roots, whether we've added amendments or not. So to sort of dig amendments or not. So to sort of dig amendments or not. So to sort of dig into some of those unintended into some of those unintended into some of those unintended consequences and see whether we can link consequences and see whether we can link consequences and see whether we can link any of that together basically through any of that together basically through any of that together basically through the soil structure in that way. Yeah. the soil structure in that way. Yeah. the soil structure in that way. Yeah. And that's the the plan we have. So the And that's the the plan we have. So the And that's the the plan we have. So the opportunity we have uh on the brooms opportunity we have uh on the brooms opportunity we have uh on the brooms barn site is to answer the question if barn site is to answer the question if barn site is to answer the question if you plow in frequently how much of the you plow in frequently how much of the you plow in frequently how much of the good in terms of that improved soil good in terms of that improved soil good in terms of that improved soil structure and soil aggregate poros structure and soil aggregate poros structure and soil aggregate poros aggregate stability and porocity is aggregate stability and porocity is aggregate stability and porocity is undone by a single plowing event. Yeah, undone by a single plowing event. Yeah, undone by a single plowing event. Yeah, and I think that's a really important and I think that's a really important and I think that's a really important question. I think it's interesting there question. I think it's interesting there question. I think it's interesting there as well because it's the sier soil. So, as well because it's the sier soil. So, as well because it's the sier soil. So, you know, you might disrupt the um you know, you might disrupt the um you know, you might disrupt the um structure more easily and yeah, structure more easily and yeah, structure more easily and yeah, depending on Yeah, there might be depending on Yeah, there might be depending on Yeah, there might be differences there in the recovery, but differences there in the recovery, but differences there in the recovery, but also then on the clay soil, you'll have also then on the clay soil, you'll have also then on the clay soil, you'll have different um structural properties and different um structural properties and different um structural properties and compaction issues as well. So, yeah, compaction issues as well. So, yeah, compaction issues as well. So, yeah, there'll be it would be interesting. there'll be it would be interesting. there'll be it would be interesting. And do you um do you see a correlation? And do you um do you see a correlation? And do you um do you see a correlation? What sort of correlation do you see What sort of correlation do you see What sort of correlation do you see between those sort of measures of poor between those sort of measures of poor between those sort of measures of poor space and other indicators of soil space and other indicators of soil space and other indicators of soil quality? quality? quality? Um that I need to look at the results Um that I need to look at the results Um that I need to look at the results again a bit more but I'm sure that there again a bit more but I'm sure that there again a bit more but I'm sure that there is a positive relationship with organic is a positive relationship with organic is a positive relationship with organic matter. So I mean just from that matter. So I mean just from that matter. So I mean just from that contrast of the bare fellowow to the contrast of the bare fellowow to the contrast of the bare fellowow to the grassland we definitely see that grassland we definitely see that grassland we definitely see that contrast reflected there contrast reflected there contrast reflected there and I think also then moisture content and I think also then moisture content and I think also then moisture content and infiltration rate will follow soil and infiltration rate will follow soil and infiltration rate will follow soil parocity in terms of the air content of parocity in terms of the air content of parocity in terms of the air content of the soil as well. Okay, it's great. To the soil as well. Okay, it's great. To the soil as well. Okay, it's great. To add on that, we did some research back add on that, we did some research back add on that, we did some research back when I worked with the British Beat when I worked with the British Beat when I worked with the British Beat Research Organization and we were Research Organization and we were Research Organization and we were looking similar at those pore spaces and looking similar at those pore spaces and looking similar at those pore spaces and the connected pore space and what we the connected pore space and what we the connected pore space and what we found was really good links with seed found was really good links with seed found was really good links with seed establishment because it's that water establishment because it's that water establishment because it's that water and air movement through the soil and air movement through the soil and air movement through the soil particularly in the top soil which was particularly in the top soil which was particularly in the top soil which was crucial and which I clearly wasn't crucial and which I clearly wasn't crucial and which I clearly wasn't getting in one of my very compacted getting in one of my very compacted getting in one of my very compacted experiments. So it's yeah it's again experiments. So it's yeah it's again experiments. So it's yeah it's again that soil structure that's optimal for that soil structure that's optimal for that soil structure that's optimal for um allowing seed establishment which um allowing seed establishment which um allowing seed establishment which leads on to leads on to leads on to um all kinds of things for good soil um all kinds of things for good soil um all kinds of things for good soil health. If you can get something growing health. If you can get something growing health. If you can get something growing in there to start with it's a very good in there to start with it's a very good in there to start with it's a very good start. start. start. Yeah. And and um Jenny, I like well I I Yeah. And and um Jenny, I like well I I Yeah. And and um Jenny, I like well I I the photo you put up of the the soil um the photo you put up of the the soil um the photo you put up of the the soil um the the sort of the the water coming off the the sort of the the water coming off the the sort of the the water coming off running off the fields in those in that running off the fields in those in that running off the fields in those in that sort of heavy rainfall. It it it is sort of heavy rainfall. It it it is sort of heavy rainfall. It it it is pictures that like that that really make pictures that like that that really make pictures that like that that really make us sit up. You know when you see soil us sit up. You know when you see soil us sit up. You know when you see soil running off the field that is the last running off the field that is the last running off the field that is the last thing any of us um any of us want to thing any of us um any of us want to thing any of us um any of us want to see. You know, looking from the results see. You know, looking from the results see. You know, looking from the results that you presented, it it kind of seemed that you presented, it it kind of seemed that you presented, it it kind of seemed that there was some potential benefits that there was some potential benefits that there was some potential benefits of plowing in terms of infiltration and of plowing in terms of infiltration and of plowing in terms of infiltration and sort of reduce nitrous oxide, which is sort of reduce nitrous oxide, which is sort of reduce nitrous oxide, which is really when we talked to farmers about really when we talked to farmers about really when we talked to farmers about what to do to so health. You routinely what to do to so health. You routinely what to do to so health. You routinely all say minimize soil disturbance, but I all say minimize soil disturbance, but I all say minimize soil disturbance, but I I was wondering whether compaction was I was wondering whether compaction was I was wondering whether compaction was an issue for you on those other plots. an issue for you on those other plots. an issue for you on those other plots. Yeah, I think Yeah, I think Yeah, I think because we in so because we do lots of because we in so because we do lots of because we in so because we do lots of different studies on that study it was different studies on that study it was different studies on that study it was plow versus direct drill and on that plow versus direct drill and on that plow versus direct drill and on that year plowing gave us that chance to get year plowing gave us that chance to get year plowing gave us that chance to get a seed established whereas it didn't a seed established whereas it didn't a seed established whereas it didn't because um but as John says if we had because um but as John says if we had because um but as John says if we had got to the point where our organic got to the point where our organic got to the point where our organic matter had built up more maybe there matter had built up more maybe there matter had built up more maybe there would have been a different story for would have been a different story for would have been a different story for our directorial fields but but in those our directorial fields but but in those our directorial fields but but in those five years it hadn't reached that point five years it hadn't reached that point five years it hadn't reached that point and it was a problem. But on another and it was a problem. But on another and it was a problem. But on another site we had compared subs soiling with site we had compared subs soiling with site we had compared subs soiling with plowing and with direct drilling and in plowing and with direct drilling and in plowing and with direct drilling and in that instance subs soiling came out as that instance subs soiling came out as that instance subs soiling came out as that happy medium which lifted that that happy medium which lifted that that happy medium which lifted that compaction but didn't do full inversion compaction but didn't do full inversion compaction but didn't do full inversion tillage. So we didn't destroy those tillage. So we didn't destroy those tillage. So we didn't destroy those habitats for the microiz you know we habitats for the microiz you know we habitats for the microiz you know we didn't completely didn't completely didn't completely um we didn't reduce the carbon storage um we didn't reduce the carbon storage um we didn't reduce the carbon storage that we've been building up there. So I that we've been building up there. So I that we've been building up there. So I think there are always other options to think there are always other options to think there are always other options to consider, consider, consider, but the overall story is compaction but the overall story is compaction but the overall story is compaction needs to be dealt with. We can't just needs to be dealt with. We can't just needs to be dealt with. We can't just ignore it and hope that we can grow our ignore it and hope that we can grow our ignore it and hope that we can grow our way out of it. We we need to deal with way out of it. We we need to deal with way out of it. We we need to deal with that before we create more soil that before we create more soil that before we create more soil degradation. degradation. degradation. Yeah, I think that's a a really good Yeah, I think that's a a really good Yeah, I think that's a a really good point that potentially if you've got point that potentially if you've got point that potentially if you've got compaction in your field already that compaction in your field already that compaction in your field already that you might need to address that and you might need to address that and you might need to address that and tillage might be the best way of doing tillage might be the best way of doing tillage might be the best way of doing that. It is quite a complicated message. that. It is quite a complicated message. that. It is quite a complicated message. I mean, if you were talking to a farmer I mean, if you were talking to a farmer I mean, if you were talking to a farmer on similar heavy land to to to you to to on similar heavy land to to to you to to on similar heavy land to to to you to to you've got, what what would you be you've got, what what would you be you've got, what what would you be talking to them about in terms of talking to them about in terms of talking to them about in terms of whether they should um till or to till whether they should um till or to till whether they should um till or to till or not to till? I think my message is always to take I think my message is always to take I think my message is always to take your spade out and look um and think your spade out and look um and think your spade out and look um and think about what it is you're aiming to do about what it is you're aiming to do about what it is you're aiming to do there and think about the the least there and think about the the least there and think about the the least intrusive thing you can do to to get intrusive thing you can do to to get intrusive thing you can do to to get your soil to the next step um and and your soil to the next step um and and your soil to the next step um and and build that slowly along your journey. build that slowly along your journey. build that slowly along your journey. Just you throwing away your plow and Just you throwing away your plow and Just you throwing away your plow and saying I'm never going to do it again saying I'm never going to do it again saying I'm never going to do it again from this point clearly wouldn't work. from this point clearly wouldn't work. from this point clearly wouldn't work. We need to slowly move our soil to a We need to slowly move our soil to a We need to slowly move our soil to a better state where it can be of higher better state where it can be of higher better state where it can be of higher organic matter and it can be slightly organic matter and it can be slightly organic matter and it can be slightly more more resilient when this this more more resilient when this this more more resilient when this this rainfall comes. But to do that, you rainfall comes. But to do that, you rainfall comes. But to do that, you might need a slower journey than we might need a slower journey than we might need a slower journey than we hoped unfortunately. hoped unfortunately. hoped unfortunately. Yeah. Thank you. Um we we do have one Yeah. Thank you. Um we we do have one Yeah. Thank you. Um we we do have one question in the chat that's um slightly question in the chat that's um slightly question in the chat that's um slightly specific about PhD funding. So I think specific about PhD funding. So I think specific about PhD funding. So I think we'll pick that up offline and we'll we'll pick that up offline and we'll we'll pick that up offline and we'll come back to that person um after the come back to that person um after the come back to that person um after the webinar. Um just to kind of round round webinar. Um just to kind of round round webinar. Um just to kind of round round us off um that you know we've all seen us off um that you know we've all seen us off um that you know we've all seen that massive increase in interest from that massive increase in interest from that massive increase in interest from on regenerative agriculture and on regenerative agriculture and on regenerative agriculture and regenerative farming from from farmers regenerative farming from from farmers regenerative farming from from farmers and quite a few of the farmers and quite a few of the farmers and quite a few of the farmers definitely that that I know are sort of definitely that that I know are sort of definitely that that I know are sort of experimenting on their farms that the experimenting on their farms that the experimenting on their farms that the experiments that you've described you've experiments that you've described you've experiments that you've described you've you know you've described in your you know you've described in your you know you've described in your presentations today are obviously not presentations today are obviously not presentations today are obviously not the sort of experiments you could the sort of experiments you could the sort of experiments you could possibly do on a farm you know those possibly do on a farm you know those possibly do on a farm you know those hugely in-depth experiments but if you hugely in-depth experiments but if you hugely in-depth experiments but if you were talking to a farmer who was who was were talking to a farmer who was who was were talking to a farmer who was who was sort of embarking on that journey and sort of embarking on that journey and sort of embarking on that journey and keen to experiment on their farm. I just keen to experiment on their farm. I just keen to experiment on their farm. I just wondered whether you had any pointers or wondered whether you had any pointers or wondered whether you had any pointers or advice to to that that person. Um advice to to that that person. Um advice to to that that person. Um John, I might come to you first, but John, I might come to you first, but John, I might come to you first, but then Jenny and Jonah if you want to chip then Jenny and Jonah if you want to chip then Jenny and Jonah if you want to chip in as well. It's a it's a really good question uh It's a it's a really good question uh It's a it's a really good question uh because I've I've just been away at a because I've I've just been away at a because I've I've just been away at a meeting where I've been thinking a lot meeting where I've been thinking a lot meeting where I've been thinking a lot about how we bridge this gap between the about how we bridge this gap between the about how we bridge this gap between the evidence that the likes of Jenny and evidence that the likes of Jenny and evidence that the likes of Jenny and Jonah and myself are collecting and Jonah and myself are collecting and Jonah and myself are collecting and making that accessible and relevant to making that accessible and relevant to making that accessible and relevant to to individual farmers decisions. So, to individual farmers decisions. So, to individual farmers decisions. So, it's a really good question, but it it's it's a really good question, but it it's it's a really good question, but it it's one I find difficult to answer uh one I find difficult to answer uh one I find difficult to answer uh because you need uh there's there's some because you need uh there's there's some because you need uh there's there's some kind of intermediary steps that you kind of intermediary steps that you kind of intermediary steps that you need. I think Jenny at GWCT are much need. I think Jenny at GWCT are much need. I think Jenny at GWCT are much better at this than we are in terms of better at this than we are in terms of better at this than we are in terms of making all that evidence accessible and making all that evidence accessible and making all that evidence accessible and in a form that they can say okay given in a form that they can say okay given in a form that they can say okay given what they found at Lington given what what they found at Lington given what what they found at Lington given what they found at Rothamstead if I do this they found at Rothamstead if I do this they found at Rothamstead if I do this what can I expect to see based on my so what can I expect to see based on my so what can I expect to see based on my so texture and what I'm doing so it's it's texture and what I'm doing so it's it's texture and what I'm doing so it's it's not it's not an answer I think it just not it's not an answer I think it just not it's not an answer I think it just highlights the challenge that we've got highlights the challenge that we've got highlights the challenge that we've got and pl places like Brownell are really and pl places like Brownell are really and pl places like Brownell are really good arenas for bridging that gap. Um, good arenas for bridging that gap. Um, good arenas for bridging that gap. Um, so I think Jenny, you'll be there and so I think Jenny, you'll be there and so I think Jenny, you'll be there and we'll certainly be there as Rothstead. we'll certainly be there as Rothstead. we'll certainly be there as Rothstead. So it it's seeking out um people at at So it it's seeking out um people at at So it it's seeking out um people at at events like Brownsville, I think, would events like Brownsville, I think, would events like Brownsville, I think, would be my my answer. Okay, be my my answer. Okay, be my my answer. Okay, good one. Um, Jenny or Jonah, did you good one. Um, Jenny or Jonah, did you good one. Um, Jenny or Jonah, did you want to add anything to that? I can say that the Alton project will be I can say that the Alton project will be I can say that the Alton project will be at Grillwell and we're always happy to at Grillwell and we're always happy to at Grillwell and we're always happy to talk to people wanting to do trials on talk to people wanting to do trials on talk to people wanting to do trials on their farm. Um and yeah there there are their farm. Um and yeah there there are their farm. Um and yeah there there are various resources um and people you can various resources um and people you can various resources um and people you can talk to for some support for that kind talk to for some support for that kind talk to for some support for that kind of thing. of thing. of thing. Yeah. Okay. No thank you and um I think Yeah. Okay. No thank you and um I think Yeah. Okay. No thank you and um I think this webinar has been well timed just this webinar has been well timed just this webinar has been well timed just before ground swell. So yourself you're before ground swell. So yourself you're before ground swell. So yourself you're there Jenny I think Rothamstead are there Jenny I think Rothamstead are there Jenny I think Rothamstead are there the British society of soul there the British society of soul there the British society of soul science are there as well. So for those science are there as well. So for those science are there as well. So for those listening um please do come and find us listening um please do come and find us listening um please do come and find us all. Um but I I think we'll draw that to all. Um but I I think we'll draw that to all. Um but I I think we'll draw that to a close now. So I'd like to thank um a close now. So I'd like to thank um a close now. So I'd like to thank um thank you all. So yeah, on behalf of the thank you all. So yeah, on behalf of the thank you all. So yeah, on behalf of the British Society of Sur Science, I'd like British Society of Sur Science, I'd like British Society of Sur Science, I'd like to express our thanks to all of you to express our thanks to all of you to express our thanks to all of you today to John, to Jenny for coming along today to John, to Jenny for coming along today to John, to Jenny for coming along to present and also Jonah and Georgia to present and also Jonah and Georgia to present and also Jonah and Georgia from Rothamstead. Thank you all everyone from Rothamstead. Thank you all everyone from Rothamstead. Thank you all everyone for attending. Um you will find a quick for attending. Um you will find a quick for attending. Um you will find a quick feedback survey when you leave the feedback survey when you leave the feedback survey when you leave the webinar um which we'd be really grateful webinar um which we'd be really grateful webinar um which we'd be really grateful if you could take the time to complete. if you could take the time to complete. if you could take the time to complete. The recording of the webinar will also The recording of the webinar will also The recording of the webinar will also be available after the event on our be available after the event on our be available after the event on our YouTube channel. And our next webinar is YouTube channel. And our next webinar is YouTube channel. And our next webinar is scheduled to take place on the 23rd 23rd scheduled to take place on the 23rd 23rd scheduled to take place on the 23rd 23rd of July and to be led by Arcades. So of July and to be led by Arcades. So of July and to be led by Arcades. So keep an eye out on our website and keep an eye out on our website and keep an eye out on our website and follow up email for more details. So follow up email for more details. So follow up email for more details. So hope to see you at future events and at hope to see you at future events and at hope to see you at future events and at Groundsville if you're there. And in the Groundsville if you're there. And in the Groundsville if you're there. And in the meantime, thank you again and goodbye.<br /> }}</div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Zoom_into_Soil_-_Agricultural_Land_Classification&diff=11785 2026-05-29T14:06:54Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Ajoute les transcriptions YouTube aux pages vidéo qui n&#039;en ont pas - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/435</p> <hr /> <div>{{vidéo<br /> | Titre = Zoom into Soil - Agricultural Land Classification<br /> | Producteur = British Society of Soil Science<br /> | Vignette = Thumbnail_youtube_EOGPdMPgwf4.jpg<br /> | Date de mise en ligne = 2024-09-06<br /> | Durée = 59 minutes<br /> | Production = <br /> | Vidéo = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EOGPdMPgwf4<br /> | Intervenants 0 = Gill Shaw<br /> | Intervenants 1 = Rob Askew<br /> | Mots-clés = NBSOIL<br /> }}<br /> <br /> In this webinar, Gill Shaw and Rob Askew from the BSSS Working with Soil programme discuss Agricultural Land Classification.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Agricultural Land Classification: protecting the best and most versatile agricultural land<br /> <br /> Most of our land area is in agricultural use. How this important natural resource is used is vital to sustainable development. This includes taking the right decisions about protecting it from inappropriate development.<br /> <br /> Government policy to protect agricultural land for England is set out in the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) last updated in December 2023. A new NPPF is currently out for consultation. This webinar will focus on the mechanism for implementing the elements of the NPPF to protect the best agricultural land, the Agricultural Land Classification (ALC) system. It will also provide an introduction to the popular BSSS Working with Soils course, by the same name, which this year runs on 13 and 14 November at Cranfield University. Course Director Gill Shaw and other course tutors will briefly explain the history, principles and practice of carrying out an ALC survey.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> You can book onto the BSSS Introduction to Agricultural Land Classification here - https://soils.org.uk/alc<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> The British Society of Soil Science is an established international membership organisation and charity committed to the study of soil in its widest aspects. https://soils.org.uk/<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{Pages liées}}<br /> <br /> {{Transcription<br /> | transcription = hello everybody and welcome to our Zoom hello everybody and welcome to our Zoom hello everybody and welcome to our Zoom Intero webinar for those of you who Intero webinar for those of you who Intero webinar for those of you who don't know me I'm Andy Morris I'm the don't know me I'm Andy Morris I'm the don't know me I'm Andy Morris I'm the executive director of the British executive director of the British executive director of the British Society of Soul science and I'm Society of Soul science and I'm Society of Soul science and I'm delighted to welcome you all to our delighted to welcome you all to our delighted to welcome you all to our eighth webinar of the year before I eighth webinar of the year before I eighth webinar of the year before I welcome our presenters I would like to welcome our presenters I would like to welcome our presenters I would like to take the opportunity to introduce you to take the opportunity to introduce you to take the opportunity to introduce you to the British Society of Soul science as a the British Society of Soul science as a the British Society of Soul science as a hosts of today's webinar we are an hosts of today's webinar we are an hosts of today's webinar we are an established International membership established International membership established International membership organization and charity committed to organization and charity committed to organization and charity committed to the study of Soul science in its widest the study of Soul science in its widest the study of Soul science in its widest aspects we bring together those working aspects we bring together those working aspects we bring together those working within Academia Academia and practice to within Academia Academia and practice to within Academia Academia and practice to actually Implement so science in actually Implement so science in actually Implement so science in industry and we plan to host some industry and we plan to host some industry and we plan to host some webinars during 2024 so please keep an webinars during 2024 so please keep an webinars during 2024 so please keep an eye out on our website for few further eye out on our website for few further eye out on our website for few further details and before we begin I just want details and before we begin I just want details and before we begin I just want to do some basic housekeeping as there to do some basic housekeeping as there to do some basic housekeeping as there are so many of you here today it's are so many of you here today it's are so many of you here today it's fantastic to see all your microphones fantastic to see all your microphones fantastic to see all your microphones have been muted we will actually be have been muted we will actually be have been muted we will actually be taking questions at the end of both taking questions at the end of both taking questions at the end of both presentations and we will be monitoring presentations and we will be monitoring presentations and we will be monitoring these throughout the webinar so please these throughout the webinar so please these throughout the webinar so please could could you any questions you have could could you any questions you have could could you any questions you have by 1250 to allow us to get through as by 1250 to allow us to get through as by 1250 to allow us to get through as many as we possibly can although there many as we possibly can although there many as we possibly can although there is a raise your hand button we won't be is a raise your hand button we won't be is a raise your hand button we won't be using this unless presenter specifically using this unless presenter specifically using this unless presenter specifically asks relle asks relle asks relle Hans today's presentation has been Hans today's presentation has been Hans today's presentation has been awarded basis and N so CPD points so if awarded basis and N so CPD points so if awarded basis and N so CPD points so if you are registered with ebody please you are registered with ebody please you are registered with ebody please contact us after the event and we'll contact us after the event and we'll contact us after the event and we'll explain how to claim those and finally explain how to claim those and finally explain how to claim those and finally Please be aware that we are actually Please be aware that we are actually Please be aware that we are actually recording today's presentation I would recording today's presentation I would recording today's presentation I would now like to take the opportunity now like to take the opportunity now like to take the opportunity introduce you to our fantastic introduce you to our fantastic introduce you to our fantastic presenters uh Jill Shaw and Rob ASU uh presenters uh Jill Shaw and Rob ASU uh presenters uh Jill Shaw and Rob ASU uh Jill is a senior s specialist and has Jill is a senior s specialist and has Jill is a senior s specialist and has sted on the bsq alc course since its sted on the bsq alc course since its sted on the bsq alc course since its Inception in 2014 she studied geography Inception in 2014 she studied geography Inception in 2014 she studied geography at the Kings College London before at the Kings College London before at the Kings College London before taking an MSE in land and water taking an MSE in land and water taking an MSE in land and water management at cerso college and management at cerso college and management at cerso college and crownfield Institute of Technology she's crownfield Institute of Technology she's crownfield Institute of Technology she's a fellow of the roal geographical a fellow of the roal geographical a fellow of the roal geographical society and is a full member of the society and is a full member of the society and is a full member of the British Society of Soul science she is British Society of Soul science she is British Society of Soul science she is basis so and Water Management qualified basis so and Water Management qualified basis so and Water Management qualified and a chartered and a chartered and a chartered scientist um Jill has worked in both scientist um Jill has worked in both scientist um Jill has worked in both public and private sectors for over 35 public and private sectors for over 35 public and private sectors for over 35 years covering a range of environmental years covering a range of environmental years covering a range of environmental and Regulatory areas she has extensive and Regulatory areas she has extensive and Regulatory areas she has extensive knowledge and Technical understanding of knowledge and Technical understanding of knowledge and Technical understanding of the alt system and it's brilliant to the alt system and it's brilliant to the alt system and it's brilliant to have her here with us today I would also have her here with us today I would also have her here with us today I would also like to take the opportunity to like to take the opportunity to like to take the opportunity to introduce the equally brilliant Rob ASU introduce the equally brilliant Rob ASU introduce the equally brilliant Rob ASU Rob ASU is the director of his own Rob ASU is the director of his own Rob ASU is the director of his own consultancy specializing in so science consultancy specializing in so science consultancy specializing in so science and land use planning based in Sun Devon and land use planning based in Sun Devon and land use planning based in Sun Devon Rob is a fellow the British s of s Rob is a fellow the British s of s Rob is a fellow the British s of s science and also a charter scientist he science and also a charter scientist he science and also a charter scientist he is also registered environmental impact is also registered environmental impact is also registered environmental impact assessment practitioner with the assessment practitioner with the assessment practitioner with the Institute of Environmental Management Institute of Environmental Management Institute of Environmental Management and assessment he has over 30 years of and assessment he has over 30 years of and assessment he has over 30 years of experience in Environmental Research and experience in Environmental Research and experience in Environmental Research and consultancy so welcome jillan Rob and at consultancy so welcome jillan Rob and at consultancy so welcome jillan Rob and at this stage I'd like to hand over to you both thank you very much um I'm going to both thank you very much um I'm going to both thank you very much um I'm going to start the presentation today so we're start the presentation today so we're start the presentation today so we're going to be here learning about the going to be here learning about the going to be here learning about the agricultural land classification system agricultural land classification system agricultural land classification system it's history principles and practice it's history principles and practice it's history principles and practice this is only an introduction um and this is only an introduction um and this is only an introduction um and you'll begin to understand it's a much you'll begin to understand it's a much you'll begin to understand it's a much more complex and um more detailed in um more complex and um more detailed in um more complex and um more detailed in um system than we can present in the hour system than we can present in the hour system than we can present in the hour that we've got here today so Dom's going that we've got here today so Dom's going that we've got here today so Dom's going to forward the slides for us so if you to forward the slides for us so if you to forward the slides for us so if you can move on so we'll start off with the can move on so we'll start off with the can move on so we'll start off with the history U moving on again so the um the history U moving on again so the um the history U moving on again so the um the alc system as we see it today had its alc system as we see it today had its alc system as we see it today had its Beginnings back in the 1930s with Dudley Beginnings back in the 1930s with Dudley Beginnings back in the 1930s with Dudley stamp from the London School of stamp from the London School of stamp from the London School of economics who um started the land economics who um started the land economics who um started the land utilization survey this was a field to- utilization survey this was a field to- utilization survey this was a field to- field survey of the whole country um and field survey of the whole country um and field survey of the whole country um and it was looking primarily at land use it it was looking primarily at land use it it was looking primarily at land use it used a vast array of volunteers to used a vast array of volunteers to used a vast array of volunteers to gather information across the country um gather information across the country um gather information across the country um including thousands of school children including thousands of school children including thousands of school children um and it was his idea was that it would um and it was his idea was that it would um and it was his idea was that it would be used to manage land and food be used to manage land and food be used to manage land and food production more production more production more efficiently um it wasn't um picked up efficiently um it wasn't um picked up efficiently um it wasn't um picked up until wartime when it was used for until wartime when it was used for until wartime when it was used for agricultural planning when food security agricultural planning when food security agricultural planning when food security was a significant issue and that idea of was a significant issue and that idea of was a significant issue and that idea of food security um the theme can carry food security um the theme can carry food security um the theme can carry through right to today when we know that through right to today when we know that through right to today when we know that we frequently talk about whether we're we frequently talk about whether we're we frequently talk about whether we're um looking after our own food security um looking after our own food security um looking after our own food security at this time um and then postwar it was at this time um and then postwar it was at this time um and then postwar it was used in urban planning moving on um so in 1962 the the agricultural on um so in 1962 the the agricultural on um so in 1962 the the agricultural land service held a conference the land service held a conference the land service held a conference the classification of agricultural land in classification of agricultural land in classification of agricultural land in Britain and this was looking at how they Britain and this was looking at how they Britain and this was looking at how they could look at the um the agricultural could look at the um the agricultural could look at the um the agricultural use across the country um because Urban use across the country um because Urban use across the country um because Urban Development was was growing at a Development was was growing at a Development was was growing at a significant rate and it was recognized significant rate and it was recognized significant rate and it was recognized that agricultural land um although it that agricultural land um although it that agricultural land um although it was required for development was also was required for development was also was required for development was also required for agriculture and so they required for agriculture and so they required for agriculture and so they wanted to develop a system whereby the wanted to develop a system whereby the wanted to develop a system whereby the best land could be retained for farming best land could be retained for farming best land could be retained for farming and the um poor quality land could be and the um poor quality land could be and the um poor quality land could be used for development so again once again used for development so again once again used for development so again once again we were looking at the food security we were looking at the food security we were looking at the food security issue too um they wanted to produce maps issue too um they wanted to produce maps issue too um they wanted to produce maps that could be standardized across the that could be standardized across the that could be standardized across the whole country um um this at this time whole country um um this at this time whole country um um this at this time that included England and Wales Scotland that included England and Wales Scotland that included England and Wales Scotland has its own system you might say that has its own system you might say that has its own system you might say that this was perhaps the first ecosystems this was perhaps the first ecosystems this was perhaps the first ecosystems approach thank you approach thank you approach thank you Dom so what is agricultural land Dom so what is agricultural land Dom so what is agricultural land classification or ALC as we commonly classification or ALC as we commonly classification or ALC as we commonly know it it's a method for assessing the know it it's a method for assessing the know it it's a method for assessing the productive potential of agricultural productive potential of agricultural productive potential of agricultural land um and in ecosystem services that land um and in ecosystem services that land um and in ecosystem services that might be known as The provisioning might be known as The provisioning might be known as The provisioning Measure it's based on a key set of Measure it's based on a key set of Measure it's based on a key set of principles that's applied consistently principles that's applied consistently principles that's applied consistently across England and Wales so it doesn't across England and Wales so it doesn't across England and Wales so it doesn't matter where you are in the country the matter where you are in the country the matter where you are in the country the um grade that you allocate the land um grade that you allocate the land um grade that you allocate the land would be the same um have the same would be the same um have the same would be the same um have the same meaning as it would in another part of meaning as it would in another part of meaning as it would in another part of the country you need to recognize that the country you need to recognize that the country you need to recognize that it's not a map um although the maps are it's not a map um although the maps are it's not a map um although the maps are a product it's a system and and the a product it's a system and and the a product it's a system and and the methodology can be applied a v a variety methodology can be applied a v a variety methodology can be applied a v a variety of scales and so you'll see different um of scales and so you'll see different um of scales and so you'll see different um scaled maps showing ALC grades scaled maps showing ALC grades scaled maps showing ALC grades importantly to note it's based on field importantly to note it's based on field importantly to note it's based on field survey it's not something that you would survey it's not something that you would survey it's not something that you would entirely do in the office although you entirely do in the office although you entirely do in the office although you can do pre um assessment checks in the can do pre um assessment checks in the can do pre um assessment checks in the office and it's based on soil sight and office and it's based on soil sight and office and it's based on soil sight and climate factors so what are the principles of factors so what are the principles of factors so what are the principles of the alc the alc the alc system it looks at the permanent system it looks at the permanent system it looks at the permanent physical properties of the soil it's not physical properties of the soil it's not physical properties of the soil it's not looking at things that can be changed looking at things that can be changed looking at things that can be changed that the farmer can influence and so that the farmer can influence and so that the farmer can influence and so these are things that they the farmer is these are things that they the farmer is these are things that they the farmer is stuck with if he's got Stony soil stuck with if he's got Stony soil stuck with if he's got Stony soil there's very little that he can do about there's very little that he can do about there's very little that he can do about it if he's got a steep sloping field it if he's got a steep sloping field it if he's got a steep sloping field there's very little he can do about it there's very little he can do about it there's very little he can do about it so the alc system looks at permanent so the alc system looks at permanent so the alc system looks at permanent phys phys phys properties uh and it considers the fact properties uh and it considers the fact properties uh and it considers the fact that we want to be able to grow a range that we want to be able to grow a range that we want to be able to grow a range of crops and so it's looking at the of crops and so it's looking at the of crops and so it's looking at the versatility it's not just single versatility it's not just single versatility it's not just single cropping it's looking at a variety of cropping it's looking at a variety of cropping it's looking at a variety of crops it's looking at consistency of crops it's looking at consistency of crops it's looking at consistency of yield and the cost of obtaining that yield and the cost of obtaining that yield and the cost of obtaining that yield and also the levels and it's based yield and also the levels and it's based yield and also the levels and it's based upon the most limiting factor which is upon the most limiting factor which is upon the most limiting factor which is loners Le Big's law and so the worst um loners Le Big's law and so the worst um loners Le Big's law and so the worst um Factor the most limiting factor is the Factor the most limiting factor is the Factor the most limiting factor is the one that determines the one that determines the one that determines the grade moving on so the grades are um grade moving on so the grades are um grade moving on so the grades are um there are five grades and the land's there are five grades and the land's there are five grades and the land's classified into these based on the classified into these based on the classified into these based on the long-term physical limitations to long-term physical limitations to long-term physical limitations to agricultural use and it's looking at agricultural use and it's looking at agricultural use and it's looking at climate site soil and then also climate site soil and then also climate site soil and then also interactions between the soil and the interactions between the soil and the interactions between the soil and the climate these are known as wetness draus climate these are known as wetness draus climate these are known as wetness draus and erosion risk so in 1966 as a result of this risk so in 1966 as a result of this risk so in 1966 as a result of this conference that was held the alc system conference that was held the alc system conference that was held the alc system was born moving on um the technical document which um the technical document which um the technical document which supported the development of the system supported the development of the system supported the development of the system was called Tech 11 and um it set out the was called Tech 11 and um it set out the was called Tech 11 and um it set out the criteria and as a result of this a criteria and as a result of this a criteria and as a result of this a national program of mapping was carried national program of mapping was carried national program of mapping was carried out across England and Wales between out across England and Wales between out across England and Wales between 1966 and 1974 this resulted in a series 1966 and 1974 this resulted in a series 1966 and 1974 this resulted in a series of one inch to the mile Maps which are of one inch to the mile Maps which are of one inch to the mile Maps which are known as the provisional map five grades known as the provisional map five grades known as the provisional map five grades are shown there's no subdivisions as are shown there's no subdivisions as are shown there's no subdivisions as there were later and this map is now there were later and this map is now there were later and this map is now available at one and quter million available at one and quter million available at one and quter million this is actually more appropriate to the this is actually more appropriate to the this is actually more appropriate to the original use because it was considered original use because it was considered original use because it was considered to be used for strategic use rather than to be used for strategic use rather than to be used for strategic use rather than specific specific specific sites um this quarter million map is sites um this quarter million map is sites um this quarter million map is available on the magic website and you available on the magic website and you available on the magic website and you can download it or view it there and you can download it or view it there and you can download it or view it there and you there are also PDFs which are available there are also PDFs which are available there are also PDFs which are available for different parts of the country if for different parts of the country if for different parts of the country if you want to generate paper you want to generate paper you want to generate paper copies um and so it had the tech 11 copies um and so it had the tech 11 copies um and so it had the tech 11 report had the um the objectives and the report had the um the objectives and the report had the um the objectives and the system that was used to develop these um system that was used to develop these um system that was used to develop these um Maps it's been widely tested at public Maps it's been widely tested at public Maps it's been widely tested at public inquiry ever since and so is a well inquiry ever since and so is a well inquiry ever since and so is a well recognized system there are however some system there are however some system there are however some limitations to these provisional Maps um limitations to these provisional Maps um limitations to these provisional Maps um because of the scale that it was because of the scale that it was because of the scale that it was originally map ta it's only accurate to originally map ta it's only accurate to originally map ta it's only accurate to about 80 hectares so it's not suitable about 80 hectares so it's not suitable about 80 hectares so it's not suitable for site specific surveys um and the for site specific surveys um and the for site specific surveys um and the predominant map is grade So within that predominant map is grade So within that predominant map is grade So within that there might be variations and so as a there might be variations and so as a there might be variations and so as a result it would be misleading to enlarge result it would be misleading to enlarge result it would be misleading to enlarge the maps the these Maps were produced the maps the these Maps were produced the maps the these Maps were produced before grade three was before grade three was before grade three was subdivided um that was later subdivided subdivided um that was later subdivided subdivided um that was later subdivided into 3 a b and c and then the most into 3 a b and c and then the most into 3 a b and c and then the most recent system uses 3A and 3B um so it's recent system uses 3A and 3B um so it's recent system uses 3A and 3B um so it's not suitable for site specific not suitable for site specific not suitable for site specific information and so more detailed surveys information and so more detailed surveys information and so more detailed surveys are needed for these sites so in 1976 the tech 11 was further sites so in 1976 the tech 11 was further sites so in 1976 the tech 11 was further developed into Tech 111 um and this was developed into Tech 111 um and this was developed into Tech 111 um and this was to try and deal with some of those to try and deal with some of those to try and deal with some of those issues for example in some counties such issues for example in some counties such issues for example in some counties such as gloustershire um there was basically as gloustershire um there was basically as gloustershire um there was basically gray three which wasn't really very gray three which wasn't really very gray three which wasn't really very helpful for the planners and so they helpful for the planners and so they helpful for the planners and so they wanted to develop um more um refined wanted to develop um more um refined wanted to develop um more um refined system that would allow some of the system that would allow some of the system that would allow some of the subdivision of 3B to take place so that subdivision of 3B to take place so that subdivision of 3B to take place so that we could identify the better quality we could identify the better quality we could identify the better quality Land from the slightly lower quality and Land from the slightly lower quality and Land from the slightly lower quality and in 1976 grade three was subdivided into in 1976 grade three was subdivided into in 1976 grade three was subdivided into ab and c and this was when we started ab and c and this was when we started ab and c and this was when we started doing site specific surveys when we were doing site specific surveys when we were doing site specific surveys when we were trying to identify the variations in the trying to identify the variations in the trying to identify the variations in the grades particularly around the grade grades particularly around the grade grades particularly around the grade three there were a significant number of three there were a significant number of three there were a significant number of surveyors um who were trained in the surveyors um who were trained in the surveyors um who were trained in the system um and there was a lot of system um and there was a lot of system um and there was a lot of Technical Resources behind them um there Technical Resources behind them um there Technical Resources behind them um there will continued to be challenges at will continued to be challenges at will continued to be challenges at public inquiries and again the system public inquiries and again the system public inquiries and again the system was shown to be robust and then in 1988 um the system robust and then in 1988 um the system robust and then in 1988 um the system was further reviewed the principles was further reviewed the principles was further reviewed the principles remain the same but it became more more remain the same but it became more more remain the same but it became more more objective in its um criteria and the objective in its um criteria and the objective in its um criteria and the guidelines produced in 198 1988 um guidelines produced in 198 1988 um guidelines produced in 198 1988 um commonly at the time known as the blue commonly at the time known as the blue commonly at the time known as the blue book um don't for just go back to the book um don't for just go back to the book um don't for just go back to the slide um were um much more specific and slide um were um much more specific and slide um were um much more specific and had clear criteria for each of um the had clear criteria for each of um the had clear criteria for each of um the limiting limiting limiting factors and these are the guidelines factors and these are the guidelines factors and these are the guidelines that are in current use today um they've that are in current use today um they've that are in current use today um they've shown through public inquiries to be shown through public inquiries to be shown through public inquiries to be robust so we can move robust so we can move robust so we can move on and so as a result of the um on and so as a result of the um on and so as a result of the um development of the alc system over the development of the alc system over the development of the alc system over the years from 19 1970s site specific years from 19 1970s site specific years from 19 1970s site specific surveys have been carried out and there surveys have been carried out and there surveys have been carried out and there are a large number of maps showing the are a large number of maps showing the are a large number of maps showing the surveys which were um carried out over surveys which were um carried out over surveys which were um carried out over that time in fact the Ministry of that time in fact the Ministry of that time in fact the Ministry of Agriculture um carried out over 6 and a Agriculture um carried out over 6 and a Agriculture um carried out over 6 and a half thousand and these are held by half thousand and these are held by half thousand and these are held by Natural England on their um in their um Natural England on their um in their um Natural England on their um in their um access to evidence catalog and there access to evidence catalog and there access to evidence catalog and there available there um and so for each of available there um and so for each of available there um and so for each of these surveys there would normally be a these surveys there would normally be a these surveys there would normally be a map showing the grades the or boring map showing the grades the or boring map showing the grades the or boring locations and an accompanying map they locations and an accompanying map they locations and an accompanying map they are generally at the what we call are generally at the what we call are generally at the what we call detailed level which is one boring per detailed level which is one boring per detailed level which is one boring per hectare but there are some at semi- hectare but there are some at semi- hectare but there are some at semi- detailed and detailed and detailed and reconnaissant there are also available reconnaissant there are also available reconnaissant there are also available Consultants Maps because it's not only Consultants Maps because it's not only Consultants Maps because it's not only the government that was carrying out the government that was carrying out the government that was carrying out these surveys individual Consultants these surveys individual Consultants these surveys individual Consultants will also carry out surveys and so their will also carry out surveys and so their will also carry out surveys and so their maps are generally available either maps are generally available either maps are generally available either through the planning system for specific through the planning system for specific through the planning system for specific planning applications or from the um planning applications or from the um planning applications or from the um individual Consultants but they tend to individual Consultants but they tend to individual Consultants but they tend to be a wide variety in be a wide variety in be a wide variety in availability next slide please so in availability next slide please so in availability next slide please so in summary the agricultural land summary the agricultural land summary the agricultural land classification H as it stands now has um classification H as it stands now has um classification H as it stands now has um five grades but grade three is five grades but grade three is five grades but grade three is subdivided and these are the subdivided and these are the subdivided and these are the descriptions that are used for each of descriptions that are used for each of descriptions that are used for each of these different these different these different grades grade one being the best grades grade one being the best grades grade one being the best agricultural land and grade five being agricultural land and grade five being agricultural land and grade five being the poorest moving the poorest moving the poorest moving on so what does this actually look like on so what does this actually look like on so what does this actually look like on the ground so um these are just some on the ground so um these are just some on the ground so um these are just some cartoons just to show what different cartoons just to show what different cartoons just to show what different grades might look like so grade one um grades might look like so grade one um grades might look like so grade one um if a farmer's got grade one land he's if a farmer's got grade one land he's if a farmer's got grade one land he's doing pretty well and um he's can grow a doing pretty well and um he's can grow a doing pretty well and um he's can grow a wide variety of props because he's got wide variety of props because he's got wide variety of props because he's got good agricultural land moving on to good agricultural land moving on to good agricultural land moving on to grade two um has minor limitations but grade two um has minor limitations but grade two um has minor limitations but you can still grow a good range of crops you can still grow a good range of crops you can still grow a good range of crops and so the farmer there is quite content and so the farmer there is quite content and so the farmer there is quite content to grade three to grade three to grade three has got more limitations moving on has got more limitations moving on has got more limitations moving on Dom um and it's mainly confined to some Dom um and it's mainly confined to some Dom um and it's mainly confined to some cereals but grass so it's good grazing cereals but grass so it's good grazing cereals but grass so it's good grazing land a lot of Daring would take place on land a lot of Daring would take place on land a lot of Daring would take place on grade three land moving on to grade four um we're now beginning to look at four um we're now beginning to look at four um we're now beginning to look at land with much more severe limitations land with much more severe limitations land with much more severe limitations and so the outputs will be limited um and so the outputs will be limited um and so the outputs will be limited um and it's unlikely you would be growing and it's unlikely you would be growing and it's unlikely you would be growing um arable crops on this land is um arable crops on this land is um arable crops on this land is primarily going to to be grass and primarily going to to be grass and primarily going to to be grass and grazing and then moving on to grade five grazing and then moving on to grade five grazing and then moving on to grade five well this is pretty poor land um and the well this is pretty poor land um and the well this is pretty poor land um and the farmer won't be able to get a great deal farmer won't be able to get a great deal farmer won't be able to get a great deal of output from his land but um it has of of output from his land but um it has of of output from his land but um it has of course it might well have other course it might well have other course it might well have other environmental um environmental um environmental um benefits what does this look like in benefits what does this look like in benefits what does this look like in reality um here we've got some lovely reality um here we've got some lovely reality um here we've got some lovely grade one land in the east of England um grade one land in the east of England um grade one land in the east of England um very versatile you can do a whole very versatile you can do a whole very versatile you can do a whole variety of different cereals and um variety of different cereals and um variety of different cereals and um Horticultural crops and you'll get Horticultural crops and you'll get Horticultural crops and you'll get consistently good yields over it moving consistently good yields over it moving consistently good yields over it moving on to the next slide um gray to land again you'll get slide um gray to land again you'll get slide um gray to land again you'll get very good outputs you can grow a variety very good outputs you can grow a variety very good outputs you can grow a variety of different things depending on where of different things depending on where of different things depending on where you are in the country of course and you are in the country of course and you are in the country of course and then moving on to the next slide here you can see um particularly slide here you can see um particularly slide here you can see um particularly in the the main picture um probably in the the main picture um probably in the the main picture um probably grade three land in the foreground grade three land in the foreground grade three land in the foreground moving into the hills in the distance moving into the hills in the distance moving into the hills in the distance where you'd be into grade four and grade where you'd be into grade four and grade where you'd be into grade four and grade five um the small picture of pigs in the five um the small picture of pigs in the five um the small picture of pigs in the east of England is also on relatively east of England is also on relatively east of England is also on relatively poor land um you wouldn't have the poor land um you wouldn't have the poor land um you wouldn't have the versatility there which is the key issue versatility there which is the key issue versatility there which is the key issue with the agricultural land with the agricultural land with the agricultural land classification classification classification system moving on a slide I'll now pass system moving on a slide I'll now pass system moving on a slide I'll now pass over to over to over to Rob yes thanks very much Jill and um Rob yes thanks very much Jill and um Rob yes thanks very much Jill and um good afternoon to everybody I just want good afternoon to everybody I just want good afternoon to everybody I just want to briefly go through the um legislation to briefly go through the um legislation to briefly go through the um legislation and policy context behind ALC so next and policy context behind ALC so next and policy context behind ALC so next slide please Dom slide please Dom slide please Dom so it's important to know that um so it's important to know that um so it's important to know that um Natural England must be consulted um on Natural England must be consulted um on Natural England must be consulted um on any development application that any development application that any development application that involves more than 20 hectares of best involves more than 20 hectares of best involves more than 20 hectares of best and most versatile land and that's and most versatile land and that's and most versatile land and that's enshrined in the Town and Country enshrined in the Town and Country enshrined in the Town and Country Planning Development management Planning Development management Planning Development management procedure order so that gives us the procedure order so that gives us the procedure order so that gives us the legislative context um whereby Natural legislative context um whereby Natural legislative context um whereby Natural England have to be consulted and local England have to be consulted and local England have to be consulted and local planning author authorities um can seek planning author authorities um can seek planning author authorities um can seek advice from Natural England as the the advice from Natural England as the the advice from Natural England as the the relevant statutary body next slide please so the alc policy in England and please so the alc policy in England and please so the alc policy in England and Wales effectively we're dealing with um Wales effectively we're dealing with um Wales effectively we're dealing with um the best and most versatile agricultural the best and most versatile agricultural the best and most versatile agricultural land this is the land that's been land this is the land that's been land this is the land that's been identified um because it has value to identified um because it has value to identified um because it has value to Future generations and it's it's the Future generations and it's it's the Future generations and it's it's the type of land that we most want to type of land that we most want to type of land that we most want to protect because it's best suited to protect because it's best suited to protect because it's best suited to Growing the more demanding uh crops and Growing the more demanding uh crops and Growing the more demanding uh crops and and and and food it produces the highest yields food it produces the highest yields food it produces the highest yields um available to us it requires less um available to us it requires less um available to us it requires less inputs in terms of fertilizer and land inputs in terms of fertilizer and land inputs in terms of fertilizer and land work work work etc um and in in general it's most etc um and in in general it's most etc um and in in general it's most suitable to less intensive forms of suitable to less intensive forms of suitable to less intensive forms of Agriculture so this is why it's Agriculture so this is why it's Agriculture so this is why it's the land in ALC grade one grade two and the land in ALC grade one grade two and the land in ALC grade one grade two and subgrade 3A has been picked out really subgrade 3A has been picked out really subgrade 3A has been picked out really as a limited finite resource um in as a limited finite resource um in as a limited finite resource um in England and Wales and that's because it England and Wales and that's because it England and Wales and that's because it has most value to uh for those reasons has most value to uh for those reasons has most value to uh for those reasons explained so current estimates of grade explained so current estimates of grade explained so current estimates of grade one and two um we reckon there's about one and two um we reckon there's about one and two um we reckon there's about 21% of all Farmland in England in this 21% of all Farmland in England in this 21% of all Farmland in England in this grade and then subgrade 3A also covers grade and then subgrade 3A also covers grade and then subgrade 3A also covers about another about another about another 21% so you can see um of all the 21% so you can see um of all the 21% so you can see um of all the agricultural land in England um 42% of agricultural land in England um 42% of agricultural land in England um 42% of that's best most that's best most that's best most versatile when it comes to Wales um versatile when it comes to Wales um versatile when it comes to Wales um obviously there's um a lot more obviously there's um a lot more obviously there's um a lot more mountainous regions and climate uh mountainous regions and climate uh mountainous regions and climate uh factors Etc so it tends to be the land factors Etc so it tends to be the land factors Etc so it tends to be the land limited to Coastal and lower land uh limited to Coastal and lower land uh limited to Coastal and lower land uh lower elevations Etc and in in Wales lower elevations Etc and in in Wales lower elevations Etc and in in Wales there's about 10 to 15% agricultural there's about 10 to 15% agricultural there's about 10 to 15% agricultural land so that sets the context they could land so that sets the context they could land so that sets the context they could I have the next slide please Dom so in England um very quickly Dom so in England um very quickly Dom so in England um very quickly whizzing through the um there's relevant whizzing through the um there's relevant whizzing through the um there's relevant policy in the National planning policy policy in the National planning policy policy in the National planning policy framework which was last revised on the framework which was last revised on the framework which was last revised on the 19th of December as you'll all be aware 19th of December as you'll all be aware 19th of December as you'll all be aware um since the labor government got in um since the labor government got in um since the labor government got in there are plans to um amend the mppf and there are plans to um amend the mppf and there are plans to um amend the mppf and so I'll be just dealing with that so I'll be just dealing with that so I'll be just dealing with that briefly at the end but in short you can briefly at the end but in short you can briefly at the end but in short you can see that in paragraph 180 um section B see that in paragraph 180 um section B see that in paragraph 180 um section B we have to um local authorities have to we have to um local authorities have to we have to um local authorities have to um recognize the intrinsic character and um recognize the intrinsic character and um recognize the intrinsic character and beauty of the beauty of the beauty of the countryside and The Wider benefits of countryside and The Wider benefits of countryside and The Wider benefits of natural capital and ecosystem services natural capital and ecosystem services natural capital and ecosystem services and that includes the economic and other and that includes the economic and other and that includes the economic and other benefits of the best most fyle benefits of the best most fyle benefits of the best most fyle agricultural land next slide please so within paragraph um 181 please so within paragraph um 181 please so within paragraph um 181 there's a footnote 62 and in um December there's a footnote 62 and in um December there's a footnote 62 and in um December 23 that par that footnote was expanded a 23 that par that footnote was expanded a 23 that par that footnote was expanded a little bit so originally it used to just little bit so originally it used to just little bit so originally it used to just request that um areas of poor quality request that um areas of poor quality request that um areas of poor quality land should be used in preference to land should be used in preference to land should be used in preference to higher quality land but they added in um higher quality land but they added in um higher quality land but they added in um December 23 the availability of December 23 the availability of December 23 the availability of agricultural land used for food agricultural land used for food agricultural land used for food production should also be considered production should also be considered production should also be considered alongside other principle are policies alongside other principle are policies alongside other principle are policies in this framework um and when deciding in this framework um and when deciding in this framework um and when deciding against most appropriate uh sites for against most appropriate uh sites for against most appropriate uh sites for development so bear that in mind as we development so bear that in mind as we development so bear that in mind as we go through the next couple of slides go through the next couple of slides go through the next couple of slides next slide please Dom so there are proposed changes by the Dom so there are proposed changes by the Dom so there are proposed changes by the LA labor government um they came LA labor government um they came LA labor government um they came about a consultation document was about a consultation document was about a consultation document was submitted at this August or August 24 submitted at this August or August 24 submitted at this August or August 24 closing dates the um 24th of September closing dates the um 24th of September closing dates the um 24th of September 24 if you do want to to respond on that 24 if you do want to to respond on that 24 if you do want to to respond on that importantly um the revised mpf doesn't importantly um the revised mpf doesn't importantly um the revised mpf doesn't want to remove or undermine existing want to remove or undermine existing want to remove or undermine existing protections for BMV protections for BMV protections for BMV land um and so that includes where land um and so that includes where land um and so that includes where significant development of agricult land significant development of agricult land significant development of agricult land is demonstrated um we should all seek a is demonstrated um we should all seek a is demonstrated um we should all seek a local Planet authorities should seek to local Planet authorities should seek to local Planet authorities should seek to use po quality land in preferent to the use po quality land in preferent to the use po quality land in preferent to the BMV next slide BMV next slide BMV next slide please so as I said um six footnote 62 please so as I said um six footnote 62 please so as I said um six footnote 62 was um amended in December was um amended in December was um amended in December 23 but the government's questioning at 23 but the government's questioning at 23 but the government's questioning at the moment whether or not um the Avail the moment whether or not um the Avail the moment whether or not um the Avail availability of land used for food availability of land used for food availability of land used for food production is actually helpful and production is actually helpful and production is actually helpful and necessary and actually is has led to a necessary and actually is has led to a necessary and actually is has led to a number of um object s based on the use number of um object s based on the use number of um object s based on the use of best and most first our land so the of best and most first our land so the of best and most first our land so the the government are trying to streamline the government are trying to streamline the government are trying to streamline um the system and speed up planning um the system and speed up planning um the system and speed up planning decision process so at the moment they decision process so at the moment they decision process so at the moment they they are seeking to take that bit of um they are seeking to take that bit of um they are seeking to take that bit of um the S footnote 62 out with regard to um the S footnote 62 out with regard to um the S footnote 62 out with regard to um its usefulness as for food its usefulness as for food its usefulness as for food production um so I'm sure we have all production um so I'm sure we have all production um so I'm sure we have all our our own views on that but that uh our our own views on that but that uh our our own views on that but that uh that's what they're seeking to do do at that's what they're seeking to do do at that's what they're seeking to do do at the moment next slide please so in Wales um it's a similar please so in Wales um it's a similar please so in Wales um it's a similar situation they have their own planning situation they have their own planning situation they have their own planning system and the P planning policy set out system and the P planning policy set out system and the P planning policy set out in planning policy Wales Edition 11 um in planning policy Wales Edition 11 um in planning policy Wales Edition 11 um again reference to the best ofers again reference to the best ofers again reference to the best ofers verstile lands grades one two and 3A um verstile lands grades one two and 3A um verstile lands grades one two and 3A um because it should be conserved as a because it should be conserved as a because it should be conserved as a finite future resource and again um BAS finite future resource and again um BAS finite future resource and again um BAS basally a sequential approach to to basally a sequential approach to to basally a sequential approach to to using lower quality land in in using lower quality land in in using lower quality land in in preference to higher quality land okay preference to higher quality land okay preference to higher quality land okay next slide please next slide please next slide please done done done so very quickly in terms of so very quickly in terms of so very quickly in terms of environmental impact environmental impact environmental impact assessment next slide please d The Institute of um environmental d The Institute of um environmental d The Institute of um environmental assessment and management IMA has assessment and management IMA has assessment and management IMA has recently published A New Perspective on recently published A New Perspective on recently published A New Perspective on land and soil in envir mental impact land and soil in envir mental impact land and soil in envir mental impact assessment well it was actually assessment well it was actually assessment well it was actually published in February 22 but it's still published in February 22 but it's still published in February 22 but it's still the most recent um guidance on on how to the most recent um guidance on on how to the most recent um guidance on on how to go about assessing development projects go about assessing development projects go about assessing development projects that require environmental impact that require environmental impact that require environmental impact assessment and um you can download a assessment and um you can download a assessment and um you can download a copy um of that guidance um from the copy um of that guidance um from the copy um of that guidance um from the link um provided here and we can provide link um provided here and we can provide link um provided here and we can provide that link to those who who want to seek that link to those who who want to seek that link to those who who want to seek a copy here after this a copy here after this a copy here after this presentation so next slide presentation so next slide presentation so next slide please the there's also um guidance please the there's also um guidance please the there's also um guidance provided in The Institute of civil provided in The Institute of civil provided in The Institute of civil engineers environmental impact engineers environmental impact engineers environmental impact assessment handbook and that describes assessment handbook and that describes assessment handbook and that describes um how to assess um impacts on soils as um how to assess um impacts on soils as um how to assess um impacts on soils as well as agricultural land and again well as agricultural land and again well as agricultural land and again copies of that are available so copies of that are available so copies of that are available so hopefully that's of use to hopefully that's of use to hopefully that's of use to practitioners in terms of the eia um practitioners in terms of the eia um practitioners in terms of the eia um guidelines uh the directive I beg your guidelines uh the directive I beg your guidelines uh the directive I beg your pardon um they were last revised in May pardon um they were last revised in May pardon um they were last revised in May 2017 um and they were revised to in part 2017 um and they were revised to in part 2017 um and they were revised to in part to include impacts on human health to include impacts on human health to include impacts on human health biodiversity and um importantly for our biodiversity and um importantly for our biodiversity and um importantly for our topic um land next slide topic um land next slide topic um land next slide please so basically public and private please so basically public and private please so basically public and private projects should therefore consider and projects should therefore consider and projects should therefore consider and limit their impact on land uh limit their impact on land uh limit their impact on land uh particularly as regards to land take and particularly as regards to land take and particularly as regards to land take and on soil so you can see that um the on soil so you can see that um the on soil so you can see that um the assessment of land and soil is now assessment of land and soil is now assessment of land and soil is now enshrined in in into UK uh eia enshrined in in into UK uh eia enshrined in in into UK uh eia legislation next slide please so other useful guides um please so other useful guides um please so other useful guides um produced by Natural England um the produced by Natural England um the produced by Natural England um the latest policy and description of the latest policy and description of the latest policy and description of the agricultural land classification system agricultural land classification system agricultural land classification system is set out in a very helpful note by is set out in a very helpful note by is set out in a very helpful note by Natural England on the government Natural England on the government Natural England on the government website that link provided and the website that link provided and the website that link provided and the British Society itive s SS has also um British Society itive s SS has also um British Society itive s SS has also um provided guidance um document number two provided guidance um document number two provided guidance um document number two on soils and land quality and have that on soils and land quality and have that on soils and land quality and have that sets out a very useful means to to find sets out a very useful means to to find sets out a very useful means to to find maps and relevant data sets that would maps and relevant data sets that would maps and relevant data sets that would be um useful to your impact be um useful to your impact be um useful to your impact assessment next slide assessment next slide assessment next slide please so I think that's back to you please so I think that's back to you please so I think that's back to you Jill at this point it is yes so um to Jill at this point it is yes so um to Jill at this point it is yes so um to support the analysis that you might be support the analysis that you might be support the analysis that you might be doing in your environmental impact doing in your environmental impact doing in your environmental impact assessment you need an C survey um and assessment you need an C survey um and assessment you need an C survey um and so we're now going to talk about ALC in so we're now going to talk about ALC in so we're now going to talk about ALC in practice how you actually obtain that practice how you actually obtain that practice how you actually obtain that ALC ALC ALC information so um as I've said before it information so um as I've said before it information so um as I've said before it requires field survey and this needs to requires field survey and this needs to requires field survey and this needs to be done by skilled practitioners as we be done by skilled practitioners as we be done by skilled practitioners as we go through the presentation you'll go through the presentation you'll go through the presentation you'll realize that it's a complex system and realize that it's a complex system and realize that it's a complex system and it takes um significant length of time it takes um significant length of time it takes um significant length of time for practitioners to become skilled in for practitioners to become skilled in for practitioners to become skilled in the alc survey the alc survey the alc survey methodology it's mainly done by so methodology it's mainly done by so methodology it's mainly done by so survey and that's using soil orgers um survey and that's using soil orgers um survey and that's using soil orgers um and digging hand digging soil pits and a and digging hand digging soil pits and a and digging hand digging soil pits and a typical survey would do an or boring typical survey would do an or boring typical survey would do an or boring every hectare this is called a detailed every hectare this is called a detailed every hectare this is called a detailed survey it also requires analysis of survey it also requires analysis of survey it also requires analysis of climate and site factors next slide uh so who does the alc survey work slide uh so who does the alc survey work slide uh so who does the alc survey work well defra and the Welsh government are well defra and the Welsh government are well defra and the Welsh government are responsible for the maintenance and responsible for the maintenance and responsible for the maintenance and development of the system um and until development of the system um and until development of the system um and until 1999 MAF as it was then carried out much 1999 MAF as it was then carried out much 1999 MAF as it was then carried out much of the fields work work in support of of the fields work work in support of of the fields work work in support of advice to planners but in 1999 the advice to planners but in 1999 the advice to planners but in 1999 the Ministry of Agriculture refocused its Ministry of Agriculture refocused its Ministry of Agriculture refocused its survey work um and in effect ceased to survey work um and in effect ceased to survey work um and in effect ceased to do survey work in England and but as Rob do survey work in England and but as Rob do survey work in England and but as Rob has pointed out in Wales it's a separate has pointed out in Wales it's a separate has pointed out in Wales it's a separate system and um they can still continue to system and um they can still continue to system and um they can still continue to do field do field do field work as a result of the government work as a result of the government work as a result of the government withdrawing from field work private seor withdrawing from field work private seor withdrawing from field work private seor Consultants do the bulk of all new ALC Consultants do the bulk of all new ALC Consultants do the bulk of all new ALC surveys and these are mainly in support surveys and these are mainly in support surveys and these are mainly in support of large planning ations which require of large planning ations which require of large planning ations which require the the the eia um occasionally new surveys for de eia um occasionally new surveys for de eia um occasionally new surveys for de development plans will also take place development plans will also take place development plans will also take place however the um archive that um MAF however the um archive that um MAF however the um archive that um MAF produced which is available on the produced which is available on the produced which is available on the Natural England website um can support Natural England website um can support Natural England website um can support um this assessment of agricultural land um this assessment of agricultural land um this assessment of agricultural land quality in those situations and Natural quality in those situations and Natural quality in those situations and Natural England and the Welsh government are the England and the Welsh government are the England and the Welsh government are the only remaining dedicated technical ALC only remaining dedicated technical ALC only remaining dedicated technical ALC expertise in the public sector so just to remind you again the so just to remind you again the so just to remind you again the principles of the alc system are that principles of the alc system are that principles of the alc system are that it's a framework um for classifying it's a framework um for classifying it's a framework um for classifying agricultural land to the extent to which agricultural land to the extent to which agricultural land to the extent to which its physical or chemical characteristics its physical or chemical characteristics its physical or chemical characteristics impose long-term physical limitations on impose long-term physical limitations on impose long-term physical limitations on agricultural use in other words things agricultural use in other words things agricultural use in other words things that a farmer can change year toe are that a farmer can change year toe are that a farmer can change year toe are not included it's the long-term physical not included it's the long-term physical not included it's the long-term physical impact characteristics that we're impact characteristics that we're impact characteristics that we're looking at the 1988 guidelines are the looking at the 1988 guidelines are the looking at the 1988 guidelines are the main main main guidance um and as I said the factors guidance um and as I said the factors guidance um and as I said the factors that normal farming practice can't that normal farming practice can't that normal farming practice can't change is what's considered field change is what's considered field change is what's considered field boundaries and economic factors are not boundaries and economic factors are not boundaries and economic factors are not included um although clearly in the past included um although clearly in the past included um although clearly in the past farmers put their field boundaries in farmers put their field boundaries in farmers put their field boundaries in sensible places and this would often sensible places and this would often sensible places and this would often Mark the difference between different Mark the difference between different Mark the difference between different soil types um and therefore they could soil types um and therefore they could soil types um and therefore they could um manage their fields um manage their fields um manage their fields accordingly each limitation is assessed accordingly each limitation is assessed accordingly each limitation is assessed individually and for each um for each so individually and for each um for each so individually and for each um for each so um survey um survey um survey location um and then the most limiting location um and then the most limiting location um and then the most limiting factor determines the grade so each factor determines the grade so each factor determines the grade so each limitation has to be assessed at each limitation has to be assessed at each limitation has to be assessed at each point um as I've said field surveys are point um as I've said field surveys are point um as I've said field surveys are generally at one boring per hectare and generally at one boring per hectare and generally at one boring per hectare and as a result of the survey a map would be as a result of the survey a map would be as a result of the survey a map would be produced to show areas of the same grades but if you remember it's a system grades but if you remember it's a system grades but if you remember it's a system of not a a system of guidance not a map of not a a system of guidance not a map of not a a system of guidance not a map as such so the limitations operate in as such so the limitations operate in as such so the limitations operate in four ways four ways four ways they affect the level of range of crops they affect the level of range of crops they affect the level of range of crops that can be grown they affect the level that can be grown they affect the level that can be grown they affect the level of yield and the consistency of that of yield and the consistency of that of yield and the consistency of that yield and then also the cost of yield and then also the cost of yield and then also the cost of obtaining it but you need to know that obtaining it but you need to know that obtaining it but you need to know that some land may be able to produce some land may be able to produce some land may be able to produce consistently high yields of some narrow consistently high yields of some narrow consistently high yields of some narrow range of range of range of crops it also depends on a farmer how crops it also depends on a farmer how crops it also depends on a farmer how they want to manage their land um but they want to manage their land um but they want to manage their land um but that isn't determine the grade of the that isn't determine the grade of the that isn't determine the grade of the land so for example you might find some land so for example you might find some land so for example you might find some very high quality land that is just very high quality land that is just very high quality land that is just being used for grazing because that's being used for grazing because that's being used for grazing because that's what the farmer um wishes to use that what the farmer um wishes to use that what the farmer um wishes to use that land for or you might find some poor land for or you might find some poor land for or you might find some poor quality land the farmer is willing to quality land the farmer is willing to quality land the farmer is willing to put High inputs in in order to achieve put High inputs in in order to achieve put High inputs in in order to achieve outputs for example in Cornwall on some outputs for example in Cornwall on some outputs for example in Cornwall on some of the very steeply sloping land the of the very steeply sloping land the of the very steeply sloping land the farmers grow bulbs because this is a farmers grow bulbs because this is a farmers grow bulbs because this is a high value crop but that land's not high value crop but that land's not high value crop but that land's not versatile and so it would be regarded as versatile and so it would be regarded as versatile and so it would be regarded as low low low quality so the key physical factors that quality so the key physical factors that quality so the key physical factors that influence grade are climate the site and influence grade are climate the site and influence grade are climate the site and the soil and these are the three things the soil and these are the three things the soil and these are the three things that the alc system focuses that the alc system focuses that the alc system focuses on next slide on next slide on next slide down so looking at climate first we look down so looking at climate first we look down so looking at climate first we look at climate first because this can have at climate first because this can have at climate first because this can have an overriding influence on land quality an overriding influence on land quality an overriding influence on land quality if the climate is poor then whatever the if the climate is poor then whatever the if the climate is poor then whatever the soil factors are the um land soil factors are the um land soil factors are the um land classification will be low and the classification will be low and the classification will be low and the reason we look at climate is because it reason we look at climate is because it reason we look at climate is because it affects the potential for plant growth affects the potential for plant growth affects the potential for plant growth so you find that the wetest and coldest so you find that the wetest and coldest so you find that the wetest and coldest areas of the country have the poorest areas of the country have the poorest areas of the country have the poorest land quality whereas warmer and drier land quality whereas warmer and drier land quality whereas warmer and drier areas have a more favorable land areas have a more favorable land areas have a more favorable land quality the climate data that we use to quality the climate data that we use to quality the climate data that we use to assess climate limitations in the assess climate limitations in the assess climate limitations in the agricultural land classification system agricultural land classification system agricultural land classification system is the 1941 to70 metal office data set is the 1941 to70 metal office data set is the 1941 to70 metal office data set which has been interpolated on a 5 kilm which has been interpolated on a 5 kilm which has been interpolated on a 5 kilm grid and then for each specific site grid and then for each specific site grid and then for each specific site that you're looking at you would do a that you're looking at you would do a that you're looking at you would do a further further further interpolation to obtain the climatic interpolation to obtain the climatic interpolation to obtain the climatic data that you require for the data that you require for the data that you require for the um grading the land and the data set is um grading the land and the data set is um grading the land and the data set is a set of average annual rainfall a set of average annual rainfall a set of average annual rainfall accumulated temperature maximum grade on accumulated temperature maximum grade on accumulated temperature maximum grade on climate Fiel capacity days and moisture climate Fiel capacity days and moisture climate Fiel capacity days and moisture deficits for two representative crops deficits for two representative crops deficits for two representative crops deep rooting pot wheat and potatoes so this map shows the rainfall potatoes so this map shows the rainfall potatoes so this map shows the rainfall across the whole country on which the um across the whole country on which the um across the whole country on which the um D 5 kilometer data set is based as you D 5 kilometer data set is based as you D 5 kilometer data set is based as you can see the East is the driest and the can see the East is the driest and the can see the East is the driest and the west and the north is the wetest next west and the north is the wetest next west and the north is the wetest next slide this is the um average temperature slide this is the um average temperature slide this is the um average temperature across the country again the East and across the country again the East and across the country again the East and Southeast is the driest uh the warmest Southeast is the driest uh the warmest Southeast is the driest uh the warmest and the west and the Northwest is the and the west and the Northwest is the and the west and the Northwest is the coolest and finally the next coolest and finally the next coolest and finally the next one and this one shows the Field one and this one shows the Field one and this one shows the Field capacity days um this is the number of capacity days um this is the number of capacity days um this is the number of days that the land um the soil is a days that the land um the soil is a days that the land um the soil is a moisture um The Field capacity is moisture um The Field capacity is moisture um The Field capacity is maximum and so it's saturated and so the maximum and so it's saturated and so the maximum and so it's saturated and so the um land in the East has um lower Field um land in the East has um lower Field um land in the East has um lower Field capacity days than the land in the west capacity days than the land in the west capacity days than the land in the west and and and North moving North moving North moving on it's not only do we consider the on it's not only do we consider the on it's not only do we consider the overall climate we also look at local overall climate we also look at local overall climate we also look at local climatic factors um because these can climatic factors um because these can climatic factors um because these can have an impact on the crops that can be have an impact on the crops that can be have an impact on the crops that can be grown and the local climatic factors grown and the local climatic factors grown and the local climatic factors such as aspect gradient elevation such as aspect gradient elevation such as aspect gradient elevation influence the temperature the Frost and influence the temperature the Frost and influence the temperature the Frost and risk of exposure so you might get Frost risk of exposure so you might get Frost risk of exposure so you might get Frost pockets in Hollows and particularly on pockets in Hollows and particularly on pockets in Hollows and particularly on the west coast you'd have exposure and the west coast you'd have exposure and the west coast you'd have exposure and these salt Laden winds from the sea can these salt Laden winds from the sea can these salt Laden winds from the sea can affect the crops that are affect the crops that are affect the crops that are grow moving grow moving grow moving on um then secondly we have climate and on um then secondly we have climate and on um then secondly we have climate and then sight limitations so the site then sight limitations so the site then sight limitations so the site limitations are gradient micro relief limitations are gradient micro relief limitations are gradient micro relief and flooding and these can affect the and flooding and these can affect the and flooding and these can affect the Machinery that can be used um Machinery that can be used um Machinery that can be used um particularly Precision planting particularly Precision planting particularly Precision planting Machinery um also the risk of flooding Machinery um also the risk of flooding Machinery um also the risk of flooding and for each of these limitations there and for each of these limitations there and for each of these limitations there will be a corresponding um set of will be a corresponding um set of will be a corresponding um set of criteria that will be found in the alc criteria that will be found in the alc criteria that will be found in the alc guidelines um from 1988 and I've just guidelines um from 1988 and I've just guidelines um from 1988 and I've just included the one here for um grade included the one here for um grade included the one here for um grade according to climate to show you the according to climate to show you the according to climate to show you the types of um information that is types of um information that is types of um information that is available then soil limitations the soil available then soil limitations the soil available then soil limitations the soil can have a significant impact on the can have a significant impact on the can have a significant impact on the types of crops that can be grown and types of crops that can be grown and types of crops that can be grown and these are soil texture and structure the these are soil texture and structure the these are soil texture and structure the depth the stain and the chemical content depth the stain and the chemical content depth the stain and the chemical content of the soil so I'll just look at those of the soil so I'll just look at those of the soil so I'll just look at those in a little bit more detail next in a little bit more detail next in a little bit more detail next slide so these are the Standalone soil slide so these are the Standalone soil slide so these are the Standalone soil limitations so for texture we're looking limitations so for texture we're looking limitations so for texture we're looking at the proportions of sand salt and clay at the proportions of sand salt and clay at the proportions of sand salt and clay and in the field this would be an and in the field this would be an and in the field this would be an analyzed by hand texturing although it analyzed by hand texturing although it analyzed by hand texturing although it can be backed up by particle size can be backed up by particle size can be backed up by particle size distribution analysis of the lab but the distribution analysis of the lab but the distribution analysis of the lab but the vast majority would be done by hand vast majority would be done by hand vast majority would be done by hand texturing and um an experienced uh soil texturing and um an experienced uh soil texturing and um an experienced uh soil S A would be able to identify quite um S A would be able to identify quite um S A would be able to identify quite um precise percentages of each of those um precise percentages of each of those um precise percentages of each of those um different sizes of different sizes of different sizes of particle and texture has an influence on particle and texture has an influence on particle and texture has an influence on a whole variety of different um aspects a whole variety of different um aspects a whole variety of different um aspects of the crop growing and this is why that of the crop growing and this is why that of the crop growing and this is why that we we need to look at texture at each we we need to look at texture at each we we need to look at texture at each location the structure of the soil location the structure of the soil location the structure of the soil affects the M Water um movement um the affects the M Water um movement um the affects the M Water um movement um the amount of air and where the roots can amount of air and where the roots can amount of air and where the roots can penetrate into the soil and this all penetrate into the soil and this all penetrate into the soil and this all affects whether how well a crop can grow affects whether how well a crop can grow affects whether how well a crop can grow and so we look at the structure you and so we look at the structure you and so we look at the structure you can't assess structure in detail from an can't assess structure in detail from an can't assess structure in detail from an or boring so this is why we dig soil or boring so this is why we dig soil or boring so this is why we dig soil pits um around the site to look at pits um around the site to look at pits um around the site to look at specific characteristics of the specific characteristics of the specific characteristics of the structure of the soils that we're structure of the soils that we're structure of the soils that we're looking at the soil depth can affect the looking at the soil depth can affect the looking at the soil depth can affect the um types of crops that can be grown in a um types of crops that can be grown in a um types of crops that can be grown in a variety of ways the soil depth would variety of ways the soil depth would variety of ways the soil depth would affect the amount of water that's affect the amount of water that's affect the amount of water that's available in the profile so if you got a available in the profile so if you got a available in the profile so if you got a very shallow soil there's not very much very shallow soil there's not very much very shallow soil there's not very much water available for the growing crop if water available for the growing crop if water available for the growing crop if it's a shallow soil The Roots can't um it's a shallow soil The Roots can't um it's a shallow soil The Roots can't um EXP depth so the crops won't be able to EXP depth so the crops won't be able to EXP depth so the crops won't be able to they might not be able to support they might not be able to support they might not be able to support themselves or they don't exploit large themselves or they don't exploit large themselves or they don't exploit large water reserves um the Anchorage of the water reserves um the Anchorage of the water reserves um the Anchorage of the crops might not be very good for a crops might not be very good for a crops might not be very good for a shallow soil and also it affects how shallow soil and also it affects how shallow soil and also it affects how well the soils can be cultivated and well the soils can be cultivated and well the soils can be cultivated and finally stoniness um and the picture at finally stoniness um and the picture at finally stoniness um and the picture at the bottom shows the effects of the bottom shows the effects of the bottom shows the effects of stoniness so you've got Patches of very stoniness so you've got Patches of very stoniness so you've got Patches of very Stony soil and that's limiting the Stony soil and that's limiting the Stony soil and that's limiting the amount of um crop germination that's amount of um crop germination that's amount of um crop germination that's taken place um it can impact the wear taken place um it can impact the wear taken place um it can impact the wear and tear on machinery and tear on machinery and tear on machinery um it can make harvesting difficult it um it can make harvesting difficult it um it can make harvesting difficult it also affects the types of crops that also affects the types of crops that also affects the types of crops that being could be grown so you wouldn't being could be grown so you wouldn't being could be grown so you wouldn't want to be growing root vegetables in a want to be growing root vegetables in a want to be growing root vegetables in a very Stony soil because that will affect very Stony soil because that will affect very Stony soil because that will affect the formation of the tubers um and then the formation of the tubers um and then the formation of the tubers um and then they won't be of high they won't be of high they won't be of high value next slide and then there are chemical slide and then there are chemical slide and then there are chemical limitations now these need to be limitations now these need to be limitations now these need to be long-term um limitations that the land long-term um limitations that the land long-term um limitations that the land manager cannot remove so this isn't manager cannot remove so this isn't manager cannot remove so this isn't reled to nutrient values because a reled to nutrient values because a reled to nutrient values because a farmer can apply fertilizers and farmer can apply fertilizers and farmer can apply fertilizers and nutrients um year by year these are nutrients um year by year these are nutrients um year by year these are chemical limitations which the farmer chemical limitations which the farmer chemical limitations which the farmer can't do anything about um and in fact can't do anything about um and in fact can't do anything about um and in fact it's very rare for this limitation to be it's very rare for this limitation to be it's very rare for this limitation to be um the primary limitation um but we do um the primary limitation um but we do um the primary limitation um but we do need to be aware that it might occur um need to be aware that it might occur um need to be aware that it might occur um particularly where there might be particularly where there might be particularly where there might be limitations to the consumption of crops limitations to the consumption of crops limitations to the consumption of crops um by humans um because of um toxicity um by humans um because of um toxicity um by humans um because of um toxicity so you'd look at these Case by case it's so you'd look at these Case by case it's so you'd look at these Case by case it's and it is an uncommon um and it is an uncommon um and it is an uncommon um limitation moving limitation moving limitation moving on so then we move into what we call the on so then we move into what we call the on so then we move into what we call the interactive soil limitations and these interactive soil limitations and these interactive soil limitations and these are soil erosion wetness and dress and are soil erosion wetness and dress and are soil erosion wetness and dress and I'll just look at these individually to I'll just look at these individually to I'll just look at these individually to give you flavor of what they're about so give you flavor of what they're about so give you flavor of what they're about so the next slide please the next slide please the next slide please [Music] [Music] [Music] D soil erosion um can be caused by wind D soil erosion um can be caused by wind D soil erosion um can be caused by wind or water water being the most common um or water water being the most common um or water water being the most common um and it's determined by interactions and it's determined by interactions and it's determined by interactions between the weather and the soil type between the weather and the soil type between the weather and the soil type than the topography and the amount of than the topography and the amount of than the topography and the amount of vegetation so depending on whether vegetation so depending on whether vegetation so depending on whether you've got um low flat land or um you've got um low flat land or um you've got um low flat land or um sloping land whether that land is the sloping land whether that land is the sloping land whether that land is the crops are there in winter or summer um crops are there in winter or summer um crops are there in winter or summer um these are issues that will affect the these are issues that will affect the these are issues that will affect the soil erosion and therefore the soil erosion and therefore the soil erosion and therefore the versatility of the land and so we need versatility of the land and so we need versatility of the land and so we need to take that into account and you can to take that into account and you can to take that into account and you can clearly see the effects of soil erosion clearly see the effects of soil erosion clearly see the effects of soil erosion when it occurs and particularly by water when it occurs and particularly by water when it occurs and particularly by water with the um formation of reals and with the um formation of reals and with the um formation of reals and gullies the next one is soil wetness so how does the next one is soil wetness so how does the next one is soil wetness so how does wetness affect plant growth well if wetness affect plant growth well if wetness affect plant growth well if you've got a very wet soil then seed you've got a very wet soil then seed you've got a very wet soil then seed germination and survival might be low um germination and survival might be low um germination and survival might be low um the root systems um don't like to the root systems um don't like to the root systems um don't like to develop water in water log soils um you develop water in water log soils um you develop water in water log soils um you might find that when you're um might find that when you're um might find that when you're um traversing the uh the land um applying traversing the uh the land um applying traversing the uh the land um applying fertilizers then um you might may have fertilizers then um you might may have fertilizers then um you might may have get stru damage where you've got um get stru damage where you've got um get stru damage where you've got um compression of the soil and which compression of the soil and which compression of the soil and which squeezes out all the air and the poor squeezes out all the air and the poor squeezes out all the air and the poor spaces um and it affects how many days spaces um and it affects how many days spaces um and it affects how many days in the year the farmer can get onto the in the year the farmer can get onto the in the year the farmer can get onto the land so soil wetness is a very important land so soil wetness is a very important land so soil wetness is a very important limitation that we need to limitation that we need to limitation that we need to consider and and the way that we look at consider and and the way that we look at consider and and the way that we look at this is um looking at the Field capacity this is um looking at the Field capacity this is um looking at the Field capacity days which is obtained as part of the days which is obtained as part of the days which is obtained as part of the climate data and so the the higher the climate data and so the the higher the climate data and so the the higher the number of Field capacity days the worse number of Field capacity days the worse number of Field capacity days the worse the potential situation is because that the potential situation is because that the potential situation is because that means that the farmer would be able to means that the farmer would be able to means that the farmer would be able to get onto the land less frequently get onto the land less frequently get onto the land less frequently through the year um in terms of top soil through the year um in terms of top soil through the year um in terms of top soil texture the more clay content in the texture the more clay content in the texture the more clay content in the soil then the heavier we call that soil soil then the heavier we call that soil soil then the heavier we call that soil and that um can affect the um amount of and that um can affect the um amount of and that um can affect the um amount of um warmth that can get into the soil for um warmth that can get into the soil for um warmth that can get into the soil for germination um if there's less porosity germination um if there's less porosity germination um if there's less porosity then the roots um are less able to then the roots um are less able to then the roots um are less able to exploit the the Peds and the poor spaces exploit the the Peds and the poor spaces exploit the the Peds and the poor spaces as the structure in a soil as the structure in a soil as the structure in a soil becomes the bigger and larger then the becomes the bigger and larger then the becomes the bigger and larger then the um the soils are considered poorer um if um the soils are considered poorer um if um the soils are considered poorer um if you see gaying in the soil then that's a you see gaying in the soil then that's a you see gaying in the soil then that's a clear indication that you've got a clear indication that you've got a clear indication that you've got a wetness issue um and you can assess the wetness issue um and you can assess the wetness issue um and you can assess the degree of the wetness by looking at the degree of the wetness by looking at the degree of the wetness by looking at the degree of gaying and the structure um degree of gaying and the structure um degree of gaying and the structure um and where it occurs in the profile and and where it occurs in the profile and and where it occurs in the profile and generally if you see brown um and boring generally if you see brown um and boring generally if you see brown um and boring colors in the soil you can consider that colors in the soil you can consider that colors in the soil you can consider that those soils are a than if you see the those soils are a than if you see the those soils are a than if you see the gray gaying colors then they're poorly gray gaying colors then they're poorly gray gaying colors then they're poorly drained so a well- drained soil is the drained so a well- drained soil is the drained so a well- drained soil is the ideal um versatile ideal um versatile ideal um versatile soil um the assessment method um it is soil um the assessment method um it is soil um the assessment method um it is complex um and I really wanted just to complex um and I really wanted just to complex um and I really wanted just to give you a flavor here you need to give you a flavor here you need to give you a flavor here you need to assess the number of fi cacity days know assess the number of fi cacity days know assess the number of fi cacity days know the top soil texture and the subsoil the top soil texture and the subsoil the top soil texture and the subsoil texture which you would obtain through texture which you would obtain through texture which you would obtain through your soil survey you'd be able to your soil survey you'd be able to your soil survey you'd be able to identify if there was gaying present and identify if there was gaying present and identify if there was gaying present and at what depth so what depth is the water at what depth so what depth is the water at what depth so what depth is the water logging occurring identify if there's an logging occurring identify if there's an logging occurring identify if there's an and that's that's a slowly permeable and that's that's a slowly permeable and that's that's a slowly permeable layer so that's a layer of soil that layer so that's a layer of soil that layer so that's a layer of soil that water finds it difficult to penetrate um water finds it difficult to penetrate um water finds it difficult to penetrate um and and the depth which that occurs will and and the depth which that occurs will and and the depth which that occurs will determine how high up water sits above determine how high up water sits above determine how high up water sits above that um and how water log the soils that um and how water log the soils that um and how water log the soils might be and how long and as a result of might be and how long and as a result of might be and how long and as a result of all of those pieces of information you all of those pieces of information you all of those pieces of information you can assess the soil wetness class which can assess the soil wetness class which can assess the soil wetness class which is um classes one to six one being the is um classes one to six one being the is um classes one to six one being the best six being the worst and in the alc best six being the worst and in the alc best six being the worst and in the alc guidelines um from 1988 there's a guidelines um from 1988 there's a guidelines um from 1988 there's a there's flow charts and there's tables there's flow charts and there's tables there's flow charts and there's tables and there's graphs which take you and there's graphs which take you and there's graphs which take you through all the whole process um to give through all the whole process um to give through all the whole process um to give you an ALC grade in terms of wetness at you an ALC grade in terms of wetness at you an ALC grade in terms of wetness at the end now that might be the most the end now that might be the most the end now that might be the most limiting grade or you might find that limiting grade or you might find that limiting grade or you might find that one of the other limitations is more one of the other limitations is more one of the other limitations is more limiting but you need to go through that limiting but you need to go through that limiting but you need to go through that whole process to identify your wetness whole process to identify your wetness whole process to identify your wetness grade um and so you need to gather all grade um and so you need to gather all grade um and so you need to gather all several pieces of information through several pieces of information through several pieces of information through your soil survey through your climatic your soil survey through your climatic your soil survey through your climatic interpolation in order to identify the interpolation in order to identify the interpolation in order to identify the wetness limitation of that site next wetness limitation of that site next wetness limitation of that site next slide and then soil draus is the other slide and then soil draus is the other slide and then soil draus is the other soil interaction limitation um so how soil interaction limitation um so how soil interaction limitation um so how does soil draus affect plant growth to does soil draus affect plant growth to does soil draus affect plant growth to reach full potential crops need to have reach full potential crops need to have reach full potential crops need to have adequate moisture supplies throughout adequate moisture supplies throughout adequate moisture supplies throughout the whole growing season and so soil the whole growing season and so soil the whole growing season and so soil moisture is affected by the amount of moisture is affected by the amount of moisture is affected by the amount of rainfall coming into a site and the rainfall coming into a site and the rainfall coming into a site and the amount of evaporate transpiration that's amount of evaporate transpiration that's amount of evaporate transpiration that's taking place from that site and the the taking place from that site and the the taking place from that site and the the um the balance of those is known as the um the balance of those is known as the um the balance of those is known as the moisture deficit and that's a figure moisture deficit and that's a figure moisture deficit and that's a figure that is provided by the um climate that is provided by the um climate that is provided by the um climate data then the water holding capacity of data then the water holding capacity of data then the water holding capacity of the soil is affected by its texture the soil is affected by its texture the soil is affected by its texture structure organic matter Stone and depth structure organic matter Stone and depth structure organic matter Stone and depth and this will provide you with the and this will provide you with the and this will provide you with the available water for that particular soil available water for that particular soil available water for that particular soil in that in that particular location um in that in that particular location um in that in that particular location um if you transferred the soil to a if you transferred the soil to a if you transferred the soil to a different location it would have a different location it would have a different location it would have a different climate regime and so you different climate regime and so you different climate regime and so you would end up potentially with a would end up potentially with a would end up potentially with a different ALC limitation of the grade at different ALC limitation of the grade at different ALC limitation of the grade at the end um so the moisture deficit and the end um so the moisture deficit and the end um so the moisture deficit and the available water are used to work out the available water are used to work out the available water are used to work out the alc drought risk and these are the alc drought risk and these are the alc drought risk and these are calculations that are done in the field calculations that are done in the field calculations that are done in the field and they are quite complex and um there and they are quite complex and um there and they are quite complex and um there are computer programs available we'll do are computer programs available we'll do are computer programs available we'll do those calculations for you but it's the those calculations for you but it's the those calculations for you but it's the sort of thing that you need to do in the sort of thing that you need to do in the sort of thing that you need to do in the field at the time in order to identify field at the time in order to identify field at the time in order to identify what the draus risk for that particular what the draus risk for that particular what the draus risk for that particular soil is in that location and so you soil is in that location and so you soil is in that location and so you might end up with at the end of your um might end up with at the end of your um might end up with at the end of your um survey a mixture of different survey a mixture of different survey a mixture of different limitations some dress some wetness um limitations some dress some wetness um limitations some dress some wetness um some slope and for each location that some slope and for each location that some slope and for each location that you've done your sample you need to you've done your sample you need to you've done your sample you need to identify the main limiting factor and identify the main limiting factor and identify the main limiting factor and then you would draw up your map so you then you would draw up your map so you then you would draw up your map so you might have a map which shows an area of might have a map which shows an area of might have a map which shows an area of grade 3A for example but that might grade 3A for example but that might grade 3A for example but that might include different limitations that have include different limitations that have include different limitations that have all come to a limitation of 3A um but all come to a limitation of 3A um but all come to a limitation of 3A um but it's the the limitation grade that we're it's the the limitation grade that we're it's the the limitation grade that we're looking at not the actual specific looking at not the actual specific looking at not the actual specific limitations within that grade the limitations within that grade the limitations within that grade the information that would be then Ved in in information that would be then Ved in in information that would be then Ved in in a report so um next slide do a report so um next slide do a report so um next slide do please so I hope by going through those please so I hope by going through those please so I hope by going through those um very briefly going through the um very briefly going through the um very briefly going through the limitations that are part of the alc limitations that are part of the alc limitations that are part of the alc system um and how you do it in practice system um and how you do it in practice system um and how you do it in practice you'll see that in summary it's quite a you'll see that in summary it's quite a you'll see that in summary it's quite a complex system and that's why it takes a complex system and that's why it takes a complex system and that's why it takes a good number of years for people to be good number of years for people to be good number of years for people to be able to become experienced in doing ALC able to become experienced in doing ALC able to become experienced in doing ALC surveys um next slide surveys um next slide surveys um next slide I'm going to pass back to Rob for this you're on mute Rob sorry about that yeah so with regard Rob sorry about that yeah so with regard Rob sorry about that yeah so with regard to the British Society of soil to the British Society of soil to the British Society of soil science this is an organization where science this is an organization where science this is an organization where we've um tried to to set standards um we've um tried to to set standards um we've um tried to to set standards um for ALC surveys that being carried out for ALC surveys that being carried out for ALC surveys that being carried out so there's a number of guidelines um so there's a number of guidelines um so there's a number of guidelines um guidance documents on the BS cubed uh guidance documents on the BS cubed uh guidance documents on the BS cubed uh website one in particular is a a working website one in particular is a a working website one in particular is a a working um document number one which sets out um document number one which sets out um document number one which sets out what you'd expect to find in an what you'd expect to find in an what you'd expect to find in an agricultural land classification survey agricultural land classification survey agricultural land classification survey and um I have my own work reviewed and um I have my own work reviewed and um I have my own work reviewed against um these guidelines and so it it against um these guidelines and so it it against um these guidelines and so it it just ensures that you've dug um a saw just ensures that you've dug um a saw just ensures that you've dug um a saw pit to describe s structure for example pit to describe s structure for example pit to describe s structure for example that you've done the prerequisite number that you've done the prerequisite number that you've done the prerequisite number of oror per hectare that uh ideally of oror per hectare that uh ideally of oror per hectare that uh ideally you've taken photographs um and provide you've taken photographs um and provide you've taken photographs um and provide as much relevant description in the as much relevant description in the as much relevant description in the report as possible and there's a tick report as possible and there's a tick report as possible and there's a tick list uh type approach to that um and it list uh type approach to that um and it list uh type approach to that um and it even gives them a traffic light type even gives them a traffic light type even gives them a traffic light type system where green is good orange is system where green is good orange is system where green is good orange is where somebody might have some concerns where somebody might have some concerns where somebody might have some concerns over that report or survey and red is over that report or survey and red is over that report or survey and red is where you you you may have left where you you you may have left where you you you may have left something out and actually it you can't something out and actually it you can't something out and actually it you can't really determine the alc grade with the really determine the alc grade with the really determine the alc grade with the information in that report so it's a information in that report so it's a information in that report so it's a very useful system and helps maintain uh very useful system and helps maintain uh very useful system and helps maintain uh the the the quality um and integrity of these quality um and integrity of these quality um and integrity of these reports so the BS cubed has also um runs reports so the BS cubed has also um runs reports so the BS cubed has also um runs an introduction to the agricultural land an introduction to the agricultural land an introduction to the agricultural land classification course um I believe the classification course um I believe the classification course um I believe the next one is in next one is in next one is in November uh it's a two-day course um as November uh it's a two-day course um as November uh it's a two-day course um as Jill Jill Jill mentioned there's so many soil mentioned there's so many soil mentioned there's so many soil associations about two 292 soil associations about two 292 soil associations about two 292 soil associations uh over England and Wales associations uh over England and Wales associations uh over England and Wales with about approaching 800 uh Soul with about approaching 800 uh Soul with about approaching 800 uh Soul series according to different parent series according to different parent series according to different parent materials and places um that they materials and places um that they materials and places um that they developed in the in the landscape each developed in the in the landscape each developed in the in the landscape each of those um Soul Association and soul of those um Soul Association and soul of those um Soul Association and soul Series has its unique set of Series has its unique set of Series has its unique set of characteristics and so it takes a long characteristics and so it takes a long characteristics and so it takes a long time to um experience a range of those time to um experience a range of those time to um experience a range of those um hand texturing is is an art um you um hand texturing is is an art um you um hand texturing is is an art um you can get laboratory analysis of um Topo can get laboratory analysis of um Topo can get laboratory analysis of um Topo samples to to help ensure that your hand samples to to help ensure that your hand samples to to help ensure that your hand texturing is correct um but again it texturing is correct um but again it texturing is correct um but again it just takes a lot of time to a mass EXP just takes a lot of time to a mass EXP just takes a lot of time to a mass EXP erience and so the two-day course goes erience and so the two-day course goes erience and so the two-day course goes through the um uh the whole procedure through the um uh the whole procedure through the um uh the whole procedure and provides some practical experience and provides some practical experience and provides some practical experience but but really my recommendation would but but really my recommendation would but but really my recommendation would be to um to attend a separate course run be to um to attend a separate course run be to um to attend a separate course run by the um BS cubed as well which is an by the um BS cubed as well which is an by the um BS cubed as well which is an introduction to to soils where you introduction to to soils where you introduction to to soils where you actually get experience of digging saw actually get experience of digging saw actually get experience of digging saw pit and experiencing um hand texturing pit and experiencing um hand texturing pit and experiencing um hand texturing and describing the profile so um whilst and describing the profile so um whilst and describing the profile so um whilst that goes um well that goes a long way that goes um well that goes a long way that goes um well that goes a long way to um providing a background um to to um providing a background um to to um providing a background um to agriculture land classification and the agriculture land classification and the agriculture land classification and the description of so profiles and the description of so profiles and the description of so profiles and the guidance notes available online um will guidance notes available online um will guidance notes available online um will help those who aren't necessarily soil help those who aren't necessarily soil help those who aren't necessarily soil scientists but might might be planners scientists but might might be planners scientists but might might be planners wanting to know when it's appropriate to wanting to know when it's appropriate to wanting to know when it's appropriate to um to carry out an agricultural land um to carry out an agricultural land um to carry out an agricultural land classification survey and if they classification survey and if they classification survey and if they receive um one done by a consultant receive um one done by a consultant receive um one done by a consultant whether or not it meets the um the whether or not it meets the um the whether or not it meets the um the robustness that you you'd hope um from robustness that you you'd hope um from robustness that you you'd hope um from an ALC an ALC an ALC report so um next slide over back to you slide over back to you slide over back to you Jill yes so I just wanted to say thank Jill yes so I just wanted to say thank Jill yes so I just wanted to say thank you for listening today and a reminder you for listening today and a reminder you for listening today and a reminder that the next introductory to ALC course that the next introductory to ALC course that the next introductory to ALC course run by the rich Society of s sence is in run by the rich Society of s sence is in run by the rich Society of s sence is in November um and there'll be details of November um and there'll be details of November um and there'll be details of the join instructions for that in the the join instructions for that in the the join instructions for that in the followup followup followup email I think we're handing over to email I think we're handing over to email I think we're handing over to Chris Chris Chris now thank you jillan Rob so hi everyone now thank you jillan Rob so hi everyone now thank you jillan Rob so hi everyone I'm Christ lley from Cranford University I'm Christ lley from Cranford University I'm Christ lley from Cranford University and the British Society of s science and the British Society of s science and the British Society of s science early career committee and we now come early career committee and we now come early career committee and we now come to the Q&amp;amp;A SE section of the webinar if to the Q&amp;amp;A SE section of the webinar if to the Q&amp;amp;A SE section of the webinar if you have a question please submit it by you have a question please submit it by you have a question please submit it by 1250 to give us the chance to get 1250 to give us the chance to get 1250 to give us the chance to get through as many as possible but we've through as many as possible but we've through as many as possible but we've already got quite a few so um firstly a already got quite a few so um firstly a already got quite a few so um firstly a question from Willie towers does ALC for question from Willie towers does ALC for question from Willie towers does ALC for interventions such as the use of stone interventions such as the use of stone interventions such as the use of stone separators and plastic which will separators and plastic which will separators and plastic which will increase the range of crops that can be grown I take that one grown I take that one grown I take that one Rob um so as I said the alc system is Rob um so as I said the alc system is Rob um so as I said the alc system is based on long-term physical based on long-term physical based on long-term physical characteristics and so whilst an characteristics and so whilst an characteristics and so whilst an individual farmer might want to um individual farmer might want to um individual farmer might want to um remove stones from his Fields um stones remove stones from his Fields um stones remove stones from his Fields um stones are going to keep reemerging um and so are going to keep reemerging um and so are going to keep reemerging um and so that would just be a tempor solution and that would just be a tempor solution and that would just be a tempor solution and um so it's not that versatility um and um so it's not that versatility um and um so it's not that versatility um and this is a system that is to cover soils this is a system that is to cover soils this is a system that is to cover soils across England and Wales likewise with across England and Wales likewise with across England and Wales likewise with um using um Plastics to increase um using um Plastics to increase um using um Plastics to increase germination that's a management germination that's a management germination that's a management technique rather than the um technique rather than the um technique rather than the um long-term um characteristics of the soil long-term um characteristics of the soil long-term um characteristics of the soil and so a subsequent land manager might and so a subsequent land manager might and so a subsequent land manager might not want to use that it might not be not want to use that it might not be not want to use that it might not be within their economic assessment of how within their economic assessment of how within their economic assessment of how they manage their they manage their they manage their site J can I um add to that as as well site J can I um add to that as as well site J can I um add to that as as well if I may because if if you're getting um if I may because if if you're getting um if I may because if if you're getting um signs of um plastic uh on agricultural signs of um plastic uh on agricultural signs of um plastic uh on agricultural land then clearly there's been some land then clearly there's been some land then clearly there's been some man-made uh intervention so possibly the man-made uh intervention so possibly the man-made uh intervention so possibly the spreading of green waste um and again spreading of green waste um and again spreading of green waste um and again that comes back to um the content that comes back to um the content that comes back to um the content and the The Source really of that green and the The Source really of that green and the The Source really of that green waste so that may be indicative of some waste so that may be indicative of some waste so that may be indicative of some uh chemical uh chemical uh chemical limitation um I'll come back to that in limitation um I'll come back to that in limitation um I'll come back to that in a a a moment there are instances in the past moment there are instances in the past moment there are instances in the past where um we've tried to um use sewage where um we've tried to um use sewage where um we've tried to um use sewage sludge for example to improve nutrient sludge for example to improve nutrient sludge for example to improve nutrient status and organic matter in soils but status and organic matter in soils but status and organic matter in soils but that increases the amount of heavy that increases the amount of heavy that increases the amount of heavy metals uh that were in the seage sludge metals uh that were in the seage sludge metals uh that were in the seage sludge going into the soil so you may get some going into the soil so you may get some going into the soil so you may get some form of contamination from either green form of contamination from either green form of contamination from either green waste or um uh Su sludge so it's always waste or um uh Su sludge so it's always waste or um uh Su sludge so it's always good to um to find out a bit of history good to um to find out a bit of history good to um to find out a bit of history from the farmer if you're on site from the farmer if you're on site from the farmer if you're on site chatting to him how the land's been chatting to him how the land's been chatting to him how the land's been managed what inputs may have gone on um managed what inputs may have gone on um managed what inputs may have gone on um because those chemical because those chemical because those chemical limitations such as phyto toxic Metals limitations such as phyto toxic Metals limitations such as phyto toxic Metals copper nickel zinc for example um aren't copper nickel zinc for example um aren't copper nickel zinc for example um aren't necessarily visible to the eye but um necessarily visible to the eye but um necessarily visible to the eye but um they can form part of the aocc process they can form part of the aocc process they can form part of the aocc process in in downgrading um the land so um yeah in in downgrading um the land so um yeah in in downgrading um the land so um yeah maybe signs of plastic for example and maybe signs of plastic for example and maybe signs of plastic for example and that type of in that type of in that type of in intervention uh gives you a heads up on intervention uh gives you a heads up on intervention uh gives you a heads up on on other things to possibly check such on other things to possibly check such on other things to possibly check such as a chemical toxicity for example thank you so we've got a couple example thank you so we've got a couple example thank you so we've got a couple of questions from um Hannah bowy and of questions from um Hannah bowy and of questions from um Hannah bowy and Jason Dale which are about the um Jason Dale which are about the um Jason Dale which are about the um climate data set in light of current climate data set in light of current climate data set in light of current change in climate um when are more change in climate um when are more change in climate um when are more recent climate data sets likely to be recent climate data sets likely to be recent climate data sets likely to be used rather than 194 41 to 1970 values yeah should I I'll have a a first values yeah should I I'll have a a first values yeah should I I'll have a a first St at this Jill if if I may I think um St at this Jill if if I may I think um St at this Jill if if I may I think um clearly the climate is changing um and clearly the climate is changing um and clearly the climate is changing um and there have been reports carried out by there have been reports carried out by there have been reports carried out by Cranfield University on predicting how Cranfield University on predicting how Cranfield University on predicting how ALC grades may change up to the period ALC grades may change up to the period ALC grades may change up to the period until 2050 for example um and in summary until 2050 for example um and in summary until 2050 for example um and in summary it it becomes clear that as the dry as it it becomes clear that as the dry as it it becomes clear that as the dry as the um climate becomes drier soils in the um climate becomes drier soils in the um climate becomes drier soils in the east of the country that were were the east of the country that were were the east of the country that were were highly productive and become less uh highly productive and become less uh highly productive and become less uh productive for example because of the productive for example because of the productive for example because of the extremity of soil extremity of soil extremity of soil dress dress dress so we are limited at the moment in terms so we are limited at the moment in terms so we are limited at the moment in terms of we're assessing climate of we're assessing climate of we're assessing climate limitations from a climate data set limitations from a climate data set limitations from a climate data set between um the 40s and the' 70s but the between um the 40s and the' 70s but the between um the 40s and the' 70s but the argument for maintaining the system as argument for maintaining the system as argument for maintaining the system as it is at the moment is that it forms a a it is at the moment is that it forms a a it is at the moment is that it forms a a basis of comparison for all of that aocc basis of comparison for all of that aocc basis of comparison for all of that aocc data um collected since 1988 when the data um collected since 1988 when the data um collected since 1988 when the climate data set was published so if we climate data set was published so if we climate data set was published so if we were to change the um climate data set were to change the um climate data set were to change the um climate data set then um we're no longer comparing like then um we're no longer comparing like then um we're no longer comparing like with like in terms of review you know with like in terms of review you know with like in terms of review you know assessing the current ALC against um assessing the current ALC against um assessing the current ALC against um previous ALCS so it's a difficult one previous ALCS so it's a difficult one previous ALCS so it's a difficult one because clearly we need to um reflect because clearly we need to um reflect because clearly we need to um reflect the climate as it becomes um changed the climate as it becomes um changed the climate as it becomes um changed with due to climate change but then we with due to climate change but then we with due to climate change but then we would potentially lose our ability to would potentially lose our ability to would potentially lose our ability to form the form the form the comparisons uh with ALC de collected in comparisons uh with ALC de collected in comparisons uh with ALC de collected in the past I don't know if you have the past I don't know if you have the past I don't know if you have anything to add on that anything to add on that anything to add on that Jill yes the um it has been reviewed um Jill yes the um it has been reviewed um Jill yes the um it has been reviewed um since 1988 as to whether we should move since 1988 as to whether we should move since 1988 as to whether we should move to a more current um data set um and the to a more current um data set um and the to a more current um data set um and the at the time the variations um suggested at the time the variations um suggested at the time the variations um suggested that it was appropriate to keep using that it was appropriate to keep using that it was appropriate to keep using the same one but as Rob said we've now the same one but as Rob said we've now the same one but as Rob said we've now moved significantly on in terms of time moved significantly on in terms of time moved significantly on in terms of time um and the data that's available and so um and the data that's available and so um and the data that's available and so that a review of that and the impacts on that a review of that and the impacts on that a review of that and the impacts on what the effect it would have on the what the effect it would have on the what the effect it would have on the Grays but we need to remember that um Grays but we need to remember that um Grays but we need to remember that um the changes aren't um simple linear the changes aren't um simple linear the changes aren't um simple linear changes um there's the change in the changes um there's the change in the changes um there's the change in the frequency of the rainfall so for example frequency of the rainfall so for example frequency of the rainfall so for example erosion would um if you got more intense erosion would um if you got more intense erosion would um if you got more intense rainfall um that can have an effect on rainfall um that can have an effect on rainfall um that can have an effect on erosion so it's not only the climate erosion so it's not only the climate erosion so it's not only the climate that it would affect there's all other that it would affect there's all other that it would affect there's all other different factors within the alc system different factors within the alc system different factors within the alc system and so it is quite complex um analysis and so it is quite complex um analysis and so it is quite complex um analysis that would need to take place and as Rob that would need to take place and as Rob that would need to take place and as Rob says the key to the system at the moment says the key to the system at the moment says the key to the system at the moment is that it provides comparisons around is that it provides comparisons around is that it provides comparisons around the country and so a survey that was the country and so a survey that was the country and so a survey that was done in 1999 done in 1999 done in 1999 um comp compared to a survey that's done um comp compared to a survey that's done um comp compared to a survey that's done in in in 2010 um because they're using the same 2010 um because they're using the same 2010 um because they're using the same um system of variables if you change um system of variables if you change um system of variables if you change that you would have to change um that you would have to change um that you would have to change um potentially remap all the surveys that potentially remap all the surveys that potentially remap all the surveys that have been done but of course with more have been done but of course with more have been done but of course with more modern um computational Systems and modern um computational Systems and modern um computational Systems and Technology that's something that is Technology that's something that is Technology that's something that is easier um and certainly could be taken easier um and certainly could be taken easier um and certainly could be taken into account but that's a decision for into account but that's a decision for into account but that's a decision for defra and the Welsh government to make defra and the Welsh government to make defra and the Welsh government to make um as the Guardians of the system um as the Guardians of the system um as the Guardians of the system thank you so now we have a question from thank you so now we have a question from thank you so now we have a question from s Franklin in your opinion does soil s Franklin in your opinion does soil s Franklin in your opinion does soil Health affect ALC grade and if so how oh um I'll I'll have a go at that how oh um I'll I'll have a go at that how oh um I'll I'll have a go at that one first I believe Soul Health um does one first I believe Soul Health um does one first I believe Soul Health um does affect ALC grade um Soul health is an affect ALC grade um Soul health is an affect ALC grade um Soul health is an umbrella term um we all roughly know umbrella term um we all roughly know umbrella term um we all roughly know what it means but um people are and what it means but um people are and what it means but um people are and researchers are busy trying to set out researchers are busy trying to set out researchers are busy trying to set out what criteria we might actually measure what criteria we might actually measure what criteria we might actually measure um in terms of describing and measuring um in terms of describing and measuring um in terms of describing and measuring Soul Health but in my mind um at a sort Soul Health but in my mind um at a sort Soul Health but in my mind um at a sort of generic level we're describing things of generic level we're describing things of generic level we're describing things such as soil structure um organic matter such as soil structure um organic matter such as soil structure um organic matter content for example in terms of um the content for example in terms of um the content for example in terms of um the AL system so if you have a better Source AL system so if you have a better Source AL system so if you have a better Source structure and the soils aren't totally structure and the soils aren't totally structure and the soils aren't totally depleted of organic matter um then they depleted of organic matter um then they depleted of organic matter um then they will be more fertile better air rated will be more fertile better air rated will be more fertile better air rated and on the whole um achieve a higher and on the whole um achieve a higher and on the whole um achieve a higher grade and that is um reflected in what grade and that is um reflected in what grade and that is um reflected in what we assess in the the alc system so on we assess in the the alc system so on we assess in the the alc system so on the whole um a good soil Health would would tend um a good soil Health would would tend um a good soil Health would would tend to improve the alc grade to improve the alc grade to improve the alc grade would you agree with that Jill one of would you agree with that Jill one of would you agree with that Jill one of the um considerations in the the um considerations in the the um considerations in the introduction to the LC system is that introduction to the LC system is that introduction to the LC system is that soils um have a good level of management soils um have a good level of management soils um have a good level of management and I think soil management is very much and I think soil management is very much and I think soil management is very much linked to soil health so the alc system linked to soil health so the alc system linked to soil health so the alc system already enshrines good soil management already enshrines good soil management already enshrines good soil management uh and when we're talking about soil uh and when we're talking about soil uh and when we're talking about soil Health we often talk about how we can Health we often talk about how we can Health we often talk about how we can encourage Farmers to manage their soils encourage Farmers to manage their soils encourage Farmers to manage their soils well and so the alc system um and the well and so the alc system um and the well and so the alc system um and the criteria are looking at soils which have criteria are looking at soils which have criteria are looking at soils which have that good level of management and that good level of management and that good level of management and therefore this contributes to the therefore this contributes to the therefore this contributes to the particular grade of those soils and if particular grade of those soils and if particular grade of those soils and if you've got a poor level of management you've got a poor level of management you've got a poor level of management which is the choice of that particular which is the choice of that particular which is the choice of that particular land manager then you might have to land manager then you might have to land manager then you might have to consider whether you lower the grade but consider whether you lower the grade but consider whether you lower the grade but you'd have to provide evidence for you'd have to provide evidence for you'd have to provide evidence for making that assessment um so I think making that assessment um so I think making that assessment um so I think that's enshrined in the alc system that's enshrined in the alc system that's enshrined in the alc system already a good level of management good already a good level of management good already a good level of management good soil Health thank you so a question from Health thank you so a question from Health thank you so a question from Sheila will how confident can we be that Sheila will how confident can we be that Sheila will how confident can we be that planners understand ALC my experience planners understand ALC my experience planners understand ALC my experience suggests limited understanding and with suggests limited understanding and with suggests limited understanding and with Council strapped for money reluctance to Council strapped for money reluctance to Council strapped for money reluctance to send plan reluctance to send planners on send plan reluctance to send planners on send plan reluctance to send planners on ALC ALC ALC courses I think there is again a big courses I think there is again a big courses I think there is again a big danger there they don't understand it um danger there they don't understand it um danger there they don't understand it um as a result of cuts they don't have um as a result of cuts they don't have um as a result of cuts they don't have um experienced people they don't have experienced people they don't have experienced people they don't have ecologists they don't have soiled people ecologists they don't have soiled people ecologists they don't have soiled people in their planning departments um and so in their planning departments um and so in their planning departments um and so the there is a tendency to take a map a the there is a tendency to take a map a the there is a tendency to take a map a map um it's a very good pictorial map um it's a very good pictorial map um it's a very good pictorial representation of something and they representation of something and they representation of something and they take that as red um and that's partly take that as red um and that's partly take that as red um and that's partly why the British Society sour science why the British Society sour science why the British Society sour science produced the document that Rob referred produced the document that Rob referred produced the document that Rob referred to earlier about how to assess a survey to earlier about how to assess a survey to earlier about how to assess a survey as to whether it's um valid or not um as to whether it's um valid or not um as to whether it's um valid or not um and not to take things of face value and and not to take things of face value and and not to take things of face value and so we hope by providing that supporting so we hope by providing that supporting so we hope by providing that supporting evidence to them that they can make an evidence to them that they can make an evidence to them that they can make an analysis of the map um themselves but of analysis of the map um themselves but of analysis of the map um themselves but of course they can always refer to Natural course they can always refer to Natural course they can always refer to Natural England or the Welsh government um if England or the Welsh government um if England or the Welsh government um if they're not sure for their technical expertise great thank you um I think we expertise great thank you um I think we expertise great thank you um I think we have time just for one more quick have time just for one more quick have time just for one more quick question so from Peter Cola apart from question so from Peter Cola apart from question so from Peter Cola apart from being protected from development are being protected from development are being protected from development are there some agricultural practices that there some agricultural practices that there some agricultural practices that are not to be carried out on the BMV are not to be carried out on the BMV are not to be carried out on the BMV land such as PL is leading pla is land such as PL is leading pla is land such as PL is leading pla is leading to loss of soil fertility over leading to loss of soil fertility over leading to loss of soil fertility over time like high tillage if so could you time like high tillage if so could you time like high tillage if so could you give some examples I think that comes back to what examples I think that comes back to what examples I think that comes back to what we just think answer the qu the question we just think answer the qu the question we just think answer the qu the question we answered previously about soil we answered previously about soil we answered previously about soil management and that the alc system management and that the alc system management and that the alc system assumes that soils are well managed um assumes that soils are well managed um assumes that soils are well managed um and what you're describing um in the and what you're describing um in the and what you're describing um in the question is poor soil management and so question is poor soil management and so question is poor soil management and so we wouldn't encourage that type of um we wouldn't encourage that type of um we wouldn't encourage that type of um management take place great thank you so I think that's place great thank you so I think that's place great thank you so I think that's all we have time for today on behalf of all we have time for today on behalf of all we have time for today on behalf of the British Society of soil science I'd the British Society of soil science I'd the British Society of soil science I'd like to express our thanks to Jill Shaw like to express our thanks to Jill Shaw like to express our thanks to Jill Shaw and Rob ask you for coming along to and Rob ask you for coming along to and Rob ask you for coming along to present today thank you all for present today thank you all for present today thank you all for attending you'll find a quick feedback attending you'll find a quick feedback attending you'll find a quick feedback survey when you leave the webinar which survey when you leave the webinar which survey when you leave the webinar which we hope you'll take the time to complete we hope you'll take the time to complete we hope you'll take the time to complete the recording of This webinar will also the recording of This webinar will also the recording of This webinar will also be available after the event on our be available after the event on our be available after the event on our YouTube channel as Gillan Rob mentioned YouTube channel as Gillan Rob mentioned YouTube channel as Gillan Rob mentioned BBS Cub is holding an introductory T BBS Cub is holding an introductory T BBS Cub is holding an introductory T into ALC which will be taking place from into ALC which will be taking place from into ALC which will be taking place from the 13th to 14th of November at the 13th to 14th of November at the 13th to 14th of November at Cranfield University details about how Cranfield University details about how Cranfield University details about how to sign up on our website and will be in to sign up on our website and will be in to sign up on our website and will be in the followup email along with some the followup email along with some the followup email along with some answers to questions we didn't have time answers to questions we didn't have time answers to questions we didn't have time for today we also wanted to bring to for today we also wanted to bring to for today we also wanted to bring to your attention our upcoming annual your attention our upcoming annual your attention our upcoming annual conference which will be taking place in conference which will be taking place in conference which will be taking place in Cardiff in December the theme is Cardiff in December the theme is Cardiff in December the theme is sustainable soils for people and Planet sustainable soils for people and Planet sustainable soils for people and Planet tickets are on sale now and submission tickets are on sale now and submission tickets are on sale now and submission for poster abstract is also open so it' for poster abstract is also open so it' for poster abstract is also open so it' be fantastic to see you all be fantastic to see you all be fantastic to see you all involved our next webinar is scheduled involved our next webinar is scheduled involved our next webinar is scheduled to be on Wednesday the 2 of October so to be on Wednesday the 2 of October so to be on Wednesday the 2 of October so keep an eye on out on our website for keep an eye on out on our website for keep an eye on out on our website for how to register I hope to see you at how to register I hope to see you at how to register I hope to see you at future events and in the meantime thank future events and in the meantime thank future events and in the meantime thank you then and goodbye<br /> }}</div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Zoom_into_Soil:_Soil_Biodiversity&diff=11784 2026-05-29T14:06:50Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Ajoute les transcriptions YouTube aux pages vidéo qui n&#039;en ont pas - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/435</p> <hr /> <div>{{vidéo<br /> | Titre = Zoom into Soil: Soil Biodiversity<br /> | Producteur = British Society of Soil Science<br /> | Vignette = Thumbnail_youtube_XlizugN40Io.jpg<br /> | Date de mise en ligne = 2023-05-03<br /> | Durée = 58 minutes<br /> | Production = <br /> | Vidéo = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XlizugN40Io<br /> | Intervenants 0 = Tom Crowther<br /> | Intervenants 1 = Lisa Cole<br /> | Mots-clés = NBSOIL<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Welcome to the Zoom into Soil: Soil Biodiversity webinar from the British Society of Soil Science (BSSS).<br /> <br /> .<br /> <br /> Join Professor Tom Crowther, an ecologist in the Department of Environmental Systems Science at ETH Zurich and Dr Lisa Cole, a Research Fellow at the University of Aberdeen, for this webinar as they discuss the topic of soil biodiversity.<br /> <br /> .<br /> <br /> Our first speaker is Tom Crowther, an ecologist and professor in the Department of Environmental Systems Science at ETH Zurich. His research focuses on soil biodiversity at a global scale, and its links with plant productivity, carbon storage and climate. The goal of this research is to generate a wholisting, scientific understanding of ecological systems to facilitate the conservation and restoration of nature across the globe. Tom is the founder of Restor, a science-based open data platform that provides ecological insights, transparency and connectivity to many conservation and restoration efforts around the world. Tom serves as chair of the advisory board of the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration and chief scientific advisor to the UN’s Trillion Trees Campaign.<br /> <br /> .<br /> <br /> Our second speaker is Dr Lisa Cole, a Research Fellow at the University of Aberdeen and a Member of the British Society of Soil Science. Lisa is a soil ecologist interested in how global change impacts upon soil biodiversity and ecosystem function. Her current research examines how land use influences the soil microbiome and the consequences of this for nutrient cycling, in particular the soil carbon response. Lisa will be talking about microbial mechanisms in climate-soil feedbacks and how microbes can help us incorporate more carbon into soils as stable forms of soil organic matter. She will also describe an ongoing laboratory study that addresses whether soil management alters soil properties that benefit certain microbes to improve its function, or whether microbes can be introduced to improve soil’s ability to store more soil carbon.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> https://soils.org.uk/videos/zoom-into-soil-soil-biodiversity/<br /> <br /> .<br /> <br /> The British Society of Soil Science is an established international membership organisation and charity committed to the study of soil in its widest aspects. https://soils.org.uk/<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> #soilbiodiversity #soil #britishsocietyofsoilscience #soilscience<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{Pages liées}}<br /> <br /> {{Transcription<br /> | transcription = good afternoon and welcome to the good afternoon and welcome to the good afternoon and welcome to the webinar I'm Mark Nathan I'm a council webinar I'm Mark Nathan I'm a council webinar I'm Mark Nathan I'm a council member of the British Society of soil member of the British Society of soil member of the British Society of soil science and I'm delighted to welcome you science and I'm delighted to welcome you science and I'm delighted to welcome you to what is the fourth webinar that we've to what is the fourth webinar that we've to what is the fourth webinar that we've hosted this year before I welcome our hosted this year before I welcome our hosted this year before I welcome our panelists I'd like to tell you a little panelists I'd like to tell you a little panelists I'd like to tell you a little bit about the British Society of soil bit about the British Society of soil bit about the British Society of soil science as hosts of today's webinar so science as hosts of today's webinar so science as hosts of today's webinar so we are an established International we are an established International we are an established International membership organization and we're a membership organization and we're a membership organization and we're a charity committed to the study of soil charity committed to the study of soil charity committed to the study of soil in its widest aspects we bring together in its widest aspects we bring together in its widest aspects we bring together those working in Academia and we also those working in Academia and we also those working in Academia and we also have a growing membership amongst have a growing membership amongst have a growing membership amongst practitioners who are implementing soil practitioners who are implementing soil practitioners who are implementing soil science in industry and anybody with a science in industry and anybody with a science in industry and anybody with a keen interest in soils we'll be hosting keen interest in soils we'll be hosting keen interest in soils we'll be hosting nine webinars during 2023 so please do nine webinars during 2023 so please do nine webinars during 2023 so please do keep an eye on our website for further keep an eye on our website for further keep an eye on our website for further details details details um and before we begin just some basic um and before we begin just some basic um and before we begin just some basic housekeeping as there are so many of you housekeeping as there are so many of you housekeeping as there are so many of you here today all your microphones have here today all your microphones have here today all your microphones have been muted we'll be taking questions at been muted we'll be taking questions at been muted we'll be taking questions at the end of both presentations and we'll the end of both presentations and we'll the end of both presentations and we'll be monitoring those throughout the be monitoring those throughout the be monitoring those throughout the webinar so if you have a good idea for a webinar so if you have a good idea for a webinar so if you have a good idea for a question please could you try to submit question please could you try to submit question please could you try to submit that by 1250 as that will allow us to that by 1250 as that will allow us to that by 1250 as that will allow us to get through as many of them as we can get through as many of them as we can get through as many of them as we can although there is a raise your hand although there is a raise your hand although there is a raise your hand button we won't be using that unless a button we won't be using that unless a button we won't be using that unless a presenter specifically asks to see a presenter specifically asks to see a presenter specifically asks to see a show of hands today's presentation has show of hands today's presentation has show of hands today's presentation has been awarded basis and enroso CPD points been awarded basis and enroso CPD points been awarded basis and enroso CPD points if you're registered with either of if you're registered with either of if you're registered with either of those bodies then please contact us those bodies then please contact us those bodies then please contact us directly after the event to find out how directly after the event to find out how directly after the event to find out how to claim those points and finally Please to claim those points and finally Please to claim those points and finally Please be aware that we are recording today's be aware that we are recording today's be aware that we are recording today's presentation presentation presentation so it's now my pleasure to introduce our so it's now my pleasure to introduce our so it's now my pleasure to introduce our first presenter Professor Tom Crowder first presenter Professor Tom Crowder first presenter Professor Tom Crowder Tom is an ecologist and a professor in Tom is an ecologist and a professor in Tom is an ecologist and a professor in the department of environmental Systems the department of environmental Systems the department of environmental Systems Science at eth Zurich he began in his Science at eth Zurich he began in his Science at eth Zurich he began in his professorship in 2017 where he started professorship in 2017 where he started professorship in 2017 where he started the Crowder lab an interdisciplinary the Crowder lab an interdisciplinary the Crowder lab an interdisciplinary group of scientists exploring how global group of scientists exploring how global group of scientists exploring how global scale ecological systems interact to scale ecological systems interact to scale ecological systems interact to regulate the climate and collecting data regulate the climate and collecting data regulate the climate and collecting data to inform best practices for ecosystem to inform best practices for ecosystem to inform best practices for ecosystem specific restoration efforts his specific restoration efforts his specific restoration efforts his research focuses on soil biodiversity at research focuses on soil biodiversity at research focuses on soil biodiversity at a global scale and it's linked with a global scale and it's linked with a global scale and it's linked with plant productivity carbon storage and plant productivity carbon storage and plant productivity carbon storage and climate the goal of This research is to climate the goal of This research is to climate the goal of This research is to generate a scientific understanding of generate a scientific understanding of generate a scientific understanding of ecological systems to facilitate the ecological systems to facilitate the ecological systems to facilitate the conservation and restoration of nature conservation and restoration of nature conservation and restoration of nature at scale across the globe Tom is also at scale across the globe Tom is also at scale across the globe Tom is also the founder of restore a science-based the founder of restore a science-based the founder of restore a science-based open day data platform that provides open day data platform that provides open day data platform that provides ecological insights transparency and ecological insights transparency and ecological insights transparency and connectivity to many conservation and connectivity to many conservation and connectivity to many conservation and restoration efforts around the world he restoration efforts around the world he restoration efforts around the world he serves as chair of The Advisory Board of serves as chair of The Advisory Board of serves as chair of The Advisory Board of the UN decade on ecosystem restoration the UN decade on ecosystem restoration the UN decade on ecosystem restoration and Tom is Chief Scientific Advisor to and Tom is Chief Scientific Advisor to and Tom is Chief Scientific Advisor to the un's trillion trees campaign so the un's trillion trees campaign so the un's trillion trees campaign so we're delighted to welcome Tom over to we're delighted to welcome Tom over to we're delighted to welcome Tom over to you you you nice one nice one nice one um so yeah as we were saying we we work um so yeah as we were saying we we work um so yeah as we were saying we we work on sort of ecosystem ecology and the on sort of ecosystem ecology and the on sort of ecosystem ecology and the restoration of ecosystems but my own restoration of ecosystems but my own restoration of ecosystems but my own personal background is actually in soil personal background is actually in soil personal background is actually in soil biodiversity and soil biochemistry and biodiversity and soil biochemistry and biodiversity and soil biochemistry and so it's uh quite exciting to be giving a so it's uh quite exciting to be giving a so it's uh quite exciting to be giving a sort of presentation on the foundational sort of presentation on the foundational sort of presentation on the foundational role of microbes in in what we do and I role of microbes in in what we do and I role of microbes in in what we do and I apologize if I'm going to only got 20 apologize if I'm going to only got 20 apologize if I'm going to only got 20 minutes I'm going to Rattle through a minutes I'm going to Rattle through a minutes I'm going to Rattle through a lot of stuff but I was very excited to lot of stuff but I was very excited to lot of stuff but I was very excited to to uh get a lot of this stuff out there to uh get a lot of this stuff out there to uh get a lot of this stuff out there so uh you know I'm excited to show a lot so uh you know I'm excited to show a lot so uh you know I'm excited to show a lot of the the different angles in which of the the different angles in which of the the different angles in which we're we're addressing this topic we're we're addressing this topic we're we're addressing this topic um so yeah ultimately like everyone here um so yeah ultimately like everyone here um so yeah ultimately like everyone here I'm fascinated by soil biodiversity I'm fascinated by soil biodiversity I'm fascinated by soil biodiversity because of the inherent Beauty and magic because of the inherent Beauty and magic because of the inherent Beauty and magic of these below ground worlds but also of these below ground worlds but also of these below ground worlds but also because of their ability to facilitate because of their ability to facilitate because of their ability to facilitate the functioning of ecosystems and the the functioning of ecosystems and the the functioning of ecosystems and the supporting of all life above ground uh supporting of all life above ground uh supporting of all life above ground uh as well as below ground and it's that uh as well as below ground and it's that uh as well as below ground and it's that uh capacity to facilitate the the capacity to facilitate the the capacity to facilitate the the conservation recovery of of life on conservation recovery of of life on conservation recovery of of life on Earth that that really makes these Earth that that really makes these Earth that that really makes these ecosystems functionally important and so ecosystems functionally important and so ecosystems functionally important and so in the last few years is as Mark in the last few years is as Mark in the last few years is as Mark mentioned we've been working with this mentioned we've been working with this mentioned we've been working with this organization called restore which is organization called restore which is organization called restore which is focused on regenerating and revitalizing focused on regenerating and revitalizing focused on regenerating and revitalizing ecosystems all across the planet and ecosystems all across the planet and ecosystems all across the planet and right now restore works with about 150 right now restore works with about 150 right now restore works with about 150 000 local projects who are doing 000 local projects who are doing 000 local projects who are doing conservation or restoration little conservation or restoration little conservation or restoration little Community projects or back garden Community projects or back garden Community projects or back garden projects or rewilding efforts to try to projects or rewilding efforts to try to projects or rewilding efforts to try to make sure they have access to the make sure they have access to the make sure they have access to the scientific data that the academic scientific data that the academic scientific data that the academic Community has at its disposal but also Community has at its disposal but also Community has at its disposal but also to try and connect up that movement so to try and connect up that movement so to try and connect up that movement so it becomes a sort of functioning system it becomes a sort of functioning system it becomes a sort of functioning system um and so if we go on to restore if you um and so if we go on to restore if you um and so if we go on to restore if you were to like go to the website now you were to like go to the website now you were to like go to the website now you could see all those hundreds of could see all those hundreds of could see all those hundreds of thousands of projects around the world thousands of projects around the world thousands of projects around the world and what what's sort of striking about and what what's sort of striking about and what what's sort of striking about these projects is how they're all these projects is how they're all these projects is how they're all seeking one particular thing ultimately seeking one particular thing ultimately seeking one particular thing ultimately they are all searching to find a they are all searching to find a they are all searching to find a solution that makes healthy biodiversity solution that makes healthy biodiversity solution that makes healthy biodiversity the economic choice for local people and the economic choice for local people and the economic choice for local people and so A beautiful example is one of my so A beautiful example is one of my so A beautiful example is one of my favorites in Ethiopia if you zoom into favorites in Ethiopia if you zoom into favorites in Ethiopia if you zoom into into the cafe region of Ethiopia you see into the cafe region of Ethiopia you see into the cafe region of Ethiopia you see desta's coffee jungle this is a it's desta's coffee jungle this is a it's desta's coffee jungle this is a it's essentially a it's a farm it's an essentially a it's a farm it's an essentially a it's a farm it's an agroforestry system growing coffee but agroforestry system growing coffee but agroforestry system growing coffee but they they build this coffee production they they build this coffee production they they build this coffee production out of a deep understanding of out of a deep understanding of out of a deep understanding of ecosystems so if you actually went onto ecosystems so if you actually went onto ecosystems so if you actually went onto the site and you zoomed into that region the site and you zoomed into that region the site and you zoomed into that region you can see the massive agricultural you can see the massive agricultural you can see the massive agricultural footprint of coffee production in the footprint of coffee production in the footprint of coffee production in the region but as you zoom closer into region but as you zoom closer into region but as you zoom closer into dester's Farm you'll see actually that dester's Farm you'll see actually that dester's Farm you'll see actually that you see no signal of that agricultural you see no signal of that agricultural you see no signal of that agricultural footprint and that's because instead of footprint and that's because instead of footprint and that's because instead of removing the forest to restore to grow removing the forest to restore to grow removing the forest to restore to grow coffee what they do is they protect a coffee what they do is they protect a coffee what they do is they protect a forest and they allow those native forest and they allow those native forest and they allow those native coffees trees to grow underneath the coffees trees to grow underneath the coffees trees to grow underneath the canopy and because that ecosystem traps canopy and because that ecosystem traps canopy and because that ecosystem traps water and nutrients those those coffee water and nutrients those those coffee water and nutrients those those coffee plants grow really really well without plants grow really really well without plants grow really really well without the need for fertilizers and irrigation the need for fertilizers and irrigation the need for fertilizers and irrigation which is so desperately needed in the which is so desperately needed in the which is so desperately needed in the surrounding community and so what surrounding community and so what surrounding community and so what they're doing is they're working with they're doing is they're working with they're doing is they're working with nature to build that economic nature to build that economic nature to build that economic sustainability and in restore Desta gets sustainability and in restore Desta gets sustainability and in restore Desta gets access to ecological insights about access to ecological insights about access to ecological insights about which species grow well in those regions which species grow well in those regions which species grow well in those regions and the the climate conditions and soil and the the climate conditions and soil and the the climate conditions and soil types they also get free ecological types they also get free ecological types they also get free ecological monitor ring to show how carbon Dynamics monitor ring to show how carbon Dynamics monitor ring to show how carbon Dynamics are changing in their site over time but are changing in their site over time but are changing in their site over time but most importantly destinates connectivity most importantly destinates connectivity most importantly destinates connectivity so now when he sells his coffee the so now when he sells his coffee the so now when he sells his coffee the customers URI or anybody else will be customers URI or anybody else will be customers URI or anybody else will be able to see where that coffee comes from able to see where that coffee comes from able to see where that coffee comes from and you can see that by buying that and you can see that by buying that and you can see that by buying that coffee you're having a positive coffee you're having a positive coffee you're having a positive environmental footprint rather than a environmental footprint rather than a environmental footprint rather than a negative environmental footprint and negative environmental footprint and negative environmental footprint and that has led to a really tangible gains that has led to a really tangible gains that has led to a really tangible gains in his uh increases in his coffee in his uh increases in his coffee in his uh increases in his coffee um in in the sort of profitability of um in in the sort of profitability of um in in the sort of profitability of his of his organization and because of his of his organization and because of his of his organization and because of that both dester and his farm are are that both dester and his farm are are that both dester and his farm are are really thriving and as a result because really thriving and as a result because really thriving and as a result because the healthier his nature gets the more the healthier his nature gets the more the healthier his nature gets the more money he gets now the surrounding money he gets now the surrounding money he gets now the surrounding farmers in the surrounding Community are farmers in the surrounding Community are farmers in the surrounding Community are all starting to follow his lead and all starting to follow his lead and all starting to follow his lead and trying to figure out ways and allowing trying to figure out ways and allowing trying to figure out ways and allowing Nietzsche to recover on their lands so Nietzsche to recover on their lands so Nietzsche to recover on their lands so that they can have more sustainable that they can have more sustainable that they can have more sustainable agricultural production and that is the agricultural production and that is the agricultural production and that is the key ultimately to what restoration of key ultimately to what restoration of key ultimately to what restoration of nature is it's about finding those nature is it's about finding those nature is it's about finding those Solutions That Make nature the economic Solutions That Make nature the economic Solutions That Make nature the economic choice and that is what we are seeing choice and that is what we are seeing choice and that is what we are seeing all over this restore movement hundreds all over this restore movement hundreds all over this restore movement hundreds of thousands of sites examples include of thousands of sites examples include of thousands of sites examples include this um this community in Mexico that this um this community in Mexico that this um this community in Mexico that are protecting a beautiful ancient are protecting a beautiful ancient are protecting a beautiful ancient tropical forest uh and they gain revenue tropical forest uh and they gain revenue tropical forest uh and they gain revenue through the ecotourism that is dependent through the ecotourism that is dependent through the ecotourism that is dependent on the healthy mixture of species that on the healthy mixture of species that on the healthy mixture of species that lives there or my favorite example is a lives there or my favorite example is a lives there or my favorite example is a guy called Samwell Kim Windu cam window guy called Samwell Kim Windu cam window guy called Samwell Kim Windu cam window from from from um uh from Kenya where he actually to um uh from Kenya where he actually to um uh from Kenya where he actually to avoid honey badgers he puts his honey avoid honey badgers he puts his honey avoid honey badgers he puts his honey his beehives up in trees and he's got his beehives up in trees and he's got his beehives up in trees and he's got the saying no trees no Bees no honey no the saying no trees no Bees no honey no the saying no trees no Bees no honey no money which is a beautiful example of money which is a beautiful example of money which is a beautiful example of how nature becomes the economic choice how nature becomes the economic choice how nature becomes the economic choice and then you cannot stop it from and then you cannot stop it from and then you cannot stop it from thriving across Landscapes that is what thriving across Landscapes that is what thriving across Landscapes that is what the restore platform was built for and the restore platform was built for and the restore platform was built for and that's what we want to hopefully share that's what we want to hopefully share that's what we want to hopefully share as much of the ecological knowledge that as much of the ecological knowledge that as much of the ecological knowledge that exists within communities like this to exists within communities like this to exists within communities like this to those practitioners but in return those those practitioners but in return those those practitioners but in return those practitioners give us a wealth of practitioners give us a wealth of practitioners give us a wealth of information and that information information and that information information and that information includes where they are what they're includes where they are what they're includes where they are what they're doing and what they're learning from doing and what they're learning from doing and what they're learning from restoration initiatives around the world restoration initiatives around the world restoration initiatives around the world and one of the first ways we actually and one of the first ways we actually and one of the first ways we actually actually used that information was in a actually used that information was in a actually used that information was in a teaching class that I had a year and a teaching class that I had a year and a teaching class that I had a year and a half ago where we essentially all I did half ago where we essentially all I did half ago where we essentially all I did is ask all my students in the class to is ask all my students in the class to is ask all my students in the class to reach out to as many projects as reach out to as many projects as reach out to as many projects as possible on the restore profile and ask possible on the restore profile and ask possible on the restore profile and ask them what are they doing and what they them what are they doing and what they them what are they doing and what they found is that the most of their found is that the most of their found is that the most of their practices were spread across these 10 practices were spread across these 10 practices were spread across these 10 um these 10 kinds of initiatives ranging um these 10 kinds of initiatives ranging um these 10 kinds of initiatives ranging from natural regeneration to the from natural regeneration to the from natural regeneration to the conservational protection of vegetation conservational protection of vegetation conservational protection of vegetation soil amendments microbes and animals and soil amendments microbes and animals and soil amendments microbes and animals and what that what they also asked them to what that what they also asked them to what that what they also asked them to do is classify whether they found that do is classify whether they found that do is classify whether they found that practice to be a success relative to the practice to be a success relative to the practice to be a success relative to the way the ecosystem was before or if it way the ecosystem was before or if it way the ecosystem was before or if it was a failure and to try to quantify how was a failure and to try to quantify how was a failure and to try to quantify how ecosystem regeneration has happened uh ecosystem regeneration has happened uh ecosystem regeneration has happened uh as a as a result and what obviously I as a as a result and what obviously I as a as a result and what obviously I want to stress that this is just a want to stress that this is just a want to stress that this is just a teaching class this isn't a teaching class this isn't a teaching class this isn't a peer-reviewed publication but the peer-reviewed publication but the peer-reviewed publication but the insights from that class were so insights from that class were so insights from that class were so fascinating and they've really given us fascinating and they've really given us fascinating and they've really given us some of the food for thought which is some of the food for thought which is some of the food for thought which is spurring on some of our research that spurring on some of our research that spurring on some of our research that I'll touch on now but ultimately you can I'll touch on now but ultimately you can I'll touch on now but ultimately you can see the some of the results of that see the some of the results of that see the some of the results of that class that that class that that class that that um that sort of class project of course um that sort of class project of course um that sort of class project of course in most Pro in most systems different in most Pro in most systems different in most Pro in most systems different the uh sort of each intervention type the uh sort of each intervention type the uh sort of each intervention type had many successes and many many had many successes and many many had many successes and many many failures a classic example is natural failures a classic example is natural failures a classic example is natural regeneration wherein the majority of regeneration wherein the majority of regeneration wherein the majority of cases across the restore site natural cases across the restore site natural cases across the restore site natural regeneration worked really really well regeneration worked really really well regeneration worked really really well and it promoted the health of those and it promoted the health of those and it promoted the health of those ecosystems but in some areas where there ecosystems but in some areas where there ecosystems but in some areas where there was a lot of invasive species or a lot was a lot of invasive species or a lot was a lot of invasive species or a lot of soil degradation you don't see of soil degradation you don't see of soil degradation you don't see positive increases and it's in those positive increases and it's in those positive increases and it's in those places where possible like soil places where possible like soil places where possible like soil amendments or microbiome amendments and amendments or microbiome amendments and amendments or microbiome amendments and vegetation can be a really useful thing vegetation can be a really useful thing vegetation can be a really useful thing and this is what we saw across every and this is what we saw across every and this is what we saw across every single uh intervention type except one single uh intervention type except one single uh intervention type except one astonishing astonishingly the the astonishing astonishingly the the astonishing astonishingly the the students suggested that there was what students suggested that there was what students suggested that there was what found that there were no examples that found that there were no examples that found that there were no examples that we could find across the restore website we could find across the restore website we could find across the restore website where natural microbiome inoculations where natural microbiome inoculations where natural microbiome inoculations didn't have either a neutral or a didn't have either a neutral or a didn't have either a neutral or a positive impact on the Regeneration of positive impact on the Regeneration of positive impact on the Regeneration of those ecosystems there were no examples those ecosystems there were no examples those ecosystems there were no examples where it slowed things down or made or where it slowed things down or made or where it slowed things down or made or slow down the light or reduce the slow down the light or reduce the slow down the light or reduce the likelihood of success and that was likelihood of success and that was likelihood of success and that was really fascinating to us now it's worth really fascinating to us now it's worth really fascinating to us now it's worth it's worth throwing out the caveat that it's worth throwing out the caveat that it's worth throwing out the caveat that even though there's thousands and even though there's thousands and even though there's thousands and thousands of projects on restore thousands of projects on restore thousands of projects on restore this data all comes from 12 examples so this data all comes from 12 examples so this data all comes from 12 examples so it's an N of 12. we're not talking about it's an N of 12. we're not talking about it's an N of 12. we're not talking about big data and confident reporting yet but big data and confident reporting yet but big data and confident reporting yet but it's useful insights to suggest that it's useful insights to suggest that it's useful insights to suggest that this might be a healthy way of of sort this might be a healthy way of of sort this might be a healthy way of of sort of stimulating the Regeneration of of stimulating the Regeneration of of stimulating the Regeneration of ecosystems and it's something I'm going ecosystems and it's something I'm going ecosystems and it's something I'm going to focus on for the for the rest of the to focus on for the for the rest of the to focus on for the for the rest of the speech but before I get to that I'm speech but before I get to that I'm speech but before I get to that I'm going to sort of start at the big going to sort of start at the big going to sort of start at the big picture and the sort of take a little picture and the sort of take a little picture and the sort of take a little bit of a step back because ultimately in bit of a step back because ultimately in bit of a step back because ultimately in order for us to understand what order for us to understand what order for us to understand what microbiominoculations might do we have microbiominoculations might do we have microbiominoculations might do we have to fundamentally understand whether to fundamentally understand whether to fundamentally understand whether microbes whether the the organisms microbes whether the the organisms microbes whether the the organisms existing in the soil can confer existing in the soil can confer existing in the soil can confer different functional capacities to different functional capacities to different functional capacities to different ecosystems and this we got different ecosystems and this we got different ecosystems and this we got onto this topic because we were trying onto this topic because we were trying onto this topic because we were trying to understand the role of microbes in to understand the role of microbes in to understand the role of microbes in governing Earth System Dynamics and governing Earth System Dynamics and governing Earth System Dynamics and carbon storage across the planet and how carbon storage across the planet and how carbon storage across the planet and how this might feedback to The Climate this might feedback to The Climate this might feedback to The Climate system you know this is this shares a system you know this is this shares a system you know this is this shares a model of the the distribution of soil model of the the distribution of soil model of the the distribution of soil carbon well plant and soil carbon from carbon well plant and soil carbon from carbon well plant and soil carbon from the South Pole all the way up to the the South Pole all the way up to the the South Pole all the way up to the North Pole where you see this huge bomb North Pole where you see this huge bomb North Pole where you see this huge bomb of soil carbon in the high latitude of soil carbon in the high latitude of soil carbon in the high latitude parts of the world which is essentially parts of the world which is essentially parts of the world which is essentially being trapped there because of long-term being trapped there because of long-term being trapped there because of long-term cold climate conditions that happen at cold climate conditions that happen at cold climate conditions that happen at winter and what the concern is is that winter and what the concern is is that winter and what the concern is is that as we warm these high latitude regions as we warm these high latitude regions as we warm these high latitude regions this is where we're going to see The this is where we're going to see The this is where we're going to see The increased microbial activity that increased microbial activity that increased microbial activity that releases that carbon into the atmosphere releases that carbon into the atmosphere releases that carbon into the atmosphere stimulating the rate of climate change stimulating the rate of climate change stimulating the rate of climate change and when we explored this at a global and when we explored this at a global and when we explored this at a global scale what we see is yes the highest scale what we see is yes the highest scale what we see is yes the highest amounts of soil carbon exist in the high amounts of soil carbon exist in the high amounts of soil carbon exist in the high latitudes and this is also coupled with latitudes and this is also coupled with latitudes and this is also coupled with the highest rates of atmospheric warming the highest rates of atmospheric warming the highest rates of atmospheric warming suggesting that these high latitude suggesting that these high latitude suggesting that these high latitude regions are a particularly vulnerable regions are a particularly vulnerable regions are a particularly vulnerable region in terms of this potential for a region in terms of this potential for a region in terms of this potential for a positive climate uh carbon cycle climate positive climate uh carbon cycle climate positive climate uh carbon cycle climate feedback because increasing the feedback because increasing the feedback because increasing the metabolic activity of these microbes in metabolic activity of these microbes in metabolic activity of these microbes in high latitudes stimulates the losses of high latitudes stimulates the losses of high latitudes stimulates the losses of carbon into the atmosphere we also found carbon into the atmosphere we also found carbon into the atmosphere we also found that wherever we protect the healthy um that wherever we protect the healthy um that wherever we protect the healthy um the Integrity of healthy uh invertebrate the Integrity of healthy uh invertebrate the Integrity of healthy uh invertebrate communities that can actually dampen communities that can actually dampen communities that can actually dampen some of that that positive feedback some of that that positive feedback some of that that positive feedback slowing those losses of carbon into the slowing those losses of carbon into the slowing those losses of carbon into the atmosphere but I found this really both atmosphere but I found this really both atmosphere but I found this really both exciting at the time but also very exciting at the time but also very exciting at the time but also very unsatisfying because we're making these unsatisfying because we're making these unsatisfying because we're making these projections out of information about the projections out of information about the projections out of information about the climate and the soil carbon and the climate and the soil carbon and the climate and the soil carbon and the physics and the chemistry of the client physics and the chemistry of the client physics and the chemistry of the client of the environment but we have literally of the environment but we have literally of the environment but we have literally no information about the functional no information about the functional no information about the functional capacity of the organisms that are capacity of the organisms that are capacity of the organisms that are actually driving those those processes actually driving those those processes actually driving those those processes and so in order for us to really and so in order for us to really and so in order for us to really constrain our understanding of the scale constrain our understanding of the scale constrain our understanding of the scale of this potential feedback ultimately we of this potential feedback ultimately we of this potential feedback ultimately we need to know what role microbial need to know what role microbial need to know what role microbial communities have in conferring functions communities have in conferring functions communities have in conferring functions or carbon Dynamic the influencing carbon or carbon Dynamic the influencing carbon or carbon Dynamic the influencing carbon Dynamics in different parts of the globe Dynamics in different parts of the globe Dynamics in different parts of the globe we know that changes in temperature and we know that changes in temperature and we know that changes in temperature and moisture and vegetation types influence moisture and vegetation types influence moisture and vegetation types influence carbon storage but what is the role of carbon storage but what is the role of carbon storage but what is the role of the microbial community and to get at the microbial community and to get at the microbial community and to get at this you know it's a really difficult this you know it's a really difficult this you know it's a really difficult challenge because we don't have fully challenge because we don't have fully challenge because we don't have fully comprehensive maps of microbial comprehensive maps of microbial comprehensive maps of microbial communities yet and so how do we insert communities yet and so how do we insert communities yet and so how do we insert this microbial biogeographic information this microbial biogeographic information this microbial biogeographic information into our understanding of Earth System into our understanding of Earth System into our understanding of Earth System Dynamics and so this is where we started Dynamics and so this is where we started Dynamics and so this is where we started getting into the functional biogeography getting into the functional biogeography getting into the functional biogeography of soil microbes and what we started by of soil microbes and what we started by of soil microbes and what we started by doing is following the approaches that doing is following the approaches that doing is following the approaches that we see in the above ground world where we see in the above ground world where we see in the above ground world where essentially we've broken the world up essentially we've broken the world up essentially we've broken the world up into different plant functional types into different plant functional types into different plant functional types and by doing that we can build models and by doing that we can build models and by doing that we can build models that function differently in the that function differently in the that function differently in the different ecosystem types based on the different ecosystem types based on the different ecosystem types based on the vegetation that exists there so we spend vegetation that exists there so we spend vegetation that exists there so we spend a lot of time doing that for our a lot of time doing that for our a lot of time doing that for our buscular and ectomicorizal fungi buscular and ectomicorizal fungi buscular and ectomicorizal fungi breaking up the mycorrhizal uh um breaking up the mycorrhizal uh um breaking up the mycorrhizal uh um component of the microbiome into the component of the microbiome into the component of the microbiome into the major functional types and Brian major functional types and Brian major functional types and Brian steadinger published this paper a few steadinger published this paper a few steadinger published this paper a few years ago showing that forests are years ago showing that forests are years ago showing that forests are dominated by the ectomycorrhizal fungi dominated by the ectomycorrhizal fungi dominated by the ectomycorrhizal fungi and the high latitudes and our vascular and the high latitudes and our vascular and the high latitudes and our vascular mycorrhizal fungi in the low latitudes mycorrhizal fungi in the low latitudes mycorrhizal fungi in the low latitudes and what was interesting is that you and what was interesting is that you and what was interesting is that you found evidence for these really clear found evidence for these really clear found evidence for these really clear tipping points where you get a hundred tipping points where you get a hundred tipping points where you get a hundred percent ectomycorrhizal fungi fungal percent ectomycorrhizal fungi fungal percent ectomycorrhizal fungi fungal dominated systems switching very rapidly dominated systems switching very rapidly dominated systems switching very rapidly to a hundred percent our vascular to a hundred percent our vascular to a hundred percent our vascular mycorrhizal systems and that suggested mycorrhizal systems and that suggested mycorrhizal systems and that suggested the potential for feedbacks where the potential for feedbacks where the potential for feedbacks where microbial communities are shaping the microbial communities are shaping the microbial communities are shaping the ecosystem to favor their own ecosystem to favor their own ecosystem to favor their own con-specific mycorrhizal type so it con-specific mycorrhizal type so it con-specific mycorrhizal type so it gives some indication that these gives some indication that these gives some indication that these microbes really are shaping their microbes really are shaping their microbes really are shaping their ecosystem types since then Gabriel Smith ecosystem types since then Gabriel Smith ecosystem types since then Gabriel Smith has been continuing this research and has been continuing this research and has been continuing this research and his papers coming out very soon his papers coming out very soon his papers coming out very soon um essentially breaking the world into um essentially breaking the world into um essentially breaking the world into more and more and more functional types more and more and more functional types more and more and more functional types uh bringing in the variation in uh gram uh bringing in the variation in uh gram uh bringing in the variation in uh gram positive and gram-negative bacteria and positive and gram-negative bacteria and positive and gram-negative bacteria and across fungal and bacterial across fungal and bacterial across fungal and bacterial um uh groupings ultimately he's able to um uh groupings ultimately he's able to um uh groupings ultimately he's able to break the world into the major different break the world into the major different break the world into the major different functional types that can really help us functional types that can really help us functional types that can really help us to explain the variation in enzyme to explain the variation in enzyme to explain the variation in enzyme activity that is ultimately underpinning activity that is ultimately underpinning activity that is ultimately underpinning these changes in carbon Dynamics across these changes in carbon Dynamics across these changes in carbon Dynamics across the globe so that's very exciting stuff the globe so that's very exciting stuff the globe so that's very exciting stuff and this kind of information is all and this kind of information is all and this kind of information is all really useful uh Joe Wan in our group really useful uh Joe Wan in our group really useful uh Joe Wan in our group has been using this kind of information has been using this kind of information has been using this kind of information to build better Earth system models if to build better Earth system models if to build better Earth system models if every pixel you can represent the every pixel you can represent the every pixel you can represent the microbes that are driving carbon microbes that are driving carbon microbes that are driving carbon Dynamics in each one of those pixels you Dynamics in each one of those pixels you Dynamics in each one of those pixels you can better constrain our understanding can better constrain our understanding can better constrain our understanding of how the carbon Dynamics are working of how the carbon Dynamics are working of how the carbon Dynamics are working but and what he keeps coming back to and but and what he keeps coming back to and but and what he keeps coming back to and what we all keep coming back to is what we all keep coming back to is what we all keep coming back to is unlike the above ground world the unlike the above ground world the unlike the above ground world the variation in microbial communities variation in microbial communities variation in microbial communities within one region and within one within one region and within one within one region and within one functional type can often be as much if functional type can often be as much if functional type can often be as much if not greater than the variation between not greater than the variation between not greater than the variation between functional types and that's because functional types and that's because functional types and that's because microbial communities are unique in microbial communities are unique in microbial communities are unique in their immense diversity the trait their immense diversity the trait their immense diversity the trait variation within individual clades of variation within individual clades of variation within individual clades of microbe of microbial types can be microbe of microbial types can be microbe of microbial types can be absolutely immense and that means just absolutely immense and that means just absolutely immense and that means just mapping the functional types doesn't mapping the functional types doesn't mapping the functional types doesn't capture most of that variation capture most of that variation capture most of that variation so what we've been doing is exploring so what we've been doing is exploring so what we've been doing is exploring the variation in microbial traits that the variation in microbial traits that the variation in microbial traits that underpin the decomposition uh by of underpin the decomposition uh by of underpin the decomposition uh by of organic material by microbes and also organic material by microbes and also organic material by microbes and also their ability to influence the their ability to influence the their ability to influence the productivity of plants these two key productivity of plants these two key productivity of plants these two key ecosystem functions govern the amount of ecosystem functions govern the amount of ecosystem functions govern the amount of carbon being released by ecosystems and carbon being released by ecosystems and carbon being released by ecosystems and drawn in by ecosystems which mean they drawn in by ecosystems which mean they drawn in by ecosystems which mean they determine the turnover of carbon across determine the turnover of carbon across determine the turnover of carbon across the globe the globe the globe so for the next few slides I'll focus on so for the next few slides I'll focus on so for the next few slides I'll focus on these two parallel research lines the these two parallel research lines the these two parallel research lines the decomposition side trying to understand decomposition side trying to understand decomposition side trying to understand how the traits of microbes influence how the traits of microbes influence how the traits of microbes influence decomposition and productivity of plans decomposition and productivity of plans decomposition and productivity of plans so on the decomposition side we've been so on the decomposition side we've been so on the decomposition side we've been working with a large network of fungi working with a large network of fungi working with a large network of fungi collected wood decomposer fungi collected wood decomposer fungi collected wood decomposer fungi collected from all across North America collected from all across North America collected from all across North America and what we do is we grow those fungi and what we do is we grow those fungi and what we do is we grow those fungi impetu dishes we allow them to fight impetu dishes we allow them to fight impetu dishes we allow them to fight against one another we measure their against one another we measure their against one another we measure their growth rates their enzyme production growth rates their enzyme production growth rates their enzyme production their volatile compact compound their volatile compact compound their volatile compact compound production all sorts of chemical and production all sorts of chemical and production all sorts of chemical and biophysical traits that they express biophysical traits that they express biophysical traits that they express while they grow and compete and by while they grow and compete and by while they grow and compete and by throwing all of those traits into a throwing all of those traits into a throwing all of those traits into a principal component analysis we can principal component analysis we can principal component analysis we can start to see the trade-offs in trait start to see the trade-offs in trait start to see the trade-offs in trait expression that help us to explain the expression that help us to explain the expression that help us to explain the the variation in decomposition that the variation in decomposition that the variation in decomposition that takes place across these fungi and what takes place across these fungi and what takes place across these fungi and what we see is on this particular graph we we see is on this particular graph we we see is on this particular graph we see a very clear trade-off between fast see a very clear trade-off between fast see a very clear trade-off between fast growing fungi on the left and slow growing fungi on the left and slow growing fungi on the left and slow growing fungi on the right the slow growing fungi on the right the slow growing fungi on the right the slow growing individuals are very good at growing individuals are very good at growing individuals are very good at tolerating cold and dry conditions but tolerating cold and dry conditions but tolerating cold and dry conditions but that comes at the ex the expense of that comes at the ex the expense of that comes at the ex the expense of rapid growth whereas the fast-growing rapid growth whereas the fast-growing rapid growth whereas the fast-growing individuals are highly competitive for individuals are highly competitive for individuals are highly competitive for nice they they thrive in optimal warm nice they they thrive in optimal warm nice they they thrive in optimal warm moist conditions but they cannot survive moist conditions but they cannot survive moist conditions but they cannot survive in harsh conditions and their increased in harsh conditions and their increased in harsh conditions and their increased metabolic activity means that those metabolic activity means that those metabolic activity means that those fungi on the right are the ones that fungi on the right are the ones that fungi on the right are the ones that correlate really well with decomposition correlate really well with decomposition correlate really well with decomposition rates the the highly metabolically rates the the highly metabolically rates the the highly metabolically active fungi are the ones that are active fungi are the ones that are active fungi are the ones that are decomposing wood at a really rapid speed decomposing wood at a really rapid speed decomposing wood at a really rapid speed now similarly on the productivity side now similarly on the productivity side now similarly on the productivity side we've also been using a large network of we've also been using a large network of we've also been using a large network of fungal systems collected from across fungal systems collected from across fungal systems collected from across Europe this time but this is an Europe this time but this is an Europe this time but this is an individual fungi this is a collection of individual fungi this is a collection of individual fungi this is a collection of uh entire microbial communities where uh entire microbial communities where uh entire microbial communities where we've been using functional Gene assays we've been using functional Gene assays we've been using functional Gene assays to explore the functional genes uh the to explore the functional genes uh the to explore the functional genes uh the genetic expression of these genes that genetic expression of these genes that genetic expression of these genes that are expressed by these fungal are expressed by these fungal are expressed by these fungal communities across the region and what's communities across the region and what's communities across the region and what's exciting is once again we can combine exciting is once again we can combine exciting is once again we can combine all this information into a simple all this information into a simple all this information into a simple principle component analysis once again principle component analysis once again principle component analysis once again showing the trade-offs in trait showing the trade-offs in trait showing the trade-offs in trait expression across all of these fungal expression across all of these fungal expression across all of these fungal communities where on the on the right communities where on the on the right communities where on the on the right hand side we see the microbial hand side we see the microbial hand side we see the microbial communities that are promoting the the communities that are promoting the the communities that are promoting the the uh the decomposition and breakdown of uh the decomposition and breakdown of uh the decomposition and breakdown of and the processing of carbon-rich and the processing of carbon-rich and the processing of carbon-rich compounds whereas on the left hand side compounds whereas on the left hand side compounds whereas on the left hand side it's the processing of nitrogen-rich it's the processing of nitrogen-rich it's the processing of nitrogen-rich compounds which are the ones that are compounds which are the ones that are compounds which are the ones that are most important for facilitating tree most important for facilitating tree most important for facilitating tree growth and because of this trade-off we growth and because of this trade-off we growth and because of this trade-off we can now start to see which types of can now start to see which types of can now start to see which types of traits facilitate tree growth more than traits facilitate tree growth more than traits facilitate tree growth more than more than others and that means with more than others and that means with more than others and that means with these functional traits trade-offs we these functional traits trade-offs we these functional traits trade-offs we can start to understand how we can can start to understand how we can can start to understand how we can predict the variation in decomposition predict the variation in decomposition predict the variation in decomposition and productivity across our fungal and productivity across our fungal and productivity across our fungal systems in both cases we were able to systems in both cases we were able to systems in both cases we were able to explain around 30 percent of the explain around 30 percent of the explain around 30 percent of the variation in communities when we variation in communities when we variation in communities when we explored these effects in the real world explored these effects in the real world explored these effects in the real world so we could see that communities so we could see that communities so we could see that communities dominated by certain types of fungi are dominated by certain types of fungi are dominated by certain types of fungi are very conservative and slow growing and very conservative and slow growing and very conservative and slow growing and they slow down decomposition leading to they slow down decomposition leading to they slow down decomposition leading to a long-term carbon storage whereas some a long-term carbon storage whereas some a long-term carbon storage whereas some of the other species like the Morelia of the other species like the Morelia of the other species like the Morelia species were much more rapid and species were much more rapid and species were much more rapid and fast-growing and they facilitated active fast-growing and they facilitated active fast-growing and they facilitated active and Rapid decomposition similarly on the and Rapid decomposition similarly on the and Rapid decomposition similarly on the mycorrhizal side certain species were mycorrhizal side certain species were mycorrhizal side certain species were more conservative around their nutrients more conservative around their nutrients more conservative around their nutrients While others really facilitated the While others really facilitated the While others really facilitated the breakdown of organic nitrogen and breakdown of organic nitrogen and breakdown of organic nitrogen and facilitated the growth of of uh or the facilitated the growth of of uh or the facilitated the growth of of uh or the rapid acceleration of plant growth uh rapid acceleration of plant growth uh rapid acceleration of plant growth uh when those microbial communities are when those microbial communities are when those microbial communities are there and so with all this information there and so with all this information there and so with all this information because we can correlate the the because we can correlate the the because we can correlate the the presence of these traits with individual presence of these traits with individual presence of these traits with individual climate conditions or all the climate climate conditions or all the climate climate conditions or all the climate conditions that exist across those study conditions that exist across those study conditions that exist across those study regions we can now map those functional regions we can now map those functional regions we can now map those functional traits and because those traits traits and because those traits traits and because those traits correlate with the characteristics that correlate with the characteristics that correlate with the characteristics that we're interested in we can now get this we're interested in we can now get this we're interested in we can now get this fundamental understanding of the fundamental understanding of the fundamental understanding of the variation in microbial traits which we variation in microbial traits which we variation in microbial traits which we could insert back into those models to could insert back into those models to could insert back into those models to compare against the impact of uh climate compare against the impact of uh climate compare against the impact of uh climate and temperature and soil moisture and pH and temperature and soil moisture and pH and temperature and soil moisture and pH and all of the other things that we know and all of the other things that we know and all of the other things that we know also Drive ecosystem functioning and also Drive ecosystem functioning and also Drive ecosystem functioning and it's amazing to see that we can explain it's amazing to see that we can explain it's amazing to see that we can explain up to you know we can often explain more up to you know we can often explain more up to you know we can often explain more of the variation with these microbial of the variation with these microbial of the variation with these microbial characteristics than we can with any of characteristics than we can with any of characteristics than we can with any of the climate or above ground the climate or above ground the climate or above ground characteristics of the ecosystems so characteristics of the ecosystems so characteristics of the ecosystems so this is an ongoing research line that this is an ongoing research line that this is an ongoing research line that we're continuing to develop to to we're continuing to develop to to we're continuing to develop to to increase this understanding of the increase this understanding of the increase this understanding of the functional biogeography of these soil functional biogeography of these soil functional biogeography of these soil communities but the relevance is obvious communities but the relevance is obvious communities but the relevance is obvious ultimately what we can see what we say ultimately what we can see what we say ultimately what we can see what we say can say quite clearly is that even can say quite clearly is that even can say quite clearly is that even though this community in Patagonia has a though this community in Patagonia has a though this community in Patagonia has a very similar climate conditions and very similar climate conditions and very similar climate conditions and similar similar geological conditions similar similar geological conditions similar similar geological conditions than this location here in Northern than this location here in Northern than this location here in Northern Scotland differences in the Scotland differences in the Scotland differences in the environmental conditions that drove environmental conditions that drove environmental conditions that drove functional differences in the microbial functional differences in the microbial functional differences in the microbial communities also confirm really strong communities also confirm really strong communities also confirm really strong differences in the ability of those differences in the ability of those differences in the ability of those ecosystems to capture and store carbon ecosystems to capture and store carbon ecosystems to capture and store carbon in the long term and understanding those in the long term and understanding those in the long term and understanding those differences in microbial communities is differences in microbial communities is differences in microbial communities is going to be critical if we're going to going to be critical if we're going to going to be critical if we're going to be conserving ecosystems to promote be conserving ecosystems to promote be conserving ecosystems to promote carbon storage across the planet carbon storage across the planet carbon storage across the planet but it's also obviously critical if but it's also obviously critical if but it's also obviously critical if we're going to be restoring those we're going to be restoring those we're going to be restoring those ecosystems to have the most the best ecosystems to have the most the best ecosystems to have the most the best functionality so when we go back to all functionality so when we go back to all functionality so when we go back to all of those thousands of projects on of those thousands of projects on of those thousands of projects on restore we see that many of them are restore we see that many of them are restore we see that many of them are using these different approaches and using these different approaches and using these different approaches and some of them are using microbiome some of them are using microbiome some of them are using microbiome transplants so what will happen transplants so what will happen transplants so what will happen traditionally is that when you're trying traditionally is that when you're trying traditionally is that when you're trying to restore this to restore this to restore this um this this former uh pasture land or um this this former uh pasture land or um this this former uh pasture land or this this form of grassland uh back into this this form of grassland uh back into this this form of grassland uh back into its natural Forest type what people tend its natural Forest type what people tend its natural Forest type what people tend to do is they they add the plants uh to do is they they add the plants uh to do is they they add the plants uh from the forest into the grassland but from the forest into the grassland but from the forest into the grassland but in for Inca in in this case we know very in for Inca in in this case we know very in for Inca in in this case we know very clearly that there is a fundamentally clearly that there is a fundamentally clearly that there is a fundamentally different microbial community in the different microbial community in the different microbial community in the forest as there is in the adjacent forest as there is in the adjacent forest as there is in the adjacent ecosystem and so what these studies are ecosystem and so what these studies are ecosystem and so what these studies are starting to do is rather than just starting to do is rather than just starting to do is rather than just adding the plants they actually add the adding the plants they actually add the adding the plants they actually add the microbiome in advance of the plants and microbiome in advance of the plants and microbiome in advance of the plants and when you introduce the microbiome first when you introduce the microbiome first when you introduce the microbiome first that can influence the way the plants that can influence the way the plants that can influence the way the plants can regenerate when we're trying to do can regenerate when we're trying to do can regenerate when we're trying to do restoration and so Colin Avril in our restoration and so Colin Avril in our restoration and so Colin Avril in our group has been really trying to explore group has been really trying to explore group has been really trying to explore this across the globe to see was the this across the globe to see was the this across the globe to see was the observation from from the from that observation from from the from that observation from from the from that teaching class a standardized teaching class a standardized teaching class a standardized observation that we see across many observation that we see across many observation that we see across many academic Publications now this is a very academic Publications now this is a very academic Publications now this is a very complicated looking graph but actually complicated looking graph but actually complicated looking graph but actually it's the simplest answer ever any any it's the simplest answer ever any any it's the simplest answer ever any any point to the right hand side of this point to the right hand side of this point to the right hand side of this graph shows that the mic introducing the graph shows that the mic introducing the graph shows that the mic introducing the microbiome increased plant regeneration microbiome increased plant regeneration microbiome increased plant regeneration whereas anything to the left hand side whereas anything to the left hand side whereas anything to the left hand side was a reduction in plant regeneration was a reduction in plant regeneration was a reduction in plant regeneration and what you can clearly see is that on and what you can clearly see is that on and what you can clearly see is that on average there was a clear Trend towards average there was a clear Trend towards average there was a clear Trend towards increasing the Regeneration rates of increasing the Regeneration rates of increasing the Regeneration rates of that vegetation when the microbiome was that vegetation when the microbiome was that vegetation when the microbiome was introduced and in fact there was a 64 introduced and in fact there was a 64 introduced and in fact there was a 64 increase in the rate of maturity of increase in the rate of maturity of increase in the rate of maturity of those ecosystems towards a climax system those ecosystems towards a climax system those ecosystems towards a climax system which is absolutely astonishing but which is absolutely astonishing but which is absolutely astonishing but there's obviously a huge amount of there's obviously a huge amount of there's obviously a huge amount of variation that you can see as well many variation that you can see as well many variation that you can see as well many sites had very minimal changes whereas sites had very minimal changes whereas sites had very minimal changes whereas some sites had up to 700 800 percent some sites had up to 700 800 percent some sites had up to 700 800 percent increases in regeneration rates when the increases in regeneration rates when the increases in regeneration rates when the microbiome is there and what we tend to microbiome is there and what we tend to microbiome is there and what we tend to see is that those are associated with see is that those are associated with see is that those are associated with the more arid and harsh soil climate the more arid and harsh soil climate the more arid and harsh soil climate soil environmental conditions when you soil environmental conditions when you soil environmental conditions when you have very Red Soils that is when they have very Red Soils that is when they have very Red Soils that is when they need the microbiome all the more to be need the microbiome all the more to be need the microbiome all the more to be able to facilitate regeneration able to facilitate regeneration able to facilitate regeneration so this has been the basis for a lot of so this has been the basis for a lot of so this has been the basis for a lot of the a lot of the ongoing work that we're the a lot of the ongoing work that we're the a lot of the ongoing work that we're doing to trying to facilitate these doing to trying to facilitate these doing to trying to facilitate these restoration projects and it's uh Colin restoration projects and it's uh Colin restoration projects and it's uh Colin actually himself launched an actually himself launched an actually himself launched an organization called funga that is organization called funga that is organization called funga that is working with restoration projects to try working with restoration projects to try working with restoration projects to try and improve microbial diversity so that and improve microbial diversity so that and improve microbial diversity so that they can facilitate plant regeneration they can facilitate plant regeneration they can facilitate plant regeneration but this Insight that it was the more but this Insight that it was the more but this Insight that it was the more degraded and arid sites that had the degraded and arid sites that had the degraded and arid sites that had the biggest effects was the basis for some biggest effects was the basis for some biggest effects was the basis for some of the experimental work that we've got of the experimental work that we've got of the experimental work that we've got ongoing where we're actually trying to ongoing where we're actually trying to ongoing where we're actually trying to study study study different regeneration rates in different regeneration rates in different regeneration rates in different parts of the world so different parts of the world so different parts of the world so um this is a a particular region in a um this is a a particular region in a um this is a a particular region in a few years ago Lawrence Porter and their few years ago Lawrence Porter and their few years ago Lawrence Porter and their group showed that there's huge variation group showed that there's huge variation group showed that there's huge variation in regeneration rates of forests across in regeneration rates of forests across in regeneration rates of forests across uh Central and South America you see uh Central and South America you see uh Central and South America you see some regions in green will regenerate some regions in green will regenerate some regions in green will regenerate very well on their own with natural very well on their own with natural very well on their own with natural regeneration but some of the areas in regeneration but some of the areas in regeneration but some of the areas in orange and red really struggle without orange and red really struggle without orange and red really struggle without there's some limiting factor that's there's some limiting factor that's there's some limiting factor that's preventing them those ecosystems from preventing them those ecosystems from preventing them those ecosystems from recovering and so we've been setting up recovering and so we've been setting up recovering and so we've been setting up a range of experiments in the Yucatan a range of experiments in the Yucatan a range of experiments in the Yucatan Peninsula which has a range of of Peninsula which has a range of of Peninsula which has a range of of locations where natural regeneration locations where natural regeneration locations where natural regeneration progresses very well and other progresses very well and other progresses very well and other ecosystems where they really seem to ecosystems where they really seem to ecosystems where they really seem to need human intervention to facilitate need human intervention to facilitate need human intervention to facilitate that plant recovery and so what we try that plant recovery and so what we try that plant recovery and so what we try to do is to explore is it is it the to do is to explore is it is it the to do is to explore is it is it the microbiome is it those microbiome microbiome is it those microbiome microbiome is it those microbiome introductions that is the limiting introductions that is the limiting introductions that is the limiting factor in governing restoration success factor in governing restoration success factor in governing restoration success and so Felix has been setting up this and so Felix has been setting up this and so Felix has been setting up this enormous restoration experiment across enormous restoration experiment across enormous restoration experiment across across a region which ranges from some across a region which ranges from some across a region which ranges from some of the harshest soils out on the on the of the harshest soils out on the on the of the harshest soils out on the on the right hand side of this graph to some of right hand side of this graph to some of right hand side of this graph to some of the most Lush soils in the in the region the most Lush soils in the in the region the most Lush soils in the in the region which is on the left hand side and so which is on the left hand side and so which is on the left hand side and so all he's been doing is introducing 100 all he's been doing is introducing 100 all he's been doing is introducing 100 you know thousands and thousands of you know thousands and thousands of you know thousands and thousands of trees but in association with those trees but in association with those trees but in association with those trees he either adds a healthy trees he either adds a healthy trees he either adds a healthy microbiome from a nearby forest or he microbiome from a nearby forest or he microbiome from a nearby forest or he allows them to to just regenerate allows them to to just regenerate allows them to to just regenerate naturally using the microbiome that's naturally using the microbiome that's naturally using the microbiome that's currently in that degraded pasture land currently in that degraded pasture land currently in that degraded pasture land and so what his results are going to and so what his results are going to and so what his results are going to suggest we'll well I can show you the suggest we'll well I can show you the suggest we'll well I can show you the trend that that the impact of that trend that that the impact of that trend that that the impact of that restoration or the impact of that uh restoration or the impact of that uh restoration or the impact of that uh those those different treatments will be those those different treatments will be those those different treatments will be indicated on this graph across a indicated on this graph across a indicated on this graph across a gradient of soil quality so on the left gradient of soil quality so on the left gradient of soil quality so on the left hand side of the very rich soils and on hand side of the very rich soils and on hand side of the very rich soils and on the right hand side are the very harsh the right hand side are the very harsh the right hand side are the very harsh soils and this is measured in terms of soils and this is measured in terms of soils and this is measured in terms of the um the the um the the um the the initial mortality rates of the the initial mortality rates of the the initial mortality rates of the vegetation across that gradient and so vegetation across that gradient and so vegetation across that gradient and so what we see very clearly is that with in what we see very clearly is that with in what we see very clearly is that with in the absence of of those microbial the absence of of those microbial the absence of of those microbial inoculations we do see this very clear inoculations we do see this very clear inoculations we do see this very clear drop off in the Regeneration rates of drop off in the Regeneration rates of drop off in the Regeneration rates of those ecosystems in the harsh conditions those ecosystems in the harsh conditions those ecosystems in the harsh conditions however when the microbiome was however when the microbiome was however when the microbiome was introduced with those plants that is introduced with those plants that is introduced with those plants that is when we see really consistent when we see really consistent when we see really consistent regeneration across both the the good regeneration across both the the good regeneration across both the the good and the poor soil quality regions and and the poor soil quality regions and and the poor soil quality regions and that is really exciting indication that that is really exciting indication that that is really exciting indication that it is often the microbiome that can over it is often the microbiome that can over it is often the microbiome that can over help might help the vegetation to help might help the vegetation to help might help the vegetation to overcome some of those limiting steps in overcome some of those limiting steps in overcome some of those limiting steps in the recovery process the recovery process the recovery process so that was really exciting news which so that was really exciting news which so that was really exciting news which we then spread back to those we then spread back to those we then spread back to those practitioners around the world on practitioners around the world on practitioners around the world on restore and some of those practitioners restore and some of those practitioners restore and some of those practitioners like Desta got really excited about this like Desta got really excited about this like Desta got really excited about this and suggested that they are going to and suggested that they are going to and suggested that they are going to start implementing microbiome start implementing microbiome start implementing microbiome regeneration to try and facilitate the regeneration to try and facilitate the regeneration to try and facilitate the recovery of their ecosystems and what we recovery of their ecosystems and what we recovery of their ecosystems and what we this made us realize is that actually this made us realize is that actually this made us realize is that actually there's a whole range of people that there's a whole range of people that there's a whole range of people that might be open to doing experiments just might be open to doing experiments just might be open to doing experiments just like this around the world and when we like this around the world and when we like this around the world and when we put out a call to the sites on restore put out a call to the sites on restore put out a call to the sites on restore we we had around two over 200 projects we we had around two over 200 projects we we had around two over 200 projects that actually gave us positive responses that actually gave us positive responses that actually gave us positive responses saying that they would be happy to trial saying that they would be happy to trial saying that they would be happy to trial out a microbiome introduction to see if out a microbiome introduction to see if out a microbiome introduction to see if that facilitates the Regeneration in that facilitates the Regeneration in that facilitates the Regeneration in those areas now this is only after about those areas now this is only after about those areas now this is only after about four or five months of regrowth and so four or five months of regrowth and so four or five months of regrowth and so I'm going to give you the most very I'm going to give you the most very I'm going to give you the most very preliminary and premature uh evidence preliminary and premature uh evidence preliminary and premature uh evidence but at this very moment in time whilst but at this very moment in time whilst but at this very moment in time whilst at the point of re-measuring what at the point of re-measuring what at the point of re-measuring what they've done is they've introduced again they've done is they've introduced again they've done is they've introduced again vegetation with and without the healthy vegetation with and without the healthy vegetation with and without the healthy soil microbiome and what we see is that soil microbiome and what we see is that soil microbiome and what we see is that in some of the harsh tropical regions in some of the harsh tropical regions in some of the harsh tropical regions the regions that have some of the more the regions that have some of the more the regions that have some of the more arid conditions that's where we see a arid conditions that's where we see a arid conditions that's where we see a really big influence of the microbiome really big influence of the microbiome really big influence of the microbiome introduction whereas in the high introduction whereas in the high introduction whereas in the high latitudes where there's Rich healthy latitudes where there's Rich healthy latitudes where there's Rich healthy soils those are the places where the soils those are the places where the soils those are the places where the microbiome introduction doesn't seem to microbiome introduction doesn't seem to microbiome introduction doesn't seem to be having such a big effect now this is be having such a big effect now this is be having such a big effect now this is very preliminary and it's completely very preliminary and it's completely very preliminary and it's completely obscured by variations in in seasonal obscured by variations in in seasonal obscured by variations in in seasonal and temporal variation we're going to and temporal variation we're going to and temporal variation we're going to need many years of research to be able need many years of research to be able need many years of research to be able to confirm these these Trends but it's a to confirm these these Trends but it's a to confirm these these Trends but it's a sort of example about how we can use sort of example about how we can use sort of example about how we can use these networks like this and I'd these networks like this and I'd these networks like this and I'd encourage any scientists out there to encourage any scientists out there to encourage any scientists out there to try to use this restore network as a try to use this restore network as a try to use this restore network as a massive potential to facilitate uh massive potential to facilitate uh massive potential to facilitate uh active and um sort of active and um sort of active and um sort of um also an applied research initiatives um also an applied research initiatives um also an applied research initiatives that can happen across the globe that can happen across the globe that can happen across the globe hopefully to facilitate the restoration hopefully to facilitate the restoration hopefully to facilitate the restoration and the economic security of of local and the economic security of of local and the economic security of of local communities across the planet communities across the planet communities across the planet so that is absolutely fantastic so that is absolutely fantastic so that is absolutely fantastic um I'm gonna have to do my role as as um I'm gonna have to do my role as as um I'm gonna have to do my role as as chair now and bring it to a cloud so chair now and bring it to a cloud so chair now and bring it to a cloud so that we have time for for Lisa and for that we have time for for Lisa and for that we have time for for Lisa and for questions questions questions um amazing work yeah really really um amazing work yeah really really um amazing work yeah really really interesting we've got some really good interesting we've got some really good interesting we've got some really good questions coming in on the chat box questions coming in on the chat box questions coming in on the chat box um which is almost annoying because I've um which is almost annoying because I've um which is almost annoying because I've got lots of questions I'd quite like to got lots of questions I'd quite like to got lots of questions I'd quite like to answer myself but I'll probably have to answer myself but I'll probably have to answer myself but I'll probably have to give priority to our guests give priority to our guests give priority to our guests um so thank you very much and just a um so thank you very much and just a um so thank you very much and just a reminder to everyone on the call that reminder to everyone on the call that reminder to everyone on the call that will be taking questions for both will be taking questions for both will be taking questions for both speakers at the end of the session speakers at the end of the session speakers at the end of the session um so our next speaker is Dr Lisa Cole um so our next speaker is Dr Lisa Cole um so our next speaker is Dr Lisa Cole uh Lisa is a member of the British uh Lisa is a member of the British uh Lisa is a member of the British Society of soil science and she is a Society of soil science and she is a Society of soil science and she is a research fellow at the University of research fellow at the University of research fellow at the University of Aberdeen through the Daphne Jackson Aberdeen through the Daphne Jackson Aberdeen through the Daphne Jackson fellowship and the Daphne Jackson trust fellowship and the Daphne Jackson trust fellowship and the Daphne Jackson trust is a UK charity that works to help is a UK charity that works to help is a UK charity that works to help people who have taken a career break of people who have taken a career break of people who have taken a career break of more than two years return to research more than two years return to research more than two years return to research by assisting them with securing funding by assisting them with securing funding by assisting them with securing funding along with men tutoring and retraining along with men tutoring and retraining along with men tutoring and retraining So Lisa is into the second year of her So Lisa is into the second year of her So Lisa is into the second year of her Fellowship now and she's happy to be Fellowship now and she's happy to be Fellowship now and she's happy to be contacted by anyone who would like to contacted by anyone who would like to contacted by anyone who would like to know more about the work of the trust know more about the work of the trust know more about the work of the trust Lisa is a soil ecologist interested in Lisa is a soil ecologist interested in Lisa is a soil ecologist interested in how Global change impacts soil how Global change impacts soil how Global change impacts soil biodiversity and ecosystem function her biodiversity and ecosystem function her biodiversity and ecosystem function her current research is examining how land current research is examining how land current research is examining how land use influences the soil microbiome and use influences the soil microbiome and use influences the soil microbiome and the consequences of that for nutrient the consequences of that for nutrient the consequences of that for nutrient cycling in particular the soil carbon cycling in particular the soil carbon cycling in particular the soil carbon response her aim is to understand how response her aim is to understand how response her aim is to understand how management practices can improve soil management practices can improve soil management practices can improve soil Health to establish a microbial Health to establish a microbial Health to establish a microbial Community dominated by physiological Community dominated by physiological Community dominated by physiological traits that increase carbon storage Lisa traits that increase carbon storage Lisa traits that increase carbon storage Lisa will be talking about microbial will be talking about microbial will be talking about microbial mechanisms in climate soil feedbacks and mechanisms in climate soil feedbacks and mechanisms in climate soil feedbacks and how microbes can help us incorporate how microbes can help us incorporate how microbes can help us incorporate more carbon into soils as stable forms more carbon into soils as stable forms more carbon into soils as stable forms of soil organic matter she'll also of soil organic matter she'll also of soil organic matter she'll also describe some ongoing lab work describe some ongoing lab work describe some ongoing lab work addressing Weber soil management Alters addressing Weber soil management Alters addressing Weber soil management Alters soil properties to the benefit of soil properties to the benefit of soil properties to the benefit of certain probes that will improve its certain probes that will improve its certain probes that will improve its function or whether microbes can be function or whether microbes can be function or whether microbes can be introduced to improve soil's ability to introduced to improve soil's ability to introduced to improve soil's ability to store more carbon so thank you very much store more carbon so thank you very much store more carbon so thank you very much and over to you Lisa and over to you Lisa and over to you Lisa thanks Mark thanks for that introduction thanks Mark thanks for that introduction thanks Mark thanks for that introduction and um for inviting me to talk today and um for inviting me to talk today and um for inviting me to talk today so I'm going to be following on Tom's so I'm going to be following on Tom's so I'm going to be following on Tom's really interesting talk um to talk a bit really interesting talk um to talk a bit really interesting talk um to talk a bit more about the functionality of Soul more about the functionality of Soul more about the functionality of Soul microbes and this is about microbes microbes and this is about microbes microbes and this is about microbes building carbon building carbon building carbon um in soils um in soils um in soils and can you all see my full slides I'm presuming so okay I'm presuming so okay I'm presuming so okay so um the UK government staged the so um the UK government staged the so um the UK government staged the environment report was published in environment report was published in environment report was published in January this year and its main findings January this year and its main findings January this year and its main findings were that intensive soil agriculture has were that intensive soil agriculture has were that intensive soil agriculture has caused arable soils to lose almost half caused arable soils to lose almost half caused arable soils to lose almost half of their carbon and that soil of their carbon and that soil of their carbon and that soil degradations calculated to cost 1.2 degradations calculated to cost 1.2 degradations calculated to cost 1.2 billion in the UK every year and that billion in the UK every year and that billion in the UK every year and that was calculated in 2010 so it's likely to was calculated in 2010 so it's likely to was calculated in 2010 so it's likely to far exceed that now far exceed that now far exceed that now this means that the soils and the this means that the soils and the this means that the soils and the services that are providing for us are services that are providing for us are services that are providing for us are under threat and in view of this soils under threat and in view of this soils under threat and in view of this soils are being offered more protection are being offered more protection are being offered more protection and are under discussion much more by and are under discussion much more by and are under discussion much more by policy makers policy makers policy makers so the 25-year environment plan states so the 25-year environment plan states so the 25-year environment plan states that England soils must be managed that England soils must be managed that England soils must be managed sustainably by 2030 and that steps must sustainably by 2030 and that steps must sustainably by 2030 and that steps must be taken towards restoring the UK soils be taken towards restoring the UK soils be taken towards restoring the UK soils so it's vital that soils are on the so it's vital that soils are on the so it's vital that soils are on the agenda now and that we increase our agenda now and that we increase our agenda now and that we increase our knowledge on how we go about achieving knowledge on how we go about achieving knowledge on how we go about achieving this so what is healthy soil and this is a so what is healthy soil and this is a so what is healthy soil and this is a huge question and it's under debate and huge question and it's under debate and huge question and it's under debate and it very much depends upon who you ask it very much depends upon who you ask it very much depends upon who you ask and what they're expecting from their and what they're expecting from their and what they're expecting from their soils but a definition has been provided soils but a definition has been provided soils but a definition has been provided and this is from Layman and it's that and this is from Layman and it's that and this is from Layman and it's that soil Health the continued capacity of soil Health the continued capacity of soil Health the continued capacity of soil to function as a vital living soil to function as a vital living soil to function as a vital living ecosystem that sustains plants animals ecosystem that sustains plants animals ecosystem that sustains plants animals and humans and connects Agriculture and and humans and connects Agriculture and and humans and connects Agriculture and soil science to policy stakeholder needs soil science to policy stakeholder needs soil science to policy stakeholder needs and sustainable Supply Chain management so historically when we think about soil so historically when we think about soil so historically when we think about soil Services we tend to focus on Crop Services we tend to focus on Crop Services we tend to focus on Crop Production but today we can also think Production but today we can also think Production but today we can also think about the other roles that soils can about the other roles that soils can about the other roles that soils can play for um play for um play for um for us in terms of how they affect water for us in terms of how they affect water for us in terms of how they affect water quality and how their role in climate quality and how their role in climate quality and how their role in climate change mitigation and also for human change mitigation and also for human change mitigation and also for human health overall and the one uniting the health overall and the one uniting the health overall and the one uniting the one uniting feature that most folks seem one uniting feature that most folks seem one uniting feature that most folks seem to agree on here is that organic matter to agree on here is that organic matter to agree on here is that organic matter in soils is crucial to underpin soils in soils is crucial to underpin soils in soils is crucial to underpin soils physical and chemical properties and physical and chemical properties and physical and chemical properties and this provides a really good habitat for this provides a really good habitat for this provides a really good habitat for a Divine a diverse array of soil a Divine a diverse array of soil a Divine a diverse array of soil microbes and animals so if we now look at Global carbon so if we now look at Global carbon so if we now look at Global carbon stores stores stores there's 700 gigatons of carbon in the there's 700 gigatons of carbon in the there's 700 gigatons of carbon in the atmosphere and a similar amount in atmosphere and a similar amount in atmosphere and a similar amount in vegetation vegetation vegetation so overall though we can see that soils so overall though we can see that soils so overall though we can see that soils contained by far the largest store which contained by far the largest store which contained by far the largest store which is 1700 gigatons and that's billions of is 1700 gigatons and that's billions of is 1700 gigatons and that's billions of tons of carbon so that's a massive tons of carbon so that's a massive tons of carbon so that's a massive amount so if you think of any small amount so if you think of any small amount so if you think of any small shifts in this due to land use change shifts in this due to land use change shifts in this due to land use change then this can have a massive impact on then this can have a massive impact on then this can have a massive impact on global carbon balance global carbon balance global carbon balance so it's been estimated that since a man so it's been estimated that since a man so it's been estimated that since a man started undertaking agricultural started undertaking agricultural started undertaking agricultural activities thousands of years ago that activities thousands of years ago that activities thousands of years ago that soils have lost 133 gigatons of carbon soils have lost 133 gigatons of carbon soils have lost 133 gigatons of carbon and this is equivalent to the amount of and this is equivalent to the amount of and this is equivalent to the amount of carbon that's been lost due to carbon that's been lost due to carbon that's been lost due to deforestation so because agricultural soils have lost so because agricultural soils have lost so because agricultural soils have lost so much carbon these degraded soils so much carbon these degraded soils so much carbon these degraded soils represent an opportunity to return some represent an opportunity to return some represent an opportunity to return some of that carbon below ground and this of that carbon below ground and this of that carbon below ground and this could sequester estimates have been could sequester estimates have been could sequester estimates have been banded around but they their estimating banded around but they their estimating banded around but they their estimating that you could sequester over a billion that you could sequester over a billion that you could sequester over a billion additional tons of carbon every year if additional tons of carbon every year if additional tons of carbon every year if we change how we manage our agricultural we change how we manage our agricultural we change how we manage our agricultural soils and as croplands occupy about a soils and as croplands occupy about a soils and as croplands occupy about a third of the earth's land this is a third of the earth's land this is a third of the earth's land this is a major Target for soil based carbon major Target for soil based carbon major Target for soil based carbon sequestration and the emerging sequestration and the emerging sequestration and the emerging philosophy of regenerative agriculture philosophy of regenerative agriculture philosophy of regenerative agriculture that's gaining popularity and provides that's gaining popularity and provides that's gaining popularity and provides benefit both for the soils but for the benefit both for the soils but for the benefit both for the soils but for the farmers also so still microbes are Central in this so still microbes are Central in this so still microbes are Central in this they are The Gatekeepers for soil they are The Gatekeepers for soil they are The Gatekeepers for soil atmosphere carbon exchange and they atmosphere carbon exchange and they atmosphere carbon exchange and they determine the fate of any determine the fate of any determine the fate of any photosynthetically fixed carbon that photosynthetically fixed carbon that photosynthetically fixed carbon that enters the soil with carbon loss or enters the soil with carbon loss or enters the soil with carbon loss or storage being dependent on the activity storage being dependent on the activity storage being dependent on the activity of the soil microbes of the soil microbes of the soil microbes or more specifically the efficiency with or more specifically the efficiency with or more specifically the efficiency with which they use that carbon which they use that carbon which they use that carbon so as these carbohydrates enter the soil so as these carbohydrates enter the soil so as these carbohydrates enter the soil and this can be from plant litter or and this can be from plant litter or and this can be from plant litter or through root exhibits it's used as an through root exhibits it's used as an through root exhibits it's used as an energy source for the microbes and they energy source for the microbes and they energy source for the microbes and they incorporate this carbon into their incorporate this carbon into their incorporate this carbon into their microbiota into their biomass when microbiota into their biomass when microbiota into their biomass when they're growing they're growing they're growing on the other hand if they live in a more on the other hand if they live in a more on the other hand if they live in a more stressed a more stressful habitat or a stressed a more stressful habitat or a stressed a more stressful habitat or a degraded soil then they're going to have degraded soil then they're going to have degraded soil then they're going to have to use a lot of that energy to maintain to use a lot of that energy to maintain to use a lot of that energy to maintain their metabolic processes and a lot of their metabolic processes and a lot of their metabolic processes and a lot of this carbon will become lost from soil this carbon will become lost from soil this carbon will become lost from soil because then they tend to respire more because then they tend to respire more because then they tend to respire more and this is released from soils as and this is released from soils as and this is released from soils as carbon dioxide carbon dioxide carbon dioxide and these sort of stress factors can be and these sort of stress factors can be and these sort of stress factors can be a lack of food or it could be something a lack of food or it could be something a lack of food or it could be something like drought and the balance between like drought and the balance between like drought and the balance between these two processes of gaining carbon these two processes of gaining carbon these two processes of gaining carbon into their biomass or releasing it as into their biomass or releasing it as into their biomass or releasing it as respiration respiration respiration is the microbiome's carbon use is the microbiome's carbon use is the microbiome's carbon use efficiency efficiency efficiency so when microbial cells die when they so when microbial cells die when they so when microbial cells die when they come to the end of their life these dead come to the end of their life these dead come to the end of their life these dead microbial cell materials are still in microbial cell materials are still in microbial cell materials are still in the soil as necromass and this can be the soil as necromass and this can be the soil as necromass and this can be stabilized onto mineral surfaces and stabilized onto mineral surfaces and stabilized onto mineral surfaces and this represents a really long-term store this represents a really long-term store this represents a really long-term store of Locked Up carbon and this is called of Locked Up carbon and this is called of Locked Up carbon and this is called mineral Associated matter and it's this mineral Associated matter and it's this mineral Associated matter and it's this persistent stable store of carbon that persistent stable store of carbon that persistent stable store of carbon that we're aiming to achieve so we've been sampling soils from 21 so we've been sampling soils from 21 so we've been sampling soils from 21 sites across the UK and this works being sites across the UK and this works being sites across the UK and this works being led by Ashish Malik so these sites can led by Ashish Malik so these sites can led by Ashish Malik so these sites can be seen on this map taken from shishi's be seen on this map taken from shishi's be seen on this map taken from shishi's 2018 paper and it shows this sort of 2018 paper and it shows this sort of 2018 paper and it shows this sort of NorthEast Southwest Division of soil PH NorthEast Southwest Division of soil PH NorthEast Southwest Division of soil PH across the UK across the UK across the UK so the Red Soils in the north are so the Red Soils in the north are so the Red Soils in the north are indicating these wet acidic soils and indicating these wet acidic soils and indicating these wet acidic soils and they're also in Wales whereas further they're also in Wales whereas further they're also in Wales whereas further south we have this blue area of more um south we have this blue area of more um south we have this blue area of more um near neutral pH soils near neutral pH soils near neutral pH soils so we're looking at kind very different so we're looking at kind very different so we're looking at kind very different processes here processes here processes here and at each site we had a local contrast and at each site we had a local contrast and at each site we had a local contrast of land use intensity and these sites of land use intensity and these sites of land use intensity and these sites were either directly next to each other were either directly next to each other were either directly next to each other as in the picture or within a couple of as in the picture or within a couple of as in the picture or within a couple of miles of each other and you can see that miles of each other and you can see that miles of each other and you can see that to the left on the picture we've got to the left on the picture we've got to the left on the picture we've got this long established botanically this long established botanically this long established botanically diverse grassland and this represents diverse grassland and this represents diverse grassland and this represents low intensity management compared with low intensity management compared with low intensity management compared with arable soils on the right representing arable soils on the right representing arable soils on the right representing higher land use intensity so We examined microbial life history so We examined microbial life history so We examined microbial life history traits in this study in terms of how traits in this study in terms of how traits in this study in terms of how well the microbes are able to grow and well the microbes are able to grow and well the microbes are able to grow and incorporate carbon into their cell incorporate carbon into their cell incorporate carbon into their cell relative to their loss by respiration relative to their loss by respiration relative to their loss by respiration and this is the microbial carbon use and this is the microbial carbon use and this is the microbial carbon use efficiency which we're going to plot on efficiency which we're going to plot on efficiency which we're going to plot on the vertical axis and we're also looking the vertical axis and we're also looking the vertical axis and we're also looking at how much energy the microbes are at how much energy the microbes are at how much energy the microbes are investing in resource acquisition that's investing in resource acquisition that's investing in resource acquisition that's looking for food and this is through looking for food and this is through looking for food and this is through enzyme production because they need enzyme production because they need enzyme production because they need these enzymes to break down more complex these enzymes to break down more complex these enzymes to break down more complex resources when easily accessible food resources when easily accessible food resources when easily accessible food isn't available and this tends to happen isn't available and this tends to happen isn't available and this tends to happen in resource pores soils and we're going in resource pores soils and we're going in resource pores soils and we're going to push this along the horizontal axis thank you so each point here represents thank you so each point here represents thank you so each point here represents a microbial Community response site and a microbial Community response site and a microbial Community response site and it shows that it's a negative it shows that it's a negative it shows that it's a negative relationship here between having high relationship here between having high relationship here between having high carbon use efficiency and increased carbon use efficiency and increased carbon use efficiency and increased growth or investing in enzyme activities growth or investing in enzyme activities growth or investing in enzyme activities so this suggests that in these resource so this suggests that in these resource so this suggests that in these resource poor degraded soils at the growth of the poor degraded soils at the growth of the poor degraded soils at the growth of the microbes is constrained because they're microbes is constrained because they're microbes is constrained because they're invested in looking for food and invested in looking for food and invested in looking for food and producing these enzymes to break down producing these enzymes to break down producing these enzymes to break down these complex sources and this leaves a these complex sources and this leaves a these complex sources and this leaves a lot less energy available to grow and lot less energy available to grow and lot less energy available to grow and reproduce if we now overlay soil carbon content at if we now overlay soil carbon content at if we now overlay soil carbon content at these sites you'll see that carbon-rich these sites you'll see that carbon-rich these sites you'll see that carbon-rich soils soils soils associated with these high growth rates associated with these high growth rates associated with these high growth rates and high carbon new sufficiency where and high carbon new sufficiency where and high carbon new sufficiency where the microbes are turning over their the microbes are turning over their the microbes are turning over their populations really quickly populations really quickly populations really quickly and although there's no Legends here the and although there's no Legends here the and although there's no Legends here the land use intensity plot land use intensity plot land use intensity plot descriptions are given on so the high descriptions are given on so the high descriptions are given on so the high carbon soils are associated with these carbon soils are associated with these carbon soils are associated with these grasslands in the upper left-hand side grasslands in the upper left-hand side grasslands in the upper left-hand side of the the graph whereas the low carbon of the the graph whereas the low carbon of the the graph whereas the low carbon soils are these degraded croplands soils are these degraded croplands soils are these degraded croplands where microbes are investing more in where microbes are investing more in where microbes are investing more in enzyme production to access resources enzyme production to access resources enzyme production to access resources also in the crop lens you've got much also in the crop lens you've got much also in the crop lens you've got much more physical disturbance and this leads more physical disturbance and this leads more physical disturbance and this leads to less carbon being channeled below to less carbon being channeled below to less carbon being channeled below ground because the biomass of these ground because the biomass of these ground because the biomass of these communities is much less so a lot less communities is much less so a lot less communities is much less so a lot less carbon is being channeled into these carbon is being channeled into these carbon is being channeled into these mineral-associated mineral-associated mineral-associated um organic matter so moving on from that study we've been so moving on from that study we've been so moving on from that study we've been looking at a laboratory study and this looking at a laboratory study and this looking at a laboratory study and this is the results from a recent musiccosm is the results from a recent musiccosm is the results from a recent musiccosm study where we've added isotopically study where we've added isotopically study where we've added isotopically labeled litter to look at their labeled litter to look at their labeled litter to look at their ecosystem response of these microbes and ecosystem response of these microbes and ecosystem response of these microbes and this is just from one side that we this is just from one side that we this is just from one side that we studied previously this is parsonage studied previously this is parsonage studied previously this is parsonage down soil down soil down soil so we're going to look at the fate of so we're going to look at the fate of so we're going to look at the fate of the carbon when we add this litter under the carbon when we add this litter under the carbon when we add this litter under high and low management intensity so on the left we can see the so on the left we can see the so on the left we can see the respiration of carbon dioxide which is respiration of carbon dioxide which is respiration of carbon dioxide which is the carbon loss from the soil and the the carbon loss from the soil and the the carbon loss from the soil and the green line represents low land use green line represents low land use green line represents low land use intensity and the Orange is the intensity and the Orange is the intensity and the Orange is the agricultural or high land use intensity agricultural or high land use intensity agricultural or high land use intensity so so so you can see there's very little you can see there's very little you can see there's very little difference between land use for the difference between land use for the difference between land use for the amount of carbon dioxide that's being amount of carbon dioxide that's being amount of carbon dioxide that's being respired off respired off respired off although initially it was higher because although initially it was higher because although initially it was higher because we're adding this new resource into the we're adding this new resource into the we're adding this new resource into the soils soils soils the Plus on the right hand side side the Plus on the right hand side side the Plus on the right hand side side shows the incorporation of carbon from shows the incorporation of carbon from shows the incorporation of carbon from labeled litter into the microbial labeled litter into the microbial labeled litter into the microbial biomass and we're using biomass and we're using biomass and we're using um the amount of label in the DNA as a um the amount of label in the DNA as a um the amount of label in the DNA as a proxy here for biomass but you can see proxy here for biomass but you can see proxy here for biomass but you can see for the orange line which is the for the orange line which is the for the orange line which is the increased land use intensity which increased land use intensity which increased land use intensity which represents more stressful conditions for represents more stressful conditions for represents more stressful conditions for the microbes there's a lot less the microbes there's a lot less the microbes there's a lot less incorporation of that label going into incorporation of that label going into incorporation of that label going into the microbial biomass so this is showing the microbial biomass so this is showing the microbial biomass so this is showing that they've got reduced growth in these that they've got reduced growth in these that they've got reduced growth in these systems and this is reducing their systems and this is reducing their systems and this is reducing their ability to produce necromass which is ability to produce necromass which is ability to produce necromass which is this stable store of below ground soil this stable store of below ground soil this stable store of below ground soil organic matter if we now look at the functional and if we now look at the functional and if we now look at the functional and taxonomic diversity in the same isotope taxonomic diversity in the same isotope taxonomic diversity in the same isotope Tracer study that we took we talked Tracer study that we took we talked Tracer study that we took we talked about in our previous slide we've got about in our previous slide we've got about in our previous slide we've got these nmsds nmds plots and that's these nmsds nmds plots and that's these nmsds nmds plots and that's representing the beta diversity which is representing the beta diversity which is representing the beta diversity which is um how diverse the compositions are in um how diverse the compositions are in um how diverse the compositions are in that community that community that community so the grayed out rectangles on the left so the grayed out rectangles on the left so the grayed out rectangles on the left of each plot can be ignored there for a of each plot can be ignored there for a of each plot can be ignored there for a site that um we're not going to discuss site that um we're not going to discuss site that um we're not going to discuss at the moment at the moment at the moment but without going into too much detail but without going into too much detail but without going into too much detail we can see that the separation between we can see that the separation between we can see that the separation between the Green squares and triangles and the the Green squares and triangles and the the Green squares and triangles and the orange layers and triangles so we've got orange layers and triangles so we've got orange layers and triangles so we've got the green squares and triangles the green squares and triangles the green squares and triangles representing communities in the low land representing communities in the low land representing communities in the low land use intensity plots and the orange are use intensity plots and the orange are use intensity plots and the orange are in the high land use intensity sites in the high land use intensity sites in the high land use intensity sites so we see the separation across so we see the separation across so we see the separation across bacterial taxonomic diversity and the bacterial taxonomic diversity and the bacterial taxonomic diversity and the eukaryotic diversity which includes the eukaryotic diversity which includes the eukaryotic diversity which includes the fungi as well as functional diversity fungi as well as functional diversity fungi as well as functional diversity where we've looked at the proteomics for where we've looked at the proteomics for where we've looked at the proteomics for these communities these communities these communities and this means that there are shifts in and this means that there are shifts in and this means that there are shifts in taxonomy due to the land use intensity taxonomy due to the land use intensity taxonomy due to the land use intensity within the same soil type within the same soil type within the same soil type so this leads to a shift in traits which so this leads to a shift in traits which so this leads to a shift in traits which drives the carbon use efficiency and drives the carbon use efficiency and drives the carbon use efficiency and therefore the ability of the microbes to therefore the ability of the microbes to therefore the ability of the microbes to channel carbon into this stabilization channel carbon into this stabilization channel carbon into this stabilization Pathway to be stored below ground so to summarize High plant inputs a good so to summarize High plant inputs a good so to summarize High plant inputs a good soil condition select for microbes with soil condition select for microbes with soil condition select for microbes with high carbon use efficiency they're high carbon use efficiency they're high carbon use efficiency they're investing in growth and this leads to investing in growth and this leads to investing in growth and this leads to higher carbon storage whereas in arable higher carbon storage whereas in arable higher carbon storage whereas in arable soils low Reese's low resource inputs by soils low Reese's low resource inputs by soils low Reese's low resource inputs by crops with small routing systems along crops with small routing systems along crops with small routing systems along with tillage disturbance leads to poor with tillage disturbance leads to poor with tillage disturbance leads to poor conditions for the microbes to live in conditions for the microbes to live in conditions for the microbes to live in and this selects for a community that and this selects for a community that and this selects for a community that can tolerate these stresses and leads to can tolerate these stresses and leads to can tolerate these stresses and leads to lower carbon storage in the soils lower carbon storage in the soils lower carbon storage in the soils it also tends to result in more loss of it also tends to result in more loss of it also tends to result in more loss of carbon through respiration carbon through respiration carbon through respiration if they're having to change their if they're having to change their if they're having to change their physiology so because there's been a lot of focus so because there's been a lot of focus so because there's been a lot of focus now in agricultural policy on the use of now in agricultural policy on the use of now in agricultural policy on the use of bio-inoynoculants we set up another bio-inoynoculants we set up another bio-inoynoculants we set up another laboratory study to see if carbon laboratory study to see if carbon laboratory study to see if carbon sequestration rates could be improved in sequestration rates could be improved in sequestration rates could be improved in arable soil arable soil arable soil if we introduce a micro a microbiome if we introduce a micro a microbiome if we introduce a micro a microbiome from a pristine site so we Revisited two sites from the so we Revisited two sites from the so we Revisited two sites from the previous 2018 study that I talked about previous 2018 study that I talked about previous 2018 study that I talked about first and we've got whiten and clumps on first and we've got whiten and clumps on first and we've got whiten and clumps on the left and nap well on the right the left and nap well on the right the left and nap well on the right and we collected soils at each side from and we collected soils at each side from and we collected soils at each side from two land use intensity contrasts two land use intensity contrasts two land use intensity contrasts so you can see both sites had a long so you can see both sites had a long so you can see both sites had a long established botanically diverse established botanically diverse established botanically diverse grassland and an arable field as grassland and an arable field as grassland and an arable field as contrast contrast contrast so so so in wittenham we had broad beans as our in wittenham we had broad beans as our in wittenham we had broad beans as our honorable crop and in nap well we had honorable crop and in nap well we had honorable crop and in nap well we had spring barley planted and these were spring barley planted and these were spring barley planted and these were collected around this time last year so we extracted microbes from the soil so we extracted microbes from the soil so we extracted microbes from the soil as a microbial wash and we also as a microbial wash and we also as a microbial wash and we also sterilized some of these soils by gamma sterilized some of these soils by gamma sterilized some of these soils by gamma radiation before re-inoculating with radiation before re-inoculating with radiation before re-inoculating with microbes from either pristine grassland microbes from either pristine grassland microbes from either pristine grassland or high intensity arable soil into each or high intensity arable soil into each or high intensity arable soil into each of the soils from these sites so this shows the experiment as it's so this shows the experiment as it's so this shows the experiment as it's currently running lots of bottles of currently running lots of bottles of currently running lots of bottles of soil set up in an incubator and our soil set up in an incubator and our soil set up in an incubator and our reciprocal transplants resulted in four reciprocal transplants resulted in four reciprocal transplants resulted in four treatment combinations for each site treatment combinations for each site treatment combinations for each site separately so we have the low intensity separately so we have the low intensity separately so we have the low intensity soil with its own microbiome added we soil with its own microbiome added we soil with its own microbiome added we have low intensity soil with the have low intensity soil with the have low intensity soil with the microbiome from the arable site the high microbiome from the arable site the high microbiome from the arable site the high intensity and we have agricultural soil intensity and we have agricultural soil intensity and we have agricultural soil which is high intensity with the low which is high intensity with the low which is high intensity with the low intensity microbiome and the arable high intensity microbiome and the arable high intensity microbiome and the arable high intensity soil with its own microbiome intensity soil with its own microbiome intensity soil with its own microbiome we've also been adding dissolved organic we've also been adding dissolved organic we've also been adding dissolved organic carbon as a resource for the microbes as carbon as a resource for the microbes as carbon as a resource for the microbes as there's no plants in these systems as there's no plants in these systems as there's no plants in these systems as you can see you can see you can see so our hypotheses are that so our hypotheses are that so our hypotheses are that um either the microbial Community is um either the microbial Community is um either the microbial Community is driving carbon use efficiency driving carbon use efficiency driving carbon use efficiency so if you take microbes from low so if you take microbes from low so if you take microbes from low intensity grassland soils so these are intensity grassland soils so these are intensity grassland soils so these are resource that take optimized and they resource that take optimized and they resource that take optimized and they will increase the carbon new sufficiency will increase the carbon new sufficiency will increase the carbon new sufficiency irrespective of the soil type irrespective of the soil type irrespective of the soil type or conversely or conversely or conversely um um um that the carbon new sufficiency of the that the carbon new sufficiency of the that the carbon new sufficiency of the microbial community microbial community microbial community is driven by the soil conditions is driven by the soil conditions is driven by the soil conditions so if you've got increased resource so if you've got increased resource so if you've got increased resource availability and improved micro availability and improved micro availability and improved micro agriculture in low intensity soils this agriculture in low intensity soils this agriculture in low intensity soils this rule represent a better habitat for the rule represent a better habitat for the rule represent a better habitat for the microbes and select for a microbiome microbes and select for a microbiome microbes and select for a microbiome with increased carbon use efficiency in with increased carbon use efficiency in with increased carbon use efficiency in these low intensity grassland soils these low intensity grassland soils these low intensity grassland soils or thirdly maybe there's like a or thirdly maybe there's like a or thirdly maybe there's like a middleware or an interactive effect middleware or an interactive effect middleware or an interactive effect where carbon use efficiencies and where carbon use efficiencies and where carbon use efficiencies and emergent trait and it's driven directly emergent trait and it's driven directly emergent trait and it's driven directly by the management intensity that causes by the management intensity that causes by the management intensity that causes the change in the taxa and therefore its the change in the taxa and therefore its the change in the taxa and therefore its function and the soil conditions function and the soil conditions function and the soil conditions changing the tax taxonomic Recruitment changing the tax taxonomic Recruitment changing the tax taxonomic Recruitment and function of that system so so so um today we've been monitoring carbon um today we've been monitoring carbon um today we've been monitoring carbon dioxide loss from these musicalsms and dioxide loss from these musicalsms and dioxide loss from these musicalsms and we can see that the gray and green lines we can see that the gray and green lines we can see that the gray and green lines which represent low intensity soil which represent low intensity soil which represent low intensity soil um with either microbiomatid tends to um with either microbiomatid tends to um with either microbiomatid tends to have greater respiration than the arable have greater respiration than the arable have greater respiration than the arable soils and this is for the nap Well site soils and this is for the nap Well site soils and this is for the nap Well site initially you can see that the low land initially you can see that the low land initially you can see that the low land use intensity microbiome increase some use intensity microbiome increase some use intensity microbiome increase some respiration from the arable soil but respiration from the arable soil but respiration from the arable soil but that this effect didn't persist um similarly if we look at what happened um similarly if we look at what happened um similarly if we look at what happened with soil taken from the whitnam site with soil taken from the whitnam site with soil taken from the whitnam site respiration is greater here from the respiration is greater here from the respiration is greater here from the grassland and the arable soil which grassland and the arable soil which grassland and the arable soil which again is the green and the gray lines again is the green and the gray lines again is the green and the gray lines irrespective of whichever micro irrespective of whichever micro irrespective of whichever micro microbiome that we inoculated and this microbiome that we inoculated and this microbiome that we inoculated and this probably reflects either increase probably reflects either increase probably reflects either increase resource availability for decomposition resource availability for decomposition resource availability for decomposition or it could reflect that we've got more or it could reflect that we've got more or it could reflect that we've got more microbial biomass here microbial biomass here microbial biomass here because it's building more growth on because it's building more growth on because it's building more growth on these resource Rich soils compared to these resource Rich soils compared to these resource Rich soils compared to the high intensity arable soil so so so thank you thank you thank you overall this suggests overall this suggests overall this suggests um that we've got this sort of soils um that we've got this sort of soils um that we've got this sort of soils driving driving driving um the carbon new sufficiency response um the carbon new sufficiency response um the carbon new sufficiency response so it tends to suggest our first so it tends to suggest our first so it tends to suggest our first hypothesis is correct so we've been running this study for so we've been running this study for so we've been running this study for eight months and we plan to eight months and we plan to eight months and we plan to destructively sample the microcosms to destructively sample the microcosms to destructively sample the microcosms to answer these burning questions answer these burning questions answer these burning questions um first of all have the microbes um first of all have the microbes um first of all have the microbes survived we're inoculating into steroid survived we're inoculating into steroid survived we're inoculating into steroid cells so we would expect to assemble a cells so we would expect to assemble a cells so we would expect to assemble a community because they're not being out community because they're not being out community because they're not being out competed by native microbes and we can competed by native microbes and we can competed by native microbes and we can see this can happen in field trials see this can happen in field trials see this can happen in field trials where these bio inoculants have been where these bio inoculants have been where these bio inoculants have been used in crops although Tom's talk used in crops although Tom's talk used in crops although Tom's talk suggests far greater success so I'm suggests far greater success so I'm suggests far greater success so I'm really interested to see his talk really interested to see his talk really interested to see his talk earlier and I'll be talking to him more earlier and I'll be talking to him more earlier and I'll be talking to him more about that and we'll also be looking at about that and we'll also be looking at about that and we'll also be looking at how the community has assembled over how the community has assembled over how the community has assembled over time so does the community stay similar time so does the community stay similar time so does the community stay similar to what we've initially added or does it to what we've initially added or does it to what we've initially added or does it shift to look more like the um original shift to look more like the um original shift to look more like the um original community that was present prior to the community that was present prior to the community that was present prior to the soils when we sterilize them so soils when we sterilize them so soils when we sterilize them so more like the field community that we more like the field community that we more like the field community that we collected but our main question is collected but our main question is collected but our main question is where's the carbon gone in these systems where's the carbon gone in these systems where's the carbon gone in these systems has more ended up in the soil inoculated has more ended up in the soil inoculated has more ended up in the soil inoculated with microbes from these pristine sites with microbes from these pristine sites with microbes from these pristine sites or has more been lost and respired off or has more been lost and respired off or has more been lost and respired off so also so also so also if you if you if you I mean our main focus is that if you I mean our main focus is that if you I mean our main focus is that if you introduce a microbial inoculum from a introduce a microbial inoculum from a introduce a microbial inoculum from a low intensity soil from a pristine site low intensity soil from a pristine site low intensity soil from a pristine site and you put that into a degraded soil and you put that into a degraded soil and you put that into a degraded soil can you build more carbon in that soil can you build more carbon in that soil can you build more carbon in that soil so does this low intensity microbiome so does this low intensity microbiome so does this low intensity microbiome build more carbon overall so if our hypotheses are correct and um we're kind of thinking although we're we're kind of thinking although we're we're kind of thinking although we're initially seeing soils driving the initially seeing soils driving the initially seeing soils driving the response and the respiration we're response and the respiration we're response and the respiration we're probably expecting more of an probably expecting more of an probably expecting more of an interactive effect so it could look interactive effect so it could look interactive effect so it could look something like this so these are our something like this so these are our something like this so these are our expected results that we might see where expected results that we might see where expected results that we might see where the carbons ended up after these eight the carbons ended up after these eight the carbons ended up after these eight months of microbiome assembly months of microbiome assembly months of microbiome assembly so these low intensity soils which in so these low intensity soils which in so these low intensity soils which in the green bars will have more carbon the green bars will have more carbon the green bars will have more carbon overall because they were carbon Rich at overall because they were carbon Rich at overall because they were carbon Rich at the start of the study compared to the the start of the study compared to the the start of the study compared to the arable soils which are the brown bars arable soils which are the brown bars arable soils which are the brown bars but we believe that the carbon new but we believe that the carbon new but we believe that the carbon new sufficiency of the microbiome is the sufficiency of the microbiome is the sufficiency of the microbiome is the Fallout of the microbial Community Fallout of the microbial Community Fallout of the microbial Community interacting with the soil conditions and interacting with the soil conditions and interacting with the soil conditions and this will depend on the taxonomic this will depend on the taxonomic this will depend on the taxonomic structure which as we saw was different structure which as we saw was different structure which as we saw was different under grassland or arable land use under grassland or arable land use under grassland or arable land use overall we can therefore expect to see overall we can therefore expect to see overall we can therefore expect to see an interactive effect where carbon use an interactive effect where carbon use an interactive effect where carbon use efficiency is an emergent trait and the efficiency is an emergent trait and the efficiency is an emergent trait and the low management intensity is selecting low management intensity is selecting low management intensity is selecting for microbial taxa with higher carbon for microbial taxa with higher carbon for microbial taxa with higher carbon new sufficiency traits and this should new sufficiency traits and this should new sufficiency traits and this should result in increased channeling of carbon result in increased channeling of carbon result in increased channeling of carbon into the soil where we have low into the soil where we have low into the soil where we have low intensity soil supporting its original intensity soil supporting its original intensity soil supporting its original adaptive microbiome adaptive microbiome adaptive microbiome in contrast in the agricultural soils in contrast in the agricultural soils in contrast in the agricultural soils these high intensity soils that are more these high intensity soils that are more these high intensity soils that are more degraded we expect to see less carbon degraded we expect to see less carbon degraded we expect to see less carbon being Incorporated overall but we hope being Incorporated overall but we hope being Incorporated overall but we hope to see that inoculation with microbes to see that inoculation with microbes to see that inoculation with microbes from a pristine grassland could help from a pristine grassland could help from a pristine grassland could help build more carbon relative to the build more carbon relative to the build more carbon relative to the microbiome that naturally occurs in microbiome that naturally occurs in microbiome that naturally occurs in these soils that we inoculated so using this knowledge how can we so using this knowledge how can we so using this knowledge how can we better manage our soils and can we use better manage our soils and can we use better manage our soils and can we use these microbes from pristine sites to these microbes from pristine sites to these microbes from pristine sites to restore degraded sites restore degraded sites restore degraded sites um Tom's work has indicated that this is um Tom's work has indicated that this is um Tom's work has indicated that this is a real possibility but key to applying a real possibility but key to applying a real possibility but key to applying um this approach is to um um this approach is to um um this approach is to um also address lots of other questions also address lots of other questions also address lots of other questions um when you start to translate these to um when you start to translate these to um when you start to translate these to the field so we understand that when we the field so we understand that when we the field so we understand that when we do these studies in the laboratory it do these studies in the laboratory it do these studies in the laboratory it might not translate might not translate might not translate um in the field um in the field um in the field we also don't know what the impacts will we also don't know what the impacts will we also don't know what the impacts will be on Native microbes and this will be on Native microbes and this will be on Native microbes and this will depend on where we collect these soil depend on where we collect these soil depend on where we collect these soil transplants from and the impact of transplants from and the impact of transplants from and the impact of collecting those transplants and taking collecting those transplants and taking collecting those transplants and taking soils from pristine communities where soils from pristine communities where soils from pristine communities where should we Source these soils and then should we Source these soils and then should we Source these soils and then how should we monitor I'm going to jump how should we monitor I'm going to jump how should we monitor I'm going to jump in his chair again now apologies um but it's so fantastic and partly I'm um but it's so fantastic and partly I'm um but it's so fantastic and partly I'm jumping in because jumping in because jumping in because um some of the questions that you're um some of the questions that you're um some of the questions that you're posing now on your last slide are themes posing now on your last slide are themes posing now on your last slide are themes that have been recurring in in the chat that have been recurring in in the chat that have been recurring in in the chat box during the presentation as questions box during the presentation as questions box during the presentation as questions from the audience from the audience from the audience um so I think what what I'll do at this um so I think what what I'll do at this um so I think what what I'll do at this point is um welcome back Tom point is um welcome back Tom point is um welcome back Tom as we come to the Q a section of the as we come to the Q a section of the as we come to the Q a section of the webinar webinar webinar um thank you very much Lisa um thank you very much Lisa um thank you very much Lisa um and um we've been monitoring the um and um we've been monitoring the um and um we've been monitoring the questions that have been coming up and questions that have been coming up and questions that have been coming up and the question directed at Tom that Lisa the question directed at Tom that Lisa the question directed at Tom that Lisa absolutely absolutely absolutely um feel free to to chip in as well from um feel free to to chip in as well from um feel free to to chip in as well from your experience is your experience is your experience is um so this was asked by in various um so this was asked by in various um so this was asked by in various different forms by Cesar Steven different forms by Cesar Steven different forms by Cesar Steven um George Ross it was it was on my mind um George Ross it was it was on my mind um George Ross it was it was on my mind as well so for the microbiome biome as well so for the microbiome biome as well so for the microbiome biome inoculations inoculations inoculations um what do they look like what practical um what do they look like what practical um what do they look like what practical advice would you give are they bulk soil advice would you give are they bulk soil advice would you give are they bulk soil are they selected Guilds of organisms is are they selected Guilds of organisms is are they selected Guilds of organisms is it leaflet extracts it leaflet extracts it leaflet extracts um you know what what should that look um you know what what should that look um you know what what should that look like in in practice like in in practice like in in practice so in our experiments they were just uh so in our experiments they were just uh so in our experiments they were just uh I'd say a handful but like I can't I'd say a handful but like I can't I'd say a handful but like I can't remember how much it was but a remember how much it was but a remember how much it was but a standardized amount like a soil core standardized amount like a soil core standardized amount like a soil core from a natural Forest the nearest from a natural Forest the nearest from a natural Forest the nearest natural Forest similar to what Lisa was natural Forest similar to what Lisa was natural Forest similar to what Lisa was saying you know the natural grassland saying you know the natural grassland saying you know the natural grassland would be the equivalent you know just would be the equivalent you know just would be the equivalent you know just sort of the the undisturbed site and we sort of the the undisturbed site and we sort of the the undisturbed site and we were taking individual like handfuls of were taking individual like handfuls of were taking individual like handfuls of soil and when you introduce the plant soil and when you introduce the plant soil and when you introduce the plant you you introduce that handful of soil you you introduce that handful of soil you you introduce that handful of soil in association with it and the control in association with it and the control in association with it and the control would literally be just the similar would literally be just the similar would literally be just the similar handful of soil from the nearby handful of soil from the nearby handful of soil from the nearby um um um from the existing degraded soil which is from the existing degraded soil which is from the existing degraded soil which is just the same as no treatment it's like just the same as no treatment it's like just the same as no treatment it's like the same as a control so what we didn't the same as a control so what we didn't the same as a control so what we didn't do is differentiate between the effect do is differentiate between the effect do is differentiate between the effect of changing the microbial biomass versus of changing the microbial biomass versus of changing the microbial biomass versus the composition or changing the the composition or changing the the composition or changing the diversity but you know we essentially we diversity but you know we essentially we diversity but you know we essentially we just changed everything to make it like just changed everything to make it like just changed everything to make it like a natural soil or like a non-natural a natural soil or like a non-natural a natural soil or like a non-natural soil or like a degraded soil but it'd be soil or like a degraded soil but it'd be soil or like a degraded soil but it'd be there's lots of research questions to there's lots of research questions to there's lots of research questions to say is it the biomass that you're say is it the biomass that you're say is it the biomass that you're changing or is it the composition that changing or is it the composition that changing or is it the composition that you're changing or the ratio of fungi to you're changing or the ratio of fungi to you're changing or the ratio of fungi to bacteria probably all of those things I bacteria probably all of those things I bacteria probably all of those things I guess guess guess yeah that's fascinating yeah that's fascinating yeah that's fascinating um and a related question posed by Joe um and a related question posed by Joe um and a related question posed by Joe Jones that I have to ask as well Jones that I have to ask as well Jones that I have to ask as well um is it possible is it is it desirable um is it possible is it is it desirable um is it possible is it is it desirable to add some food for the microbe for the to add some food for the microbe for the to add some food for the microbe for the microbiome as well you know should we be microbiome as well you know should we be microbiome as well you know should we be adding some adding some adding some um some prebiotics together with the the um some prebiotics together with the the um some prebiotics together with the the microbiome as part of a you know a microbiome as part of a you know a microbiome as part of a you know a targeted package in terms of a soil targeted package in terms of a soil targeted package in terms of a soil amendment amendment amendment very possibly I'm not sure I I I very possibly I'm not sure I I I very possibly I'm not sure I I I wouldn't be the best to speak on that wouldn't be the best to speak on that wouldn't be the best to speak on that maybe Lisa has a better answer but but maybe Lisa has a better answer but but maybe Lisa has a better answer but but my sort of concept of it or my my sort of concept of it or my my sort of concept of it or my understanding of it is that the it's the understanding of it is that the it's the understanding of it is that the it's the the plant that's feeding the microbiomes the plant that's feeding the microbiomes the plant that's feeding the microbiomes and we want to just read sort of use the and we want to just read sort of use the and we want to just read sort of use the natural systems as much as we can and natural systems as much as we can and natural systems as much as we can and you know you know you know the sort of concept I've got in my mind the sort of concept I've got in my mind the sort of concept I've got in my mind is that a degraded or or a very is that a degraded or or a very is that a degraded or or a very monoculture agricultural soil will be monoculture agricultural soil will be monoculture agricultural soil will be very depleted in terms of the diversity very depleted in terms of the diversity very depleted in terms of the diversity of microbial species and it might be of microbial species and it might be of microbial species and it might be dominated by certain bacterial types dominated by certain bacterial types dominated by certain bacterial types that that maybe overwhelm the community that that maybe overwhelm the community that that maybe overwhelm the community whereas introducing the the diversity whereas introducing the the diversity whereas introducing the the diversity and the mixture of species will and the mixture of species will and the mixture of species will introduce those negative feedback loops introduce those negative feedback loops introduce those negative feedback loops that sort of stabilize the community and that sort of stabilize the community and that sort of stabilize the community and you know there's when you as Lisa was you know there's when you as Lisa was you know there's when you as Lisa was mentioning you know it's the it's the mentioning you know it's the it's the mentioning you know it's the it's the the steps of the microbial sort of food the steps of the microbial sort of food the steps of the microbial sort of food chain as one species dies and then gets chain as one species dies and then gets chain as one species dies and then gets decomposed by the next and then the next decomposed by the next and then the next decomposed by the next and then the next dies and that gets decomposed by the dies and that gets decomposed by the dies and that gets decomposed by the next and ultimately that leads to next and ultimately that leads to next and ultimately that leads to long-term stable mineral-associated long-term stable mineral-associated long-term stable mineral-associated carbon storage but I'm I I believe that carbon storage but I'm I I believe that carbon storage but I'm I I believe that that hopefully rebuilding the food web that hopefully rebuilding the food web that hopefully rebuilding the food web will be everything that we need but I will be everything that we need but I will be everything that we need but I don't know maybe they'll it'd be useful don't know maybe they'll it'd be useful don't know maybe they'll it'd be useful to introduce things as well to introduce things as well to introduce things as well um um um that's that great thank you that's that great thank you that's that great thank you um Lisa did you want to come in there um Lisa did you want to come in there um Lisa did you want to come in there um just that if you're working with um just that if you're working with um just that if you're working with cropland species cropland species cropland species um obviously a lot of these microbes and um obviously a lot of these microbes and um obviously a lot of these microbes and plants are co-adapted and you're you plants are co-adapted and you're you plants are co-adapted and you're you know if you're trying to establish a know if you're trying to establish a know if you're trying to establish a crop crop crop um um um and then you introducing a microbe that and then you introducing a microbe that and then you introducing a microbe that isn't co-evolved with that plant then isn't co-evolved with that plant then isn't co-evolved with that plant then it's probably a good idea to have the it's probably a good idea to have the it's probably a good idea to have the resources in the soil there might be resources in the soil there might be resources in the soil there might be some sort of lag between some sort of lag between some sort of lag between um you know the um you know the um you know the carbon coming in from the plant the carbon coming in from the plant the carbon coming in from the plant the production and you know keeping those production and you know keeping those production and you know keeping those microbes alive until they're able to microbes alive until they're able to microbes alive until they're able to establish so absolutely establish so absolutely establish so absolutely um having some sort of Prebiotic um having some sort of Prebiotic um having some sort of Prebiotic um or organic matter um or organic matter um or organic matter um there as well um there as well um there as well great thank you I'm conscious of time great thank you I'm conscious of time great thank you I'm conscious of time um there are a number of questions that um there are a number of questions that um there are a number of questions that we're not going to be able to get to we're not going to be able to get to we're not going to be able to get to um to the apologies for that um in the um to the apologies for that um in the um to the apologies for that um in the audience I am going to ask one final audience I am going to ask one final audience I am going to ask one final question which I suspect is rhetorical question which I suspect is rhetorical question which I suspect is rhetorical um for this audience from Grant which is um for this audience from Grant which is um for this audience from Grant which is do you think we've underestimated at do you think we've underestimated at do you think we've underestimated at least up until this point the importance least up until this point the importance least up until this point the importance of biological indicators of soil health so that's directed a boat review so that's directed a boat review so that's directed a boat review I think it's the yes yes absolutely yeah I think it's the yes yes absolutely yeah I think it's the yes yes absolutely yeah yeah okay yeah okay yeah okay um thank you very much um thank you very much um thank you very much um I I will leave it there with the um I I will leave it there with the um I I will leave it there with the questions because um because we are just questions because um because we are just questions because um because we are just on an hour now on an hour now on an hour now um so on behalf of the British Society um so on behalf of the British Society um so on behalf of the British Society of soil science I'd like to express our of soil science I'd like to express our of soil science I'd like to express our thanks uh to Professor Tom Crowder and thanks uh to Professor Tom Crowder and thanks uh to Professor Tom Crowder and to Dr Lisa Cole for coming along to to Dr Lisa Cole for coming along to to Dr Lisa Cole for coming along to present today present today present today so thank you all for attending this so thank you all for attending this so thank you all for attending this webinar you will find a quick feedback webinar you will find a quick feedback webinar you will find a quick feedback survey when you leave the webinar which survey when you leave the webinar which survey when you leave the webinar which we hope that you will take the time to we hope that you will take the time to we hope that you will take the time to complete the recording of the video will complete the recording of the video will complete the recording of the video will be available after the event on our be available after the event on our be available after the event on our YouTube channel and we wanted to bring YouTube channel and we wanted to bring YouTube channel and we wanted to bring to your attention to your attention to your attention um a couple of events coming up we have um a couple of events coming up we have um a couple of events coming up we have a joint annual conference that we're a joint annual conference that we're a joint annual conference that we're hosting with the soil science Society of hosting with the soil science Society of hosting with the soil science Society of Ireland from Monday the 4th to Tuesday Ireland from Monday the 4th to Tuesday Ireland from Monday the 4th to Tuesday the 5th of December in Belfast it's set the 5th of December in Belfast it's set the 5th of December in Belfast it's set to be a really really good event and to be a really really good event and to be a really really good event and registration is officially open via our registration is officially open via our registration is officially open via our website with early bird prices available website with early bird prices available website with early bird prices available until the 1st of August straight after until the 1st of August straight after until the 1st of August straight after that we're hosting our early careers that we're hosting our early careers that we're hosting our early careers conference on Wednesday the 6th to conference on Wednesday the 6th to conference on Wednesday the 6th to Thursday the 7th of December for our Thursday the 7th of December for our Thursday the 7th of December for our early career members and registration early career members and registration early career members and registration for that is also open and available for that is also open and available for that is also open and available through the website the next webinar in through the website the next webinar in through the website the next webinar in this series is going to be held on this series is going to be held on this series is going to be held on Wednesday the 7th of June and it will be Wednesday the 7th of June and it will be Wednesday the 7th of June and it will be on the peatlands of Wales with on the peatlands of Wales with on the peatlands of Wales with presentations from the Welsh government presentations from the Welsh government presentations from the Welsh government and natural resources Wales registration and natural resources Wales registration and natural resources Wales registration for this has now opened and we will send for this has now opened and we will send for this has now opened and we will send the link out in our follow-up email so the link out in our follow-up email so the link out in our follow-up email so thank you all for attending today I hope thank you all for attending today I hope thank you all for attending today I hope to see you at future events to see you at future events to see you at future events um in the meantime thanks again and um in the meantime thanks again and um in the meantime thanks again and goodbye<br /> }}</div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Zoom_into_Soil:_International_Governance_on_Soil&diff=11783 2026-05-29T14:06:45Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Ajoute les transcriptions YouTube aux pages vidéo qui n&#039;en ont pas - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/435</p> <hr /> <div>{{vidéo<br /> | Titre = Zoom into Soil: International Governance on Soil<br /> | Producteur = British Society of Soil Science<br /> | Vignette = Thumbnail_youtube_OPDDbXlgHdU.jpg<br /> | Date de mise en ligne = 2024-11-06<br /> | Durée = 43 minutes<br /> | Production = <br /> | Vidéo = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPDDbXlgHdU<br /> | Intervenants 0 = Graeme Duggan<br /> | Mots-clés = NBSOIL<br /> }}<br /> <br /> In this webinar, Graeme Duggan, Soil Health Policy Advisor at DEFRA, discusses International Governance on Soil.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Unfortunately, Irene Heuser wasn't able to join us on the webinar.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Graeme Duggan is Soil Health Policy Advisor at the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). He leads on urban soils and contaminated land within the Soil Health Policy team at Defra. Graeme joined Defra in 2021 following a career in local government where he worked in a range of policy areas including Housing, Community Safety and Contaminated Land. Graeme is passionate about environmental protection issues and has an Environmental Science BSc Hons Degree from the University of Leeds and a Graduate Diploma in Agriculture from the Royal Agricultural University.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> https://soils.org.uk/videos/zoom-into-soil-international-governance-on-soil/<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> The British Society of Soil Science is an established international membership organisation and charity committed to the study of soil in its widest aspects. https://soils.org.uk/<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{Pages liées}}<br /> <br /> {{Transcription<br /> | transcription = hey hello everybody and welcome to the hey hello everybody and welcome to the hey hello everybody and welcome to the webinar uh I'm Jack Canam and I'm the webinar uh I'm Jack Canam and I'm the webinar uh I'm Jack Canam and I'm the current president of the British Society current president of the British Society current president of the British Society of s science and I'm really delighted to of s science and I'm really delighted to of s science and I'm really delighted to welcome you to our 10th zoom into s welcome you to our 10th zoom into s welcome you to our 10th zoom into s webinar of the year and before I welcome webinar of the year and before I welcome webinar of the year and before I welcome our presenters um I'd just like to do a our presenters um I'd just like to do a our presenters um I'd just like to do a quick introduction to the British quick introduction to the British quick introduction to the British Society of s science so we're an Society of s science so we're an Society of s science so we're an established International membership established International membership established International membership organization and charity uh that's organization and charity uh that's organization and charity uh that's committ to the study of soil in its committ to the study of soil in its committ to the study of soil in its widest aspects um and we bring together widest aspects um and we bring together widest aspects um and we bring together those working in Academia we have a those working in Academia we have a those working in Academia we have a bigger and growing membership of those bigger and growing membership of those bigger and growing membership of those practitioners that are implementing soil practitioners that are implementing soil practitioners that are implementing soil science in industry and we welcome science in industry and we welcome science in industry and we welcome everybody actually to become a member everybody actually to become a member everybody actually to become a member who has a keen interest in soil so so do who has a keen interest in soil so so do who has a keen interest in soil so so do join us as a join us as a join us as a member um this is our final webinar of member um this is our final webinar of member um this is our final webinar of the year and we really hope you've the year and we really hope you've the year and we really hope you've enjoyed uh this year's webinar series enjoyed uh this year's webinar series enjoyed uh this year's webinar series we've had load of really interesting we've had load of really interesting we've had load of really interesting vared topics with some brilliant vared topics with some brilliant vared topics with some brilliant International experts um delivering International experts um delivering International experts um delivering those for us over the years so it's been those for us over the years so it's been those for us over the years so it's been an excellent program thanks to everybody an excellent program thanks to everybody an excellent program thanks to everybody that's contributed so far um and we'll that's contributed so far um and we'll that's contributed so far um and we'll be continuing into next year so do keep be continuing into next year so do keep be continuing into next year so do keep an eye out on our website uh for the an eye out on our website uh for the an eye out on our website uh for the next scheduled webinars in next scheduled webinars in next scheduled webinars in 2025 um just before we begin just some 2025 um just before we begin just some 2025 um just before we begin just some basic housekeeping because there's quite basic housekeeping because there's quite basic housekeeping because there's quite a lot of you here um on the call today a lot of you here um on the call today a lot of you here um on the call today okay so uh your microphones are all okay so uh your microphones are all okay so uh your microphones are all muted and we'll be taking questions at muted and we'll be taking questions at muted and we'll be taking questions at the end of the presentation so if you the end of the presentation so if you the end of the presentation so if you think of any questions as the presenter think of any questions as the presenter think of any questions as the presenter is presenting please do type them in the is presenting please do type them in the is presenting please do type them in the question box and I'll come to those at question box and I'll come to those at question box and I'll come to those at the end um and ask the questions on your the end um and ask the questions on your the end um and ask the questions on your behalf to the to the behalf to the to the behalf to the to the presenters um although there's a raise presenters um although there's a raise presenters um although there's a raise your hand button we won't actually be your hand button we won't actually be your hand button we won't actually be using that um during the webinar um using that um during the webinar um using that um during the webinar um unless the speakers actually um request unless the speakers actually um request unless the speakers actually um request you to do that so if you have a a query you to do that so if you have a a query you to do that so if you have a a query or question please type it in the chat or question please type it in the chat or question please type it in the chat or in the questions or in the questions or in the questions box um and just to let you know um we box um and just to let you know um we box um and just to let you know um we have CPD points for both these have CPD points for both these have CPD points for both these organizations for basis and en Roso and organizations for basis and en Roso and organizations for basis and en Roso and if you're members of those um if you're members of those um if you're members of those um organizations and registered with either organizations and registered with either organizations and registered with either of those bodies please contact us um of those bodies please contact us um of those bodies please contact us um after we not to collect your CPD points after we not to collect your CPD points after we not to collect your CPD points on the email address on the page there on the email address on the page there on the email address on the page there um and probably as you're aware acutely um and probably as you're aware acutely um and probably as you're aware acutely aware we're recording the uh the webinar aware we're recording the uh the webinar aware we're recording the uh the webinar today um so that we can make it today um so that we can make it today um so that we can make it available on our YouTube channel available on our YouTube channel available on our YouTube channel after um we're planning to have two after um we're planning to have two after um we're planning to have two speakers today but our second speaker um speakers today but our second speaker um speakers today but our second speaker um we're having some technical issues um we're having some technical issues um we're having some technical issues um getting her into the um webinar program getting her into the um webinar program getting her into the um webinar program we're hoping she can join us but we do we're hoping she can join us but we do we're hoping she can join us but we do have our first Speaker here that is have our first Speaker here that is have our first Speaker here that is ready um to do the uh the webinar for ready um to do the uh the webinar for ready um to do the uh the webinar for the first part of that so I'm really the first part of that so I'm really the first part of that so I'm really delighted um to welcome Graham gram delighted um to welcome Graham gram delighted um to welcome Graham gram dogen um he is a S Health policy advisor dogen um he is a S Health policy advisor dogen um he is a S Health policy advisor and he works in defra he's been there and he works in defra he's been there and he works in defra he's been there since since since 2021 um he was formerly uh in local 2021 um he was formerly uh in local 2021 um he was formerly uh in local government working in a range of policy government working in a range of policy government working in a range of policy areas including housing community safety areas including housing community safety areas including housing community safety and contaminated land um and he leads on and contaminated land um and he leads on and contaminated land um and he leads on the urban soils and contaminated land um the urban soils and contaminated land um the urban soils and contaminated land um in the so policy team in in the so policy team in in the so policy team in um he's passionate about Environmental um he's passionate about Environmental um he's passionate about Environmental Protection issues um and he has an Protection issues um and he has an Protection issues um and he has an environmental science degree from the environmental science degree from the environmental science degree from the University of leads and a graduate University of leads and a graduate University of leads and a graduate diploma in agriculture from the Royal diploma in agriculture from the Royal diploma in agriculture from the Royal agricultural University so really agricultural University so really agricultural University so really pleased uh to have you here Graeme so pleased uh to have you here Graeme so pleased uh to have you here Graeme so you've got your presentation loaded up you've got your presentation loaded up you've got your presentation loaded up um and over to you please uh if you just like to unmute please uh if you just like to unmute please uh if you just like to unmute yourself your presentation's working fine but I your presentation's working fine but I your presentation's working fine but I can't hear can't hear can't hear you sorry AB I'll try again that's you sorry AB I'll try again that's you sorry AB I'll try again that's right can hear you and I'll let you know right can hear you and I'll let you know right can hear you and I'll let you know when your presentations when your presentations when your presentations are perfect yep that's in presentation are perfect yep that's in presentation are perfect yep that's in presentation mode and I can hear you clearly mode and I can hear you clearly mode and I can hear you clearly brilliant thanks where you brilliant thanks where you brilliant thanks where you go thanks uh good afternoon everyone and go thanks uh good afternoon everyone and go thanks uh good afternoon everyone and thanks to Jack and Dominic for inviting thanks to Jack and Dominic for inviting thanks to Jack and Dominic for inviting me to speak on behalf of daffre and I'll me to speak on behalf of daffre and I'll me to speak on behalf of daffre and I'll be providing an overview of s policy in be providing an overview of s policy in be providing an overview of s policy in England um so this is going to include England um so this is going to include England um so this is going to include the various kind of policy levers that the various kind of policy levers that the various kind of policy levers that are available to us so this includes are available to us so this includes are available to us so this includes papers and Publications such as the papers and Publications such as the papers and Publications such as the environmental Improvement plan um the environmental Improvement plan um the environmental Improvement plan um the various incentives education and various incentives education and various incentives education and regulations that uh that are available regulations that uh that are available regulations that uh that are available um so just just to note that UK is is a um so just just to note that UK is is a um so just just to note that UK is is a devolved issue so this is this just devolved issue so this is this just devolved issue so this is this just applies to England um but we do have a applies to England um but we do have a applies to England um but we do have a four nations Soul Health Group that's four nations Soul Health Group that's four nations Soul Health Group that's set up to discuss policy issues between set up to discuss policy issues between set up to discuss policy issues between officials across the Nations there's a officials across the Nations there's a officials across the Nations there's a similar contaminated Land one and also similar contaminated Land one and also similar contaminated Land one and also the evidence our evidence colleagues so the evidence our evidence colleagues so the evidence our evidence colleagues so our scientist uh science teams um feed our scientist uh science teams um feed our scientist uh science teams um feed into that as well um I just want to you into that as well um I just want to you into that as well um I just want to you know provide a caveat before the know provide a caveat before the know provide a caveat before the presentation starts obviously we're in presentation starts obviously we're in presentation starts obviously we're in the early throws of a new government so the early throws of a new government so the early throws of a new government so I can only present kind of what we know I can only present kind of what we know I can only present kind of what we know at the present time um the government at the present time um the government at the present time um the government obviously had a really wide agenda and obviously had a really wide agenda and obviously had a really wide agenda and they're currently going through a they're currently going through a they're currently going through a realization of the a fiscal situation realization of the a fiscal situation realization of the a fiscal situation they face um so the way that's kind of they face um so the way that's kind of they face um so the way that's kind of manifested itself at the moment we've manifested itself at the moment we've manifested itself at the moment we've Following last week's budget Following last week's budget Following last week's budget announcement all the Departments are announcement all the Departments are announcement all the Departments are going through business planning so that going through business planning so that going through business planning so that involves taking the kind of headline involves taking the kind of headline involves taking the kind of headline figure the envelope that we're provided figure the envelope that we're provided figure the envelope that we're provided with from Treasury and uh deciding the with from Treasury and uh deciding the with from Treasury and uh deciding the detail and how that's going to be spent detail and how that's going to be spent detail and how that's going to be spent across the department inevitably that's across the department inevitably that's across the department inevitably that's going to be lead to some things being going to be lead to some things being going to be lead to some things being prioritized and some things being prioritized and some things being prioritized and some things being deprioritized we think um and that deprioritized we think um and that deprioritized we think um and that business planning work is likely to business planning work is likely to business planning work is likely to continue probably for most of this year continue probably for most of this year continue probably for most of this year and potentially into next year because and potentially into next year because and potentially into next year because we it's anticipating a multi-year um we it's anticipating a multi-year um we it's anticipating a multi-year um spending a review kind of after spending a review kind of after spending a review kind of after Christmas um but we can we can kind of Christmas um but we can we can kind of Christmas um but we can we can kind of provide some detail on on what the provide some detail on on what the provide some detail on on what the ministers our new ministers uh five key ministers our new ministers uh five key ministers our new ministers uh five key priorities are so they are to clean up priorities are so they are to clean up priorities are so they are to clean up our rivers lakes and seas create a road our rivers lakes and seas create a road our rivers lakes and seas create a road map to move Britain to a zero waste map to move Britain to a zero waste map to move Britain to a zero waste economy support Farmers to boost our economy support Farmers to boost our economy support Farmers to boost our food security ensure Nature's recovery food security ensure Nature's recovery food security ensure Nature's recovery and protect communities from flooding and protect communities from flooding and protect communities from flooding and I think as we go through the and I think as we go through the and I think as we go through the presentation is I'm I'm kind of presentation is I'm I'm kind of presentation is I'm I'm kind of preaching to to the converted here but preaching to to the converted here but preaching to to the converted here but so is such a cross cutting issue and you so is such a cross cutting issue and you so is such a cross cutting issue and you can kind of instantly see that so does can kind of instantly see that so does can kind of instantly see that so does feed into most of those priorities in in feed into most of those priorities in in feed into most of those priorities in in quite an important way um so I'll move quite an important way um so I'll move quite an important way um so I'll move on to my first slide so that kind of on to my first slide so that kind of on to my first slide so that kind of touches on the how Soul health is a you touches on the how Soul health is a you touches on the how Soul health is a you know a holistic issue um good Soul know a holistic issue um good Soul know a holistic issue um good Soul Health delivers for food production the Health delivers for food production the Health delivers for food production the environment particularly kind also nit environment particularly kind also nit environment particularly kind also nit zero um biodiversity our water quality zero um biodiversity our water quality zero um biodiversity our water quality and also resilience to flooding and and also resilience to flooding and and also resilience to flooding and drought and as a result of this we drought and as a result of this we drought and as a result of this we policy team are really crosscutting we policy team are really crosscutting we policy team are really crosscutting we linking with many different policy teams linking with many different policy teams linking with many different policy teams across defa and in other government across defa and in other government across defa and in other government departments this you know we're departments this you know we're departments this you know we're constantly kind of feeding into constantly kind of feeding into constantly kind of feeding into commissions from uh from different uh commissions from uh from different uh commissions from uh from different uh from different teams to support work on from different teams to support work on from different teams to support work on the national planning um policy the national planning um policy the national planning um policy framework or on um environmental framework or on um environmental framework or on um environmental permitting regulations or on what uh the permitting regulations or on what uh the permitting regulations or on what uh the Water plan for water and all these Water plan for water and all these Water plan for water and all these different kind of policies which come different kind of policies which come different kind of policies which come across government we play a role in you across government we play a role in you across government we play a role in you know in ensuring kind of so is is know in ensuring kind of so is is know in ensuring kind of so is is capturing those so government's role in this um we see so government's role in this um we see so government's role in this um we see is being uh I suppose these kind of is being uh I suppose these kind of is being uh I suppose these kind of four-pronged approach particularly from four-pronged approach particularly from four-pronged approach particularly from kind of agricultural focus in supporting kind of agricultural focus in supporting kind of agricultural focus in supporting Farmers to to you to to properly um to Farmers to to you to to properly um to Farmers to to you to to properly um to sustainably farm their land and deliver sustainably farm their land and deliver sustainably farm their land and deliver those um various ecosystem benefits that those um various ecosystem benefits that those um various ecosystem benefits that so uh so so uh so so uh so supports and the baselining monitoring supports and the baselining monitoring supports and the baselining monitoring work over the long term so we can work over the long term so we can work over the long term so we can understand the national condition of understand the national condition of understand the national condition of soil and the impacts of different soil and the impacts of different soil and the impacts of different practices over time on the soil to practices over time on the soil to practices over time on the soil to encourage private investment to help encourage private investment to help encourage private investment to help fund Farmers uh work into sustainably uh fund Farmers uh work into sustainably uh fund Farmers uh work into sustainably uh managing the land and also sustaining managing the land and also sustaining managing the land and also sustaining and protecting soil resources either and protecting soil resources either and protecting soil resources either through um the incentive schemes and through um the incentive schemes and through um the incentive schemes and through in regulations uh to prevent through in regulations uh to prevent through in regulations uh to prevent actions that that harm Soul health so our policy aim really is to health so our policy aim really is to health so our policy aim really is to achieve a balanced approach across a achieve a balanced approach across a achieve a balanced approach across a range of economic social and range of economic social and range of economic social and environmental factors many of these uh environmental factors many of these uh environmental factors many of these uh factors may be in conflict and the kind factors may be in conflict and the kind factors may be in conflict and the kind of skill in polici to try and find a of skill in polici to try and find a of skill in polici to try and find a solution which provides like a symbiotic solution which provides like a symbiotic solution which provides like a symbiotic benefit across different factors benefit across different factors benefit across different factors supporting the economy society and the supporting the economy society and the supporting the economy society and the environment um so a balanced approach is environment um so a balanced approach is environment um so a balanced approach is required to deliver increased resilience required to deliver increased resilience required to deliver increased resilience to impact of climate change in to impact of climate change in to impact of climate change in particular flooding and drought where we particular flooding and drought where we particular flooding and drought where we know so is really key but so to support know so is really key but so to support know so is really key but so to support long-term food production and the long-term food production and the long-term food production and the associated economic and social benefits associated economic and social benefits associated economic and social benefits from that and to underpay in a healthy from that and to underpay in a healthy from that and to underpay in a healthy and prosperous and prosperous and prosperous environment um we also need to be uh environment um we also need to be uh environment um we also need to be uh able to respond to different changing able to respond to different changing able to respond to different changing political uh priorities such as the political uh priorities such as the political uh priorities such as the environmental targets and refreshing environmental targets and refreshing environmental targets and refreshing those which which we we anticipate is those which which we we anticipate is those which which we we anticipate is going to happen as well as different going to happen as well as different going to happen as well as different economic targets across government so we economic targets across government so we economic targets across government so we know there's a big drive for growth and know there's a big drive for growth and know there's a big drive for growth and potentially that has an impact on soil potentially that has an impact on soil potentially that has an impact on soil through redevelopments of land um through redevelopments of land um through redevelopments of land um through the use of um Soul as a resource through the use of um Soul as a resource through the use of um Soul as a resource and for from flood protection of uh of and for from flood protection of uh of and for from flood protection of uh of new developments so all of which will new developments so all of which will new developments so all of which will have to be delivered through improved have to be delivered through improved have to be delivered through improved understanding safeguarding and restoring understanding safeguarding and restoring understanding safeguarding and restoring of our soils so the environmental Improvement soils so the environmental Improvement soils so the environmental Improvement plan is uh where most of our kind of key plan is uh where most of our kind of key plan is uh where most of our kind of key soil actions are currently captured just soil actions are currently captured just soil actions are currently captured just to caveat there is a rapid review of the to caveat there is a rapid review of the to caveat there is a rapid review of the environmental Improvement plan currently environmental Improvement plan currently environmental Improvement plan currently being undertaken to anticipate this will being undertaken to anticipate this will being undertaken to anticipate this will change um it was published in 2023 under change um it was published in 2023 under change um it was published in 2023 under the last government the last government the last government um it's a the the the kind of key um it's a the the the kind of key um it's a the the the kind of key headline is a commitment to non- headline is a commitment to non- headline is a commitment to non- statutary one to bring at least 40% of statutary one to bring at least 40% of statutary one to bring at least 40% of all England's agricultural soil into all England's agricultural soil into all England's agricultural soil into sustainable management by 2028 and that sustainable management by 2028 and that sustainable management by 2028 and that increases to 60% by increases to 60% by increases to 60% by 2030 um other levers aside from the 2030 um other levers aside from the 2030 um other levers aside from the environmental Improvement plan include environmental Improvement plan include environmental Improvement plan include the food strategy and plan for water the food strategy and plan for water the food strategy and plan for water both of which may be reviewed the both of which may be reviewed the both of which may be reviewed the environmental Improvement plan also environmental Improvement plan also environmental Improvement plan also includes our um commitments on includes our um commitments on includes our um commitments on developing a soil reuse and storage uh developing a soil reuse and storage uh developing a soil reuse and storage uh scheme to support the the ReUse of soils scheme to support the the ReUse of soils scheme to support the the ReUse of soils from construction sites and reduce the from construction sites and reduce the from construction sites and reduce the amount of soil which is uh disposed of amount of soil which is uh disposed of amount of soil which is uh disposed of in landfill potentially in landfill potentially in landfill potentially unnecessarily um publishing a revised unnecessarily um publishing a revised unnecessarily um publishing a revised code of practice for the sustainable use code of practice for the sustainable use code of practice for the sustainable use of construction sites which we are of construction sites which we are of construction sites which we are hopeful will be done um imminently and hopeful will be done um imminently and hopeful will be done um imminently and supporting farmers and land managers to supporting farmers and land managers to supporting farmers and land managers to to establish their own so uh Health to establish their own so uh Health to establish their own so uh Health Baseline and and then support um future Baseline and and then support um future Baseline and and then support um future uh future actions to to improve soil so the environmental Land Management so the environmental Land Management so the environmental Land Management scheme is is really our this is our kind scheme is is really our this is our kind scheme is is really our this is our kind of carrot to improve soil management so of carrot to improve soil management so of carrot to improve soil management so in you know in policy we have different in you know in policy we have different in you know in policy we have different levers so regulation is seen as the levers so regulation is seen as the levers so regulation is seen as the stick and the environmental Land stick and the environmental Land stick and the environmental Land Management and and financial incentives Management and and financial incentives Management and and financial incentives are really the Carro approach um so this are really the Carro approach um so this are really the Carro approach um so this is being used to improve soils prevent is being used to improve soils prevent is being used to improve soils prevent degradation a developer Baseline for so degradation a developer Baseline for so degradation a developer Baseline for so Health uh through so monitoring so the Health uh through so monitoring so the Health uh through so monitoring so the SFI has been introduced to transition SFI has been introduced to transition SFI has been introduced to transition farming subsidies uh away from the old farming subsidies uh away from the old farming subsidies uh away from the old cap model to deliver environmental goods cap model to deliver environmental goods cap model to deliver environmental goods and and and services um the so benefits under SFI services um the so benefits under SFI services um the so benefits under SFI are focused on improving soil structure are focused on improving soil structure are focused on improving soil structure preventing runoff increasing soil preventing runoff increasing soil preventing runoff increasing soil organic matter and improving organic matter and improving organic matter and improving biology and the associated benefits from biology and the associated benefits from biology and the associated benefits from that are improving knowledge and that are improving knowledge and that are improving knowledge and understanding of souls for land managers understanding of souls for land managers understanding of souls for land managers so a key part of of the so actions under so a key part of of the so actions under so a key part of of the so actions under SFI are to um are to to carry out SFI are to um are to to carry out SFI are to um are to to carry out assessments of soil through testing assessments of soil through testing assessments of soil through testing that's inevitably going to build a that's inevitably going to build a that's inevitably going to build a knowledge amongst land managers of of knowledge amongst land managers of of knowledge amongst land managers of of their soil of of and what actions um their soil of of and what actions um their soil of of and what actions um impact the soil and how what impact impact the soil and how what impact impact the soil and how what impact those actions to have on the soil um the those actions to have on the soil um the those actions to have on the soil um the actions include that soil testing um actions include that soil testing um actions include that soil testing um introducing multispecies cover crops and introducing multispecies cover crops and introducing multispecies cover crops and herbal lay and in future years um Min herbal lay and in future years um Min herbal lay and in future years um Min and noil farming and also spring cover crops the so regulations we have crops the so regulations we have crops the so regulations we have available uh I guess amongst a number of available uh I guess amongst a number of available uh I guess amongst a number of different regulations which aren't different regulations which aren't different regulations which aren't necessarily sole focused um legislation necessarily sole focused um legislation necessarily sole focused um legislation in itself helps to regulate soil in itself helps to regulate soil in itself helps to regulate soil management activities and it's a key management activities and it's a key management activities and it's a key tool to achieving environmental tool to achieving environmental tool to achieving environmental objectives legislation is a means to objectives legislation is a means to objectives legislation is a means to protect the environment when protection protect the environment when protection protect the environment when protection cannot be secured through non-statutory cannot be secured through non-statutory cannot be secured through non-statutory means such as education guidance and means such as education guidance and means such as education guidance and incentives so really this is about incentives so really this is about incentives so really this is about setting a stopping soil dipping below setting a stopping soil dipping below setting a stopping soil dipping below what is an acceptable Baseline what is an acceptable Baseline what is an acceptable Baseline effectively whereas in sensors are used effectively whereas in sensors are used effectively whereas in sensors are used to get people above that Baseline um to get people above that Baseline um to get people above that Baseline um soil regulations are used to address soil regulations are used to address soil regulations are used to address increased pressures on soils from food increased pressures on soils from food increased pressures on soils from food production from Fuel and from house from production from Fuel and from house from production from Fuel and from house from developing housing and from climate developing housing and from climate developing housing and from climate change and there are a wide range of change and there are a wide range of change and there are a wide range of legislative instruments but with varying legislative instruments but with varying legislative instruments but with varying degrees of direct and indirect degrees of direct and indirect degrees of direct and indirect protection for soil so they the key ones protection for soil so they the key ones protection for soil so they the key ones are from the farming rules for water the are from the farming rules for water the are from the farming rules for water the Heather and grass burning regulations Heather and grass burning regulations Heather and grass burning regulations crop resid regulations and the crop resid regulations and the crop resid regulations and the environment act um souls are often seen environment act um souls are often seen environment act um souls are often seen through the lens of being an other through the lens of being an other through the lens of being an other environmental assets such as water which environmental assets such as water which environmental assets such as water which is I think an issue that we see you know is I think an issue that we see you know is I think an issue that we see you know constantly in policy that so is often constantly in policy that so is often constantly in policy that so is often not as valued as water and air um the not as valued as water and air um the not as valued as water and air um the environmental food en rooll Affairs environmental food en rooll Affairs environmental food en rooll Affairs committee inquiring 2023 advised that we committee inquiring 2023 advised that we committee inquiring 2023 advised that we need a new regulatory framework for soil need a new regulatory framework for soil need a new regulatory framework for soil I think kind the key findings were that I think kind the key findings were that I think kind the key findings were that regulations are divided regulations are divided regulations are divided amongst several different pieces of amongst several different pieces of amongst several different pieces of legislation quite peace and not directly legislation quite peace and not directly legislation quite peace and not directly targeted at so targeted at so targeted at so protection um other kind of key pieces protection um other kind of key pieces protection um other kind of key pieces of U of recent Recent research to note of U of recent Recent research to note of U of recent Recent research to note uh the recent study from the office for uh the recent study from the office for uh the recent study from the office for Environmental Protection review of Environmental Protection review of Environmental Protection review of sustainably managed oils so this this sustainably managed oils so this this sustainably managed oils so this this looked at regulations and one of the key looked at regulations and one of the key looked at regulations and one of the key findings was that regulations may not findings was that regulations may not findings was that regulations may not always be helpful because they're always be helpful because they're always be helpful because they're extremely difficult to enforce and extremely difficult to enforce and extremely difficult to enforce and police and that sustainable soil police and that sustainable soil police and that sustainable soil management actions are really dependent management actions are really dependent management actions are really dependent on local conditions so it's very to have on local conditions so it's very to have on local conditions so it's very to have a regulation which applies across the piece apologies if I cycled on I slide piece apologies if I cycled on I slide piece apologies if I cycled on I slide too soon I just was going to cover too soon I just was going to cover too soon I just was going to cover farming rules for water did anyone farming rules for water did anyone farming rules for water did anyone miss this slide miss this slide miss this slide um no that was fine that one yeah you um no that was fine that one yeah you um no that was fine that one yeah you talked about o yeah that came up no talked about o yeah that came up no talked about o yeah that came up no problem yeah so yeah so just just to problem yeah so yeah so just just to problem yeah so yeah so just just to touch on the farming rules for water touch on the farming rules for water touch on the farming rules for water that's our kind of most pertinent um set that's our kind of most pertinent um set that's our kind of most pertinent um set of regulations for soil management and of regulations for soil management and of regulations for soil management and the key things being that farmers are the key things being that farmers are the key things being that farmers are required to take reasonable steps to required to take reasonable steps to required to take reasonable steps to prevent soil erosion and to limit prevent soil erosion and to limit prevent soil erosion and to limit agricultural diffused agricultural diffused agricultural diffused pollution however a recent survey pollution however a recent survey pollution however a recent survey reported that the majority of farmers uh reported that the majority of farmers uh reported that the majority of farmers uh had heard of the farming rules for water had heard of the farming rules for water had heard of the farming rules for water but less than a third actually know what but less than a third actually know what but less than a third actually know what they are um although Farmers may have they are um although Farmers may have they are um although Farmers may have heard of the rules they don't fully heard of the rules they don't fully heard of the rules they don't fully understand the detail and don't understand the detail and don't understand the detail and don't necessarily think that they apply to necessarily think that they apply to necessarily think that they apply to them so de is currently um doing some them so de is currently um doing some them so de is currently um doing some work to provide clearer definitions coms work to provide clearer definitions coms work to provide clearer definitions coms and guidance on so regulations and guidance on so regulations and guidance on so regulations particularly farming rules for water uh particularly farming rules for water uh particularly farming rules for water uh and provide guidance on those regulations and finally I'm just going regulations and finally I'm just going regulations and finally I'm just going to touch on contaminated land so as the to touch on contaminated land so as the to touch on contaminated land so as the kind of urban soil lead and kind of urban soil lead and kind of urban soil lead and uncontaminated land lead this is um um uncontaminated land lead this is um um uncontaminated land lead this is um um high up in my in my kind of thinking at high up in my in my kind of thinking at high up in my in my kind of thinking at the moment so um most contaminated land the moment so um most contaminated land the moment so um most contaminated land uh remediation is delivered through uh remediation is delivered through uh remediation is delivered through through the planning sector so over 90% through the planning sector so over 90% through the planning sector so over 90% remediation happens as as a result of remediation happens as as a result of remediation happens as as a result of the national planning policy framework the national planning policy framework the national planning policy framework um because contaminated land is a is a um because contaminated land is a is a um because contaminated land is a is a material planning consideration land material planning consideration land material planning consideration land must must be made suitable for its must must be made suitable for its must must be made suitable for its intended use uh so that's how most intended use uh so that's how most intended use uh so that's how most contaminated land is delivered so in contaminated land is delivered so in contaminated land is delivered so in some ways that's the policy working as some ways that's the policy working as some ways that's the policy working as it should because public money isn't it should because public money isn't it should because public money isn't being used to address a contaminated being used to address a contaminated being used to address a contaminated land issue and it's being um delivered land issue and it's being um delivered land issue and it's being um delivered through the private sector um part to through the private sector um part to through the private sector um part to way the environment the for the way the environment the for the way the environment the for the Environmental Protection act um the Environmental Protection act um the Environmental Protection act um the contaminated land regime is there to contaminated land regime is there to contaminated land regime is there to kind of pick up those those sites which kind of pick up those those sites which kind of pick up those those sites which don't fall within planning and there don't fall within planning and there don't fall within planning and there isn't any kind of Redevelopment isn't any kind of Redevelopment isn't any kind of Redevelopment potential for and the key barrier being potential for and the key barrier being potential for and the key barrier being the you know the the difficulty in the you know the the difficulty in the you know the the difficulty in establishing liability in Legacy establishing liability in Legacy establishing liability in Legacy contamination sites um so that's contamination sites um so that's contamination sites um so that's something we are we are kind of something we are we are kind of something we are we are kind of currently looking at with the currently looking at with the currently looking at with the environment agency um it's a really environment agency um it's a really environment agency um it's a really interesting area I think there's been interesting area I think there's been interesting area I think there's been different models which have been different models which have been different models which have been developed uh in different countries developed uh in different countries developed uh in different countries which we're looking at um but which we're looking at um but which we're looking at um but particularly establishing liability is particularly establishing liability is particularly establishing liability is really challenging uh for legacy really challenging uh for legacy really challenging uh for legacy contamination primarily because those um contamination primarily because those um contamination primarily because those um those polluters don't exist anymore and those polluters don't exist anymore and those polluters don't exist anymore and applying liability to homeowners and and applying liability to homeowners and and applying liability to homeowners and and that that sort of thing isn't really that that sort of thing isn't really that that sort of thing isn't really appropriate um the regulations also appropriate um the regulations also appropriate um the regulations also don't allow for um site investigations don't allow for um site investigations don't allow for um site investigations to be included in in liability claims to be included in in liability claims to be included in in liability claims and also these sites have been in and also these sites have been in and also these sites have been in operation in in many cases for hundreds operation in in many cases for hundreds operation in in many cases for hundreds of years with many different um of years with many different um of years with many different um industrial practices being carried out industrial practices being carried out industrial practices being carried out so a portioning liability to different so a portioning liability to different so a portioning liability to different polls and to different processes is is polls and to different processes is is polls and to different processes is is really laborious and difficult um so really laborious and difficult um so really laborious and difficult um so that that's kind of a key issue that we that that's kind of a key issue that we that that's kind of a key issue that we flagged within within those regulations flagged within within those regulations flagged within within those regulations um which we're currently looking at So yeah thank you for for listening at So yeah thank you for for listening at So yeah thank you for for listening uh hopefully that was a helpful uh uh hopefully that was a helpful uh uh hopefully that was a helpful uh Whistle Stop tour of uh of s policy um Whistle Stop tour of uh of s policy um Whistle Stop tour of uh of s policy um hopefully I I was saying to Jack before hopefully I I was saying to Jack before hopefully I I was saying to Jack before we started hopefully we'll have you know we started hopefully we'll have you know we started hopefully we'll have you know more concrete things to uh to deliver to more concrete things to uh to deliver to more concrete things to uh to deliver to you maybe in six months or so as as as you maybe in six months or so as as as you maybe in six months or so as as as um policies filter down from our new um policies filter down from our new um policies filter down from our new ministerial team and we have more of an ministerial team and we have more of an ministerial team and we have more of an idea what is going to be possible under idea what is going to be possible under idea what is going to be possible under our spending settlement um but yeah I our spending settlement um but yeah I our spending settlement um but yeah I will draw the presentation to a close will draw the presentation to a close will draw the presentation to a close there um and hand back to the there um and hand back to the there um and hand back to the panel excellent thanks very much gra is panel excellent thanks very much gra is panel excellent thanks very much gra is you're very welcome to come back when you're very welcome to come back when you're very welcome to come back when you've got more to share with us next you've got more to share with us next you've got more to share with us next year it's a brilliant overview um thanks year it's a brilliant overview um thanks year it's a brilliant overview um thanks thanks it's really uh interesting to see thanks it's really uh interesting to see thanks it's really uh interesting to see I guess some of the people might have um I guess some of the people might have um I guess some of the people might have um seen some of those uh things come out at seen some of those uh things come out at seen some of those uh things come out at the um S Health inquiry that was um the um S Health inquiry that was um the um S Health inquiry that was um which was done by EPA so some really which was done by EPA so some really which was done by EPA so some really interesting points there um just to let interesting points there um just to let interesting points there um just to let everybody know uh unfortunately our everybody know uh unfortunately our everybody know uh unfortunately our second speaker is unable to join us so second speaker is unable to join us so second speaker is unable to join us so we are just going to do open up the Q&amp;amp;A we are just going to do open up the Q&amp;amp;A we are just going to do open up the Q&amp;amp;A just to gram now so we have him for the just to gram now so we have him for the just to gram now so we have him for the next sort 15 minutes or so um there are next sort 15 minutes or so um there are next sort 15 minutes or so um there are some questions coming in already so I'll some questions coming in already so I'll some questions coming in already so I'll I'll try and get through them I've got a I'll try and get through them I've got a I'll try and get through them I've got a couple also but um if you've got a couple also but um if you've got a couple also but um if you've got a question for grae type it in the question for grae type it in the question for grae type it in the questions and I will um ask it on your questions and I will um ask it on your questions and I will um ask it on your behalf um so a was a couple um behalf um so a was a couple um behalf um so a was a couple um already it can put you in the hot seat a already it can put you in the hot seat a already it can put you in the hot seat a little bit I guess it's there some of little bit I guess it's there some of little bit I guess it's there some of them you may be able to answer and some them you may be able to answer and some them you may be able to answer and some you may not be so um uh you talked about you may not be so um uh you talked about you may not be so um uh you talked about the um environmental Improvement plan the um environmental Improvement plan the um environmental Improvement plan the EIP review um and do you think that the EIP review um and do you think that the EIP review um and do you think that the deliverables in the EIP will change the deliverables in the EIP will change the deliverables in the EIP will change uh with the new government after the uh with the new government after the uh with the new government after the review um I think it's difficult to say review um I think it's difficult to say review um I think it's difficult to say Jack really um we haven't yet seen a Jack really um we haven't yet seen a Jack really um we haven't yet seen a draft um we feel into commissions on it draft um we feel into commissions on it draft um we feel into commissions on it um yeah so we there was a recent um yeah so we there was a recent um yeah so we there was a recent commission which is essentially sending commission which is essentially sending commission which is essentially sending what um based on you know our our what um based on you know our our what um based on you know our our evidence what what would be appropriate evidence what what would be appropriate evidence what what would be appropriate to include include in in updates um so to include include in in updates um so to include include in in updates um so yeah it's it's going to be a wait and yeah it's it's going to be a wait and yeah it's it's going to be a wait and see really um I think they they see really um I think they they see really um I think they they announced it would be done by the end of announced it would be done by the end of announced it would be done by the end of the year that sounds ambitious and we the year that sounds ambitious and we the year that sounds ambitious and we think it's unlikely to be done this year think it's unlikely to be done this year think it's unlikely to be done this year we all know about you announcing we all know about you announcing we all know about you announcing deadlines that you know sail past when deadlines that you know sail past when deadlines that you know sail past when things yeah exactly yeah but unfortun things yeah exactly yeah but unfortun things yeah exactly yeah but unfortun it's difficult I think it's difficult to it's difficult I think it's difficult to it's difficult I think it's difficult to say at this point I think until we get say at this point I think until we get say at this point I think until we get some feedback on the initial commission some feedback on the initial commission some feedback on the initial commission as well we we haven't really seen what as well we we haven't really seen what as well we we haven't really seen what the um what the ster has been kind of the um what the ster has been kind of the um what the ster has been kind of from the central policy team who from the central policy team who from the central policy team who covering the the update yeah and I've covering the the update yeah and I've covering the the update yeah and I've got kind of a little follow-up question got kind of a little follow-up question got kind of a little follow-up question I guess on the EIP because at the moment I guess on the EIP because at the moment I guess on the EIP because at the moment I mean you you you know you Illustrated I mean you you you know you Illustrated I mean you you you know you Illustrated really nicely actually that you know really nicely actually that you know really nicely actually that you know soil sits in all of these different soil sits in all of these different soil sits in all of these different policy areas and it's all you know and policy areas and it's all you know and policy areas and it's all you know and the the the I EIP is a really sort of the the the I EIP is a really sort of the the the I EIP is a really sort of strong instrument at the moment but it strong instrument at the moment but it strong instrument at the moment but it only specifically mentions um only specifically mentions um only specifically mentions um agricultural soils yeah uh in terms of a agricultural soils yeah uh in terms of a agricultural soils yeah uh in terms of a Target um so I was just wondering about Target um so I was just wondering about Target um so I was just wondering about whether you could comment on whether you could comment on whether you could comment on non-agricultural SCE so you touched a non-agricultural SCE so you touched a non-agricultural SCE so you touched a little bit on obviously Urban SS in the little bit on obviously Urban SS in the little bit on obviously Urban SS in the last slide in contamination but you know last slide in contamination but you know last slide in contamination but you know where are where are those kind of policy where are where are those kind of policy where are where are those kind of policy instruments for all all those targets I instruments for all all those targets I instruments for all all those targets I should say for for non agricultural should say for for non agricultural should say for for non agricultural soils yeah that that's um I think we soils yeah that that's um I think we soils yeah that that's um I think we were were were yeah we were disappointed there wasn't yeah we were disappointed there wasn't yeah we were disappointed there wasn't more contaminated land and urban soil in more contaminated land and urban soil in more contaminated land and urban soil in in the last environmental Improvement in the last environmental Improvement in the last environmental Improvement plan to be candid um so that's something plan to be candid um so that's something plan to be candid um so that's something we'd like to correct um yeah so that's we'd like to correct um yeah so that's we'd like to correct um yeah so that's uh that that's certainly something which uh that that's certainly something which uh that that's certainly something which we we would' like to see I think we we would' like to see I think we we would' like to see I think contaminated land in particular um is is contaminated land in particular um is is contaminated land in particular um is is an area where we'd like to see something an area where we'd like to see something an area where we'd like to see something firmer in terms of a government firmer in terms of a government firmer in terms of a government commitment to towards um and you know commitment to towards um and you know commitment to towards um and you know possibly the extension of Soul possibly the extension of Soul possibly the extension of Soul monitoring to um to Urban Souls as well monitoring to um to Urban Souls as well monitoring to um to Urban Souls as well whether that turns into a Target or not whether that turns into a Target or not whether that turns into a Target or not but certainly we'd like to have some but certainly we'd like to have some but certainly we'd like to have some kind of commitment around that kind of commitment around that kind of commitment around that yeah does seem to be a obvious Gap I yeah does seem to be a obvious Gap I yeah does seem to be a obvious Gap I guess absolutely yeah um uh another guess absolutely yeah um uh another guess absolutely yeah um uh another question from the um from the audience question from the um from the audience question from the um from the audience um so um so um so um I believe that Scotland has already um I believe that Scotland has already um I believe that Scotland has already introduced some regulations to protect introduced some regulations to protect introduced some regulations to protect Scottish soil so uh is there any plans Scottish soil so uh is there any plans Scottish soil so uh is there any plans to sort of follow the same example so to sort of follow the same example so to sort of follow the same example so you talked a little bit about about yeah you talked a little bit about about yeah you talked a little bit about about yeah about being difficult to kind of come up about being difficult to kind of come up about being difficult to kind of come up with a broad brush regulation for with a broad brush regulation for with a broad brush regulation for soils um but I've just wondered whether soils um but I've just wondered whether soils um but I've just wondered whether you know you talked about your for you know you talked about your for you know you talked about your for nation approach whether you know that's nation approach whether you know that's nation approach whether you know that's something that um yeah um that's something that um yeah um that's something that um yeah um that's something which we're considering in the something which we're considering in the something which we're considering in the kind of policy development cycle um we kind of policy development cycle um we kind of policy development cycle um we can't sort of commit to to to delivering can't sort of commit to to to delivering can't sort of commit to to to delivering that there's there is a you know a that there's there is a you know a that there's there is a you know a process to go through and um but yeah process to go through and um but yeah process to go through and um but yeah that's that's sort of it's a tool which that's that's sort of it's a tool which that's that's sort of it's a tool which is which is being considered um is which is being considered um is which is being considered um alongside alongside alongside incentives yeah yeah incentives yeah yeah incentives yeah yeah okay um another question it was around okay um another question it was around okay um another question it was around um the planning um RS and so I I'll just um the planning um RS and so I I'll just um the planning um RS and so I I'll just read out the question so where read out the question so where read out the question so where agricultural land is subject to agricultural land is subject to agricultural land is subject to development through planning so and it's development through planning so and it's development through planning so and it's not contaminated so the only assessment not contaminated so the only assessment not contaminated so the only assessment required by the local Authority is the required by the local Authority is the required by the local Authority is the agricultural land classification um but agricultural land classification um but agricultural land classification um but obviously this guidance is is based on a obviously this guidance is is based on a obviously this guidance is is based on a procedure that was developed in the sort procedure that was developed in the sort procedure that was developed in the sort of late 1980s so is there any um of late 1980s so is there any um of late 1980s so is there any um appetite to update or revise the appetite to update or revise the appetite to update or revise the assessment or assessment or assessment or guidelines um there is I'm not sure if guidelines um there is I'm not sure if guidelines um there is I'm not sure if it's been announced yet but that is been it's been announced yet but that is been it's been announced yet but that is been um a piece of work kind of long in the um a piece of work kind of long in the um a piece of work kind of long in the making um within our team so that is um making um within our team so that is um making um within our team so that is um I think an announcement is G on on the I think an announcement is G on on the I think an announcement is G on on the agricultural land and agricultural land agricultural land and agricultural land agricultural land and agricultural land classification system so put to anything classification system so put to anything classification system so put to anything um but yeah that um I think that's it's um but yeah that um I think that's it's um but yeah that um I think that's it's you know it's parcel with the yeah the you know it's parcel with the yeah the you know it's parcel with the yeah the Landes framework and the update of the Landes framework and the update of the Landes framework and the update of the national planning policy framework so national planning policy framework so national planning policy framework so that's something which we've which are that's something which we've which are that's something which we've which are intrinsically linked and we're yeah work intrinsically linked and we're yeah work intrinsically linked and we're yeah work we yeah we're working directly with with we yeah we're working directly with with we yeah we're working directly with with both those pieces of work um I think both those pieces of work um I think both those pieces of work um I think particularly the land use framework is particularly the land use framework is particularly the land use framework is um is is a useful vehicle for that as um is is a useful vehicle for that as um is is a useful vehicle for that as well yeah I think that will be key well well yeah I think that will be key well well yeah I think that will be key well yeah hopefully we get to see that that's yeah hopefully we get to see that that's yeah hopefully we get to see that that's another one where the uh where the another one where the uh where the another one where the uh where the deadline sailed passed last year but uh deadline sailed passed last year but uh deadline sailed passed last year but uh yeah I think yeah that's um that's on yeah I think yeah that's um that's on yeah I think yeah that's um that's on the table fairly soon I think to be uh the table fairly soon I think to be uh the table fairly soon I think to be uh to be yeah that's good I mean again you to be yeah that's good I mean again you to be yeah that's good I mean again you know it's quite heartening that you know know it's quite heartening that you know know it's quite heartening that you know actually all you're starting to see all actually all you're starting to see all actually all you're starting to see all of these things actually join joining up of these things actually join joining up of these things actually join joining up now um and those sort of framework now um and those sort of framework now um and those sort of framework pieces are really quite important to do pieces are really quite important to do pieces are really quite important to do that you know to not talk you know not that you know to not talk you know not that you know to not talk you know not just within defra but cross government just within defra but cross government just within defra but cross government actually to start to think about actually to start to think about actually to start to think about integrating soils yeah yeah absolutely integrating soils yeah yeah absolutely integrating soils yeah yeah absolutely and that I think that it's going to be and that I think that it's going to be and that I think that it's going to be it's you know part of his role is to it's you know part of his role is to it's you know part of his role is to kind of advocate for the environment kind of advocate for the environment kind of advocate for the environment isn't it and there's going to be isn't it and there's going to be isn't it and there's going to be pressure from other government pressure from other government pressure from other government departments to to targets that have been departments to to targets that have been departments to to targets that have been announced absolutely yeah there's going announced absolutely yeah there's going announced absolutely yeah there's going to be a conflict I think at times so to be a conflict I think at times so to be a conflict I think at times so yeah that's that's um so it's something yeah that's that's um so it's something yeah that's that's um so it's something we're we're acutely aware of and yeah I we're we're acutely aware of and yeah I we're we're acutely aware of and yeah I think I think we're well placed to fight think I think we're well placed to fight think I think we're well placed to fight back but it's it's there's going to be back but it's it's there's going to be back but it's it's there's going to be there's going to be some difficult there's going to be some difficult there's going to be some difficult decisions at some point I think I think decisions at some point I think I think decisions at some point I think I think that was one of my other questions is that was one of my other questions is that was one of my other questions is sort of like how do you reconcile you sort of like how do you reconcile you sort of like how do you reconcile you know you talked about this sort of know you talked about this sort of know you talked about this sort of balanced approach um but you know how balanced approach um but you know how balanced approach um but you know how how do you reconcile all of those how do you reconcile all of those how do you reconcile all of those different sorts of things and priorities different sorts of things and priorities different sorts of things and priorities I know you get you know you you're I know you get you know you you're I know you get you know you you're having to react to kind of government having to react to kind of government having to react to kind of government priorities and things but particularly priorities and things but particularly priorities and things but particularly where there are kind of KnockOn effects where there are kind of KnockOn effects where there are kind of KnockOn effects or unintended consequences of particular or unintended consequences of particular or unintended consequences of particular decisions on you know different sectors decisions on you know different sectors decisions on you know different sectors um yeah like yeah yeah yeah you know it's yeah like yeah yeah yeah you know it's yeah like yeah yeah yeah you know it's kind of like how how do you kind of um kind of like how how do you kind of um kind of like how how do you kind of um reconcile that headache I guess yeah I reconcile that headache I guess yeah I reconcile that headache I guess yeah I think we it's just about putting forward think we it's just about putting forward think we it's just about putting forward a a a good a strong argument so I think a a a good a strong argument so I think a a a good a strong argument so I think so for example if there was not to say so for example if there was not to say so for example if there was not to say this would happen but if there was if this would happen but if there was if this would happen but if there was if they tried to if there was a move from they tried to if there was a move from they tried to if there was a move from mhg to reduce the amount of um mhg to reduce the amount of um mhg to reduce the amount of um protections around contaminated land protections around contaminated land protections around contaminated land we'd have to be able to pretty quickly we'd have to be able to pretty quickly we'd have to be able to pretty quickly put forward a case why that shouldn't put forward a case why that shouldn't put forward a case why that shouldn't happen and you know making all of the happen and you know making all of the happen and you know making all of the various economic social and various economic social and various economic social and environmental arguments and I think environmental arguments and I think environmental arguments and I think we've kind of got that bank so I think we've kind of got that bank so I think we've kind of got that bank so I think we've got quite a strong arguments to we've got quite a strong arguments to we've got quite a strong arguments to prevent that from happening and likewise prevent that from happening and likewise prevent that from happening and likewise if that was to happen for you know for if that was to happen for you know for if that was to happen for you know for developing on developing on developing on um high quality agricultural land again um high quality agricultural land again um high quality agricultural land again that's that's something I think we've that's that's something I think we've that's that's something I think we've got kind of you know the the evidence to got kind of you know the the evidence to got kind of you know the the evidence to to to support um behind the rejecting to to support um behind the rejecting to to support um behind the rejecting that yeah yeah no certainly I mean I've that yeah yeah no certainly I mean I've that yeah yeah no certainly I mean I've been you know on and off working on been you know on and off working on been you know on and off working on various sort of deer R&amp;amp;D projects for various sort of deer R&amp;amp;D projects for various sort of deer R&amp;amp;D projects for many years I won't disclose exactly how many years I won't disclose exactly how many years I won't disclose exactly how many but I mean that's one thing that many but I mean that's one thing that many but I mean that's one thing that really has changed actually is is the really has changed actually is is the really has changed actually is is the team has expanded you know beyond um team has expanded you know beyond um team has expanded you know beyond um order of magnitude at least you know order of magnitude at least you know order of magnitude at least you know since when I was first sort of inte um since when I was first sort of inte um since when I was first sort of inte um interacting with defra and the and you interacting with defra and the and you interacting with defra and the and you know the the having a a distinct know the the having a a distinct know the the having a a distinct evidence team as well I think has made a evidence team as well I think has made a evidence team as well I think has made a m a massive difference yeah absolutely m a massive difference yeah absolutely m a massive difference yeah absolutely yeah yeah um and I think the evidence yeah yeah um and I think the evidence yeah yeah um and I think the evidence team does cover a good range of topics team does cover a good range of topics team does cover a good range of topics as well so um both on Urban Souls we as well so um both on Urban Souls we as well so um both on Urban Souls we have you know Rasheen um and and Daniel have you know Rasheen um and and Daniel have you know Rasheen um and and Daniel kind of an agricultural side so yeah kind of an agricultural side so yeah kind of an agricultural side so yeah okay there's more questions coming in so okay there's more questions coming in so okay there's more questions coming in so I'll stop asking mine now everyone's I'll stop asking mine now everyone's I'll stop asking mine now everyone's like I've got a question in there get like I've got a question in there get like I've got a question in there get round to it right here we go um there's round to it right here we go um there's round to it right here we go um there's a few more to go through um so L a few more to go through um so L a few more to go through um so L regarding um land use conversion regarding um land use conversion regarding um land use conversion particularly soil particularly soil particularly soil ceiling um it was just a question about ceiling um it was just a question about ceiling um it was just a question about whether ulas with counterparts in other whether ulas with counterparts in other whether ulas with counterparts in other countries such as Switzerland and countries such as Switzerland and countries such as Switzerland and Austria we have quite high standard Austria we have quite high standard Austria we have quite high standard around Lake so we we we we um we do have we do have so we we we we um we do have we do have so we we we we um we do have we do have interactions with other government sorry interactions with other government sorry interactions with other government sorry other governments across across Europe other governments across across Europe other governments across across Europe um on soil ceiling specifically I'm um on soil ceiling specifically I'm um on soil ceiling specifically I'm happy to take that away I'm not 100% happy to take that away I'm not 100% happy to take that away I'm not 100% sure um that's a good question though um sure um that's a good question though um sure um that's a good question though um that's okay I know that we've we've that's okay I know that we've we've that's okay I know that we've we've we've um Rich my colleague on the we've um Rich my colleague on the we've um Rich my colleague on the agricultural side um presented at a agricultural side um presented at a agricultural side um presented at a Swiss conference at the end of last year Swiss conference at the end of last year Swiss conference at the end of last year um on the I think on on on our s um on the I think on on on our s um on the I think on on on our s monitoring program on NCA um but yeah monitoring program on NCA um but yeah monitoring program on NCA um but yeah I'm not I'm not sure if it we I'm not I'm not sure if it we I'm not I'm not sure if it we specifically collaborated on on S specifically collaborated on on S specifically collaborated on on S ceiling ceiling ceiling so but good to hear you are on other so but good to hear you are on other so but good to hear you are on other things though so um yeah yeah okay things though so um yeah yeah okay things though so um yeah yeah okay there's another yeah we yeah just just there's another yeah we yeah just just there's another yeah we yeah just just out of in we actually spoke to um out of in we actually spoke to um out of in we actually spoke to um colleagues in New York on Friday last colleagues in New York on Friday last colleagues in New York on Friday last week about their soul bank so New York week about their soul bank so New York week about their soul bank so New York operates a very effective um Soul bank operates a very effective um Soul bank operates a very effective um Soul bank and which massively reduce the amount of and which massively reduce the amount of and which massively reduce the amount of soil they they landfill which is really soil they they landfill which is really soil they they landfill which is really interesting um and it's kind of interesting um and it's kind of interesting um and it's kind of non-regulated we've kind of developed non-regulated we've kind of developed non-regulated we've kind of developed quite a nice financial model so we were quite a nice financial model so we were quite a nice financial model so we were looking at that so we're looking at looking at that so we're looking at looking at that so we're looking at different International examples across different International examples across different International examples across different policies really yeah yeah different policies really yeah yeah different policies really yeah yeah there's a kind of Link question actually there's a kind of Link question actually there's a kind of Link question actually a bit around yeah sort of you know the a bit around yeah sort of you know the a bit around yeah sort of you know the sort of it's a bit of a broader question sort of it's a bit of a broader question sort of it's a bit of a broader question around the sort of major differences in around the sort of major differences in around the sort of major differences in policy makings uh uh policy making policy makings uh uh policy making policy makings uh uh policy making specifically around agriculture between specifically around agriculture between specifically around agriculture between countries and you know how that countries and you know how that countries and you know how that have we got you know have well he's got have we got you know have well he's got have we got you know have well he's got a big question but a broad question a big question but a broad question a big question but a broad question about what those sorts of differences about what those sorts of differences about what those sorts of differences are and what causes those differences I are and what causes those differences I are and what causes those differences I guess um in between you know mainly guess um in between you know mainly guess um in between you know mainly looking at the kind of agricultural looking at the kind of agricultural looking at the kind of agricultural sector maybe just even within the UK sector maybe just even within the UK sector maybe just even within the UK actually yeah because there are actually yeah because there are actually yeah because there are differences there yeah yeah I think I differences there yeah yeah I think I differences there yeah yeah I think I suppose you know before before the suppose you know before before the suppose you know before before the election there was a desire to diverge election there was a desire to diverge election there was a desire to diverge from Europe on a much greater rate I from Europe on a much greater rate I from Europe on a much greater rate I think we we're having think we we're having think we we're having certainly the signals we've had early on certainly the signals we've had early on certainly the signals we've had early on is that the um the new government are is that the um the new government are is that the um the new government are more willing to collaborate with with more willing to collaborate with with more willing to collaborate with with Europe um I suppose why why those why Europe um I suppose why why those why Europe um I suppose why why those why those those those differences occur differences occur differences occur um there's a range of factors isn't um there's a range of factors isn't um there's a range of factors isn't there you know there's the kind of local there you know there's the kind of local there you know there's the kind of local there's the local economy there's the there's the local economy there's the there's the local economy there's the vast huge variety of Souls which we have vast huge variety of Souls which we have vast huge variety of Souls which we have in in England um as compared to to other in in England um as compared to to other in in England um as compared to to other countries um and you know the vastly countries um and you know the vastly countries um and you know the vastly different Landscapes as well compared to different Landscapes as well compared to different Landscapes as well compared to some some other European countries um some some other European countries um some some other European countries um yes so I we've we're currently adopting yes so I we've we're currently adopting yes so I we've we're currently adopting the EU uh definition of sustainable so the EU uh definition of sustainable so the EU uh definition of sustainable so management for for our Target I think management for for our Target I think management for for our Target I think that's that's being considered through that's that's being considered through that's that's being considered through the EIP review we'll have a definition the EIP review we'll have a definition the EIP review we'll have a definition which we published in the updated iip which we published in the updated iip which we published in the updated iip which I think has always been a bit of a which I think has always been a bit of a which I think has always been a bit of a you know how how how would you say you know how how how would you say you know how how how would you say you're sustainably managing 40% of if you're sustainably managing 40% of if you're sustainably managing 40% of if you're not they're not sustain managing you're not they're not sustain managing you're not they're not sustain managing so so that's something which is going to so so that's something which is going to so so that's something which is going to be corrected I think in the IP and yeah be corrected I think in the IP and yeah be corrected I think in the IP and yeah I think there's a a desire to align that I think there's a a desire to align that I think there's a a desire to align that with your with your with your um European definition yeah makes sense um European definition yeah makes sense um European definition yeah makes sense yeah good um there are quite a lot of yeah good um there are quite a lot of yeah good um there are quite a lot of questions coming in now you're on in the questions coming in now you're on in the questions coming in now you're on in the hot hot hot seat um it's a quite a direct one around seat um it's a quite a direct one around seat um it's a quite a direct one around uh other government the plans for the uh other government the plans for the uh other government the plans for the government to prioritize improvements to government to prioritize improvements to government to prioritize improvements to the current sewage sludge use in the current sewage sludge use in the current sewage sludge use in agricultural regulations I realize it's agricultural regulations I realize it's agricultural regulations I realize it's not probably your policy area no um not probably your policy area no um not probably your policy area no um um it's I I I'm not sure I think is the um it's I I I'm not sure I think is the um it's I I I'm not sure I think is the is the answer is the answer is the answer that's fine that's fine that's fine yeah um and there's a question around um yeah um and there's a question around um yeah um and there's a question around um past so these forever chemicals um issu past so these forever chemicals um issu past so these forever chemicals um issu so they're becoming sort of more and so they're becoming sort of more and so they're becoming sort of more and more prominent certainly you know in um more prominent certainly you know in um more prominent certainly you know in um there's quite a lot of academic there's quite a lot of academic there's quite a lot of academic literature around around these sort of literature around around these sort of literature around around these sort of experimental sort of um investigations experimental sort of um investigations experimental sort of um investigations but um the question is really around but um the question is really around but um the question is really around they can be found in Greenfield soil so they can be found in Greenfield soil so they can be found in Greenfield soil so not just Urban and Brownfield land and not just Urban and Brownfield land and not just Urban and Brownfield land and so um is the question is around what so um is the question is around what so um is the question is around what might happen around the guidance or might happen around the guidance or might happen around the guidance or required remediation on sort of required remediation on sort of required remediation on sort of agricultural Green Field soils for sort agricultural Green Field soils for sort agricultural Green Field soils for sort of pasas chemicals if they've been of pasas chemicals if they've been of pasas chemicals if they've been detected it's I suppose pasas is in a detected it's I suppose pasas is in a detected it's I suppose pasas is in a bit of an awkward position it's or a bit of an awkward position it's or a bit of an awkward position it's or a challenging position in that it's moving challenging position in that it's moving challenging position in that it's moving from what has been a a research and from what has been a a research and from what has been a a research and development and understanding phase into development and understanding phase into development and understanding phase into a regulatory phase so there is a little a regulatory phase so there is a little a regulatory phase so there is a little bit of a gap really between our bit of a gap really between our bit of a gap really between our understanding of pasas in terms of you understanding of pasas in terms of you understanding of pasas in terms of you know the the screening levels of what know the the screening levels of what know the the screening levels of what what would be be considered unacceptable what would be be considered unacceptable what would be be considered unacceptable the remediation Technologies um and and the remediation Technologies um and and the remediation Technologies um and and the investigation and um and uh yes the the investigation and um and uh yes the the investigation and um and uh yes the S investigation so um there's been a S investigation so um there's been a S investigation so um there's been a long running well the last kind of four long running well the last kind of four long running well the last kind of four years death for chemicals and the EA years death for chemicals and the EA years death for chemicals and the EA have been running um a pro a past have been running um a pro a past have been running um a pro a past program um to deny P fast and and to program um to deny P fast and and to program um to deny P fast and and to develop those those screening levels so develop those those screening levels so develop those those screening levels so it is just kind of moving into that it is just kind of moving into that it is just kind of moving into that regulatory phase we think part to way is regulatory phase we think part to way is regulatory phase we think part to way is the most the most the most appropriate regulatory tool to deal with appropriate regulatory tool to deal with appropriate regulatory tool to deal with it but that's kind of a kind of a it but that's kind of a kind of a it but that's kind of a kind of a starting point you then need the kind of starting point you then need the kind of starting point you then need the kind of skills and resources to actually carry skills and resources to actually carry skills and resources to actually carry out those investigations so yeah um part out those investigations so yeah um part out those investigations so yeah um part way is regulated by local authorities way is regulated by local authorities way is regulated by local authorities and I think it's fair fair to say that and I think it's fair fair to say that and I think it's fair fair to say that mostly wouldn't have the capability to mostly wouldn't have the capability to mostly wouldn't have the capability to um to carry out widespread past site um to carry out widespread past site um to carry out widespread past site investigation so we'll need a different investigation so we'll need a different investigation so we'll need a different model to to do that and also how do you model to to do that and also how do you model to to do that and also how do you know how does the liability get know how does the liability get know how does the liability get established who pays for who pays for established who pays for who pays for established who pays for who pays for the clean up there's quite a few there's the clean up there's quite a few there's the clean up there's quite a few there's quite a few difficult policy decisions quite a few difficult policy decisions quite a few difficult policy decisions to make so that's something we're to make so that's something we're to make so that's something we're looking to deal with through the looking to deal with through the looking to deal with through the spending review but we kind of are um spending review but we kind of are um spending review but we kind of are um yeah we are um awaiting outcomes on on yeah we are um awaiting outcomes on on yeah we are um awaiting outcomes on on that as to as to how how much money will that as to as to how how much money will that as to as to how how much money will be available basically because I think be available basically because I think be available basically because I think it is a money issue it is a money issue it is a money issue um to deliver the the kind of result um to deliver the the kind of result um to deliver the the kind of result sourcing to carry out those sourcing to carry out those sourcing to carry out those investigations and also um establish investigations and also um establish investigations and also um establish liability and have and have any remedial liability and have and have any remedial liability and have and have any remedial work paid for so is it's a it's a yeah work paid for so is it's a it's a yeah work paid for so is it's a it's a yeah is a challenging one I it's not one that is a challenging one I it's not one that is a challenging one I it's not one that the UK are kind of alone in dealing with the UK are kind of alone in dealing with the UK are kind of alone in dealing with is it's um across um across the world is it's um across um across the world is it's um across um across the world really um but yeah it's it's um I think really um but yeah it's it's um I think really um but yeah it's it's um I think it is in a naturally difficult State at it is in a naturally difficult State at it is in a naturally difficult State at the moment because of you know still the moment because of you know still the moment because of you know still yeah there are some big gaps in terms of yeah there are some big gaps in terms of yeah there are some big gaps in terms of our understanding of it and then um our understanding of it and then um our understanding of it and then um [Music] [Music] [Music] yeah there's may be regulations which yeah there's may be regulations which yeah there's may be regulations which are there which may not be are there which may not be are there which may not be quite um they're not they've not been quite um they're not they've not been quite um they're not they've not been designed to to to to you know to tackle designed to to to to you know to tackle designed to to to to you know to tackle P basically P basically P basically um is difficult yeah it is tricky I you um is difficult yeah it is tricky I you um is difficult yeah it is tricky I you know it's one of those things where it's know it's one of those things where it's know it's one of those things where it's it's in that transition period at the it's in that transition period at the it's in that transition period at the moment isn't it between those absolutely moment isn't it between those absolutely moment isn't it between those absolutely but again I guess it's another question but again I guess it's another question but again I guess it's another question about whether you know we always like to about whether you know we always like to about whether you know we always like to there's no point Reinventing the wheel there's no point Reinventing the wheel there's no point Reinventing the wheel but whether there are any other other but whether there are any other other but whether there are any other other you know countries or you know other you know countries or you know other you know countries or you know other sort of that we can you know that sort of that we can you know that sort of that we can you know that potentially you're reaching out to or potentially you're reaching out to or potentially you're reaching out to or you're learning from or who are you know you're learning from or who are you know you're learning from or who are you know another step ahead in that in that sort another step ahead in that in that sort another step ahead in that in that sort of um regulatory cycle perhaps yeah and of um regulatory cycle perhaps yeah and of um regulatory cycle perhaps yeah and we we don't think Europe are massively we we don't think Europe are massively we we don't think Europe are massively ahead of us um they may yeah um ahead of us um they may yeah um ahead of us um they may yeah um and I think in America it's it's and I think in America it's it's and I think in America it's it's descended more into suing and counter descended more into suing and counter descended more into suing and counter suing and not necessarily a lot of suing and not necessarily a lot of suing and not necessarily a lot of remediation going on so we yeah we are remediation going on so we yeah we are remediation going on so we yeah we are kind of a breast of um of yeah of what kind of a breast of um of yeah of what kind of a breast of um of yeah of what other countries are up to um I think the other countries are up to um I think the other countries are up to um I think the the risk assessment that the EA have the risk assessment that the EA have the risk assessment that the EA have done is is pretty robust now and has got done is is pretty robust now and has got done is is pretty robust now and has got you know we've got a pretty good picture you know we've got a pretty good picture you know we've got a pretty good picture of where the where the main problem of where the where the main problem of where the where the main problem sites are I think the the approach will sites are I think the the approach will sites are I think the the approach will be to start to knock off those the the be to start to knock off those the the be to start to knock off those the the sites with jental is being highest risk sites with jental is being highest risk sites with jental is being highest risk that could take a number of years really that could take a number of years really that could take a number of years really you know it's and then and then use that you know it's and then and then use that you know it's and then and then use that a template for dealing with the the a template for dealing with the the a template for dealing with the the problem you know longer term over a problem you know longer term over a problem you know longer term over a wider over a wider area yeah wider over a wider area yeah wider over a wider area yeah yeah that's so I'm just checking the yeah that's so I'm just checking the yeah that's so I'm just checking the questions a couple of there's another questions a couple of there's another questions a couple of there's another one um actually about phyto remediation one um actually about phyto remediation one um actually about phyto remediation and how common that is for um and how common that is for um and how common that is for um remediating contaminated soil does it remediating contaminated soil does it remediating contaminated soil does it actually happen in practice actually happen in practice actually happen in practice um there um there um there are there are kind of um a a few a few are there are kind of um a a few a few are there are kind of um a a few a few smaller SC scale smaller SC scale smaller SC scale examples examples examples um I think the difficulty is most of the um I think the difficulty is most of the um I think the difficulty is most of the ration which goes on needs to happen in ration which goes on needs to happen in ration which goes on needs to happen in a in a short time frame and fighter a in a short time frame and fighter a in a short time frame and fighter remediation tends to take longer and has remediation tends to take longer and has remediation tends to take longer and has a kind of a more limited um scope in a kind of a more limited um scope in a kind of a more limited um scope in terms of the contaminants which can be terms of the contaminants which can be terms of the contaminants which can be which can be remediated through it so which can be remediated through it so which can be remediated through it so most remediating projects that that most remediating projects that that most remediating projects that that actually happen are either done for um actually happen are either done for um actually happen are either done for um Redevelopment purposes or to or to solve Redevelopment purposes or to or to solve Redevelopment purposes or to or to solve an immediate kind of environmental an immediate kind of environmental an immediate kind of environmental health risk and figh Remediation doesn't health risk and figh Remediation doesn't health risk and figh Remediation doesn't always or often doesn't meet those meet always or often doesn't meet those meet always or often doesn't meet those meet those requirements and there are there those requirements and there are there those requirements and there are there are so I think it is it has you know are so I think it is it has you know are so I think it is it has you know there are examples where where it could there are examples where where it could there are examples where where it could where it could work but I think the where it could work but I think the where it could work but I think the economics of land of contaminated land economics of land of contaminated land economics of land of contaminated land are really crucial and that's that's are really crucial and that's that's are really crucial and that's that's probably the the main the main probably the the main the main probably the the main the main issue yeah yeah it's usually comes down issue yeah yeah it's usually comes down issue yeah yeah it's usually comes down to money doesn't it yeah yeah it's uh to money doesn't it yeah yeah it's uh to money doesn't it yeah yeah it's uh yeah that is that is quite that is a yeah that is that is quite that is a yeah that is that is quite that is a tricky one with the other regulations tricky one with the other regulations tricky one with the other regulations for for for um Meeting those for for for um Meeting those for for for um Meeting those requirements so um one more question requirements so um one more question requirements so um one more question actually you around um agricultural land actually you around um agricultural land actually you around um agricultural land classification specifically around um classification specifically around um classification specifically around um using BMV and planning policy there using BMV and planning policy there using BMV and planning policy there quite a long discussion so someone's um quite a long discussion so someone's um quite a long discussion so someone's um has actually asked has actually asked has actually asked um uh one of the um New agriculture um uh one of the um New agriculture um uh one of the um New agriculture ministers about the alc protection of um ministers about the alc protection of um ministers about the alc protection of um of BM m v of BM m v of BM m v land given the ambitious housing targets land given the ambitious housing targets land given the ambitious housing targets that have been um announced by the that have been um announced by the that have been um announced by the government so um so the response back government so um so the response back government so um so the response back from the from the under Secretary State from the from the under Secretary State from the from the under Secretary State for housing and local government said for housing and local government said for housing and local government said that the current rules were that the current rules were that the current rules were robust but uh the question I guess to robust but uh the question I guess to robust but uh the question I guess to you is will def push for a return to sue you is will def push for a return to sue you is will def push for a return to sue mandatory best and most versatile land mandatory best and most versatile land mandatory best and most versatile land BMV BMV BMV protection I guess the point is is it's protection I guess the point is is it's protection I guess the point is is it's not all you know it's not all you know it's not all you know it's it's not always protected I guess from it's not always protected I guess from it's not always protected I guess from development under the planning policy development under the planning policy development under the planning policy yeah I think the answer is it's going to yeah I think the answer is it's going to yeah I think the answer is it's going to be a complicated negotiation with mhclg be a complicated negotiation with mhclg be a complicated negotiation with mhclg um and it's it's difficult to say one um and it's it's difficult to say one um and it's it's difficult to say one way or the at this point um yeah unfortunately I guess the land use unfortunately I guess the land use unfortunately I guess the land use framework would be another thing that framework would be another thing that framework would be another thing that will um yeah a vehicle to kind of look will um yeah a vehicle to kind of look will um yeah a vehicle to kind of look at those S of trade-offs and things so at those S of trade-offs and things so at those S of trade-offs and things so um yeah um yeah um yeah yeah um I think that's most of the yeah um I think that's most of the yeah um I think that's most of the questions from the audience that related questions from the audience that related questions from the audience that related to your presentation to your presentation to your presentation um I've got one final one about um um I've got one final one about um um I've got one final one about um actually it's around the um information actually it's around the um information actually it's around the um information that's been collected under the SFI from that's been collected under the SFI from that's been collected under the SFI from the farmers in particular so that there the farmers in particular so that there the farmers in particular so that there you know there's a s Management plan and you know there's a s Management plan and you know there's a s Management plan and various things that you're asking various things that you're asking various things that you're asking Farmers to do like look at soil Farmers to do like look at soil Farmers to do like look at soil structure and measure carbon and things structure and measure carbon and things structure and measure carbon and things like this so is there any plans to like this so is there any plans to like this so is there any plans to actually um you know collect that data actually um you know collect that data actually um you know collect that data from the farming community in any way from the farming community in any way from the farming community in any way um so I don't think that's part of the um so I don't think that's part of the um so I don't think that's part of the requirements under the SFI to actually requirements under the SFI to actually requirements under the SFI to actually you know report on that data it's just you know report on that data it's just you know report on that data it's just to to say that you're doing it as I to to say that you're doing it as I to to say that you're doing it as I understand it there aren't at the moment understand it there aren't at the moment understand it there aren't at the moment there's some significant data protection there's some significant data protection there's some significant data protection hurdles to to get over to allow that to hurdles to to get over to allow that to hurdles to to get over to allow that to happen I think we would like it but I happen I think we would like it but I happen I think we would like it but I think there is reluctance amongst some think there is reluctance amongst some think there is reluctance amongst some Farmers to allow that to happen um so at Farmers to allow that to happen um so at Farmers to allow that to happen um so at the moment there aren't plans as I'm the moment there aren't plans as I'm the moment there aren't plans as I'm aware but happy to correct that if um if aware but happy to correct that if um if aware but happy to correct that if um if I if yeah he I if yeah he I if yeah he otherwise I guess I get just it depends otherwise I guess I get just it depends otherwise I guess I get just it depends on you know how that data is then going on you know how that data is then going on you know how that data is then going to be used isn't it really so yeah yeah to be used isn't it really so yeah yeah to be used isn't it really so yeah yeah okay um well that's it we had loads of okay um well that's it we had loads of okay um well that's it we had loads of loads of questions from the audience um loads of questions from the audience um loads of questions from the audience um that's been absolutely brilliant thank that's been absolutely brilliant thank that's been absolutely brilliant thank you for answering all of those you had a you for answering all of those you had a you for answering all of those you had a bit of an intense Q&amp;amp;A there bit of an intense Q&amp;amp;A there bit of an intense Q&amp;amp;A there so yeah just just to add Jack sorry I so yeah just just to add Jack sorry I so yeah just just to add Jack sorry I just checked our so our core brief so we just checked our so our core brief so we just checked our so our core brief so we do have do have do have um we we do have plans to in um to ask um we we do have plans to in um to ask um we we do have plans to in um to ask farmers and land managers who sign up to farmers and land managers who sign up to farmers and land managers who sign up to the SFI action uh Sam one to provide the SFI action uh Sam one to provide the SFI action uh Sam one to provide that information to to Deer essentially that information to to Deer essentially that information to to Deer essentially so we can include that in the um in the so we can include that in the um in the so we can include that in the um in the National Data National Database so that National Data National Database so that National Data National Database so that that's um so there there is a plan to I that's um so there there is a plan to I that's um so there there is a plan to I think they have to essentially provide think they have to essentially provide think they have to essentially provide consent you know for in order for us to consent you know for in order for us to consent you know for in order for us to to use that data but that's the okay to use that data but that's the okay to use that data but that's the okay that's the plan for the kind next round that's the plan for the kind next round that's the plan for the kind next round I think so yeah right okay that's thanks I think so yeah right okay that's thanks I think so yeah right okay that's thanks useful well we I'll be delighted to useful well we I'll be delighted to useful well we I'll be delighted to invite you back when you can share more invite you back when you can share more invite you back when you can share more once all the spending review is over and once all the spending review is over and once all the spending review is over and things are mapped out and uh you know um things are mapped out and uh you know um things are mapped out and uh you know um we'd be really happy to have to have you we'd be really happy to have to have you we'd be really happy to have to have you back um uh on the on another webinar so back um uh on the on another webinar so back um uh on the on another webinar so it's been you know it's been absolutely it's been you know it's been absolutely it's been you know it's been absolutely fascinating getting an overview and fascinating getting an overview and fascinating getting an overview and thanks for again for um doing your thanks for again for um doing your thanks for again for um doing your presentation and ask answering all of presentation and ask answering all of presentation and ask answering all of those questions which were quite diverse those questions which were quite diverse those questions which were quite diverse I really some of them are probably I really some of them are probably I really some of them are probably outside of your specific sort of policy outside of your specific sort of policy outside of your specific sort of policy area but um yeah that's really really area but um yeah that's really really area but um yeah that's really really great thank you and um thank you to great thank you and um thank you to great thank you and um thank you to everybody um Online for being really everybody um Online for being really everybody um Online for being really engaging asking lots of questions as engaging asking lots of questions as engaging asking lots of questions as well thanks for attending um as you well thanks for attending um as you well thanks for attending um as you leave there'll be a quick feedback leave there'll be a quick feedback leave there'll be a quick feedback survey so please do fill that in um it survey so please do fill that in um it survey so please do fill that in um it doesn't take long to complete it's doesn't take long to complete it's doesn't take long to complete it's really important for us to to get really important for us to to get really important for us to to get feedback on that um like I mentioned at feedback on that um like I mentioned at feedback on that um like I mentioned at the beginning there'll be a recording of the beginning there'll be a recording of the beginning there'll be a recording of the webinar and and that will be up on the webinar and and that will be up on the webinar and and that will be up on our YouTube channel over the next couple our YouTube channel over the next couple our YouTube channel over the next couple of days so if you want to watch it back of days so if you want to watch it back of days so if you want to watch it back feel free to do that or any of the other feel free to do that or any of the other feel free to do that or any of the other ones that we have um have shown over the ones that we have um have shown over the ones that we have um have shown over the the last year or so um and our next the last year or so um and our next the last year or so um and our next webinar just to give you a a date for to webinar just to give you a a date for to webinar just to give you a a date for to put in your diaries for put in your diaries for put in your diaries for 2025 before it gets filled up so that 2025 before it gets filled up so that 2025 before it gets filled up so that our next zoom into soil is on the 15th our next zoom into soil is on the 15th our next zoom into soil is on the 15th of January and it's at lunchtime uh UK of January and it's at lunchtime uh UK of January and it's at lunchtime uh UK time between 12: and 1 um and this will time between 12: and 1 um and this will time between 12: and 1 um and this will actually be a presidential Extravaganza actually be a presidential Extravaganza actually be a presidential Extravaganza so we'll have our new president um Paul so we'll have our new president um Paul so we'll have our new president um Paul halet and our incoming president um halet and our incoming president um halet and our incoming president um elect Lizzy sigu will be um leading on elect Lizzy sigu will be um leading on elect Lizzy sigu will be um leading on that so do keep an eye out on our that so do keep an eye out on our that so do keep an eye out on our website uh for more details um and then website uh for more details um and then website uh for more details um and then just to finally remind you there's still just to finally remind you there's still just to finally remind you there's still some more events that we're running um some more events that we're running um some more events that we're running um towards the end of this year so 2024 towards the end of this year so 2024 towards the end of this year so 2024 calendars not over for BS cubet uh we've calendars not over for BS cubet uh we've calendars not over for BS cubet uh we've got our upcoming annual conference and got our upcoming annual conference and got our upcoming annual conference and that's on the 4th to the 6th of December that's on the 4th to the 6th of December that's on the 4th to the 6th of December and it's in Cardiff um please feel free and it's in Cardiff um please feel free and it's in Cardiff um please feel free to join us we've got a really really to join us we've got a really really to join us we've got a really really exciting program which also includes a exciting program which also includes a exciting program which also includes a policy session as well so we have policy session as well so we have policy session as well so we have Representatives um from the four nations Representatives um from the four nations Representatives um from the four nations from the policy teams talking about from the policy teams talking about from the policy teams talking about latest updates um other panel latest updates um other panel latest updates um other panel discussions on sustainable agriculture discussions on sustainable agriculture discussions on sustainable agriculture and environmental impact assessment as and environmental impact assessment as and environmental impact assessment as well as the normal of science talks and well as the normal of science talks and well as the normal of science talks and posters um so lots going on lots of new posters um so lots going on lots of new posters um so lots going on lots of new research for people to talk about and I research for people to talk about and I research for people to talk about and I really hope to see you there so do um really hope to see you there so do um really hope to see you there so do um sign up and join us in December so sign up and join us in December so sign up and join us in December so further details again are on our website further details again are on our website further details again are on our website and you can purchase tickets there so and you can purchase tickets there so and you can purchase tickets there so yes I hope to if I don't see you in yes I hope to if I don't see you in yes I hope to if I don't see you in December I hope to see you at um some of December I hope to see you at um some of December I hope to see you at um some of our future events but in the meantime our future events but in the meantime our future events but in the meantime thanks for joining and goodbye<br /> }}</div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Zoom_into_Soil:_Soil_Use_and_Management_Journal_and_Phosphorus_Use_Efficiency&diff=11782 2026-05-29T14:06:41Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Ajoute les transcriptions YouTube aux pages vidéo qui n&#039;en ont pas - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/435</p> <hr /> <div>{{vidéo<br /> | Titre = Zoom into Soil: Soil Use and Management Journal and Phosphorus Use Efficiency<br /> | Producteur = British Society of Soil Science<br /> | Vignette = Thumbnail_youtube_9fslRO4N-Bg.jpg<br /> | Date de mise en ligne = 2025-04-10<br /> | Durée = 71 minutes<br /> | Production = <br /> | Vidéo = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9fslRO4N-Bg<br /> | Intervenants 0 = Leo Condron<br /> | Intervenants 1 = Pietro Sica<br /> | Mots-clés = NBSOIL<br /> }}<br /> <br /> In this webinar, Prof. Leo Condron and Pietro Sica discuss the Soil Use and Management journal (SUM) on its 40th anniversary and a leading paper from the journal on phosphorus use efficiency.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Professor Leo Condron is the Editor-in-Chief of the Soil Use and Management journal (since 2025). Leo was born in Glasgow and completed a BSc Honours degree in Agricultural Chemistry at the University of Glasgow, before moving to New Zealand to undertake a PhD in Soil Science at the University of Canterbury (Lincoln College). He has over 38 years’ experience in academia and research, and his research has predominantly investigated the impacts of land use and management practices on phosphorus and organic matter dynamics in grassland and forest soils, soil chronosequence biogeochemistry, and relationships between soil microbial diversity and function. Professor Condron has published over 300 articles to date and has made a significant contribution to capability development through the supervision of over 120 postgraduate students and postdoctoral fellows.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Pietro Sica holds a BSc in Agronomic Engineering from the University of São Paulo, an MSc in Sustainable Agriculture from the University of Padova, and an MSc in Crop and Soil Science from the University of Georgia. He earned his PhD in Soil Quality from the University of Copenhagen, where he also completed a postdoc focusing on phosphorus use efficiency from byproducts and residues under the guidance of Jakob Magid and Dorette Muller-Stöver. Currently, he is a Professor at the College of Agriculture at the University of São Paulo, specializing in sugarcane quality and industrial processing.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> https://soils.org.uk/videos/zoom-into-soil-soil-use-and-management-journal-and-phosphorus-use-efficiency/<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> * -------------------<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> The British Society of Soil Science is an established international membership organisation and charity committed to the study of soil in its widest aspects. https://soils.org.uk/<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{Pages liées}}<br /> <br /> {{Transcription<br /> | transcription = Hello everyone. Um, welcome to the Hello everyone. Um, welcome to the Hello everyone. Um, welcome to the webinar. I'm Lizzie Sigu, webinar. I'm Lizzie Sigu, webinar. I'm Lizzie Sigu, president-elect of the British Society president-elect of the British Society president-elect of the British Society of Soul Science. Um, and I'm delighted of Soul Science. Um, and I'm delighted of Soul Science. Um, and I'm delighted to welcome you to our fourth webinar of to welcome you to our fourth webinar of to welcome you to our fourth webinar of the year. Before I welcome our the year. Before I welcome our the year. Before I welcome our presenters, um, I'd like to introduce presenters, um, I'd like to introduce presenters, um, I'd like to introduce the British Society of Soil Science of the British Society of Soil Science of the British Society of Soil Science of as hosts of today's webinar. We're an as hosts of today's webinar. We're an as hosts of today's webinar. We're an established international membership established international membership established international membership organization and a charity committed to organization and a charity committed to organization and a charity committed to the study of soil in its widest the study of soil in its widest the study of soil in its widest aspects. We bring together those working aspects. We bring together those working aspects. We bring together those working within academia. We've got a growing within academia. We've got a growing within academia. We've got a growing membership amongst practitioners membership amongst practitioners membership amongst practitioners implementing soil science in industry implementing soil science in industry implementing soil science in industry and those with a keen interest in soils. and those with a keen interest in soils. and those with a keen interest in soils. We plan to host 10 webinars during 2025. We plan to host 10 webinars during 2025. We plan to host 10 webinars during 2025. So keep an eye out on our website for So keep an eye out on our website for So keep an eye out on our website for further further further details. And before we begin, just some details. And before we begin, just some details. And before we begin, just some basic housekeeping as there's so many of basic housekeeping as there's so many of basic housekeeping as there's so many of you here today. All your microphones you here today. All your microphones you here today. All your microphones have been muted. We will be taking have been muted. We will be taking have been muted. We will be taking questions during um at the end of the questions during um at the end of the questions during um at the end of the presentations. So we'll be monitoring presentations. So we'll be monitoring presentations. So we'll be monitoring these throughout the webinar. So, please these throughout the webinar. So, please these throughout the webinar. So, please um submit any questions you've got in um submit any questions you've got in um submit any questions you've got in the chat box by 12:50 to make sure that the chat box by 12:50 to make sure that the chat box by 12:50 to make sure that we've got time to go through as many as we've got time to go through as many as we've got time to go through as many as we can. The presentations today have we can. The presentations today have we can. The presentations today have both been have been awarded basis and both been have been awarded basis and both been have been awarded basis and the ROSO CPD points. So, if you are the ROSO CPD points. So, if you are the ROSO CPD points. So, if you are registered with either of these, please registered with either of these, please registered with either of these, please contact us directly after the event so contact us directly after the event so contact us directly after the event so we can get your points allocated. Um and we can get your points allocated. Um and we can get your points allocated. Um and finally, please be aware that we're finally, please be aware that we're finally, please be aware that we're recording today's presentation. recording today's presentation. recording today's presentation. So our our first presenter today is So our our first presenter today is So our our first presenter today is professor Leo Condrron. Leo is the professor Leo Condrron. Leo is the professor Leo Condrron. Leo is the editor and chief of the soil use and editor and chief of the soil use and editor and chief of the soil use and management journal and the journal is management journal and the journal is management journal and the journal is marking its 40th anniversary this marking its 40th anniversary this marking its 40th anniversary this year. Leo was born in Glasgow and year. Leo was born in Glasgow and year. Leo was born in Glasgow and completed a BSE honors degree in completed a BSE honors degree in completed a BSE honors degree in agricultural chemistry at the University agricultural chemistry at the University agricultural chemistry at the University of Glasgow before moving to New Zealand of Glasgow before moving to New Zealand of Glasgow before moving to New Zealand to undertake a PhD in so science at the to undertake a PhD in so science at the to undertake a PhD in so science at the University of Canterbury. University of Canterbury. University of Canterbury. He has over 38 years experience in He has over 38 years experience in He has over 38 years experience in academia and research and his research academia and research and his research academia and research and his research has predominantly investigated the has predominantly investigated the has predominantly investigated the impacts of land use and management impacts of land use and management impacts of land use and management practices on phosphorus and organic practices on phosphorus and organic practices on phosphorus and organic matter dynamics and grassland and forest matter dynamics and grassland and forest matter dynamics and grassland and forest soils, soil chronosquence, soils, soil chronosquence, soils, soil chronosquence, biogeeochemistry and relationships biogeeochemistry and relationships biogeeochemistry and relationships between soil microbial diversity and between soil microbial diversity and between soil microbial diversity and function. Leo has published an function. Leo has published an function. Leo has published an impressive over 300 articles to date and impressive over 300 articles to date and impressive over 300 articles to date and has supervised over 120 postgraduate has supervised over 120 postgraduate has supervised over 120 postgraduate students and post-docctoral fellows. Um, students and post-docctoral fellows. Um, students and post-docctoral fellows. Um, so over to you Leo. Thank you. Um it's very great pleasure Thank you. Um it's very great pleasure Thank you. Um it's very great pleasure to be here. So I'll be doing two things to be here. So I'll be doing two things to be here. So I'll be doing two things today in in my brief um talk and that is today in in my brief um talk and that is today in in my brief um talk and that is to overview um so use management and I to overview um so use management and I to overview um so use management and I took over as the um uh the new editor took over as the um uh the new editor took over as the um uh the new editor and chief uh in the beginning of and chief uh in the beginning of and chief uh in the beginning of December last year. So I've been in the December last year. So I've been in the December last year. So I've been in the job for 4 months and uh one of the first job for 4 months and uh one of the first job for 4 months and uh one of the first um things that I had to do was to was um things that I had to do was to was um things that I had to do was to was asked to do by the by the society was um asked to do by the by the society was um asked to do by the by the society was um to revise the mission statement. So I to revise the mission statement. So I to revise the mission statement. So I think so use and management really I think so use and management really I think so use and management really I mean somebody used the expression the mean somebody used the expression the mean somebody used the expression the other day it really is what it says on other day it really is what it says on other day it really is what it says on the tin right it's um it's about it's the tin right it's um it's about it's the tin right it's um it's about it's very it's a very targeted journal in very it's a very targeted journal in very it's a very targeted journal in terms of um looking at soil use and terms of um looking at soil use and terms of um looking at soil use and management. So um you can see there on management. So um you can see there on management. So um you can see there on the slide I can read it all out but it's the slide I can read it all out but it's the slide I can read it all out but it's basically encompassing agriculture basically encompassing agriculture basically encompassing agriculture environment and importantly policy environment and importantly policy environment and importantly policy studies um I'll come back a little bit studies um I'll come back a little bit studies um I'll come back a little bit to that later and to that later and to that later and um the idea is it's going to be novel um um the idea is it's going to be novel um um the idea is it's going to be novel um significant information on about natural significant information on about natural significant information on about natural and anthropogenic processes that on the and anthropogenic processes that on the and anthropogenic processes that on the function productivity health and function productivity health and function productivity health and sustainability of managed soil systems. sustainability of managed soil systems. sustainability of managed soil systems. Um and it also um takes account of Um and it also um takes account of Um and it also um takes account of global issues such as climate change, global issues such as climate change, global issues such as climate change, environmental quality, food security and environmental quality, food security and environmental quality, food security and progress towards um specific sustainable progress towards um specific sustainable progress towards um specific sustainable development goals. So that that's that's development goals. So that that's that's development goals. So that that's that's the general um or specific mission or the general um or specific mission or the general um or specific mission or objective of the journal. Next slide, objective of the journal. Next slide, objective of the journal. Next slide, please. please. please. Thanks. Okay. Uh I'm not going to go Thanks. Okay. Uh I'm not going to go Thanks. Okay. Uh I'm not going to go through here a little bit but the reason through here a little bit but the reason through here a little bit but the reason why I put this slide up was it's um it's why I put this slide up was it's um it's why I put this slide up was it's um it's between 219 and 224. These are the top between 219 and 224. These are the top between 219 and 224. These are the top sort of cited papers and it gives you an sort of cited papers and it gives you an sort of cited papers and it gives you an idea of the the sort of issues or the idea of the the sort of issues or the idea of the the sort of issues or the the topics that come up. soil the topics that come up. soil the topics that come up. soil acidification, ammonia volatilization, acidification, ammonia volatilization, acidification, ammonia volatilization, soil microbial inoculants, soil soil microbial inoculants, soil soil microbial inoculants, soil salinity, land information systems, salinity, land information systems, salinity, land information systems, biochar, um so micro inoculums, specific biochar, um so micro inoculums, specific biochar, um so micro inoculums, specific mention of the sustainable development mention of the sustainable development mention of the sustainable development goals. Um influence of of cultivation or goals. Um influence of of cultivation or goals. Um influence of of cultivation or tillage and also farm management and so tillage and also farm management and so tillage and also farm management and so carbon and aggregate stability. Um so it carbon and aggregate stability. Um so it carbon and aggregate stability. Um so it just gives you gives you a bit of a an just gives you gives you a bit of a an just gives you gives you a bit of a an idea of the sort of core um manuscripts idea of the sort of core um manuscripts idea of the sort of core um manuscripts that we publish. Next slide please that we publish. Next slide please that we publish. Next slide please Dominic. Thank you. And again I'm not Dominic. Thank you. And again I'm not Dominic. Thank you. And again I'm not going to go into detail here but again going to go into detail here but again going to go into detail here but again this just covers the the sort of topics this just covers the the sort of topics this just covers the the sort of topics and this is the most cited papers from and this is the most cited papers from and this is the most cited papers from 2023. And um there's just a wide a wide 2023. And um there's just a wide a wide 2023. And um there's just a wide a wide range of um not only disciplines or range of um not only disciplines or range of um not only disciplines or topics but also um different um topics but also um different um topics but also um different um locations around the world because uh locations around the world because uh locations around the world because uh although we're a British we're owned by although we're a British we're owned by although we're a British we're owned by the British Society of Solar Science the British Society of Solar Science the British Society of Solar Science published by WY, we are um truly like published by WY, we are um truly like published by WY, we are um truly like the European Journal of Solar Science, the European Journal of Solar Science, the European Journal of Solar Science, we are truly an international journal. we are truly an international journal. we are truly an international journal. Next slide Next slide Next slide please. Ah no a nice simple slide. please. Ah no a nice simple slide. please. Ah no a nice simple slide. Um my favorite topic is impact factors. Um my favorite topic is impact factors. Um my favorite topic is impact factors. Not um but anyway just ju the reason why Not um but anyway just ju the reason why Not um but anyway just ju the reason why I put this up is is that it just goes to I put this up is is that it just goes to I put this up is is that it just goes to show that uh to illustrate the um the show that uh to illustrate the um the show that uh to illustrate the um the that the impact factor has been growing that the impact factor has been growing that the impact factor has been growing steadily over the last um three or four steadily over the last um three or four steadily over the last um three or four four or five years. Um and that is four or five years. Um and that is four or five years. Um and that is partly um to do with the fact next slide partly um to do with the fact next slide partly um to do with the fact next slide please Dominic. please Dominic. please Dominic. Thanks. Yep. is to do with the number of Thanks. Yep. is to do with the number of Thanks. Yep. is to do with the number of submissions and while we took a bit of a submissions and while we took a bit of a submissions and while we took a bit of a dip during during and and the impacts of dip during during and and the impacts of dip during during and and the impacts of co I think you can see there that that co I think you can see there that that co I think you can see there that that we're on about five in 2023 we're on we're on about five in 2023 we're on we're on about five in 2023 we're on about about about 570 2024 we're up to 800 and this year 570 2024 we're up to 800 and this year 570 2024 we're up to 800 and this year if we track the way we're going at the if we track the way we're going at the if we track the way we're going at the moment and I've got no idea as I'm just moment and I've got no idea as I'm just moment and I've got no idea as I'm just new to the position but we're looking at new to the position but we're looking at new to the position but we're looking at somewhere between 800 and a thousand somewhere between 800 and a thousand somewhere between 800 and a thousand submissions with around about an submissions with around about an submissions with around about an acceptance rate of somewhere about 20 to acceptance rate of somewhere about 20 to acceptance rate of somewhere about 20 to 25% you know whatever but every 25% you know whatever but every 25% you know whatever but every manuscript is is is um evaluated on its manuscript is is is um evaluated on its manuscript is is is um evaluated on its merits. Um but so so it's a it's it's merits. Um but so so it's a it's it's merits. Um but so so it's a it's it's that partly explains the the impact that partly explains the the impact that partly explains the the impact factor a little bit in terms of that the factor a little bit in terms of that the factor a little bit in terms of that the numbers have been growing. If we go back numbers have been growing. If we go back numbers have been growing. If we go back a bit further in time it was even fewer a bit further in time it was even fewer a bit further in time it was even fewer submissions. Next slide please. Um submissions. Next slide please. Um submissions. Next slide please. Um Dominic. Oh this is you don't have to Dominic. Oh this is you don't have to Dominic. Oh this is you don't have to read this but um this is my last slide read this but um this is my last slide read this but um this is my last slide on so use management. Um, one of the on so use management. Um, one of the on so use management. Um, one of the things I I I have done uh since I came things I I I have done uh since I came things I I I have done uh since I came on board as the as the editor is to on board as the as the editor is to on board as the as the editor is to basically refresh and revise and refresh basically refresh and revise and refresh basically refresh and revise and refresh the editorial board um particularly in the editorial board um particularly in the editorial board um particularly in relation to the associate editors. So um relation to the associate editors. So um relation to the associate editors. So um when I came in there was about 25 or 30 when I came in there was about 25 or 30 when I came in there was about 25 or 30 effective associate editors and thanks effective associate editors and thanks effective associate editors and thanks to a lot of people who have actually to a lot of people who have actually to a lot of people who have actually taken up my invitations to become taken up my invitations to become taken up my invitations to become associate editors. So we now there which associate editors. So we now there which associate editors. So we now there which I see the detail on there I now have I see the detail on there I now have I see the detail on there I now have effectively 70 associate editors and and effectively 70 associate editors and and effectively 70 associate editors and and we'll need them to to just to cope with we'll need them to to just to cope with we'll need them to to just to cope with the the the the submissions that we have the the the the submissions that we have the the the the submissions that we have but a couple of other initiatives I just but a couple of other initiatives I just but a couple of other initiatives I just want to mention is one that um we are want to mention is one that um we are want to mention is one that um we are looking at special collections of looking at special collections of looking at special collections of special issues um and also commissioned special issues um and also commissioned special issues um and also commissioned reviewed articles and um many of you reviewed articles and um many of you reviewed articles and um many of you will be familiar with the European will be familiar with the European will be familiar with the European Journal of Solar Science who have the um Journal of Solar Science who have the um Journal of Solar Science who have the um uh review articles and and um and the uh review articles and and um and the uh review articles and and um and the the the mo the the most um the the the the mo the the most um the the the the mo the the most um the the prestigious ones of those commissioned prestigious ones of those commissioned prestigious ones of those commissioned reviews articles are known as Russell reviews articles are known as Russell reviews articles are known as Russell reviews. Well, um, so use and management reviews. Well, um, so use and management reviews. Well, um, so use and management has the allen world reviews. Um, there's has the allen world reviews. Um, there's has the allen world reviews. Um, there's not been a lot. I don't know if there've not been a lot. I don't know if there've not been a lot. I don't know if there've been any of them actually published, been any of them actually published, been any of them actually published, but, um, we'll be reviving that that but, um, we'll be reviving that that but, um, we'll be reviving that that concept, um, and and and and targeting concept, um, and and and and targeting concept, um, and and and and targeting that. And, um, and a few other that. And, um, and a few other that. And, um, and a few other initiatives that we're doing. And, um, initiatives that we're doing. And, um, initiatives that we're doing. And, um, just just to put a plug in here, if you just just to put a plug in here, if you just just to put a plug in here, if you are interested in becoming an associate are interested in becoming an associate are interested in becoming an associate editor, email me. There are some areas editor, email me. There are some areas editor, email me. There are some areas where we're really interested where we where we're really interested where we where we're really interested where we need to to to get um more associated need to to to get um more associated need to to to get um more associated particularly in relation to policy and particularly in relation to policy and particularly in relation to policy and regulation as it relates to so soil use regulation as it relates to so soil use regulation as it relates to so soil use and management. So if you if you if you and management. So if you if you if you and management. So if you if you if you if you're interested um please email me. if you're interested um please email me. if you're interested um please email me. So that's fine. So Dominic, next slide So that's fine. So Dominic, next slide So that's fine. So Dominic, next slide please. please. please. Now I'm going to talk about um the um Now I'm going to talk about um the um Now I'm going to talk about um the um Petro is going to um give a presentation Petro is going to um give a presentation Petro is going to um give a presentation in a few minutes but I thought to give in a few minutes but I thought to give in a few minutes but I thought to give him enough time to to go through the him enough time to to go through the him enough time to to go through the what is a an excellent um review article what is a an excellent um review article what is a an excellent um review article um I thought I would just do a little um I thought I would just do a little um I thought I would just do a little bit of introduction on on on phosphorus bit of introduction on on on phosphorus bit of introduction on on on phosphorus just to set the scene a little bit just to set the scene a little bit just to set the scene a little bit especially for those of you who may not especially for those of you who may not especially for those of you who may not be familiar with phosphorus. Um so be familiar with phosphorus. Um so be familiar with phosphorus. Um so Dominic next slide please. Um people often say what why why is Um people often say what why why is Um people often say what why why is phosphorus important? Um why is nitrogen phosphorus important? Um why is nitrogen phosphorus important? Um why is nitrogen important? There's a very simple reason important? There's a very simple reason important? There's a very simple reason why phosphorus and nitrogen are very why phosphorus and nitrogen are very why phosphorus and nitrogen are very important. And it's really about the important. And it's really about the important. And it's really about the relative availability in both relative availability in both relative availability in both terrestrial systems and aquatic systems. terrestrial systems and aquatic systems. terrestrial systems and aquatic systems. And um phosphorus relative to what is And um phosphorus relative to what is And um phosphorus relative to what is available in a in a water environment or available in a in a water environment or available in a in a water environment or in a solar solution to what the plant in a solar solution to what the plant in a solar solution to what the plant requires. Um the ratio for phosphorus is requires. Um the ratio for phosphorus is requires. Um the ratio for phosphorus is 80,000. So it's not very available. 80,000. So it's not very available. 80,000. So it's not very available. Nitrogen is 30,000. Most of the other Nitrogen is 30,000. Most of the other Nitrogen is 30,000. Most of the other nutrients including micronutrients are nutrients including micronutrients are nutrients including micronutrients are commonly around a thousand or are way commonly around a thousand or are way commonly around a thousand or are way less than 500. So that is what is one of less than 500. So that is what is one of less than 500. So that is what is one of the reasons a principal reason why um the reasons a principal reason why um the reasons a principal reason why um the productivity in managed or natural the productivity in managed or natural the productivity in managed or natural systems is so dependent on phosphorus. systems is so dependent on phosphorus. systems is so dependent on phosphorus. And the distinction between nitrogen and And the distinction between nitrogen and And the distinction between nitrogen and phosphorus is that nitrogen availability phosphorus is that nitrogen availability phosphorus is that nitrogen availability and transformations is almost and transformations is almost and transformations is almost exclusively biologically controlled exclusively biologically controlled exclusively biologically controlled other than a little bit of exchange in other than a little bit of exchange in other than a little bit of exchange in terms of ammonium. Whereas um if we take terms of ammonium. Whereas um if we take terms of ammonium. Whereas um if we take something like potassium, it's something like potassium, it's something like potassium, it's chemically the the availability is is chemically the the availability is is chemically the the availability is is chemically driven. Phosphorus is a chemically driven. Phosphorus is a chemically driven. Phosphorus is a complex mix of chemistry and biology. um complex mix of chemistry and biology. um complex mix of chemistry and biology. um is illustrated in in that rather that um is illustrated in in that rather that um is illustrated in in that rather that um the diagram there the diagram there the diagram there and because of that it's partly because and because of that it's partly because and because of that it's partly because of that because of that low availability of that because of that low availability of that because of that low availability that in in managed systems in particular that in in managed systems in particular that in in managed systems in particular can we go to the next slide please Tom can we go to the next slide please Tom can we go to the next slide please Tom in managed systems in particular um we in managed systems in particular um we in managed systems in particular um we need to put phosphorus into the these need to put phosphorus into the these need to put phosphorus into the these systems to to increase production systems to to increase production systems to to increase production increase productivity and maintain it increase productivity and maintain it increase productivity and maintain it and this was a a slide I found a few and this was a a slide I found a few and this was a a slide I found a few years ago and pretty impressive. I don't years ago and pretty impressive. I don't years ago and pretty impressive. I don't even know the source of it to be honest, even know the source of it to be honest, even know the source of it to be honest, but it just shows you the level of but it just shows you the level of but it just shows you the level of intensity that's happened since the sort intensity that's happened since the sort intensity that's happened since the sort of 1940s up to the present day in terms of 1940s up to the present day in terms of 1940s up to the present day in terms of um land use intensity. Um you know, of um land use intensity. Um you know, of um land use intensity. Um you know, you've gone from to require 250 kgs of you've gone from to require 250 kgs of you've gone from to require 250 kgs of maze. You've gone from nearly um 2,000 maze. You've gone from nearly um 2,000 maze. You've gone from nearly um 2,000 square meters basically down to less square meters basically down to less square meters basically down to less than 200. Um but to to do that requires than 200. Um but to to do that requires than 200. Um but to to do that requires large inputs of nutrients including large inputs of nutrients including large inputs of nutrients including phosphorus. Next slide please. All phosphorus. Next slide please. All phosphorus. Next slide please. All right. Yep. right. Yep. right. Yep. And it's no coincidence that um the the And it's no coincidence that um the the And it's no coincidence that um the the that increased um intensity is linked to that increased um intensity is linked to that increased um intensity is linked to increase in population and with that increase in population and with that increase in population and with that comes the demand for phosphorus and comes the demand for phosphorus and comes the demand for phosphorus and therefore the supply of phosphorus. So therefore the supply of phosphorus. So therefore the supply of phosphorus. So you can see in this diagram here that um you can see in this diagram here that um you can see in this diagram here that um basically after the second world war we basically after the second world war we basically after the second world war we had this to to sustain that increase in had this to to sustain that increase in had this to to sustain that increase in in in food production and intensity. We in in food production and intensity. We in in food production and intensity. We we you there's a a big increase mo we you there's a a big increase mo we you there's a a big increase mo mostly um enabled by phosphate rock by mostly um enabled by phosphate rock by mostly um enabled by phosphate rock by mind phosphate rock fertilizers derived mind phosphate rock fertilizers derived mind phosphate rock fertilizers derived from phosphate rock and there's a very from phosphate rock and there's a very from phosphate rock and there's a very important um point here and the 1945 is important um point here and the 1945 is important um point here and the 1945 is is really important if you think is really important if you think is really important if you think consider the next slide put into a consider the next slide put into a consider the next slide put into a little bit of context here. Thanks little bit of context here. Thanks little bit of context here. Thanks Dominic. Yep. Okay. The thing about it Dominic. Yep. Okay. The thing about it Dominic. Yep. Okay. The thing about it is that um for that period from about is that um for that period from about is that um for that period from about the end of the second world war through the end of the second world war through the end of the second world war through to about to about to about 2007208 the actual cost of of of the raw 2007208 the actual cost of of of the raw 2007208 the actual cost of of of the raw material phosphate rock really didn't material phosphate rock really didn't material phosphate rock really didn't vary that much. There were a few spikes vary that much. There were a few spikes vary that much. There were a few spikes but it was it was actually relatively but it was it was actually relatively but it was it was actually relatively stable and very relatively inexpensive stable and very relatively inexpensive stable and very relatively inexpensive as well. Okay, commonly less than $50 a as well. Okay, commonly less than $50 a as well. Okay, commonly less than $50 a ton. Now just remember that number for a ton. Now just remember that number for a ton. Now just remember that number for a minute. I'll show you in the next slide. minute. I'll show you in the next slide. minute. I'll show you in the next slide. Um and so what that effectively meant Um and so what that effectively meant Um and so what that effectively meant was on as I say for 50 50 odd years um was on as I say for 50 50 odd years um was on as I say for 50 50 odd years um or 60 years we had basically cheap or 60 years we had basically cheap or 60 years we had basically cheap phosphorus in in in in the in the phosphorus in in in in the in the phosphorus in in in in the in the western world anyway in parts of um Asia western world anyway in parts of um Asia western world anyway in parts of um Asia and and South America. And that and and South America. And that and and South America. And that encouraged a lot of the use of encouraged a lot of the use of encouraged a lot of the use of phosphorus. And the diagram on the top phosphorus. And the diagram on the top phosphorus. And the diagram on the top right here is really just an aggronomic right here is really just an aggronomic right here is really just an aggronomic well predominantly an agonomic thing um well predominantly an agonomic thing um well predominantly an agonomic thing um diagram where basically the OSP value on diagram where basically the OSP value on diagram where basically the OSP value on the bottom here is is a measure of plant the bottom here is is a measure of plant the bottom here is is a measure of plant available P a measure of of the available P a measure of of the available P a measure of of the phosphorous status of the soil and on phosphorous status of the soil and on phosphorous status of the soil and on the Y-axis there on the right and the the Y-axis there on the right and the the Y-axis there on the right and the left hand side is um the relative yield left hand side is um the relative yield left hand side is um the relative yield and what you what you're aiming for what and what you what you're aiming for what and what you what you're aiming for what we should be aiming for and proper we should be aiming for and proper we should be aiming for and proper agonomic practice is around about 75 to agonomic practice is around about 75 to agonomic practice is around about 75 to 90% that you want to you want to have 90% that you want to you want to have 90% that you want to you want to have your your soil at that sort of level. your your soil at that sort of level. your your soil at that sort of level. There's lots of other things that There's lots of other things that There's lots of other things that influence the productivity, but if you influence the productivity, but if you influence the productivity, but if you if you can get it within there, that's if you can get it within there, that's if you can get it within there, that's what that's what that's there's proven what that's what that's there's proven what that's what that's there's proven in many different circumstances that in many different circumstances that in many different circumstances that that is the optimum amount of fertilizer that is the optimum amount of fertilizer that is the optimum amount of fertilizer that you that you that you need and that's fine and and and if need and that's fine and and and if need and that's fine and and and if you've got an increasing population, you've got an increasing population, you've got an increasing population, you're increasing production. But if you you're increasing production. But if you you're increasing production. But if you go into int what I mentioned about go into int what I mentioned about go into int what I mentioned about intensity there the the with with intensity there the the with with intensity there the the with with relatively inexpensive phosphorus you relatively inexpensive phosphorus you relatively inexpensive phosphorus you can actually push it up beyond that 9 75 can actually push it up beyond that 9 75 can actually push it up beyond that 9 75 to 90% and you're getting that extra 10% to 90% and you're getting that extra 10% to 90% and you're getting that extra 10% you're going up to the maximum yield and you're going up to the maximum yield and you're going up to the maximum yield and there are many other factors in here but there are many other factors in here but there are many other factors in here but that is one of the factors that has that is one of the factors that has that is one of the factors that has actually driven up um um the use of actually driven up um um the use of actually driven up um um the use of phosphorus and there are consequences phosphorus and there are consequences phosphorus and there are consequences for doing that for putting a lot amount for doing that for putting a lot amount for doing that for putting a lot amount of phosphorus. First of all, phosphorus of phosphorus. First of all, phosphorus of phosphorus. First of all, phosphorus is um immobilized in the soil um by is um immobilized in the soil um by is um immobilized in the soil um by mainly by absorption onto iron and mainly by absorption onto iron and mainly by absorption onto iron and aluminium oxides and that is a cost that aluminium oxides and that is a cost that aluminium oxides and that is a cost that you pay for putting fertilizer for you pay for putting fertilizer for you pay for putting fertilizer for putting phosphorus fertilizer into a putting phosphorus fertilizer into a putting phosphorus fertilizer into a soil. Most soils have a very high soil. Most soils have a very high soil. Most soils have a very high capacity to absorb phosphate. And so capacity to absorb phosphate. And so capacity to absorb phosphate. And so what happens is that if you if you if what happens is that if you if you if what happens is that if you if you if you increase production, you have to you increase production, you have to you increase production, you have to keep putting fertilizer in obviously at keep putting fertilizer in obviously at keep putting fertilizer in obviously at a reduced rates to actually maintain a reduced rates to actually maintain a reduced rates to actually maintain production. But over a period of time, production. But over a period of time, production. But over a period of time, what happens is a lot of the a lot of what happens is a lot of the a lot of what happens is a lot of the a lot of phosphorus accumulates in the soil. So phosphorus accumulates in the soil. So phosphorus accumulates in the soil. So this is a diagram. I don't want to get this is a diagram. I don't want to get this is a diagram. I don't want to get in detail of it, but just if you look at in detail of it, but just if you look at in detail of it, but just if you look at the figure on the on the little bars on the figure on the on the little bars on the figure on the on the little bars on the far right hand side, you can see the far right hand side, you can see the far right hand side, you can see there that this is data from 1965 to there that this is data from 1965 to there that this is data from 1965 to 2007. And you can roughly see that um 2007. And you can roughly see that um 2007. And you can roughly see that um cumul P inputs for the for the world was cumul P inputs for the for the world was cumul P inputs for the for the world was basically about 550 kilos and the basically about 550 kilos and the basically about 550 kilos and the outtake that's the outtake that's the outtake that's the um went into plants and animal produce um went into plants and animal produce um went into plants and animal produce was about was about was about 250. So around about uh half a little 250. So around about uh half a little 250. So around about uh half a little bit less than half of the phosphorus bit less than half of the phosphorus bit less than half of the phosphorus that has been put on over that period of that has been put on over that period of that has been put on over that period of time is still sitting in the soil. It time is still sitting in the soil. It time is still sitting in the soil. It varies depending on different areas. So varies depending on different areas. So varies depending on different areas. So it's 18 to 65% the mean is about that it's 18 to 65% the mean is about that it's 18 to 65% the mean is about that the forest use efficiency is is about a the forest use efficiency is is about a the forest use efficiency is is about a mean of about 45%. That means that 45% mean of about 45%. That means that 45% mean of about 45%. That means that 45% of the fertilizer that's put on in any of the fertilizer that's put on in any of the fertilizer that's put on in any one growing season at the beginning of one growing season at the beginning of one growing season at the beginning of or during one growing season is actually or during one growing season is actually or during one growing season is actually used by plants in in in the growing used by plants in in in the growing used by plants in in in the growing season which means that 65% is uh sorry season which means that 65% is uh sorry season which means that 65% is uh sorry 55% is left behind. That is legacy soil 55% is left behind. That is legacy soil 55% is left behind. That is legacy soil phosphorus that is a big reser a big um phosphorus that is a big reser a big um phosphorus that is a big reser a big um quant quantum of the of the phosphorus quant quantum of the of the phosphorus quant quantum of the of the phosphorus that's been applied. that's been applied. that's been applied. But coming back to that that that But coming back to that that that But coming back to that that that accumulation of phosphorus but also this accumulation of phosphorus but also this accumulation of phosphorus but also this this tendency or this um practice to this tendency or this um practice to this tendency or this um practice to push beyond what I would call the push beyond what I would call the push beyond what I would call the agronomic optimum. It has consequences agronomic optimum. It has consequences agronomic optimum. It has consequences because the more phosphorus you put in because the more phosphorus you put in because the more phosphorus you put in the more likelihood you are to get um uh the more likelihood you are to get um uh the more likelihood you are to get um uh leakage if you like or loss in drainage leakage if you like or loss in drainage leakage if you like or loss in drainage or transfer to water bodies and or transfer to water bodies and or transfer to water bodies and drainage. And that's what the the drainage. And that's what the the drainage. And that's what the the diagram on the on the on the right hand diagram on the on the on the right hand diagram on the on the on the right hand side is is basically you you as you as side is is basically you you as you as side is is basically you you as you as you put more phosphor as you raise the you put more phosphor as you raise the you put more phosphor as you raise the phosphorus status you're going to get phosphorus status you're going to get phosphorus status you're going to get more phosphorus and drainage water which more phosphorus and drainage water which more phosphorus and drainage water which leads ultimately to um and contributes leads ultimately to um and contributes leads ultimately to um and contributes to enhanced to enhanced to enhanced utrification. So th those are the issues utrification. So th those are the issues utrification. So th those are the issues but and backgrounding um phosphorus. So but and backgrounding um phosphorus. So but and backgrounding um phosphorus. So basically we need to do something about basically we need to do something about basically we need to do something about improving phosphorus use efficiency improving phosphorus use efficiency improving phosphorus use efficiency because we've got this large reserve of because we've got this large reserve of because we've got this large reserve of phosphorus that that has accumulated in phosphorus that that has accumulated in phosphorus that that has accumulated in soil. We know there are consequences for soil. We know there are consequences for soil. We know there are consequences for that. But last slide um that. But last slide um that. But last slide um Dominic thank you but there are other Dominic thank you but there are other Dominic thank you but there are other thing now this is a terrible slide it's thing now this is a terrible slide it's thing now this is a terrible slide it's just a whole lot of judgment but I'll just a whole lot of judgment but I'll just a whole lot of judgment but I'll explain it to you. The other factor that explain it to you. The other factor that explain it to you. The other factor that comes in here is that since I mentioned comes in here is that since I mentioned comes in here is that since I mentioned 2007208 prior to that things were pretty 2007208 prior to that things were pretty 2007208 prior to that things were pretty stable in terms of prices. This stable in terms of prices. This stable in terms of prices. This diagram I see am detail shows the diagram I see am detail shows the diagram I see am detail shows the volatility that's happened since volatility that's happened since volatility that's happened since 2007208. The top lines are the actual 2007208. The top lines are the actual 2007208. The top lines are the actual fertilizers. The black line on the fertilizers. The black line on the fertilizers. The black line on the bottom is actually the phosphate rock. bottom is actually the phosphate rock. bottom is actually the phosphate rock. And you can see that we're in 2007 and And you can see that we're in 2007 and And you can see that we're in 2007 and eight, if you look at detail there, it eight, if you look at detail there, it eight, if you look at detail there, it went up from less than $50 a ton to over went up from less than $50 a ton to over went up from less than $50 a ton to over $400 a ton in a very very short period $400 a ton in a very very short period $400 a ton in a very very short period of time. Um so what you've got is you've of time. Um so what you've got is you've of time. Um so what you've got is you've got the raw material has increased in got the raw material has increased in got the raw material has increased in price and it's got a lot more volatile price and it's got a lot more volatile price and it's got a lot more volatile and there's all sorts of reasons why and there's all sorts of reasons why and there's all sorts of reasons why things have happened including towards things have happened including towards things have happened including towards um the right hand side of this diagram um the right hand side of this diagram um the right hand side of this diagram the the invasion um the Russian invasion the the invasion um the Russian invasion the the invasion um the Russian invasion of Ukraine has even impacted fertilizer of Ukraine has even impacted fertilizer of Ukraine has even impacted fertilizer phosphorous fertilizer prices. So we've phosphorous fertilizer prices. So we've phosphorous fertilizer prices. So we've got we need to there's a number of got we need to there's a number of got we need to there's a number of reasons why we need to improve reasons why we need to improve reasons why we need to improve phosphorus use efficiency. So hopefully phosphorus use efficiency. So hopefully phosphorus use efficiency. So hopefully I've given you a little bit of a a I've given you a little bit of a a I've given you a little bit of a a little bit of an insight um into into little bit of an insight um into into little bit of an insight um into into that. And the last slide, sorry Dominic, that. And the last slide, sorry Dominic, that. And the last slide, sorry Dominic, I forgot I had another slide. Um yeah, I forgot I had another slide. Um yeah, I forgot I had another slide. Um yeah, and so so just there's a bit of a and so so just there's a bit of a and so so just there's a bit of a summary from from Jim Els and Phil summary from from Jim Els and Phil summary from from Jim Els and Phil Hagar's marvelous book on phosphorus. It Hagar's marvelous book on phosphorus. It Hagar's marvelous book on phosphorus. It was published a few years ago. Um so we was published a few years ago. Um so we was published a few years ago. Um so we need to improve phosphorus use need to improve phosphorus use need to improve phosphorus use efficiency. We need to tighten efficiency. We need to tighten efficiency. We need to tighten phosphorus cycles and we need to look at phosphorus cycles and we need to look at phosphorus cycles and we need to look at recovery and reuse. But one of the recovery and reuse. But one of the recovery and reuse. But one of the things that that we can that we can do things that that we can that we can do things that that we can that we can do to uh to improve phosphorus use to uh to improve phosphorus use to uh to improve phosphorus use efficiency is to optimize utilization of efficiency is to optimize utilization of efficiency is to optimize utilization of phosphorus inputs. Not stop phosphorus phosphorus inputs. Not stop phosphorus phosphorus inputs. Not stop phosphorus inputs. We can do a little bit about inputs. We can do a little bit about inputs. We can do a little bit about that. We're still going to need that. We're still going to need that. We're still going to need phosphorus in a lot of systems, but phosphorus in a lot of systems, but phosphorus in a lot of systems, but optimizing utilization of phosphorus. optimizing utilization of phosphorus. optimizing utilization of phosphorus. And one of the ways we can do that is to And one of the ways we can do that is to And one of the ways we can do that is to look at at what we do with fertilizers, look at at what we do with fertilizers, look at at what we do with fertilizers, for example. So that leads us nicely for example. So that leads us nicely for example. So that leads us nicely into um Petro's um talk hopefully. Thank into um Petro's um talk hopefully. Thank into um Petro's um talk hopefully. Thank you. That's great. Thanks, Leo. Um just a That's great. Thanks, Leo. Um just a That's great. Thanks, Leo. Um just a reminder to everyone that we'll be reminder to everyone that we'll be reminder to everyone that we'll be taking questions for Leo at the end of taking questions for Leo at the end of taking questions for Leo at the end of the next presentation. So if you've got the next presentation. So if you've got the next presentation. So if you've got any questions on so use and management any questions on so use and management any questions on so use and management or anything that Leo's talked about in or anything that Leo's talked about in or anything that Leo's talked about in terms of phosphorus, um please pop them terms of phosphorus, um please pop them terms of phosphorus, um please pop them in the questions box. Um, Petro, you can in the questions box. Um, Petro, you can in the questions box. Um, Petro, you can start sharing your screen while I start sharing your screen while I start sharing your screen while I introduce you. Um, so I'd now like to introduce you. Um, so I'd now like to introduce you. Um, so I'd now like to introduce you to our second presenter, introduce you to our second presenter, introduce you to our second presenter, Petro Sika. Um, Petro holds a BSE in Petro Sika. Um, Petro holds a BSE in Petro Sika. Um, Petro holds a BSE in agonomic engineering from the University agonomic engineering from the University agonomic engineering from the University of Sa Paulo, an MSE in sustainable of Sa Paulo, an MSE in sustainable of Sa Paulo, an MSE in sustainable agriculture from the University of agriculture from the University of agriculture from the University of Bordova and an MSE in crop and soil Bordova and an MSE in crop and soil Bordova and an MSE in crop and soil science from the University of Georgia. science from the University of Georgia. science from the University of Georgia. He earned his PhD in soil quality from He earned his PhD in soil quality from He earned his PhD in soil quality from the University of Copenhagen where he the University of Copenhagen where he the University of Copenhagen where he also completed a posttock focusing on also completed a posttock focusing on also completed a posttock focusing on phosphorous use efficiency from phosphorous use efficiency from phosphorous use efficiency from byproducts and residues under the byproducts and residues under the byproducts and residues under the guidance of Yakobid and Durret Müller guidance of Yakobid and Durret Müller guidance of Yakobid and Durret Müller Stover. Currently he's professor at the Stover. Currently he's professor at the Stover. Currently he's professor at the college of agriculture at the University college of agriculture at the University college of agriculture at the University of South Paulo specializing in sugarcane of South Paulo specializing in sugarcane of South Paulo specializing in sugarcane quality and industrial processing. So quality and industrial processing. So quality and industrial processing. So over to you Pierro. over to you Pierro. over to you Pierro. Thank you very much for the introduction Thank you very much for the introduction Thank you very much for the introduction Lizzy and also thank you Leo for Lizzy and also thank you Leo for Lizzy and also thank you Leo for introducing the topic on phosphorus and introducing the topic on phosphorus and introducing the topic on phosphorus and for inviting me to present here today. for inviting me to present here today. for inviting me to present here today. I'll start saying a bit that I'm sorry I'll start saying a bit that I'm sorry I'll start saying a bit that I'm sorry because I was a bit sick in the last because I was a bit sick in the last because I was a bit sick in the last couple of days so my voice is not the couple of days so my voice is not the couple of days so my voice is not the best and I may stop to cough best and I may stop to cough best and I may stop to cough sometimes but I will start with the sometimes but I will start with the sometimes but I will start with the presentation now. presentation now. presentation now. Um it is a great honor to be invited to Um it is a great honor to be invited to Um it is a great honor to be invited to make this presentation on the occasion make this presentation on the occasion make this presentation on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of soil use and of the 40th anniversary of soil use and of the 40th anniversary of soil use and management from the British society of management from the British society of management from the British society of soil soil soil science. And actually this paper was science. And actually this paper was science. And actually this paper was invited by the soy use and manage invited by the soy use and manage invited by the soy use and manage management to be presented today and the management to be presented today and the management to be presented today and the title that Leo already presented is the title that Leo already presented is the title that Leo already presented is the strategic placement of mineral and strategic placement of mineral and strategic placement of mineral and biio-based fertilizer for optimizing biio-based fertilizer for optimizing biio-based fertilizer for optimizing phosphorus use efficiency a phosphorus use efficiency a phosphorus use efficiency a comprehensive review and this review was comprehensive review and this review was comprehensive review and this review was actually published very recently. I actually published very recently. I actually published very recently. I think a couple of months ago and it was think a couple of months ago and it was think a couple of months ago and it was actually part of the literary review of actually part of the literary review of actually part of the literary review of my PhD thesis that I did at the my PhD thesis that I did at the my PhD thesis that I did at the University of Copenhagen University of Copenhagen University of Copenhagen uh with Doret and Jakob as my main uh with Doret and Jakob as my main uh with Doret and Jakob as my main supervisors and also Thomas is a supervisors and also Thomas is a supervisors and also Thomas is a co-author that he was a colleague of co-author that he was a colleague of co-author that he was a colleague of mine uh in the first cycle project at mine uh in the first cycle project at mine uh in the first cycle project at the university of Torino in Italy. So the university of Torino in Italy. So the university of Torino in Italy. So this is just a brief introduction about this is just a brief introduction about this is just a brief introduction about the authors of the paper and this is the the authors of the paper and this is the the authors of the paper and this is the structure of my presentation. I try to structure of my presentation. I try to structure of my presentation. I try to adapt a little bit from the structure of adapt a little bit from the structure of adapt a little bit from the structure of the paper but it's basically an the paper but it's basically an the paper but it's basically an introduction to show the motivation why introduction to show the motivation why introduction to show the motivation why we wrote this paper. I'll talk a little we wrote this paper. I'll talk a little we wrote this paper. I'll talk a little bit about placement and some concepts on bit about placement and some concepts on bit about placement and some concepts on that. Also show how we can improve that. Also show how we can improve that. Also show how we can improve biio-based fertilizers. So I'll call biio-based fertilizers. So I'll call biio-based fertilizers. So I'll call biio-based fertilizers from now on as biio-based fertilizers from now on as biio-based fertilizers from now on as BBF which basically means biiobased BBF which basically means biiobased BBF which basically means biiobased fertilizers. And then some take-h home fertilizers. And then some take-h home fertilizers. And then some take-h home messages on how we can improve messages on how we can improve messages on how we can improve phosphorus use efficiency. phosphorus use efficiency. phosphorus use efficiency. Starting by the introduction. So it was Starting by the introduction. So it was Starting by the introduction. So it was October 2020 and the world was on October 2020 and the world was on October 2020 and the world was on lockdown due to COVID and somehow I lockdown due to COVID and somehow I lockdown due to COVID and somehow I found a way to move to Denmark to start found a way to move to Denmark to start found a way to move to Denmark to start my PhD there as part of this European my PhD there as part of this European my PhD there as part of this European Union project uh under the Marikuhi Union project uh under the Marikuhi Union project uh under the Marikuhi grant agreement uh the first grant agreement uh the first grant agreement uh the first cycle and by the time when I started my cycle and by the time when I started my cycle and by the time when I started my PhD the topic was optimizing use and PhD the topic was optimizing use and PhD the topic was optimizing use and application method of waste and application method of waste and application method of waste and bio-based fertilizers plant and bio-based fertilizers plant and bio-based fertilizers plant and ryosphere response to fertilizer ryosphere response to fertilizer ryosphere response to fertilizer placement. So by the time we already had placement. So by the time we already had placement. So by the time we already had some good knowledge about placement some good knowledge about placement some good knowledge about placement localized application of phosphorous localized application of phosphorous localized application of phosphorous fertilizers but then we also missed a fertilizers but then we also missed a fertilizers but then we also missed a little bit more on also looking what was little bit more on also looking what was little bit more on also looking what was going on in the below ground going on in the below ground going on in the below ground interactions between the roots and the interactions between the roots and the interactions between the roots and the fertilizers and how to improve the fertilizers and how to improve the fertilizers and how to improve the biio-based fertilizers or organic wastes biio-based fertilizers or organic wastes biio-based fertilizers or organic wastes to become more efficient fertilizers to become more efficient fertilizers to become more efficient fertilizers compared to mineral fertilizers. So then I mean as we all know I will So then I mean as we all know I will So then I mean as we all know I will start with a brief contestation but start with a brief contestation but start with a brief contestation but phosphorus is a micronutrient for crops phosphorus is a micronutrient for crops phosphorus is a micronutrient for crops and essential for other living and essential for other living and essential for other living microorganisms as Leo already introduced microorganisms as Leo already introduced microorganisms as Leo already introduced mineral p fertilizers are derived from mineral p fertilizers are derived from mineral p fertilizers are derived from rock phosphate which is a non-renewable rock phosphate which is a non-renewable rock phosphate which is a non-renewable source and also the mineral fertilizer source and also the mineral fertilizer source and also the mineral fertilizer prices are fluctuating and especially in prices are fluctuating and especially in prices are fluctuating and especially in the more recent years it's increasing the more recent years it's increasing the more recent years it's increasing quite a quite a quite a lot and also one thing that is lot and also one thing that is lot and also one thing that is interesting not interesting I don't interesting not interesting I don't interesting not interesting I don't think It's good but it happens. It's the think It's good but it happens. It's the think It's good but it happens. It's the P cycle is very imbalanced on global on P cycle is very imbalanced on global on P cycle is very imbalanced on global on regional continental and global scale. regional continental and global scale. regional continental and global scale. So if you just think that for instance a So if you just think that for instance a So if you just think that for instance a mineral fertilizer can be produced in mineral fertilizer can be produced in mineral fertilizer can be produced in China and then it's going to be China and then it's going to be China and then it's going to be transported all the way to Brazil for transported all the way to Brazil for transported all the way to Brazil for example where it's going to be used in example where it's going to be used in example where it's going to be used in 3,000 kilometers from the ports and 3,000 kilometers from the ports and 3,000 kilometers from the ports and transported all the way to the field in transported all the way to the field in transported all the way to the field in Mogros or in the center west of the Mogros or in the center west of the Mogros or in the center west of the country to produce soybean. And then the country to produce soybean. And then the country to produce soybean. And then the soybean is going to uptake this soybean is going to uptake this soybean is going to uptake this phosphorus and then it's going to be phosphorus and then it's going to be phosphorus and then it's going to be transported all the way back to the transported all the way back to the transported all the way back to the port. Then it's going to be exported port. Then it's going to be exported port. Then it's going to be exported back to China or in this case I will back to China or in this case I will back to China or in this case I will talk about the European Union and then talk about the European Union and then talk about the European Union and then animals in the European Union is going animals in the European Union is going animals in the European Union is going to eat this soybean and take up this to eat this soybean and take up this to eat this soybean and take up this phosphorus and then it's going to come phosphorus and then it's going to come phosphorus and then it's going to come out in the SW or in the animal derived out in the SW or in the animal derived out in the SW or in the animal derived waste or people will eat this meat and waste or people will eat this meat and waste or people will eat this meat and then the phosphorus will come out in SW. then the phosphorus will come out in SW. then the phosphorus will come out in SW. So it's just a whole cycle. the So it's just a whole cycle. the So it's just a whole cycle. the phosphorus travels all the world and phosphorus travels all the world and phosphorus travels all the world and then ends up that in the European Union then ends up that in the European Union then ends up that in the European Union which is this big animal production. which is this big animal production. which is this big animal production. This study by RENA showed that the This study by RENA showed that the This study by RENA showed that the European Union could meet most of this European Union could meet most of this European Union could meet most of this its phosphor demands with a circular its phosphor demands with a circular its phosphor demands with a circular economy approach. And in the case of economy approach. And in the case of economy approach. And in the case of Denmark for instance where I did my PhD Denmark for instance where I did my PhD Denmark for instance where I did my PhD as you can see here in the as you can see here in the as you can see here in the map, it generates more P in by waste map, it generates more P in by waste map, it generates more P in by waste than its own demands according to Torso than its own demands according to Torso than its own demands according to Torso at all. But it still sports quite a lot at all. But it still sports quite a lot at all. But it still sports quite a lot of phosphorus fertilizer per year. And of phosphorus fertilizer per year. And of phosphorus fertilizer per year. And if you see maps of the OMP saturation in if you see maps of the OMP saturation in if you see maps of the OMP saturation in the European Union, you can see like the European Union, you can see like the European Union, you can see like also in Netherlands and Belgium, some also in Netherlands and Belgium, some also in Netherlands and Belgium, some specific places there, there is quite a specific places there, there is quite a specific places there, there is quite a lot of animal derived waste generated lot of animal derived waste generated lot of animal derived waste generated and also these brings a lot of and also these brings a lot of and also these brings a lot of phosphorus into the soils and this phosphorus into the soils and this phosphorus into the soils and this phosphorus is not so well or not so phosphorus is not so well or not so phosphorus is not so well or not so efficiently used by the crops and then efficiently used by the crops and then efficiently used by the crops and then it starts accumulating and over time as it starts accumulating and over time as it starts accumulating and over time as Leo showed it can go end up in ground Leo showed it can go end up in ground Leo showed it can go end up in ground waters or even in lakes and causing waters or even in lakes and causing waters or even in lakes and causing utrification. So by when I started my PhD what we knew So by when I started my PhD what we knew So by when I started my PhD what we knew was basically there were several studies was basically there were several studies was basically there were several studies by already starting by this guy GW Cook by already starting by this guy GW Cook by already starting by this guy GW Cook that he's from he's British but you see that he's from he's British but you see that he's from he's British but you see that already in the 40s and 50s there that already in the 40s and 50s there that already in the 40s and 50s there were lot of studies like recent advances were lot of studies like recent advances were lot of studies like recent advances in fertilizer placement but this was 70 in fertilizer placement but this was 70 in fertilizer placement but this was 70 years ago so there are many studies years ago so there are many studies years ago so there are many studies showing that just by changing the way we showing that just by changing the way we showing that just by changing the way we apply the phosphorus we could and other apply the phosphorus we could and other apply the phosphorus we could and other fertilizers as But we could improve a fertilizers as But we could improve a fertilizers as But we could improve a lot the phosphorus lot the phosphorus lot the phosphorus efficiency and but these were mainly the efficiency and but these were mainly the efficiency and but these were mainly the cases for mineral cases for mineral cases for mineral fertilizers. And when I started in 2020, fertilizers. And when I started in 2020, fertilizers. And when I started in 2020, there was this paper from Camila Lemi there was this paper from Camila Lemi there was this paper from Camila Lemi who she was a PhD in my group at the who she was a PhD in my group at the who she was a PhD in my group at the University of uh University of uh University of uh Copenhagen and together with people at Copenhagen and together with people at Copenhagen and together with people at ETH Zurich. She tested different uh I ETH Zurich. She tested different uh I ETH Zurich. She tested different uh I mean mineral mean mineral mean mineral fertilizer placed and mixed but also fertilizer placed and mixed but also fertilizer placed and mixed but also Switzerge and Switzled ash. And what she Switzerge and Switzled ash. And what she Switzerge and Switzled ash. And what she found was basically like in the case of found was basically like in the case of found was basically like in the case of Switzerge when applying localized it of Switzerge when applying localized it of Switzerge when applying localized it of course attracts a lot of roots to the course attracts a lot of roots to the course attracts a lot of roots to the placement placement placement zone contrary to the ash that doesn't zone contrary to the ash that doesn't zone contrary to the ash that doesn't attract any roots. But this difference attract any roots. But this difference attract any roots. But this difference is mainly because Swledge has a little is mainly because Swledge has a little is mainly because Swledge has a little bit of soluble phosphorus. So this bit of soluble phosphorus. So this bit of soluble phosphorus. So this soluble phosphorus in the placement zone soluble phosphorus in the placement zone soluble phosphorus in the placement zone will attract the root growth. But in the will attract the root growth. But in the will attract the root growth. But in the case of the ash uh that has virtually case of the ash uh that has virtually case of the ash uh that has virtually zero uh soluble phosphorus, you see that zero uh soluble phosphorus, you see that zero uh soluble phosphorus, you see that the plant just ignore. But what was the plant just ignore. But what was the plant just ignore. But what was surprising is that although it attracts surprising is that although it attracts surprising is that although it attracts the root growth to the placement the root growth to the placement the root growth to the placement zone, this did not show an increase uh zone, this did not show an increase uh zone, this did not show an increase uh in phosphorus uptake nor in plant in phosphorus uptake nor in plant in phosphorus uptake nor in plant growth. growth. growth. And another thing we knew about that was And another thing we knew about that was And another thing we knew about that was also that some organic fertilizers or also that some organic fertilizers or also that some organic fertilizers or some biio-based fertilizer when placed some biio-based fertilizer when placed some biio-based fertilizer when placed according even shown by this uh work by according even shown by this uh work by according even shown by this uh work by William pen it can cause some ammonium William pen it can cause some ammonium William pen it can cause some ammonium toxicity because some of these materials toxicity because some of these materials toxicity because some of these materials like as cattle is slurry or I'll show like as cattle is slurry or I'll show like as cattle is slurry or I'll show later with the meat and bone meal also later with the meat and bone meal also later with the meat and bone meal also has a high amount of organic nitrogen has a high amount of organic nitrogen has a high amount of organic nitrogen and when placed in the soil this organic and when placed in the soil this organic and when placed in the soil this organic nitrogen is going to be mineralized and nitrogen is going to be mineralized and nitrogen is going to be mineralized and then it's going to release ammonium and then it's going to release ammonium and then it's going to release ammonium and this ammonium is going to be toxic to this ammonium is going to be toxic to this ammonium is going to be toxic to the plant. So basically by this time the plant. So basically by this time the plant. So basically by this time when I started my PhD in 2020, we knew when I started my PhD in 2020, we knew when I started my PhD in 2020, we knew that for mineral phosphorus fertilizer that for mineral phosphorus fertilizer that for mineral phosphorus fertilizer the placement was quite effective. I the placement was quite effective. I the placement was quite effective. I mean I'll show that it depends of course mean I'll show that it depends of course mean I'll show that it depends of course in several factors later but for organic in several factors later but for organic in several factors later but for organic and biio-based fertilizer this was not and biio-based fertilizer this was not and biio-based fertilizer this was not the case. So after three years of literature So after three years of literature So after three years of literature review, a lot of discussions, meetings review, a lot of discussions, meetings review, a lot of discussions, meetings with the first cycle group and also with with the first cycle group and also with with the first cycle group and also with other colleagues working with other colleagues working with other colleagues working with phosphorus, I was writing my the phosphorus, I was writing my the phosphorus, I was writing my the literature review of my PhD thesis and literature review of my PhD thesis and literature review of my PhD thesis and we got into a point talking with my we got into a point talking with my we got into a point talking with my supervisors on the time that maybe we supervisors on the time that maybe we supervisors on the time that maybe we could transform that into a a paper could transform that into a a paper could transform that into a a paper because we are getting a lot of because we are getting a lot of because we are getting a lot of information and a lot of new things information and a lot of new things information and a lot of new things making some connections and some points making some connections and some points making some connections and some points that uh we thought there was really that uh we thought there was really that uh we thought there was really interesting and just by itself could interesting and just by itself could interesting and just by itself could become a strong become a strong become a strong publication publication publication and we decided to answer a few and we decided to answer a few and we decided to answer a few questions. The first were like what are questions. The first were like what are questions. The first were like what are the benefits and key factors influencing the benefits and key factors influencing the benefits and key factors influencing the placement of phosphorous fertilizers the placement of phosphorous fertilizers the placement of phosphorous fertilizers and under what environmental conditions and under what environmental conditions and under what environmental conditions is this practice most is this practice most is this practice most effective? Also, what are the primary effective? Also, what are the primary effective? Also, what are the primary constraints limiting the placement of constraints limiting the placement of constraints limiting the placement of biio-based fertilizers for enhancing biio-based fertilizers for enhancing biio-based fertilizers for enhancing phosphorus use efficiency? phosphorus use efficiency? phosphorus use efficiency? and what strategies can be employed to and what strategies can be employed to and what strategies can be employed to mitigate potential negative effects and mitigate potential negative effects and mitigate potential negative effects and optimize phosphorus availability in the optimize phosphorus availability in the optimize phosphorus availability in the placement zone of biio-based placement zone of biio-based placement zone of biio-based fertilizers. So if you remember what we fertilizers. So if you remember what we fertilizers. So if you remember what we knew by the time was like for mineral knew by the time was like for mineral knew by the time was like for mineral fertilizers it could work quite well. So fertilizers it could work quite well. So fertilizers it could work quite well. So we wanted to know what were the factors we wanted to know what were the factors we wanted to know what were the factors influencing influencing influencing that. We knew that for biobased that. We knew that for biobased that. We knew that for biobased fertilizers it was not working so well. fertilizers it was not working so well. fertilizers it was not working so well. So we wanted to study deeper what were So we wanted to study deeper what were So we wanted to study deeper what were the primary constraints limiting the the primary constraints limiting the the primary constraints limiting the placement of these biiobased placement of these biiobased placement of these biiobased fertilizers. And of course if we knew fertilizers. And of course if we knew fertilizers. And of course if we knew the constraints we also knew how we can the constraints we also knew how we can the constraints we also knew how we can improve that and make more efficient improve that and make more efficient improve that and make more efficient bio-based bio-based bio-based fertilizers. So I'll start a little bit fertilizers. So I'll start a little bit fertilizers. So I'll start a little bit now talking about the now talking about the now talking about the placement. So by dictionaries Oxford for placement. So by dictionaries Oxford for placement. So by dictionaries Oxford for example dictionary the definition of example dictionary the definition of example dictionary the definition of placement is the act of putting placement is the act of putting placement is the act of putting something in a specific place or the something in a specific place or the something in a specific place or the position of something. In this paper, we position of something. In this paper, we position of something. In this paper, we made our own definition that is made our own definition that is made our own definition that is basically fertilizer application methods basically fertilizer application methods basically fertilizer application methods into a specific spot as you can see here into a specific spot as you can see here into a specific spot as you can see here in the in the in the pictures aiming to reduce the contact pictures aiming to reduce the contact pictures aiming to reduce the contact area of the fertilizer with the soil area of the fertilizer with the soil area of the fertilizer with the soil using the crop row as a reference using the crop row as a reference using the crop row as a reference position. So we have some images and position. So we have some images and position. So we have some images and figures that we prepared during the figures that we prepared during the figures that we prepared during the elaboration of the paper. So we define elaboration of the paper. So we define elaboration of the paper. So we define the different types of placements that the different types of placements that the different types of placements that we could find in the literature and we could find in the literature and we could find in the literature and homogenize the deter the definition of homogenize the deter the definition of homogenize the deter the definition of them. So here I give the first example them. So here I give the first example them. So here I give the first example is broadcast. Broadcasts is not uh is broadcast. Broadcasts is not uh is broadcast. Broadcasts is not uh placement but usually comparative or a placement but usually comparative or a placement but usually comparative or a reference to compare with the placement. reference to compare with the placement. reference to compare with the placement. So basically it's when we spread the So basically it's when we spread the So basically it's when we spread the fertilizer through the soil surface and fertilizer through the soil surface and fertilizer through the soil surface and afterwards it's going to be incor afterwards it's going to be incor afterwards it's going to be incor incorporated or incorporated or incorporated or not. But we have this uh placement in not. But we have this uh placement in not. But we have this uh placement in the seed row which basically we place the seed row which basically we place the seed row which basically we place the fertilizer together with the seeds the fertilizer together with the seeds the fertilizer together with the seeds or in the as a band placement as well. or in the as a band placement as well. or in the as a band placement as well. And this is quite effective as a starter And this is quite effective as a starter And this is quite effective as a starter fertilizer. So the crop when it fertilizer. So the crop when it fertilizer. So the crop when it germinates it will have access to this germinates it will have access to this germinates it will have access to this fertilizer or to this phosphorus just fertilizer or to this phosphorus just fertilizer or to this phosphorus just after in the early season of the the after in the early season of the the after in the early season of the the early stage of the growing season. early stage of the growing season. early stage of the growing season. Some cases we also see I've seen some Some cases we also see I've seen some Some cases we also see I've seen some studies in Australia for instance that studies in Australia for instance that studies in Australia for instance that they do the subsurface placement because they do the subsurface placement because they do the subsurface placement because if it's like a tropical area or if it's like a tropical area or if it's like a tropical area or depending on the season you can have depending on the season you can have depending on the season you can have very dry season. So if you apply in the very dry season. So if you apply in the very dry season. So if you apply in the surface this placement or if place the surface this placement or if place the surface this placement or if place the fertilizer in the surface the soil is fertilizer in the surface the soil is fertilizer in the surface the soil is going to dry and then the plant's not going to dry and then the plant's not going to dry and then the plant's not going to have access to this phosphorus. going to have access to this phosphorus. going to have access to this phosphorus. So the idea is that if you applying the So the idea is that if you applying the So the idea is that if you applying the subsurface, it's going to be less subsurface, it's going to be less subsurface, it's going to be less influenced by the variation or the influenced by the variation or the influenced by the variation or the fluctuation of the soil moisture during fluctuation of the soil moisture during fluctuation of the soil moisture during the season. Another type of placement the season. Another type of placement the season. Another type of placement that can be common maybe sometimes with that can be common maybe sometimes with that can be common maybe sometimes with the organic fertilizers is the side roll the organic fertilizers is the side roll the organic fertilizers is the side roll application which is usually you apply application which is usually you apply application which is usually you apply the fertilizer by five to 10 cmters on the fertilizer by five to 10 cmters on the fertilizer by five to 10 cmters on the side of this the row just aiming to the side of this the row just aiming to the side of this the row just aiming to reduce some toxicity effects. So in reduce some toxicity effects. So in reduce some toxicity effects. So in Denmark for instance sometimes quite Denmark for instance sometimes quite Denmark for instance sometimes quite common to inject cattle is lurry or pig common to inject cattle is lurry or pig common to inject cattle is lurry or pig slurry. So you can do that a little bit slurry. So you can do that a little bit slurry. So you can do that a little bit far from the seed row or a few days or a far from the seed row or a few days or a far from the seed row or a few days or a few weeks in advance. So then you can few weeks in advance. So then you can few weeks in advance. So then you can reduce some toxicity effects as I showed reduce some toxicity effects as I showed reduce some toxicity effects as I showed before with ammonium toxicity and in before with ammonium toxicity and in before with ammonium toxicity and in some cases for some crops that you can some cases for some crops that you can some cases for some crops that you can transplant the crop you can transplant transplant the crop you can transplant transplant the crop you can transplant the phosphorus fertilizer together with the phosphorus fertilizer together with the phosphorus fertilizer together with the crop. the crop. the crop. So these are some of the types of So these are some of the types of So these are some of the types of placements that we identified in the placements that we identified in the placements that we identified in the literature and then we also listed some literature and then we also listed some literature and then we also listed some potential advantages of mineral P potential advantages of mineral P potential advantages of mineral P fertilizer placement based on some fertilizer placement based on some fertilizer placement based on some studies in the literature and the most studies in the literature and the most studies in the literature and the most common to see is that it reduces the common to see is that it reduces the common to see is that it reduces the contact area between soil and contact area between soil and contact area between soil and fertilizer. So as Leo already said fertilizer. So as Leo already said fertilizer. So as Leo already said before in his presentation, one of the before in his presentation, one of the before in his presentation, one of the main problems or the main limitations of main problems or the main limitations of main problems or the main limitations of phosphorus that is that it can get phosphorus that is that it can get phosphorus that is that it can get easily absorbed by other compounds in easily absorbed by other compounds in easily absorbed by other compounds in the soil mainly aluminum, iron and the soil mainly aluminum, iron and the soil mainly aluminum, iron and calcium depending on the phosphorus calcium depending on the phosphorus calcium depending on the phosphorus properties. So if you have a mineral properties. So if you have a mineral properties. So if you have a mineral fertilizer that is highly soluble and fertilizer that is highly soluble and fertilizer that is highly soluble and you apply it mixed with the soil, you you apply it mixed with the soil, you you apply it mixed with the soil, you are just increasing the contact area are just increasing the contact area are just increasing the contact area between the fertilizer and the soil. between the fertilizer and the soil. between the fertilizer and the soil. Then when you place it, you're basically Then when you place it, you're basically Then when you place it, you're basically trying to protect it by reducing this trying to protect it by reducing this trying to protect it by reducing this contact area and then you also reduce contact area and then you also reduce contact area and then you also reduce the amount of fertilizer being uh the amount of fertilizer being uh the amount of fertilizer being uh absorbed by the absorbed by the absorbed by the soil. It can also provides higher soil. It can also provides higher soil. It can also provides higher amounts of phosphorus to the plant at amounts of phosphorus to the plant at amounts of phosphorus to the plant at early stages as we discussed before. So early stages as we discussed before. So early stages as we discussed before. So you're applying the seed roll and then you're applying the seed roll and then you're applying the seed roll and then it can acts as a starter it can acts as a starter it can acts as a starter fertilizer. Phosphates also simulates fertilizer. Phosphates also simulates fertilizer. Phosphates also simulates root proliferation in the placement root proliferation in the placement root proliferation in the placement zone. So we can also improve the zone. So we can also improve the zone. So we can also improve the exploration of the phosphorus in exploration of the phosphorus in exploration of the phosphorus in displacement displacement displacement zone increases P uptake and plant growth zone increases P uptake and plant growth zone increases P uptake and plant growth with mineral fertilizer. So here we show with mineral fertilizer. So here we show with mineral fertilizer. So here we show this image that is basically the plant this image that is basically the plant this image that is basically the plant is having access to this whole bunch of is having access to this whole bunch of is having access to this whole bunch of phosphorus here in the early stage phosphorus here in the early stage phosphorus here in the early stage compared to the one applied broadcast compared to the one applied broadcast compared to the one applied broadcast that the plant doesn't have access to that the plant doesn't have access to that the plant doesn't have access to all the phosphorus. And in some studies all the phosphorus. And in some studies all the phosphorus. And in some studies we saw that when we apply a soluble we saw that when we apply a soluble we saw that when we apply a soluble fertilizer source the roots are going fertilizer source the roots are going fertilizer source the roots are going going to grow faster in the early going to grow faster in the early going to grow faster in the early stages. So the plants is also going to stages. So the plants is also going to stages. So the plants is also going to explore better the soil uh explore better the soil uh explore better the soil uh resources and also there are some resources and also there are some resources and also there are some studies showing that it can gives the studies showing that it can gives the studies showing that it can gives the crop a competitive advantage for crop a competitive advantage for crop a competitive advantage for phosphorus acquisition against weeds in phosphorus acquisition against weeds in phosphorus acquisition against weeds in the interro. So some people call it a the interro. So some people call it a the interro. So some people call it a non-chemical weed control method. So you non-chemical weed control method. So you non-chemical weed control method. So you basically apply it close to the seeds basically apply it close to the seeds basically apply it close to the seeds and then the weeds in the interroll will and then the weeds in the interroll will and then the weeds in the interroll will not have access to the fertilizer or not have access to the fertilizer or not have access to the fertilizer or will have access but then less access will have access but then less access will have access but then less access than the crop of than the crop of than the crop of interest. But all these are for mineral interest. But all these are for mineral interest. But all these are for mineral fertilizer and then we also noticed that fertilizer and then we also noticed that fertilizer and then we also noticed that there are not many studies on biio-based there are not many studies on biio-based there are not many studies on biio-based fertilizers on placement. So we also investigated some of the So we also investigated some of the So we also investigated some of the factors influencing the effectiveness of factors influencing the effectiveness of factors influencing the effectiveness of P fertilizer P fertilizer P fertilizer placement. One of the main was the soil placement. One of the main was the soil placement. One of the main was the soil type. So it will be more responsive in type. So it will be more responsive in type. So it will be more responsive in soils with higher presorption capacity soils with higher presorption capacity soils with higher presorption capacity like weather soils which is basically like weather soils which is basically like weather soils which is basically this idea of reducing the contact area this idea of reducing the contact area this idea of reducing the contact area between the soil and the fertilizer in between the soil and the fertilizer in between the soil and the fertilizer in order to reduce the por absorption by order to reduce the por absorption by order to reduce the por absorption by the the the soil. The lab bioin the soil if it's too soil. The lab bioin the soil if it's too soil. The lab bioin the soil if it's too high I mean the placement is basically high I mean the placement is basically high I mean the placement is basically when you place a phosphorous fertilizer when you place a phosphorous fertilizer when you place a phosphorous fertilizer you're creating a gradient between the you're creating a gradient between the you're creating a gradient between the placement zone and the soil. So the placement zone and the soil. So the placement zone and the soil. So the higher the bigger this gradient would be higher the bigger this gradient would be higher the bigger this gradient would be better for the plant. But if it's too better for the plant. But if it's too better for the plant. But if it's too high, this gradient is not going to be high, this gradient is not going to be high, this gradient is not going to be too high. But it's also if it's too low, too high. But it's also if it's too low, too high. But it's also if it's too low, it will not have the the crop will have it will not have the the crop will have it will not have the the crop will have access to this phosphorus in the early access to this phosphorus in the early access to this phosphorus in the early stage, but then afterwards will not have stage, but then afterwards will not have stage, but then afterwards will not have enough to to grow through the season enough to to grow through the season enough to to grow through the season when it starts exploring the whole soil. when it starts exploring the whole soil. when it starts exploring the whole soil. So the idea is to have a soil with uh So the idea is to have a soil with uh So the idea is to have a soil with uh with a build profile of phosphorus that with a build profile of phosphorus that with a build profile of phosphorus that is enough to sustain the plant growth is enough to sustain the plant growth is enough to sustain the plant growth and then displacement can start act as a and then displacement can start act as a and then displacement can start act as a starter fertilizer to boost crop growth starter fertilizer to boost crop growth starter fertilizer to boost crop growth in the early in the early in the early stage. Also soil moisture it's like if stage. Also soil moisture it's like if stage. Also soil moisture it's like if the soil gets drier or it will have a the soil gets drier or it will have a the soil gets drier or it will have a lower pusion and availability. So as I lower pusion and availability. So as I lower pusion and availability. So as I mentioned before in tropical or drier mentioned before in tropical or drier mentioned before in tropical or drier regions subsurface can be an alternative regions subsurface can be an alternative regions subsurface can be an alternative to improve to improve to improve that cold temperatures can favor the that cold temperatures can favor the that cold temperatures can favor the placement. So if you have placement. So if you have placement. So if you have uh early season like in Denmark and you uh early season like in Denmark and you uh early season like in Denmark and you want to start your crop want to start your crop want to start your crop uh the cold temperature is going to uh the cold temperature is going to uh the cold temperature is going to reduce the plant growth and also the reduce the plant growth and also the reduce the plant growth and also the root growth. So then it's going to have root growth. So then it's going to have root growth. So then it's going to have a lower exploration of the bulk soil. So a lower exploration of the bulk soil. So a lower exploration of the bulk soil. So if you place this fertilizer close to if you place this fertilizer close to if you place this fertilizer close to the seeds already at the early stages the seeds already at the early stages the seeds already at the early stages the plant will have access to the the plant will have access to the the plant will have access to the phosphorus. So it can also phosphorus. So it can also phosphorus. So it can also improve. But what weident we identified improve. But what weident we identified improve. But what weident we identified as the main difference between the as the main difference between the as the main difference between the biio-based fertilizers and the mineral biio-based fertilizers and the mineral biio-based fertilizers and the mineral fertilizers was basically the type but fertilizers was basically the type but fertilizers was basically the type but mainly the phosphorus solubility of the mainly the phosphorus solubility of the mainly the phosphorus solubility of the fertilizers. fertilizers. fertilizers. If you see in this table from the paper If you see in this table from the paper If you see in this table from the paper from the article, most of the mineral from the article, most of the mineral from the article, most of the mineral fertilizers have highly soluble fertilizers have highly soluble fertilizers have highly soluble phosphorus. So the water extract will be phosphorus. So the water extract will be phosphorus. So the water extract will be P of the fertilizer will usually be P of the fertilizer will usually be P of the fertilizer will usually be above 70% of the total phosphorus. But above 70% of the total phosphorus. But above 70% of the total phosphorus. But then when you see biio-based fertilizers then when you see biio-based fertilizers then when you see biio-based fertilizers like SWGE is going to be up to 12%. If like SWGE is going to be up to 12%. If like SWGE is going to be up to 12%. If it's a SWEdge ash, it's going to be up it's a SWEdge ash, it's going to be up it's a SWEdge ash, it's going to be up to to to 0.06%. Or ledge biochar 0.5%. So you see 0.06%. Or ledge biochar 0.5%. So you see 0.06%. Or ledge biochar 0.5%. So you see that these values are quite low compared that these values are quite low compared that these values are quite low compared to mineral beef to mineral beef to mineral beef fertilizers. And then it goes back to fertilizers. And then it goes back to fertilizers. And then it goes back to this paper from Camila Lemming that was this paper from Camila Lemming that was this paper from Camila Lemming that was the opportunity costs for mace the opportunity costs for mace the opportunity costs for mace associated with localized application of associated with localized application of associated with localized application of SWLED derived fertilizers as indicated SWLED derived fertilizers as indicated SWLED derived fertilizers as indicated by early roots and phosphorus uptake by early roots and phosphorus uptake by early roots and phosphorus uptake response. So basically like what they response. So basically like what they response. So basically like what they see they saw in this paper is that some see they saw in this paper is that some see they saw in this paper is that some biio-based fertilizers may have enough biio-based fertilizers may have enough biio-based fertilizers may have enough soluble P to attract root growth in the soluble P to attract root growth in the soluble P to attract root growth in the placement zone. However, it will not be placement zone. However, it will not be placement zone. However, it will not be enough to sustain plant growth through enough to sustain plant growth through enough to sustain plant growth through the the the season. So this is going to create an season. So this is going to create an season. So this is going to create an opportunity cost allocating the carbon opportunity cost allocating the carbon opportunity cost allocating the carbon to grow root in the placement zone to grow root in the placement zone to grow root in the placement zone instead of exploring the book soil instead of exploring the book soil instead of exploring the book soil resources. So the plant is going to find resources. So the plant is going to find resources. So the plant is going to find this little amount of soluble phosphorus this little amount of soluble phosphorus this little amount of soluble phosphorus in the placement zone that it's higher in the placement zone that it's higher in the placement zone that it's higher than in the soil and then we'll stop than in the soil and then we'll stop than in the soil and then we'll stop there and it starts proliferating roots there and it starts proliferating roots there and it starts proliferating roots to explore this phosphorus resource to explore this phosphorus resource to explore this phosphorus resource because of the root because of the root because of the root plasticity. But then when the plant plasticity. But then when the plant plasticity. But then when the plant realizes it's stopped exploring the soil realizes it's stopped exploring the soil realizes it's stopped exploring the soil and then it's focused on exploring this and then it's focused on exploring this and then it's focused on exploring this placement zone but this placement zone placement zone but this placement zone placement zone but this placement zone will not have enough phosphorus will not have enough phosphorus will not have enough phosphorus available phosphorus for the plant to available phosphorus for the plant to available phosphorus for the plant to grow. grow. grow. So afterwards uh it will create this So afterwards uh it will create this So afterwards uh it will create this opportunity cost in opportunity cost in opportunity cost in there and in other paper I'm going to there and in other paper I'm going to there and in other paper I'm going to pass quickly here but Berno at all that pass quickly here but Berno at all that pass quickly here but Berno at all that it's also from our group at the it's also from our group at the it's also from our group at the University of Copenhagen she compared University of Copenhagen she compared University of Copenhagen she compared for example a for example a for example a Swedge with swledge biochar in the case Swedge with swledge biochar in the case Swedge with swledge biochar in the case of biochar it has virtually zero solubil of biochar it has virtually zero solubil of biochar it has virtually zero solubil P and as you can see here in terms of P and as you can see here in terms of P and as you can see here in terms of labop phosphotase activity and pH labop phosphotase activity and pH labop phosphotase activity and pH changes there was almost no response changes there was almost no response changes there was almost no response from the roots or from the plants or from the roots or from the plants or from the roots or from the plants or from the microbial community in the from the microbial community in the from the microbial community in the soil. So basically when it's a biochar soil. So basically when it's a biochar soil. So basically when it's a biochar or ash which are incinerated materials or ash which are incinerated materials or ash which are incinerated materials that has virtually zero uh soluble that has virtually zero uh soluble that has virtually zero uh soluble phosphorus this response is even smaller phosphorus this response is even smaller phosphorus this response is even smaller or even less significant because it's or even less significant because it's or even less significant because it's basically creates a inert uh zone in the basically creates a inert uh zone in the basically creates a inert uh zone in the soil and raymond at all and miller stool soil and raymond at all and miller stool soil and raymond at all and miller stool also show that when you have ashes or also show that when you have ashes or also show that when you have ashes or biochar with zero or with little soluble biochar with zero or with little soluble biochar with zero or with little soluble If you mix with the soil, we are going If you mix with the soil, we are going If you mix with the soil, we are going to increase the contact area between the to increase the contact area between the to increase the contact area between the soil and the fertilizer which can soil and the fertilizer which can soil and the fertilizer which can facilitate the process and then increase facilitate the process and then increase facilitate the process and then increase the reaction between the fertilizer and the reaction between the fertilizer and the reaction between the fertilizer and the soil. So mixing it with the soil can the soil. So mixing it with the soil can the soil. So mixing it with the soil can also favor that. So in this case there also favor that. So in this case there also favor that. So in this case there is not uh also very recommended to place is not uh also very recommended to place is not uh also very recommended to place uh a material with almost no soluble uh a material with almost no soluble uh a material with almost no soluble phosphorus. And then we went to the part phosphorus. And then we went to the part phosphorus. And then we went to the part of my PhD that was to improve the of my PhD that was to improve the of my PhD that was to improve the biiobased fertilizer for placement. biiobased fertilizer for placement. biiobased fertilizer for placement. And our hypothesis was that for the And our hypothesis was that for the And our hypothesis was that for the placement of biiobased fertilizer to be placement of biiobased fertilizer to be placement of biiobased fertilizer to be more efficient, pre-treatments to more efficient, pre-treatments to more efficient, pre-treatments to increase the P that is readily available increase the P that is readily available increase the P that is readily available in the ryosphere may be needed in the ryosphere may be needed in the ryosphere may be needed benefiting plant response and growth in benefiting plant response and growth in benefiting plant response and growth in early early early stages. So briefly and quickly we tested stages. So briefly and quickly we tested stages. So briefly and quickly we tested different materials and different different materials and different different materials and different treatments to solubilize the phosphorus treatments to solubilize the phosphorus treatments to solubilize the phosphorus in these materials. So we tested in these materials. So we tested in these materials. So we tested acidification with sulfuric acid, acidification with sulfuric acid, acidification with sulfuric acid, organic acid, bio acidification, NaOH organic acid, bio acidification, NaOH organic acid, bio acidification, NaOH treatment. But we saw basically that the treatment. But we saw basically that the treatment. But we saw basically that the sulfuric acid was the one working the sulfuric acid was the one working the sulfuric acid was the one working the best at the time. And here I show some best at the time. And here I show some best at the time. And here I show some examples. So these are some images with examples. So these are some images with examples. So these are some images with uh DGT with this diffusive gradient in uh DGT with this diffusive gradient in uh DGT with this diffusive gradient in thin films gels that basically we put in thin films gels that basically we put in thin films gels that basically we put in the soil and then it's going to absorb the soil and then it's going to absorb the soil and then it's going to absorb the phosphorus and then we put in the phosphorus and then we put in the phosphorus and then we put in ammonium lipidate solution and we see ammonium lipidate solution and we see ammonium lipidate solution and we see how much phosphorus it's uptaking. how much phosphorus it's uptaking. how much phosphorus it's uptaking. So is if you see here in the digestate So is if you see here in the digestate So is if you see here in the digestate solid fraction when it is untreated most solid fraction when it is untreated most solid fraction when it is untreated most of the labop remains in the placement of the labop remains in the placement of the labop remains in the placement zone and when we acidify so much zone and when we acidify so much zone and when we acidify so much phosphorus went and moved away from the phosphorus went and moved away from the phosphorus went and moved away from the placement zone that the gel that we placement zone that the gel that we placement zone that the gel that we applied even saturated for the meat and applied even saturated for the meat and applied even saturated for the meat and bone meal that is another biio-based bone meal that is another biio-based bone meal that is another biio-based fertilizer we saw a similar fertilizer we saw a similar fertilizer we saw a similar um trend for the untreated material. So um trend for the untreated material. So um trend for the untreated material. So you see that most of the labop remained you see that most of the labop remained you see that most of the labop remained in the placement zone but then when we in the placement zone but then when we in the placement zone but then when we acidified this labop zone expanded acidified this labop zone expanded acidified this labop zone expanded significantly and then you see here in significantly and then you see here in significantly and then you see here in red that it's a really high uh red that it's a really high uh red that it's a really high uh concentration of labiop that was concentration of labiop that was concentration of labiop that was absorbed by the gel but even like after absorbed by the gel but even like after absorbed by the gel but even like after this was a couple of weeks we had 3 to 5 this was a couple of weeks we had 3 to 5 this was a couple of weeks we had 3 to 5 cm of phosphorus moving away from the cm of phosphorus moving away from the cm of phosphorus moving away from the placement zone. So you can see that it placement zone. So you can see that it placement zone. So you can see that it really increased really increased really increased considerably and just showing some considerably and just showing some considerably and just showing some results. I I'm showing the picture here results. I I'm showing the picture here results. I I'm showing the picture here but we also have in this paper the the but we also have in this paper the the but we also have in this paper the the results and you can see there but results and you can see there but results and you can see there but basically we had the digest state solid basically we had the digest state solid basically we had the digest state solid fraction acidified and placed which is fraction acidified and placed which is fraction acidified and placed which is this big onion here and you can see this big onion here and you can see this big onion here and you can see compared to the untreated place how much compared to the untreated place how much compared to the untreated place how much it increased in terms of uh yield but it increased in terms of uh yield but it increased in terms of uh yield but also in terms of phosphorus uptake and also in terms of phosphorus uptake and also in terms of phosphorus uptake and other other other parameters and it was even better I mean parameters and it was even better I mean parameters and it was even better I mean slightly better than the tsp by the slightly better than the tsp by the slightly better than the tsp by the time and in the case of the meat and time and in the case of the meat and time and in the case of the meat and bone meal. It also improved a little bit bone meal. It also improved a little bit bone meal. It also improved a little bit compared I mean a lot compared to the compared I mean a lot compared to the compared I mean a lot compared to the untreated placed and a little bit untreated placed and a little bit untreated placed and a little bit compared to the untreated mixed. I'll go quickly through this mixed. I'll go quickly through this mixed. I'll go quickly through this because I think I'm reaching my time. because I think I'm reaching my time. because I think I'm reaching my time. But another thing that we noticed is But another thing that we noticed is But another thing that we noticed is that here I'm comparing the digest state that here I'm comparing the digest state that here I'm comparing the digest state solid fraction which doesn't have a lot solid fraction which doesn't have a lot solid fraction which doesn't have a lot of uh of uh of uh nitrogen but the meat and bone meal that nitrogen but the meat and bone meal that nitrogen but the meat and bone meal that we applied had around 10% of nitrogen we applied had around 10% of nitrogen we applied had around 10% of nitrogen and 4% of phosphorus. So you see that and 4% of phosphorus. So you see that and 4% of phosphorus. So you see that when we applied in the soil it was when we applied in the soil it was when we applied in the soil it was always creating this ammonium toxicity always creating this ammonium toxicity always creating this ammonium toxicity zone here and the roots had no access to zone here and the roots had no access to zone here and the roots had no access to the placement zone. So you see a typical the placement zone. So you see a typical the placement zone. So you see a typical symptom of ammonium toxicity that is symptom of ammonium toxicity that is symptom of ammonium toxicity that is this brownish or dark root tip which was this brownish or dark root tip which was this brownish or dark root tip which was collected basically here right next to collected basically here right next to collected basically here right next to this placement this placement this placement zone. So what we saw is that the plant zone. So what we saw is that the plant zone. So what we saw is that the plant this ammon toxicity was creating a this ammon toxicity was creating a this ammon toxicity was creating a barrier for the plant to have access to barrier for the plant to have access to barrier for the plant to have access to the phosphorus in the fertilizer in the the phosphorus in the fertilizer in the the phosphorus in the fertilizer in the placement zone. placement zone. placement zone. So if you see here in the case of the So if you see here in the case of the So if you see here in the case of the untreated the ammon toxicity zone was untreated the ammon toxicity zone was untreated the ammon toxicity zone was much larger than the phosphorus much larger than the phosphorus much larger than the phosphorus diffusion but when we acidify the diffusion but when we acidify the diffusion but when we acidify the phosphorus diffusion was going further phosphorus diffusion was going further phosphorus diffusion was going further and leaving or being diffusing greater and leaving or being diffusing greater and leaving or being diffusing greater distances than the ammon toxicity zones distances than the ammon toxicity zones distances than the ammon toxicity zones and then using 33p in this work these and then using 33p in this work these and then using 33p in this work these are two different kinds of meat and bone are two different kinds of meat and bone are two different kinds of meat and bone meal you see like when we place the meat meal you see like when we place the meat meal you see like when we place the meat and bone meal in gray it's the p derived and bone meal in gray it's the p derived and bone meal in gray it's the p derived from the from the from the fertilizer. It was really low when it fertilizer. It was really low when it fertilizer. It was really low when it was was was placed but then when we acidified and placed but then when we acidified and placed but then when we acidified and placed it consently increased the P placed it consently increased the P placed it consently increased the P uptake from the fertilizer and in case uptake from the fertilizer and in case uptake from the fertilizer and in case of me and bone meal pellets you see that of me and bone meal pellets you see that of me and bone meal pellets you see that it's almost zero here the placed meat it's almost zero here the placed meat it's almost zero here the placed meat and bone meal pellets but when we and bone meal pellets but when we and bone meal pellets but when we acidify it increased by several times acidify it increased by several times acidify it increased by several times and was much better. So basically by and was much better. So basically by and was much better. So basically by acidifying we can make the phosphorus acidifying we can make the phosphorus acidifying we can make the phosphorus diffuse further and also reduce this diffuse further and also reduce this diffuse further and also reduce this toxicity effect from the toxicity effect from the toxicity effect from the ammonium. And now I'm going to give some ammonium. And now I'm going to give some ammonium. And now I'm going to give some take-h home messages. So in the case of mineral phosphorus So in the case of mineral phosphorus So in the case of mineral phosphorus fertilizer that are more soluble it it fertilizer that are more soluble it it fertilizer that are more soluble it it can be effective the placement because can be effective the placement because can be effective the placement because it reduce the soil contact with the it reduce the soil contact with the it reduce the soil contact with the fertilizer and can increase the early fertilizer and can increase the early fertilizer and can increase the early stage phosphorus availability. It can stage phosphorus availability. It can stage phosphorus availability. It can also enhance root growth and yield and also enhance root growth and yield and also enhance root growth and yield and reduce weed competition. But success reduce weed competition. But success reduce weed competition. But success will depend on soil properties, will depend on soil properties, will depend on soil properties, placement methods, phosphorus solubility placement methods, phosphorus solubility placement methods, phosphorus solubility and other factors that we discussed here and other factors that we discussed here and other factors that we discussed here before. And biio-based fertilizers with before. And biio-based fertilizers with before. And biio-based fertilizers with low solubility. It may cause a low solubility. It may cause a low solubility. It may cause a montoxicity effect due to the high montoxicity effect due to the high montoxicity effect due to the high nitrogen phosphorus nitrogen phosphorus nitrogen phosphorus ratio. Acification may improve ratio. Acification may improve ratio. Acification may improve phosphorus solubility and reduces phosphorus solubility and reduces phosphorus solubility and reduces toxicity. toxicity. toxicity. I didn't show here much but we also see I didn't show here much but we also see I didn't show here much but we also see that placing this fertilizers biiobased that placing this fertilizers biiobased that placing this fertilizers biiobased fertilizers with high nitrogen a bit fertilizers with high nitrogen a bit fertilizers with high nitrogen a bit further from the row or even further from the row or even further from the row or even before couple of weeks before a few days before couple of weeks before a few days before couple of weeks before a few days before seeding can also reduce this before seeding can also reduce this before seeding can also reduce this toxicity effect. So this is also a toxicity effect. So this is also a toxicity effect. So this is also a strategy and the placement of mineral P strategy and the placement of mineral P strategy and the placement of mineral P fertilizers is quite well studied and fertilizers is quite well studied and fertilizers is quite well studied and can be can improve the use can be can improve the use can be can improve the use efficiency should be aligned with the efficiency should be aligned with the efficiency should be aligned with the four R nutrient stewardship. So it four R nutrient stewardship. So it four R nutrient stewardship. So it should be in the right time as we should be in the right time as we should be in the right time as we discussed before, right place as I show discussed before, right place as I show discussed before, right place as I show there are different types of placement, there are different types of placement, there are different types of placement, right source and also of course at the right source and also of course at the right source and also of course at the right rate especially of soluble right rate especially of soluble right rate especially of soluble phosphorus and efficiency will depend on phosphorus and efficiency will depend on phosphorus and efficiency will depend on several factors. So research more several factors. So research more several factors. So research more research is needed to to do that. And research is needed to to do that. And research is needed to to do that. And sometimes we also need to look at below sometimes we also need to look at below sometimes we also need to look at below ground and see what's going on in the ground and see what's going on in the ground and see what's going on in the interactions between the roots between interactions between the roots between interactions between the roots between the fertilizer the placement zone the the fertilizer the placement zone the the fertilizer the placement zone the soil microorganisms and other factors soil microorganisms and other factors soil microorganisms and other factors that may affect this phosphorus that may affect this phosphorus that may affect this phosphorus availability. And in the case of availability. And in the case of availability. And in the case of biiobased fertilizers at least for some biiobased fertilizers at least for some biiobased fertilizers at least for some specific biiobased fertilizers we saw specific biiobased fertilizers we saw specific biiobased fertilizers we saw that some pre-treatments may be needed. that some pre-treatments may be needed. that some pre-treatments may be needed. I didn't mention here but we tried for I didn't mention here but we tried for I didn't mention here but we tried for instance to acidify wood sludge and then instance to acidify wood sludge and then instance to acidify wood sludge and then it becomes too toxic to the plant. So it it becomes too toxic to the plant. So it it becomes too toxic to the plant. So it is really dependent on the type of is really dependent on the type of is really dependent on the type of material and also the type of material and also the type of material and also the type of treatment and key takeaway optimizing treatment and key takeaway optimizing treatment and key takeaway optimizing biiobased fertilizer placement unlocks biiobased fertilizer placement unlocks biiobased fertilizer placement unlocks the full potential ensuring sustainable the full potential ensuring sustainable the full potential ensuring sustainable and productive agriculture reducing the and productive agriculture reducing the and productive agriculture reducing the dependence on external dependence on external dependence on external inputs. So I would like to thank you inputs. So I would like to thank you inputs. So I would like to thank you very much. I I'm sorry because of my very much. I I'm sorry because of my very much. I I'm sorry because of my voice. It's not not in the best of my voice. It's not not in the best of my voice. It's not not in the best of my days. But u if you have any questions, I days. But u if you have any questions, I days. But u if you have any questions, I think we'll start the session now and think we'll start the session now and think we'll start the session now and I'll be happy to answer. And here I also I'll be happy to answer. And here I also I'll be happy to answer. And here I also I leave my link in case you want to I leave my link in case you want to I leave my link in case you want to connect and and follow there. But thank connect and and follow there. But thank connect and and follow there. But thank you that that's great. Thanks, Petra. you that that's great. Thanks, Petra. you that that's great. Thanks, Petra. And I thought your voice held out very And I thought your voice held out very And I thought your voice held out very well. Don't worry. Um um yeah, thank you well. Don't worry. Um um yeah, thank you well. Don't worry. Um um yeah, thank you for that. I'd like to now um invite Leo for that. I'd like to now um invite Leo for that. I'd like to now um invite Leo to also join us um on the screen. we'll to also join us um on the screen. we'll to also join us um on the screen. we'll move to our Q&amp;amp;A session. So, we've had a move to our Q&amp;amp;A session. So, we've had a move to our Q&amp;amp;A session. So, we've had a few questions through. Um, I know Leo's few questions through. Um, I know Leo's few questions through. Um, I know Leo's answered a few of them in the chat answered a few of them in the chat answered a few of them in the chat already, but I think we will go back already, but I think we will go back already, but I think we will go back through them for the benefit also of through them for the benefit also of through them for the benefit also of anyone that might be watching back on anyone that might be watching back on anyone that might be watching back on YouTube and won't see the Q&amp;amp;As's. Um, YouTube and won't see the Q&amp;amp;As's. Um, YouTube and won't see the Q&amp;amp;As's. Um, so first question for you, Leo. Um, your so first question for you, Leo. Um, your so first question for you, Leo. Um, your Leo, your slide suggested that most Leo, your slide suggested that most Leo, your slide suggested that most phosphorus is sourced from rock. What phosphorus is sourced from rock. What phosphorus is sourced from rock. What impact might this have as net zero impact might this have as net zero impact might this have as net zero objectives? um um increasingly impact objectives? um um increasingly impact objectives? um um increasingly impact global food supply chains. That was from global food supply chains. That was from global food supply chains. That was from Diana. Diana. Diana. Yeah, good question. I mean um it's Yeah, good question. I mean um it's Yeah, good question. I mean um it's going to be hard to attain net zero with going to be hard to attain net zero with going to be hard to attain net zero with regards to phosphorus, but there's a as regards to phosphorus, but there's a as regards to phosphorus, but there's a as I indicated in my slides that there's a I indicated in my slides that there's a I indicated in my slides that there's a lot we can do in terms of um phosphorus lot we can do in terms of um phosphorus lot we can do in terms of um phosphorus moving around the world. There's a lot moving around the world. There's a lot moving around the world. There's a lot of concentration of phosphorus for of concentration of phosphorus for of concentration of phosphorus for example in urban areas right where most example in urban areas right where most example in urban areas right where most people live in the world there's a lot people live in the world there's a lot people live in the world there's a lot of potential to of potential to of potential to actually recover and reuse that that actually recover and reuse that that actually recover and reuse that that that that um phosphorus. It's not that that um phosphorus. It's not that that um phosphorus. It's not perfect. It's it's it's it needs a lot perfect. It's it's it's it needs a lot perfect. It's it's it's it needs a lot of work but for example um you can of work but for example um you can of work but for example um you can recover from um su from liquid sewage recover from um su from liquid sewage recover from um su from liquid sewage for even treated sewage. um you can for even treated sewage. um you can for even treated sewage. um you can recover things like Stuvite and Stuvite recover things like Stuvite and Stuvite recover things like Stuvite and Stuvite has been proven to be a very very has been proven to be a very very has been proven to be a very very effective fertilizer um surprisingly effective fertilizer um surprisingly effective fertilizer um surprisingly good actually um and um and that can good actually um and um and that can good actually um and um and that can also be from from industrial waste as also be from from industrial waste as also be from from industrial waste as well. Um so I think that the there there well. Um so I think that the there there well. Um so I think that the there there the part of there's a whole suite of the part of there's a whole suite of the part of there's a whole suite of things that we can do um to to actually things that we can do um to to actually things that we can do um to to actually tighten the cycle as well. But there's tighten the cycle as well. But there's tighten the cycle as well. But there's one thing I also want to mention in this one thing I also want to mention in this one thing I also want to mention in this is and I didn't get a chance to do it is is and I didn't get a chance to do it is is and I didn't get a chance to do it is a lot of what I was talking about was a lot of what I was talking about was a lot of what I was talking about was kind of it's not western but it's um kind of it's not western but it's um kind of it's not western but it's um developed and emerging economies like developed and emerging economies like developed and emerging economies like you know western Europe, North America you know western Europe, North America you know western Europe, North America um China, Brazil um Argentina for um China, Brazil um Argentina for um China, Brazil um Argentina for example um and India there's a whole lot example um and India there's a whole lot example um and India there's a whole lot of the world there that was in that of the world there that was in that of the world there that was in that diagram which is in an opposite diagram which is in an opposite diagram which is in an opposite situation where they don't have any situation where they don't have any situation where they don't have any phosphorus and they don't have access to phosphorus and they don't have access to phosphorus and they don't have access to phosphorus and in fact in those systems phosphorus and in fact in those systems phosphorus and in fact in those systems the phosphorus use efficiency and you the phosphorus use efficiency and you the phosphorus use efficiency and you know there's many ways of measuring it know there's many ways of measuring it know there's many ways of measuring it is actually very good because they're is actually very good because they're is actually very good because they're actually mining the phosphorus that's in actually mining the phosphorus that's in actually mining the phosphorus that's in the soil. So, so that that's an you know the soil. So, so that that's an you know the soil. So, so that that's an you know when you consider something like net when you consider something like net when you consider something like net zero you got to consider that there are zero you got to consider that there are zero you got to consider that there are large parts of the world that are large parts of the world that are large parts of the world that are actually very very deficient in actually very very deficient in actually very very deficient in phosphorus and they present their own phosphorus and they present their own phosphorus and they present their own challenges as well in terms of very high challenges as well in terms of very high challenges as well in terms of very high phosphate retention fixation capacities phosphate retention fixation capacities phosphate retention fixation capacities which presents a considerable challenge which presents a considerable challenge which presents a considerable challenge um for meeting for increasing phosphorus um for meeting for increasing phosphorus um for meeting for increasing phosphorus availability bit of a long-winded answer availability bit of a long-winded answer availability bit of a long-winded answer but I actually answered another question but I actually answered another question but I actually answered another question as well I think Yeah, that's great. as well I think Yeah, that's great. as well I think Yeah, that's great. Petro, um it's a big topic. Did you want Petro, um it's a big topic. Did you want Petro, um it's a big topic. Did you want to chip in there as well? Sorry, I missed the Sorry, it was about Sorry, I missed the Sorry, it was about Sorry, I missed the Sorry, it was about um net zero and phosphorus use. I didn't um net zero and phosphorus use. I didn't um net zero and phosphorus use. I didn't um Leo sort of provided a fairly um Leo sort of provided a fairly um Leo sort of provided a fairly comprehensive answer. I just wanted to comprehensive answer. I just wanted to comprehensive answer. I just wanted to check with you whether you wanted to add check with you whether you wanted to add check with you whether you wanted to add anything to that. anything to that. anything to that. Yeah, know I I agree with Leo because Yeah, know I I agree with Leo because Yeah, know I I agree with Leo because especially here in Brazil, we are still especially here in Brazil, we are still especially here in Brazil, we are still quite dependent on phosphorous sources. quite dependent on phosphorous sources. quite dependent on phosphorous sources. In my opinion, I mean, based on what I In my opinion, I mean, based on what I In my opinion, I mean, based on what I saw in the during my time at the saw in the during my time at the saw in the during my time at the European Union, I think the ideal is try European Union, I think the ideal is try European Union, I think the ideal is try to make a better balance globally to make a better balance globally to make a better balance globally because for me still, as I started with because for me still, as I started with because for me still, as I started with my presentation, it just doesn't make my presentation, it just doesn't make my presentation, it just doesn't make sense to to have this whole force being sense to to have this whole force being sense to to have this whole force being imported by Brazil coming all the way imported by Brazil coming all the way imported by Brazil coming all the way 3,000 kilometers from the port here to 3,000 kilometers from the port here to 3,000 kilometers from the port here to produce animal feed to then be sent back produce animal feed to then be sent back produce animal feed to then be sent back or to China or to European Union. So, I or to China or to European Union. So, I or to China or to European Union. So, I I just think that we need to make I just think that we need to make I just think that we need to make shorter this transportation of shorter this transportation of shorter this transportation of phosphorus. Yeah, I couldn't agree more. phosphorus. Yeah, I couldn't agree more. phosphorus. Yeah, I couldn't agree more. Y good points. Um, okay, we've got Y good points. Um, okay, we've got Y good points. Um, okay, we've got another question here. Um, it was another question here. Um, it was another question here. Um, it was directed at you, Leah, but again, Petra, directed at you, Leah, but again, Petra, directed at you, Leah, but again, Petra, you can chip in as well. Um, how can we you can chip in as well. Um, how can we you can chip in as well. Um, how can we enhance phosphorus use efficiency and enhance phosphorus use efficiency and enhance phosphorus use efficiency and ultra and oxysols as these ss have high ultra and oxysols as these ss have high ultra and oxysols as these ss have high amounts of iron and aluminium amounts of iron and aluminium amounts of iron and aluminium contributing to low efficiency of phosphorus? Yeah. Well, that that is a phosphorus? Yeah. Well, that that is a phosphorus? Yeah. Well, that that is a massive challenge, but I mean uh yeah. massive challenge, but I mean uh yeah. massive challenge, but I mean uh yeah. Yeah. I mean, this is the big challenge Yeah. I mean, this is the big challenge Yeah. I mean, this is the big challenge and a lot of what I was talking about and a lot of what I was talking about and a lot of what I was talking about before there is a lot of these um um before there is a lot of these um um before there is a lot of these um um um we call it the global south. That's um we call it the global south. That's um we call it the global south. That's what people that's the terminology. what people that's the terminology. what people that's the terminology. We'll use that terminology. A lot of the We'll use that terminology. A lot of the We'll use that terminology. A lot of the rapid expansion in population. Um the rapid expansion in population. Um the rapid expansion in population. Um the phosphorus is not getting there, right? phosphorus is not getting there, right? phosphorus is not getting there, right? It's desperately required. But the It's desperately required. But the It's desperately required. But the problem is that if you you if you put problem is that if you you if you put problem is that if you you if you put fertilizer in there, soluble fertilizer, fertilizer in there, soluble fertilizer, fertilizer in there, soluble fertilizer, it's it is virtually sucked up. It's it's it is virtually sucked up. It's it's it is virtually sucked up. It's it's it's fixed, right? And and that's a it's it's fixed, right? And and that's a it's it's fixed, right? And and that's a very difficult process to reverse. Um very difficult process to reverse. Um very difficult process to reverse. Um but there is hope on the horizon. And but there is hope on the horizon. And but there is hope on the horizon. And actually some of the work out of um um actually some of the work out of um um actually some of the work out of um um University of S Paulo done in University of S Paulo done in University of S Paulo done in collaboration with um um Banganger collaboration with um um Banganger collaboration with um um Banganger University in in the UK. There's a re a University in in the UK. There's a re a University in in the UK. There's a re a recent bit of work that was just recent bit of work that was just recent bit of work that was just published a few years ago, I think, published a few years ago, I think, published a few years ago, I think, showed that there are plants that have showed that there are plants that have showed that there are plants that have an an an ability and unique ability to access ability and unique ability to access ability and unique ability to access that that that very stable phosphorus. that that that very stable phosphorus. that that that very stable phosphorus. Um, and if you they may not be food Um, and if you they may not be food Um, and if you they may not be food plants, but they can be used as green plants, but they can be used as green plants, but they can be used as green manurses. I would I don't call them manurses. I would I don't call them manurses. I would I don't call them cover crops. They're using them as green cover crops. They're using them as green cover crops. They're using them as green manurses. So, what you're doing is you manurses. So, what you're doing is you manurses. So, what you're doing is you you can possibly if we can find more you can possibly if we can find more you can possibly if we can find more plants. I can't it's brachiaria is the plants. I can't it's brachiaria is the plants. I can't it's brachiaria is the name of the plant I think from memory. name of the plant I think from memory. name of the plant I think from memory. Um, and I the thing about it is if you Um, and I the thing about it is if you Um, and I the thing about it is if you can put these plants into the cropping can put these plants into the cropping can put these plants into the cropping system as a shortterm thing, we've got system as a shortterm thing, we've got system as a shortterm thing, we've got lots of evidence that that can actually, lots of evidence that that can actually, lots of evidence that that can actually, you know, possibly improve the the the you know, possibly improve the the the you know, possibly improve the the the use of phosphorus um both newly applied use of phosphorus um both newly applied use of phosphorus um both newly applied phosphorus and also phosphorus that's phosphorus and also phosphorus that's phosphorus and also phosphorus that's been that's been applied previously. But been that's been applied previously. But been that's been applied previously. But it is that's one thing that there's a it is that's one thing that there's a it is that's one thing that there's a major a major um u challenge there. I major a major um u challenge there. I major a major um u challenge there. I mean I I'm very skeptical and I've read mean I I'm very skeptical and I've read mean I I'm very skeptical and I've read a few but I am extremely skeptical of a few but I am extremely skeptical of a few but I am extremely skeptical of microbial inoculants and phosphate microbial inoculants and phosphate microbial inoculants and phosphate solubilizing bacteria and there's a very solubilizing bacteria and there's a very solubilizing bacteria and there's a very good article just been a commentary good article just been a commentary good article just been a commentary article just being published in plants. article just being published in plants. article just being published in plants. So um which is um quite scathing on to So um which is um quite scathing on to So um which is um quite scathing on to be honest on that and makes a lot of be honest on that and makes a lot of be honest on that and makes a lot of sense. I don't think there are easy sense. I don't think there are easy sense. I don't think there are easy solutions to that. a lake. Um, Petro, solutions to that. a lake. Um, Petro, solutions to that. a lake. Um, Petro, he's probably more familiar than me that he's probably more familiar than me that he's probably more familiar than me that with that topic, but um, yeah. with that topic, but um, yeah. with that topic, but um, yeah. Yeah. So, I I what I know here from Yeah. So, I I what I know here from Yeah. So, I I what I know here from Brazil is Brazil is Brazil is that one way of doing this at first, you that one way of doing this at first, you that one way of doing this at first, you need to monitor your area for the need to monitor your area for the need to monitor your area for the available phosphorus. Here in Brazil we available phosphorus. Here in Brazil we available phosphorus. Here in Brazil we use resin P and in Europe I know it's use resin P and in Europe I know it's use resin P and in Europe I know it's OSNP but basically when we open a new OSNP but basically when we open a new OSNP but basically when we open a new area or we start a new agriculture area area or we start a new agriculture area area or we start a new agriculture area here in Brazil it takes a few years for here in Brazil it takes a few years for here in Brazil it takes a few years for you we say to build a good phosphorus you we say to build a good phosphorus you we say to build a good phosphorus profile in the soil. So if you have a profile in the soil. So if you have a profile in the soil. So if you have a oxy soil, you need to make sure that you oxy soil, you need to make sure that you oxy soil, you need to make sure that you will start saturating a bit of this will start saturating a bit of this will start saturating a bit of this aluminum and nitro in the soil with the aluminum and nitro in the soil with the aluminum and nitro in the soil with the phosphorus so that you can have a good phosphorus so that you can have a good phosphorus so that you can have a good or acceptable background available or acceptable background available or acceptable background available available phosphorus in the background available phosphorus in the background available phosphorus in the background and after that you can start doing this and after that you can start doing this and after that you can start doing this localized application or band localized application or band localized application or band application of phosphorus. So with that application of phosphorus. So with that application of phosphorus. So with that you can ensure that the plant will have you can ensure that the plant will have you can ensure that the plant will have access to the phosphorus at the early access to the phosphorus at the early access to the phosphorus at the early stages as a starter fertilizer to boost stages as a starter fertilizer to boost stages as a starter fertilizer to boost plant growth and then also make sure plant growth and then also make sure plant growth and then also make sure that the plant will have at least a good that the plant will have at least a good that the plant will have at least a good background of phosphorus in the background of phosphorus in the background of phosphorus in the surrounding soil or in the bulk soil and surrounding soil or in the bulk soil and surrounding soil or in the bulk soil and that can explore that better. I agree that can explore that better. I agree that can explore that better. I agree with Leo regarding the phosphorus with Leo regarding the phosphorus with Leo regarding the phosphorus solubilizing bacteria. We've done some solubilizing bacteria. We've done some solubilizing bacteria. We've done some studies as I showed with studies as I showed with studies as I showed with acidification and sometimes we need a acidification and sometimes we need a acidification and sometimes we need a very low pH in order to solubilize the very low pH in order to solubilize the very low pH in order to solubilize the phosphorus which I I really doubt that phosphorus which I I really doubt that phosphorus which I I really doubt that the bacteria can do that and we tried the bacteria can do that and we tried the bacteria can do that and we tried with organic acids tried with bio with organic acids tried with bio with organic acids tried with bio acidification and we see that yeah it's acidification and we see that yeah it's acidification and we see that yeah it's really hard to solubilize a phosphorus really hard to solubilize a phosphorus really hard to solubilize a phosphorus so so so uh but it is a market growing Brazil I I uh but it is a market growing Brazil I I uh but it is a market growing Brazil I I don't know what happens quite well but I don't know what happens quite well but I don't know what happens quite well but I see some works that it might be more see some works that it might be more see some works that it might be more some plant growth promoters that can some plant growth promoters that can some plant growth promoters that can help the roots to explore better the help the roots to explore better the help the roots to explore better the soil resources rather than solubilizing soil resources rather than solubilizing soil resources rather than solubilizing phosphorus. But I I think the ideal at phosphorus. But I I think the ideal at phosphorus. But I I think the ideal at least what I see here in Brazil is to least what I see here in Brazil is to least what I see here in Brazil is to monitor your area and make sure that you monitor your area and make sure that you monitor your area and make sure that you have a good profile of phosphorus in have a good profile of phosphorus in have a good profile of phosphorus in your soil and then you can start placing your soil and then you can start placing your soil and then you can start placing with these strategies of placing with these strategies of placing with these strategies of placing phosphorus and make a more precise uh phosphorus and make a more precise uh phosphorus and make a more precise uh supply of phosphorus according to the to supply of phosphorus according to the to supply of phosphorus according to the to the crop demand. the crop demand. the crop demand. Okay, thank you both. Um, we've had a Okay, thank you both. Um, we've had a Okay, thank you both. Um, we've had a question from Thomas in the UK about question from Thomas in the UK about question from Thomas in the UK about interactions between sulfur and interactions between sulfur and interactions between sulfur and phosphorus. Um, his question was, um, phosphorus. Um, his question was, um, phosphorus. Um, his question was, um, what do you think about applying sulfur what do you think about applying sulfur what do you think about applying sulfur in increasing concentration levels here in increasing concentration levels here in increasing concentration levels here of the UK soils that are high in of the UK soils that are high in of the UK soils that are high in phosphorus to increase absorpt absorbing phosphorus to increase absorpt absorbing phosphorus to increase absorpt absorbing rates in grassland than on cropping rates in grassland than on cropping rates in grassland than on cropping land? Now, Leo, I know you've commented land? Now, Leo, I know you've commented land? Now, Leo, I know you've commented that you weren't familiar with that that you weren't familiar with that that you weren't familiar with that approach, but I didn't know whether approach, but I didn't know whether approach, but I didn't know whether either of you had any more general either of you had any more general either of you had any more general comments on interactions. comments on interactions. comments on interactions. I'm I'm not I'm not sure. I think the I'm I'm not I'm not sure. I think the I'm I'm not I'm not sure. I think the question the reason why I feel it's been question the reason why I feel it's been question the reason why I feel it's been answered but I probably shouldn't have answered but I probably shouldn't have answered but I probably shouldn't have answered because it's not really the answered because it's not really the answered because it's not really the only thing I can think about is that um only thing I can think about is that um only thing I can think about is that um we we we sulfate is the idea I think the idea is sulfate is the idea I think the idea is sulfate is the idea I think the idea is that you add the sulfate and the sulfate that you add the sulfate and the sulfate that you add the sulfate and the sulfate displaces the phosphate I think is that displaces the phosphate I think is that displaces the phosphate I think is that I think that's the idea I've that's I think that's the idea I've that's I think that's the idea I've that's that's new news to me um because that's new news to me um because that's new news to me um because phosphate is very specific among the phosphate is very specific among the phosphate is very specific among the three main um annions, you know, the three main um annions, you know, the three main um annions, you know, the molecular annions that drive the molecular annions that drive the molecular annions that drive the phosphate, sulfate, and nitrate. Nitrate phosphate, sulfate, and nitrate. Nitrate phosphate, sulfate, and nitrate. Nitrate is only isn't only absorbed on very acid is only isn't only absorbed on very acid is only isn't only absorbed on very acid soils with very high levels of of of soils with very high levels of of of soils with very high levels of of of oxide. Um and that's why nitrate is such oxide. Um and that's why nitrate is such oxide. Um and that's why nitrate is such a problem. Uh phosphate is very strongly a problem. Uh phosphate is very strongly a problem. Uh phosphate is very strongly absorbed on many many soils. The only absorbed on many many soils. The only absorbed on many many soils. The only exceptions being very um low P retention exceptions being very um low P retention exceptions being very um low P retention sort of sandy soils whatever with very sort of sandy soils whatever with very sort of sandy soils whatever with very low levels of oxide. I'm not familiar low levels of oxide. I'm not familiar low levels of oxide. I'm not familiar with sulfate absorption. The in New with sulfate absorption. The in New with sulfate absorption. The in New Zealand the only time we see significant Zealand the only time we see significant Zealand the only time we see significant sulfate absorption is in um volcanic ash sulfate absorption is in um volcanic ash sulfate absorption is in um volcanic ash soils very these are very high p soils very these are very high p soils very these are very high p retention so they retain some um uh some retention so they retain some um uh some retention so they retain some um uh some sulfate there. Um but I'm not aware I'm sulfate there. Um but I'm not aware I'm sulfate there. Um but I'm not aware I'm not aware of any displacement if if I'm not aware of any displacement if if I'm not aware of any displacement if if I'm maybe I'm misunderstanding the question maybe I'm misunderstanding the question maybe I'm misunderstanding the question but um yeah I don't I don't but um yeah I don't I don't but um yeah I don't I don't know know know sorry yeah no yeah I don't know if it's sorry yeah no yeah I don't know if it's sorry yeah no yeah I don't know if it's related to the question but what I've related to the question but what I've related to the question but what I've read a little bit during my PhD is read a little bit during my PhD is read a little bit during my PhD is that there was some better filtering in that there was some better filtering in that there was some better filtering in the industry so there was a reduced uh the industry so there was a reduced uh the industry so there was a reduced uh volume of uh acid rains and with that volume of uh acid rains and with that volume of uh acid rains and with that there was a reduced amount of uh sulfate there was a reduced amount of uh sulfate there was a reduced amount of uh sulfate being deposited in agriculture fields being deposited in agriculture fields being deposited in agriculture fields and then in some areas in some regions and then in some areas in some regions and then in some areas in some regions it became having more frequent uh it became having more frequent uh it became having more frequent uh sulfate sulfur deficiency in crops and sulfate sulfur deficiency in crops and sulfate sulfur deficiency in crops and then they started recommending uh to then they started recommending uh to then they started recommending uh to apply more apply more apply more sulfur and that's also the some of the sulfur and that's also the some of the sulfur and that's also the some of the idea we had with the acidification of idea we had with the acidification of idea we had with the acidification of sulfuric acid it's to apply the sulfur sulfuric acid it's to apply the sulfur sulfuric acid it's to apply the sulfur together with the phosphorus but uh I'm together with the phosphorus but uh I'm together with the phosphorus but uh I'm not sure if the question was related to not sure if the question was related to not sure if the question was related to that but I know that of course if you that but I know that of course if you that but I know that of course if you have the sulfur limiting your plant have the sulfur limiting your plant have the sulfur limiting your plant growth, then the plant's not going to growth, then the plant's not going to growth, then the plant's not going to take the phosphorus. Then if you can take the phosphorus. Then if you can take the phosphorus. Then if you can supplement sulfur to the crop, the crop supplement sulfur to the crop, the crop supplement sulfur to the crop, the crop is going to grow better and uptake is going to grow better and uptake is going to grow better and uptake phosphorus. But yeah, just just add one phosphorus. But yeah, just just add one phosphorus. But yeah, just just add one thing to that. Um, we've always had thing to that. Um, we've always had thing to that. Um, we've always had sulfur here. Sulfur is just in in New sulfur here. Sulfur is just in in New sulfur here. Sulfur is just in in New Zealand, certainly in pastural systems, Zealand, certainly in pastural systems, Zealand, certainly in pastural systems, sulfur fertilizer is just as important sulfur fertilizer is just as important sulfur fertilizer is just as important as phosphorus. It's always been there. as phosphorus. It's always been there. as phosphorus. It's always been there. The thing about sulfur is it's a bit The thing about sulfur is it's a bit The thing about sulfur is it's a bit like nitrogen. It's in most of certainly like nitrogen. It's in most of certainly like nitrogen. It's in most of certainly our agricultural soils, it's controlled our agricultural soils, it's controlled our agricultural soils, it's controlled by biology. It's biology that controls by biology. It's biology that controls by biology. It's biology that controls sulfur availability and um that that sulfur availability and um that that sulfur availability and um that that makes it actually quite a difficult makes it actually quite a difficult makes it actually quite a difficult nutrient to actually manage in terms of nutrient to actually manage in terms of nutrient to actually manage in terms of assessing its availability as well. But assessing its availability as well. But assessing its availability as well. But I take your point about the sulfur I take your point about the sulfur I take your point about the sulfur levels. Um that's because the the heavy levels. Um that's because the the heavy levels. Um that's because the the heavy industries have moved off and and and um industries have moved off and and and um industries have moved off and and and um you know and the sulfur levels have gone you know and the sulfur levels have gone you know and the sulfur levels have gone up. Yeah. Yeah. Thank you both. Um, up. Yeah. Yeah. Thank you both. Um, up. Yeah. Yeah. Thank you both. Um, we're going to move on now. I've got a we're going to move on now. I've got a we're going to move on now. I've got a question from Audrey who's asked, um, I question from Audrey who's asked, um, I question from Audrey who's asked, um, I understand that phosphorus availability understand that phosphorus availability understand that phosphorus availability from ash and some other biobased from ash and some other biobased from ash and some other biobased fertilizers is often very low, but how fertilizers is often very low, but how fertilizers is often very low, but how much does that matter where these much does that matter where these much does that matter where these materials are being applied to soils materials are being applied to soils materials are being applied to soils that are already at target P index or P that are already at target P index or P that are already at target P index or P status? She said, surely the P status? She said, surely the P status? She said, surely the P availability and fertilizer is much more availability and fertilizer is much more availability and fertilizer is much more important where extractable phosphorus important where extractable phosphorus important where extractable phosphorus concentrations are below the target for concentrations are below the target for concentrations are below the target for the crops in a particular rotation. Yeah, he wants to take you out. Petro, Yeah, he wants to take you out. Petro, Yeah, he wants to take you out. Petro, you want to take that? Yeah. You're the you want to take that? Yeah. You're the you want to take that? Yeah. You're the you're the biobased man. you're the biobased man. you're the biobased man. No, I I think that's that's a good No, I I think that's that's a good No, I I think that's that's a good discussion because before coming to discussion because before coming to discussion because before coming to Brazil, I I had had a successful grant Brazil, I I had had a successful grant Brazil, I I had had a successful grant to further investigate uh phosphorus to further investigate uh phosphorus to further investigate uh phosphorus availability availability availability in especially in biochar in phosphorus in especially in biochar in phosphorus in especially in biochar in phosphorus rich rich rich biochar because I I I think it's biochar because I I I think it's biochar because I I I think it's important to see not only in the important to see not only in the important to see not only in the short-term availability but also in the short-term availability but also in the short-term availability but also in the medium-term and the long medium-term and the long medium-term and the long term. So if you understand the question term. So if you understand the question term. So if you understand the question well it's like if you have the soil with well it's like if you have the soil with well it's like if you have the soil with a a a already with um available or phosphorus already with um available or phosphorus already with um available or phosphorus status according to what you want for status according to what you want for status according to what you want for your crop what is the point I mean your crop what is the point I mean your crop what is the point I mean doesn't matter if apply more phosphorus doesn't matter if apply more phosphorus doesn't matter if apply more phosphorus with ash that is not that with ash that is not that with ash that is not that available but I I think like in the long available but I I think like in the long available but I I think like in the long term you may accumulate that phosphorus term you may accumulate that phosphorus term you may accumulate that phosphorus and also depending on the soil we see and also depending on the soil we see and also depending on the soil we see that this interaction between the ashes that this interaction between the ashes that this interaction between the ashes and the biochar can actually release the and the biochar can actually release the and the biochar can actually release the phosphorus maybe not in a short term but phosphorus maybe not in a short term but phosphorus maybe not in a short term but in the medium term so I think it's also in the medium term so I think it's also in the medium term so I think it's also something that it should be better something that it should be better something that it should be better studied studied studied in long-term field trials or or in long-term field trials or or in long-term field trials or or something like something like something like that. Maybe it got a bit confusing, but that. Maybe it got a bit confusing, but that. Maybe it got a bit confusing, but yeah. Okay. Thank you both. Um we'll yeah. Okay. Thank you both. Um we'll yeah. Okay. Thank you both. Um we'll move on to a question from Tamar um who move on to a question from Tamar um who move on to a question from Tamar um who said, &quot;Here in Egypt, for alkaline said, &quot;Here in Egypt, for alkaline said, &quot;Here in Egypt, for alkaline soils, acidification may be of interest soils, acidification may be of interest soils, acidification may be of interest to improve phosphorous availability. I to improve phosphorous availability. I to improve phosphorous availability. I wonder how it could be um for acidic wonder how it could be um for acidic wonder how it could be um for acidic soil where aluminium and iron reduce the soil where aluminium and iron reduce the soil where aluminium and iron reduce the availability. So this is also a good question because So this is also a good question because So this is also a good question because of of of course we when you think about course we when you think about course we when you think about acidifying this biomaterials you think acidifying this biomaterials you think acidifying this biomaterials you think that of course we are going to acidify that of course we are going to acidify that of course we are going to acidify the soil but the idea is that we are not the soil but the idea is that we are not the soil but the idea is that we are not acidifying this in an extent that it's acidifying this in an extent that it's acidifying this in an extent that it's going to affect the whole or the bulk going to affect the whole or the bulk going to affect the whole or the bulk soil it's more like a localized soil it's more like a localized soil it's more like a localized application and in some cases even in application and in some cases even in application and in some cases even in Denmark like is lurry it's already Denmark like is lurry it's already Denmark like is lurry it's already acidified to reduce acidified to reduce acidified to reduce ammonitions during storage. ammonitions during storage. ammonitions during storage. So it is something of course that over So it is something of course that over So it is something of course that over time can reduce or can acidify a little time can reduce or can acidify a little time can reduce or can acidify a little bit the soil but uh the idea is to do bit the soil but uh the idea is to do bit the soil but uh the idea is to do this localized application is to reduce this localized application is to reduce this localized application is to reduce this effect in the bulk the bulk soil. this effect in the bulk the bulk soil. this effect in the bulk the bulk soil. Okay. Thank you. We've got a few more Okay. Thank you. We've got a few more Okay. Thank you. We've got a few more questions coming in. I'm just going to questions coming in. I'm just going to questions coming in. I'm just going to take I know we've just slightly gone take I know we've just slightly gone take I know we've just slightly gone over but I'm going to take two more over but I'm going to take two more over but I'm going to take two more before we close um the webinar. So first before we close um the webinar. So first before we close um the webinar. So first of all, we've got a question from Salem of all, we've got a question from Salem of all, we've got a question from Salem who's asking about whether there's a who's asking about whether there's a who's asking about whether there's a maximum value of phosphorus either total maximum value of phosphorus either total maximum value of phosphorus either total or available that should not exceed that or available that should not exceed that or available that should not exceed that we should not exceed to avoid toxicity we should not exceed to avoid toxicity we should not exceed to avoid toxicity to plants. So going the other way with to plants. So going the other way with to plants. So going the other way with maximum values. maximum values. maximum values. Yeah. Um I've never heard of phosphorus Yeah. Um I've never heard of phosphorus Yeah. Um I've never heard of phosphorus toxicity. toxicity. toxicity. Um I I mean I am aware that that you can Um I I mean I am aware that that you can Um I I mean I am aware that that you can I'm vaguely aware of some some plants I'm vaguely aware of some some plants I'm vaguely aware of some some plants that are sensitive to phosphorus. Um that are sensitive to phosphorus. Um that are sensitive to phosphorus. Um there are plants there are plants for there are plants there are plants for there are plants there are plants for example that are evolved to to live in example that are evolved to to live in example that are evolved to to live in very very low phosphorus environments very very low phosphorus environments very very low phosphorus environments and if you if you feed them phos if you and if you if you feed them phos if you and if you if you feed them phos if you give them phosphorus they literally give them phosphorus they literally give them phosphorus they literally don't like it. um some of these plants don't like it. um some of these plants don't like it. um some of these plants in the you know places like Western in the you know places like Western in the you know places like Western Australia and South Africa in very very Australia and South Africa in very very Australia and South Africa in very very old landscapes um I I yeah I don't think old landscapes um I I yeah I don't think old landscapes um I I yeah I don't think you're talking about um I don't think you're talking about um I don't think you're talking about um I don't think there are maximum levels I mean I I go there are maximum levels I mean I I go there are maximum levels I mean I I go back to the the thing that back to the the thing that back to the the thing that that about the agronomic optima about that about the agronomic optima about that about the agronomic optima about working within agronomic optima that's working within agronomic optima that's working within agronomic optima that's you know don't over you when when I was you know don't over you when when I was you know don't over you when when I was starting out on on phosphorus there was starting out on on phosphorus there was starting out on on phosphorus there was sort of talk about you can never have sort of talk about you can never have sort of talk about you can never have enough phosphorus, right? Phosphorus enough phosphorus, right? Phosphorus enough phosphorus, right? Phosphorus doesn't move. Phosphorus isn't lost. doesn't move. Phosphorus isn't lost. doesn't move. Phosphorus isn't lost. Nobody ever looked at chronosquence Nobody ever looked at chronosquence Nobody ever looked at chronosquence studies and chronosquence studies have studies and chronosquence studies have studies and chronosquence studies have been been going on, you know, since been been going on, you know, since been been going on, you know, since since the since the since the 1960s and they show that 1960s and they show that 1960s and they show that long-term most phosphorus actually the long-term most phosphorus actually the long-term most phosphorus actually the biggest lo if you got no inputs to a biggest lo if you got no inputs to a biggest lo if you got no inputs to a system, the biggest loss of phosphorus system, the biggest loss of phosphorus system, the biggest loss of phosphorus is in drainage. um phosphorus does move is in drainage. um phosphorus does move is in drainage. um phosphorus does move and we know that that um and I alluded and we know that that um and I alluded and we know that that um and I alluded to one of my slides there that if you to one of my slides there that if you to one of my slides there that if you it's it's common sense it's just um uh it's it's common sense it's just um uh it's it's common sense it's just um uh basic chemistry if you put more and more basic chemistry if you put more and more basic chemistry if you put more and more of in of phosphorus into a soil then you of in of phosphorus into a soil then you of in of phosphorus into a soil then you the likelihood or the posit or the sorry the likelihood or the posit or the sorry the likelihood or the posit or the sorry the occurrence of of the concentration the occurrence of of the concentration the occurrence of of the concentration of phosphorus in the solution increases of phosphorus in the solution increases of phosphorus in the solution increases and therefore if that gets moved by and therefore if that gets moved by and therefore if that gets moved by draining age, it's going to increase the draining age, it's going to increase the draining age, it's going to increase the phosphorus loss or the transfer. And we phosphorus loss or the transfer. And we phosphorus loss or the transfer. And we know that it doesn't take a lot of know that it doesn't take a lot of know that it doesn't take a lot of phosphorus to make a big difference. You phosphorus to make a big difference. You phosphorus to make a big difference. You know, you know, when we look at nitrogen know, you know, when we look at nitrogen know, you know, when we look at nitrogen losses, they're talking maybe 10, 15, 20 losses, they're talking maybe 10, 15, 20 losses, they're talking maybe 10, 15, 20 kilos or whatever, even more than that. kilos or whatever, even more than that. kilos or whatever, even more than that. Phosphorus, you might be talking less Phosphorus, you might be talking less Phosphorus, you might be talking less than 1 kilo, but in a fertilized than 1 kilo, but in a fertilized than 1 kilo, but in a fertilized environment, but in a control environment, but in a control environment, but in a control environment, you may be talking about environment, you may be talking about environment, you may be talking about 0.1.2. A very small difference between 0.1.2. A very small difference between 0.1.2. A very small difference between that. And I think that agonomic optima, that. And I think that agonomic optima, that. And I think that agonomic optima, I mean, year on year, you're never going I mean, year on year, you're never going I mean, year on year, you're never going to get the same picture. Um, so if you to get the same picture. Um, so if you to get the same picture. Um, so if you stay within below that optimum, the stay within below that optimum, the stay within below that optimum, the plants will get enough. They will get plants will get enough. They will get plants will get enough. They will get enough, right? And there's other things enough, right? And there's other things enough, right? And there's other things that are that are determining the the that are that are determining the the that are that are determining the the the productivity. So, um, you know, the productivity. So, um, you know, the productivity. So, um, you know, don't put too much on. Use it sparingly, don't put too much on. Use it sparingly, don't put too much on. Use it sparingly, you know, it's um you know, it's um you know, it's um Yeah. Yeah. Good advice. But the other Yeah. Yeah. Good advice. But the other Yeah. Yeah. Good advice. But the other thing about phosphorus, just to mention thing about phosphorus, just to mention thing about phosphorus, just to mention that is that there was a lot of talk that is that there was a lot of talk that is that there was a lot of talk a lot of debate um after that big spike a lot of debate um after that big spike a lot of debate um after that big spike and there's a whole story I could you and there's a whole story I could you and there's a whole story I could you know that there's a whole seminar series know that there's a whole seminar series know that there's a whole seminar series you could give on what happened in 2000 you could give on what happened in 2000 you could give on what happened in 2000 2007 and 8 when they had you had that 2007 and 8 when they had you had that 2007 and 8 when they had you had that catastrophic increase in in in catastrophic increase in in in catastrophic increase in in in phosphorus price um it was a great shock phosphorus price um it was a great shock phosphorus price um it was a great shock but it was actually the I say it was one but it was actually the I say it was one but it was actually the I say it was one of the best things for phosphorus of the best things for phosphorus of the best things for phosphorus research because it actually focused our research because it actually focused our research because it actually focused our attention on on on that issue and there attention on on on that issue and there attention on on on that issue and there was talk then about us running out of was talk then about us running out of was talk then about us running out of phosphorus and available phosphorus etc. phosphorus and available phosphorus etc. phosphorus and available phosphorus etc. I think that's been um sort of I think that's been um sort of I think that's been um sort of revaluated because when the cost of of revaluated because when the cost of of revaluated because when the cost of of of phosphate rock when the price of it of phosphate rock when the price of it of phosphate rock when the price of it increases there are lots of deposits increases there are lots of deposits increases there are lots of deposits become economic right that are become economic right that are become economic right that are uneconomic at low levels. There was even uneconomic at low levels. There was even uneconomic at low levels. There was even a deposit here in New Zealand where a deposit here in New Zealand where a deposit here in New Zealand where there's something like 20 million I there's something like 20 million I there's something like 20 million I don't know 20 million some millions of don't know 20 million some millions of don't know 20 million some millions of tons of very very available phosphorite tons of very very available phosphorite tons of very very available phosphorite material just off the coast here just material just off the coast here just material just off the coast here just where I am right but it's completely where I am right but it's completely where I am right but it's completely it's uneconomic we know it's there we it's uneconomic we know it's there we it's uneconomic we know it's there we know it's really good it's the lowest know it's really good it's the lowest know it's really good it's the lowest cadmium phosphate rock uh that's been cadmium phosphate rock uh that's been cadmium phosphate rock uh that's been found it's very reactive it can be it found it's very reactive it can be it found it's very reactive it can be it doesn't have to be acidified to to work doesn't have to be acidified to to work doesn't have to be acidified to to work but the problem that the issue was it's but the problem that the issue was it's but the problem that the issue was it's just not um commercially viable just not um commercially viable just not um commercially viable that became commercially viable, you that became commercially viable, you that became commercially viable, you know, when those those things and and know, when those those things and and know, when those those things and and also there's been this supposedly this also there's been this supposedly this also there's been this supposedly this massive phosphorus deposit being found massive phosphorus deposit being found massive phosphorus deposit being found in Norway which is going to change um in Norway which is going to change um in Norway which is going to change um which is um apparently it's it's it's which is um apparently it's it's it's which is um apparently it's it's it's colossal. It's it's um so so we're not colossal. It's it's um so so we're not colossal. It's it's um so so we're not going to run out of phosphorus anytime going to run out of phosphorus anytime going to run out of phosphorus anytime soon, I don't think. But we've got to soon, I don't think. But we've got to soon, I don't think. But we've got to use it. We've got to learn from the from use it. We've got to learn from the from use it. We've got to learn from the from the past 60 70 years and treat it with the past 60 70 years and treat it with the past 60 70 years and treat it with respect and remember that half of the respect and remember that half of the respect and remember that half of the world that doesn't have any phosphorus world that doesn't have any phosphorus world that doesn't have any phosphorus you know that's desperately short of you know that's desperately short of you know that's desperately short of phosphorus as well. So I'll stop there phosphorus as well. So I'll stop there phosphorus as well. So I'll stop there preaching. Yeah. Thank you. Good advice preaching. Yeah. Thank you. Good advice preaching. Yeah. Thank you. Good advice to sort of end the discussion on to sort of end the discussion on to sort of end the discussion on phosphorus because the um the final phosphorus because the um the final phosphorus because the um the final question I'm going to put to you is question I'm going to put to you is question I'm going to put to you is slightly broader and a nice one to slightly broader and a nice one to slightly broader and a nice one to finish on and Leah you in particular finish on and Leah you in particular finish on and Leah you in particular might be able to comment in terms of might be able to comment in terms of might be able to comment in terms of what you've seen coming through on the what you've seen coming through on the what you've seen coming through on the journal. Um but Diana has asked how are journal. Um but Diana has asked how are journal. Um but Diana has asked how are we using um AI to advance our academic we using um AI to advance our academic we using um AI to advance our academic studies in so studies in so studies in so science. So I don't know whether either science. So I don't know whether either science. So I don't know whether either of you want to comment on that. I think although I'm young I don't I'm I think although I'm young I don't I'm I think although I'm young I don't I'm not a big I don't know a lot about AI to not a big I don't know a lot about AI to not a big I don't know a lot about AI to be honest. I'm not Me neither. So should be honest. I'm not Me neither. So should be honest. I'm not Me neither. So should we pass to Leo? No. No. Yeah. Okay. I we pass to Leo? No. No. Yeah. Okay. I we pass to Leo? No. No. Yeah. Okay. I I'll just deflect it somewhere else. I I'll just deflect it somewhere else. I I'll just deflect it somewhere else. I mean, I'm I'm I'm slightly confused by mean, I'm I'm I'm slightly confused by mean, I'm I'm I'm slightly confused by AI, but I I I kind of think of it as AI, but I I I kind of think of it as AI, but I I I kind of think of it as just advanced computing. It's just just advanced computing. It's just just advanced computing. It's just computing moving on at a different computing moving on at a different computing moving on at a different level. Um, but there is um I think level. Um, but there is um I think level. Um, but there is um I think there's a there's a um it's either a there's a there's a um it's either a there's a there's a um it's either a review, a Russell review um paper. I review, a Russell review um paper. I review, a Russell review um paper. I think somebody's just put it up on the think somebody's just put it up on the think somebody's just put it up on the on the chat. on the chat. on the chat. There's a a a Russell review I think There's a a a Russell review I think There's a a a Russell review I think that's come out in EGSS about AI and in that's come out in EGSS about AI and in that's come out in EGSS about AI and in in um so in um social science in there. in um so in um social science in there. in um so in um social science in there. So I think it's um yeah I mean I I don't So I think it's um yeah I mean I I don't So I think it's um yeah I mean I I don't want to comment on I'm going to I'm want to comment on I'm going to I'm want to comment on I'm going to I'm going to I'm going to I'm going to go going to I'm going to I'm going to go going to I'm going to I'm going to go with Petro on this you know I mean I with Petro on this you know I mean I with Petro on this you know I mean I think I think in one hand it's exciting think I think in one hand it's exciting think I think in one hand it's exciting and the other hand it's frightening. I and the other hand it's frightening. I and the other hand it's frightening. I mean as an academic it frightens the mean as an academic it frightens the mean as an academic it frightens the hell out of me because all we're dealing hell out of me because all we're dealing hell out of me because all we're dealing with is cheating. Um that's that's the with is cheating. Um that's that's the with is cheating. Um that's that's the whole talk is all about um basically you whole talk is all about um basically you whole talk is all about um basically you know people you know using this know people you know using this know people you know using this technology rather than um to to not good technology rather than um to to not good technology rather than um to to not good ends. Let's just put it that way. I ends. Let's just put it that way. I ends. Let's just put it that way. I think there's lots of great uses for it think there's lots of great uses for it think there's lots of great uses for it but um you know but um yeah so so the but um you know but um yeah so so the but um you know but um yeah so so the comments going in there go and look at comments going in there go and look at comments going in there go and look at the latest issue of European Journal of the latest issue of European Journal of the latest issue of European Journal of Science. Yeah. Yep. So that that would Science. Yeah. Yep. So that that would Science. Yeah. Yep. So that that would be a good one to look at if you're be a good one to look at if you're be a good one to look at if you're interested in that. Um thank you both interested in that. Um thank you both interested in that. Um thank you both very much. Um, I'm going to draw the Q&amp;amp;A very much. Um, I'm going to draw the Q&amp;amp;A very much. Um, I'm going to draw the Q&amp;amp;A to an end now. And on behalf of the to an end now. And on behalf of the to an end now. And on behalf of the British Society of S Science, I want to British Society of S Science, I want to British Society of S Science, I want to express our thanks to you both today for express our thanks to you both today for express our thanks to you both today for coming along to present. Um, and thank coming along to present. Um, and thank coming along to present. Um, and thank you to everyone else who's joined us um you to everyone else who's joined us um you to everyone else who's joined us um for for attending. Um, when you leave, for for attending. Um, when you leave, for for attending. Um, when you leave, you'll find a quick feedback survey you'll find a quick feedback survey you'll find a quick feedback survey which we'll hope you take the time to which we'll hope you take the time to which we'll hope you take the time to complete. Um, also to know as I said at complete. Um, also to know as I said at complete. Um, also to know as I said at the beginning, the recording of the the beginning, the recording of the the beginning, the recording of the webinar will be available after the webinar will be available after the webinar will be available after the event on the YouTube channel. Um, our event on the YouTube channel. Um, our event on the YouTube channel. Um, our next Zoom into Soil webinar is planned next Zoom into Soil webinar is planned next Zoom into Soil webinar is planned for Wednesday the 7th of May. Um, we for Wednesday the 7th of May. Um, we for Wednesday the 7th of May. Um, we don't have details yet, but keep an eye don't have details yet, but keep an eye don't have details yet, but keep an eye out on the web page if you follow us out on the web page if you follow us out on the web page if you follow us socials for more information. So, I hope socials for more information. So, I hope socials for more information. So, I hope to see you at future events.<br /> }}</div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Zoom_into_Soil_-_Nutrient_Efficiency&diff=11781 2026-05-29T14:06:37Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Ajoute les transcriptions YouTube aux pages vidéo qui n&#039;en ont pas - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/435</p> <hr /> <div>{{vidéo<br /> | Titre = Zoom into Soil - Nutrient Efficiency<br /> | Producteur = British Society of Soil Science<br /> | Vignette = Thumbnail_youtube_TInvYDkym7M.jpg<br /> | Date de mise en ligne = 2020-07-22<br /> | Durée = 59 minutes<br /> | Production = <br /> | Vidéo = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TInvYDkym7M<br /> | Intervenants 0 = Richard Reeves<br /> | Intervenants 1 = Martin Blackwell<br /> | Mots-clés = NBSOIL<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Join the British Society of Soil Science (BSSS) and our invited speakers Richard Reeves and Martin Blackwell.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Delegates who attended 'Nutrient Efficiency’ heard from first generation farmer Richard Reeves and Dr Martin Blackwell, a senior research scientist at Rothamsted Research, who set out their experiences around nutrient efficiency from both a practical and academic viewpoint.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Richard Reeves’ 'from the farm' perspective, set out the importance and role of managing soil nutrients, placing particular emphasis on recycled nutrients such as sludgecake and green waste and the significant impact the ways this waste is treated prior to application, can have. Richard discussed the Met Office records that he has been keeping over many decades, the patterns emerging, and how these are impacting soils and the application of nutrients.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Martin Blackwell’s presentation, Caught between a rock and a hard place: how can we use phosphorus fertilisers more efficiently? discussed the finite rock phosphate resources and the risk which the threat of this dwindling resource brings: protecting future food production. Martin discussed the fundamental changes which needed to be made to the way phosphorous fertilisers are sourced to maintain food supplies for a growing global population.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{Pages liées}}<br /> <br /> {{Transcription<br /> | transcription = a very warm a very warm a very warm welcome to this meeting i'm will welcome to this meeting i'm will welcome to this meeting i'm will production professor of soil biophysics production professor of soil biophysics production professor of soil biophysics at cranfield university at cranfield university at cranfield university and past president of the british and past president of the british and past president of the british society of soil science society of soil science society of soil science today is the first in a new series that today is the first in a new series that today is the first in a new series that we've started zoom into soil events we've started zoom into soil events we've started zoom into soil events which will focus on nutrient efficiency which will focus on nutrient efficiency which will focus on nutrient efficiency before i welcome our two speakers before i welcome our two speakers before i welcome our two speakers i would like to invite our incoming i would like to invite our incoming i would like to invite our incoming president president president bruce lasell to provide a brief bruce lasell to provide a brief bruce lasell to provide a brief introduction to the host of our meeting introduction to the host of our meeting introduction to the host of our meeting the british society of soil science thanks wilfred and welcome again to to thanks wilfred and welcome again to to thanks wilfred and welcome again to to everyone who's joined it's really good everyone who's joined it's really good everyone who's joined it's really good to see to see to see uh a count of 95 um uh a count of 95 um uh a count of 95 um people have joined the meeting so far um people have joined the meeting so far um people have joined the meeting so far um many of you will be members of the many of you will be members of the many of you will be members of the british society of saw science but some british society of saw science but some british society of saw science but some of you won't be so of you won't be so of you won't be so just as a sort of a brief introduction just as a sort of a brief introduction just as a sort of a brief introduction um the british society of social science um the british society of social science um the british society of social science is an established is an established is an established international membership organization international membership organization international membership organization and its charity as well and its charity as well and its charity as well and it's committed to the study of soil and it's committed to the study of soil and it's committed to the study of soil in its widest aspects and we really are in its widest aspects and we really are in its widest aspects and we really are trying to trying to trying to to reach out to as many people who are to reach out to as many people who are to reach out to as many people who are involved with or rely on soils involved with or rely on soils involved with or rely on soils in some way um and we bring together in some way um and we bring together in some way um and we bring together those working within academia those working within academia those working within academia as well as practitioners um across soil as well as practitioners um across soil as well as practitioners um across soil science and we've got about over science and we've got about over science and we've got about over 800 members um currently within the 800 members um currently within the 800 members um currently within the society both in society both in society both in private and public sector institutions private and public sector institutions private and public sector institutions which includes academia which includes academia which includes academia conservation charities construction conservation charities construction conservation charities construction companies as well as consultancies as companies as well as consultancies as companies as well as consultancies as well well well and one of our aims is to raise and one of our aims is to raise and one of our aims is to raise awareness of soil science and i'm really awareness of soil science and i'm really awareness of soil science and i'm really delighted that that we've got this new delighted that that we've got this new delighted that that we've got this new series of events series of events series of events and this one the first one zoom into and this one the first one zoom into and this one the first one zoom into soil um by um has already received as i said by um has already received as i said by um has already received as i said that fantastic response that fantastic response that fantastic response so thank you again for everyone who's so thank you again for everyone who's so thank you again for everyone who's who's attended who's attended who's attended and i'll hand back now to wilfred okay thank you bruce so before we begin okay thank you bruce so before we begin okay thank you bruce so before we begin just some basic housekeeping as there just some basic housekeeping as there just some basic housekeeping as there are so many are so many are so many of you here today at the moment it's of you here today at the moment it's of you here today at the moment it's already over 100 that have connected already over 100 that have connected already over 100 that have connected but more than 200 expressed their but more than 200 expressed their but more than 200 expressed their interest to connect interest to connect interest to connect all your microphones have been muted all your microphones have been muted all your microphones have been muted we will be taking questions at the end we will be taking questions at the end we will be taking questions at the end of both presentations of both presentations of both presentations and my colleague then athens will ask and my colleague then athens will ask and my colleague then athens will ask these to the presenters on your behalf these to the presenters on your behalf these to the presenters on your behalf so there's a tab for you to submit your so there's a tab for you to submit your so there's a tab for you to submit your written written written questions anonymously if you wish and questions anonymously if you wish and questions anonymously if you wish and although although although there is a raise your hand button we there is a raise your hand button we there is a raise your hand button we won't use be using that for this won't use be using that for this won't use be using that for this question session only if the presenter question session only if the presenter question session only if the presenter asks you asks you asks you to show your hands so to show your hands so to show your hands so after that i would like to introduce our after that i would like to introduce our after that i would like to introduce our first presenter first presenter first presenter richard reeves richard will be richard reeves richard will be richard reeves richard will be delivering delivering delivering a short talk for us on managing soil a short talk for us on managing soil a short talk for us on managing soil nutrients during changing weather nutrients during changing weather nutrients during changing weather patterns patterns patterns richard reeves from the farm perspective richard reeves from the farm perspective richard reeves from the farm perspective will set out the importance and role of will set out the importance and role of will set out the importance and role of managing soil nutrients managing soil nutrients managing soil nutrients placing particular emphasis on recycled placing particular emphasis on recycled placing particular emphasis on recycled nutrients nutrients nutrients such as sludge cake and green waste and such as sludge cake and green waste and such as sludge cake and green waste and the significant impact the significant impact the significant impact the ways this waste is treated prior to the ways this waste is treated prior to the ways this waste is treated prior to application can have application can have application can have richard will discuss the met office richard will discuss the met office richard will discuss the met office records that he has been keeping records that he has been keeping records that he has been keeping over many decades the patents emerging over many decades the patents emerging over many decades the patents emerging and how these are impacting and how these are impacting and how these are impacting soils and the application of good soils and the application of good soils and the application of good nutrients nutrients nutrients richard is a first generation farmer richard is a first generation farmer richard is a first generation farmer since 1981 he has farmed 800 acres of since 1981 he has farmed 800 acres of since 1981 he has farmed 800 acres of land in cheshire land in cheshire land in cheshire using a wide combination of crops on a using a wide combination of crops on a using a wide combination of crops on a range of different tendencies range of different tendencies range of different tendencies prior to this in the 1970s richard was prior to this in the 1970s richard was prior to this in the 1970s richard was involved in farm management involved in farm management involved in farm management with imperial chemical industries and with imperial chemical industries and with imperial chemical industries and worked closely with the duke of worked closely with the duke of worked closely with the duke of westminster westminster westminster richard obtained a bsc in agriculture richard obtained a bsc in agriculture richard obtained a bsc in agriculture from leeds university from leeds university from leeds university and in the last 15 years he has kept a and in the last 15 years he has kept a and in the last 15 years he has kept a close affiliation with lancaster close affiliation with lancaster close affiliation with lancaster university hosting students visit to his university hosting students visit to his university hosting students visit to his farm farm farm he has also been visiting speaker for he has also been visiting speaker for he has also been visiting speaker for environmental science students environmental science students environmental science students talking on a range of topics including talking on a range of topics including talking on a range of topics including uk farming practices uk farming practices uk farming practices richard is a former chairman of the richard is a former chairman of the richard is a former chairman of the national farmers union north west crops national farmers union north west crops national farmers union north west crops board board board and was the spokesman spokesman on and was the spokesman spokesman on and was the spokesman spokesman on organic resources organic resources organic resources richard over to you richard over to you richard over to you okay thank you very much good afternoon okay thank you very much good afternoon okay thank you very much good afternoon everybody everybody everybody um i do feel desperately under qualified um i do feel desperately under qualified um i do feel desperately under qualified to speak at such a guest meeting to speak at such a guest meeting to speak at such a guest meeting but um get my best shot as you say but um get my best shot as you say but um get my best shot as you say uh i've um uh i've um uh i've um uh speaking today really uh speaking today really uh speaking today really due to my past well and current due to my past well and current due to my past well and current association association association with lancaster uni going back probably with lancaster uni going back probably with lancaster uni going back probably 10 12 years when i was uh crops for 10 12 years when i was uh crops for 10 12 years when i was uh crops for chairman of the northwest chairman of the northwest chairman of the northwest we got to hear about research going on we got to hear about research going on we got to hear about research going on at lancaster at lancaster at lancaster um i went to a number of meetings up um i went to a number of meetings up um i went to a number of meetings up there there there to interact with the staff especially to interact with the staff especially to interact with the staff especially the n-dot the n-dot the n-dot and following on from that and following on from that and following on from that we've going back a number of years we've we've going back a number of years we've we've going back a number of years we've had had had student visits firstly the environmental student visits firstly the environmental student visits firstly the environmental science students science students science students and latterly the soil science and latterly the soil science and latterly the soil science masters students have come down to the masters students have come down to the masters students have come down to the farm farm farm not just to look at the soil but to get not just to look at the soil but to get not just to look at the soil but to get insight into farming because insight into farming because insight into farming because we're very aware um a lot of students we're very aware um a lot of students we're very aware um a lot of students if they're not from a farming background if they're not from a farming background if they're not from a farming background they've probably they've probably they've probably never been on to a farm let alone never never been on to a farm let alone never never been on to a farm let alone never spoken to a farmer and we think spoken to a farmer and we think spoken to a farmer and we think it's very important that some of these it's very important that some of these it's very important that some of these guys will be going guys will be going guys will be going the decision makers of the future it's the decision makers of the future it's the decision makers of the future it's very important that they've at least very important that they've at least very important that they've at least uh come on to a farm uh come on to a farm uh come on to a farm and spoken at ground level and then and spoken at ground level and then and spoken at ground level and then in the last couple of years dan was in the last couple of years dan was in the last couple of years dan was coming down coming down coming down and that's and asked me or and that's and asked me or and that's and asked me or um twisted me to say a few words today um twisted me to say a few words today um twisted me to say a few words today um i don't want to uh repeat what what um i don't want to uh repeat what what um i don't want to uh repeat what what what's been said uh yeah i farm about what's been said uh yeah i farm about what's been said uh yeah i farm about 800 acres 800 acres 800 acres north car from manchester airport a north car from manchester airport a north car from manchester airport a range of soil types and a range of range of soil types and a range of range of soil types and a range of tenancy agreements tenancy agreements tenancy agreements uh no succession my son is a farm uh no succession my son is a farm uh no succession my son is a farm manager in suffolk manager in suffolk manager in suffolk and this is influencing with and this is influencing with and this is influencing with nobody to take over the farm now which nobody to take over the farm now which nobody to take over the farm now which we're just on we're just on we're just on lifetime agreements in fact the main lifetime agreements in fact the main lifetime agreements in fact the main farm where i am is farm where i am is farm where i am is within tatan park which is national within tatan park which is national within tatan park which is national trust property trust property trust property and when i decide to leave or give up and when i decide to leave or give up and when i decide to leave or give up a lot of that land will revert back to a lot of that land will revert back to a lot of that land will revert back to the parkland the parkland the parkland this is national trust policy they don't this is national trust policy they don't this is national trust policy they don't see the importance of food production see the importance of food production see the importance of food production um so it's influencing my decisions a um so it's influencing my decisions a um so it's influencing my decisions a bit bit bit as i look to wind down or as i look to wind down or as i look to wind down or find a way out of farming uh the soils vary from light san diego uh the soils vary from light san diego uh the soils vary from light san diego to san diego to san diego to san diego we're in a quite a high we're in a quite a high we're in a quite a high rainfall area certainly variable farming rainfall area certainly variable farming rainfall area certainly variable farming on average about 800 mil on average about 800 mil on average about 800 mil that varies from a low of 6.20 that varies from a low of 6.20 that varies from a low of 6.20 to the last 12 months march to march to the last 12 months march to march to the last 12 months march to march this year recorded 1250ml this year recorded 1250ml this year recorded 1250ml um one of the problems it's not just um one of the problems it's not just um one of the problems it's not just the high rainfall it's obviously then the high rainfall it's obviously then the high rainfall it's obviously then the lack of drying days and it's how the lack of drying days and it's how the lack of drying days and it's how that rainfall is spread that rainfall is spread that rainfall is spread so we can match yields so we can match yields so we can match yields we like to think with the best of we like to think with the best of we like to think with the best of operators operators operators for uh winter barley probably spring for uh winter barley probably spring for uh winter barley probably spring crops sausage rape and oats crops sausage rape and oats crops sausage rape and oats but we struggle certainly i do just to but we struggle certainly i do just to but we struggle certainly i do just to match the yields for match the yields for match the yields for winter wheat and i put it down to winter wheat and i put it down to winter wheat and i put it down to too much rain or the rainfall and lack too much rain or the rainfall and lack too much rain or the rainfall and lack of sun of sun of sun through the months of june july and through the months of june july and through the months of june july and august august august which was evident certainly than last which was evident certainly than last which was evident certainly than last year and looks like being evident this year and looks like being evident this year and looks like being evident this year year year when a lot of the producers had when a lot of the producers had when a lot of the producers had nearly record yields ours were very nearly record yields ours were very nearly record yields ours were very disappointing that we recorded disappointing that we recorded disappointing that we recorded june july august last year just looking june july august last year just looking june july august last year just looking back back back 390 ml of those three months 390 ml of those three months 390 ml of those three months and this year since the 1st of june and this year since the 1st of june and this year since the 1st of june we've recorded 200 mil we've recorded 200 mil we've recorded 200 mil so i think this is all impacting so i think this is all impacting so i think this is all impacting certainly on the weight certainly on the weight certainly on the weight or the quality on quality and yield when farming in a traditional way i'm when farming in a traditional way i'm when farming in a traditional way i'm well aware of the advantages well aware of the advantages well aware of the advantages and facile structure etc of mental and facile structure etc of mental and facile structure etc of mental but i think with the climate we've got but i think with the climate we've got but i think with the climate we've got with the size of farm with the size of farm with the size of farm i don't feel confident operating two i don't feel confident operating two i don't feel confident operating two systems systems systems have potatoes in the rotation have potatoes in the rotation have potatoes in the rotation um and often i i feel um and often i i feel um and often i i feel that needs to be plowed also when that needs to be plowed also when that needs to be plowed also when we haven't applied such paint for what we haven't applied such paint for what we haven't applied such paint for what four or five years but when we did um four or five years but when we did um four or five years but when we did um that i felt needed to be plowed we also that i felt needed to be plowed we also that i felt needed to be plowed we also have a block of land where have a block of land where have a block of land where turkey in europe and that certainly turkey in europe and that certainly turkey in europe and that certainly needs to be plowed needs to be plowed needs to be plowed to get rid of the odor so we just uh a to get rid of the odor so we just uh a to get rid of the odor so we just uh a common plow combination drill common plow combination drill common plow combination drill uh a one pass system uh a one pass system uh a one pass system and then the croppings made up of uh and then the croppings made up of uh and then the croppings made up of uh winter wheat winter wheat winter wheat oilseed red winter barley uh oilseed red winter barley uh oilseed red winter barley uh all the crops go to local markets all the crops go to local markets all the crops go to local markets um so that's um so that's um so that's basically uh afar basically uh afar basically uh afar i've got involved with sludge cake i've got involved with sludge cake i've got involved with sludge cake going back to about the year 2000 going back to about the year 2000 going back to about the year 2000 um that such cake coming out of united um that such cake coming out of united um that such cake coming out of united utilities utilities utilities and we applied it regularly for about and we applied it regularly for about and we applied it regularly for about 50 years at the start 50 years at the start 50 years at the start it was it was certainly it was it was certainly it was it was certainly especially in the northwest i think the especially in the northwest i think the especially in the northwest i think the united utilities were very late in the united utilities were very late in the united utilities were very late in the game game game uh it wasn't a very scientifically uh it wasn't a very scientifically uh it wasn't a very scientifically applied product applied product applied product uh through parts of my work with the nfu uh through parts of my work with the nfu uh through parts of my work with the nfu we we got them together together um we we got them together together um we we got them together together um treating it and supplying treating it and supplying treating it and supplying uh much better uh analysis and so for 12 or 15 years we and so for 12 or 15 years we and so for 12 or 15 years we applied it quite regularly up till four applied it quite regularly up till four applied it quite regularly up till four or five years ago or five years ago or five years ago i stopped using it then i stopped using it then i stopped using it then because of problems a we had because of problems a we had because of problems a we had increased our soil phosphate levels increased our soil phosphate levels increased our soil phosphate levels to levels which i thought were would be to levels which i thought were would be to levels which i thought were would be sustainable for a few years sustainable for a few years sustainable for a few years we're all reading threes now or above um we were having problems with it being um we were having problems with it being um we were having problems with it being applied with contractors applied with contractors applied with contractors uh at the start uh at the start uh at the start we had some very good contractors to we had some very good contractors to we had some very good contractors to very even spread very even spread very even spread but as time went on that got very but as time went on that got very but as time went on that got very unhappy unhappy unhappy with this standard of uh the standard with this standard of uh the standard with this standard of uh the standard of contracting so very variable spread of contracting so very variable spread of contracting so very variable spread patterns patterns patterns also we got into a run of one or two wet also we got into a run of one or two wet also we got into a run of one or two wet years years years where we stopped all the material in the where we stopped all the material in the where we stopped all the material in the summer summer summer it came to the autumn it was it came to the autumn it was it came to the autumn it was then a question of weighing off the soil then a question of weighing off the soil then a question of weighing off the soil structure damage structure damage structure damage um as opposed to the good that the um as opposed to the good that the um as opposed to the good that the nutrients we're doing nutrients we're doing nutrients we're doing the other thing is we farm in a the other thing is we farm in a the other thing is we farm in a semi-urban environment semi-urban environment semi-urban environment certainly within town park which is a certainly within town park which is a certainly within town park which is a a very highly visited uh a very highly visited uh a very highly visited uh park so problems with traffic going park so problems with traffic going park so problems with traffic going through through through carting sludge cake also now like blocks carting sludge cake also now like blocks carting sludge cake also now like blocks of land near houses etc of land near houses etc of land near houses etc so i decided for so i decided for so i decided for weighing up all those factors although i weighing up all those factors although i weighing up all those factors although i could see the benefits could see the benefits could see the benefits i decided to give myself a break and i decided to give myself a break and i decided to give myself a break and also to reduce the hassle factor if you also to reduce the hassle factor if you also to reduce the hassle factor if you like like like we were set to start using it again last we were set to start using it again last we were set to start using it again last year in fact yeah utilities year in fact yeah utilities year in fact yeah utilities some soul sampled the whole farm some soul sampled the whole farm some soul sampled the whole farm we were on stream to start taking it we were on stream to start taking it we were on stream to start taking it last june last june last june but then the wet weather set in but then the wet weather set in but then the wet weather set in um and we postponed it um and we postponed it um and we postponed it and we need to think and we need to think and we need to think if we're going to go down that route if we're going to go down that route if we're going to go down that route again again again so it's a question certainly for a so it's a question certainly for a so it's a question certainly for a product like celebricate in the product like celebricate in the product like celebricate in the northwest northwest northwest yet it is fairly randomly available yet it is fairly randomly available yet it is fairly randomly available because we found the because we found the because we found the [Music] [Music] [Music] high sense of population but high sense of population but high sense of population but it's a case of factoring that against it's a case of factoring that against it's a case of factoring that against soil damage and say the other negative soil damage and say the other negative soil damage and say the other negative factors as far as other organic resources a few as far as other organic resources a few as far as other organic resources a few years ago we did do some trial work years ago we did do some trial work years ago we did do some trial work uh applying green waste and the green waste on sales like ours and the green waste on sales like ours and the green waste on sales like ours will complement the sludge game very will complement the sludge game very will complement the sludge game very well because obviously the green waste well because obviously the green waste well because obviously the green waste is high is high is high in potash so the complicated in potash so the complicated in potash so the complicated concept such cake and of course with concept such cake and of course with concept such cake and of course with both those projects both those projects both those projects we've got the extra nitrogen but again we've got the extra nitrogen but again we've got the extra nitrogen but again we've got uh the economics then didn't we've got uh the economics then didn't we've got uh the economics then didn't start to start to start to stack up i felt um uh stack up i felt um uh stack up i felt um uh we were having to pay we were having to pay we were having to pay too much for it and again we've got soil too much for it and again we've got soil too much for it and again we've got soil damage damage damage problems um going forward um going forward um going forward on organic forces yes i i was a big i on organic forces yes i i was a big i on organic forces yes i i was a big i was a big advocate and was a big advocate and was a big advocate and uh in fact i spoke at a number of uh in fact i spoke at a number of uh in fact i spoke at a number of meetings partly on the meetings partly on the meetings partly on the half of the nfu and the half of the nfu and the half of the nfu and the invitation of united utilities invitation of united utilities invitation of united utilities um i i still i i'm a big advocate um i i still i i'm a big advocate um i i still i i'm a big advocate in the right situations going on to weather patterns going on to weather patterns going on to weather patterns i've been keeping records rental records i've been keeping records rental records i've been keeping records rental records for the met office for the met office for the met office for what seven thirty odd years now for what seven thirty odd years now for what seven thirty odd years now i'm not sure if overall we're seeing i'm not sure if overall we're seeing i'm not sure if overall we're seeing a huge difference a huge difference a huge difference in total rainfalls in total rainfalls in total rainfalls if we average them out but i think we're if we average them out but i think we're if we average them out but i think we're seeing seeing seeing a much bigger variation a much bigger variation a much bigger variation and a seasonal variation as i alluded to earlier one of our as i alluded to earlier one of our as i alluded to earlier one of our problems is we seem to problems is we seem to problems is we seem to be getting into a situation of higher be getting into a situation of higher be getting into a situation of higher uh especially early summer rainfall uh especially early summer rainfall uh especially early summer rainfall which um because of that lower light which um because of that lower light which um because of that lower light intensities and it just seems to me that intensities and it just seems to me that intensities and it just seems to me that that's affecting that's affecting that's affecting certainly grain quality with the wheat certainly grain quality with the wheat certainly grain quality with the wheat it doesn't seem to be affecting the it doesn't seem to be affecting the it doesn't seem to be affecting the quality quality quality so much of other crops so much of other crops so much of other crops um i um i um i thought at one stage it was just the way thought at one stage it was just the way thought at one stage it was just the way the way i was farming i wasn't uh the way i was farming i wasn't uh the way i was farming i wasn't uh treating these crops treating these crops treating these crops uh properly but then i thought well uh properly but then i thought well uh properly but then i thought well if we're getting decent yields last year if we're getting decent yields last year if we're getting decent yields last year we were up to we were up to we were up to uh in tanzania 3.7 on the barley uh in tanzania 3.7 on the barley uh in tanzania 3.7 on the barley well that was the average yield 3.8 on well that was the average yield 3.8 on well that was the average yield 3.8 on the rate about three tons of oats so i the rate about three tons of oats so i the rate about three tons of oats so i thought you'd be getting quite thought you'd be getting quite thought you'd be getting quite respectable yields on those crops respectable yields on those crops respectable yields on those crops why are we only getting three tons an why are we only getting three tons an why are we only getting three tons an acre on the wheat acre on the wheat acre on the wheat the only thing i could put in lack of sun in the summer and the summer lack of sun in the summer and the summer lack of sun in the summer and the summer rain for when if i look back rain for when if i look back rain for when if i look back the years where we've had good summers the years where we've had good summers the years where we've had good summers or summers that or summers that or summers that are more applicable to the main crane are more applicable to the main crane are more applicable to the main crane growing growing growing areas yes we can get the heels there um so going forward on that yeah um so going forward on that yeah um so going forward on that yeah i don't i don't know the uh i don't know i don't i don't know the uh i don't know i don't i don't know the uh i don't know the answer the answer the answer uh maybe we should be thinking about uh maybe we should be thinking about uh maybe we should be thinking about changing our cropping a bit i did see changing our cropping a bit i did see changing our cropping a bit i did see reports pretty recently reports pretty recently reports pretty recently saying a long term is crop production saying a long term is crop production saying a long term is crop production going to move from there or going to move from there or going to move from there or from the east to the west from the east to the west from the east to the west because of the lack of rainfall in the because of the lack of rainfall in the because of the lack of rainfall in the east east east and certainly when i talk to my son in and certainly when i talk to my son in and certainly when i talk to my son in suffolk suffolk suffolk it's overfarming in two totally it's overfarming in two totally it's overfarming in two totally different countries different countries different countries uh when they're full on irrigating air uh when they're full on irrigating air uh when they're full on irrigating air we just sucked our ankles in water here we just sucked our ankles in water here we just sucked our ankles in water here so so so um so as far as suppose i haven't um so as far as suppose i haven't um so as far as suppose i haven't really um had touched really um had touched really um had touched as much as i should on the phosphates as much as i should on the phosphates as much as i should on the phosphates and organic resources um and organic resources um and organic resources um i think that there there is going to be i think that there there is going to be i think that there there is going to be uh uh uh certainly nice utilities have changed certainly nice utilities have changed certainly nice utilities have changed the way they're operating now in the the way they're operating now in the the way they're operating now in the early days early days early days they're actually paying us to take the they're actually paying us to take the they're actually paying us to take the sludge cake sludge cake sludge cake and paying us to plow whereas now and paying us to plow whereas now and paying us to plow whereas now all right it's for free but all the all right it's for free but all the all right it's for free but all the other costs other costs other costs are on us so it's a factor of are on us so it's a factor of are on us so it's a factor of weighing up using these organic weighing up using these organic weighing up using these organic resources i think to our own particular resources i think to our own particular resources i think to our own particular um to our own particular farms and to um to our own particular farms and to um to our own particular farms and to see see see how and to uh see how and to uh see how and to uh see how it fits in um so i think that's probably about um so i think that's probably about um so i think that's probably about um about where i'm up to um about where i'm up to um about where i'm up to um so so yeah i think probably so so yeah i think probably so so yeah i think probably leave it there and take questions if and leave it there and take questions if and leave it there and take questions if and when they come [Music] myself in towns in one or two of the myself in towns in one or two of the myself in towns in one or two of the students students students uh digging certain short profiles uh digging certain short profiles uh digging certain short profiles and explaining structure problems and explaining structure problems and explaining structure problems or not so reading to the students or not so reading to the students or not so reading to the students um i say we feel is very important um i say we feel is very important um i say we feel is very important that we keep up this interaction that we keep up this interaction that we keep up this interaction certainly on farm certainly on farm certainly on farm interaction with these students who interaction with these students who interaction with these students who haven't necessarily haven't necessarily haven't necessarily been you know a hard and hard film been you know a hard and hard film been you know a hard and hard film situation okay thank you okay okay thank you okay okay thank you okay richard thank you thank you very much richard thank you thank you very much richard thank you thank you very much for this presentation and for this presentation and for this presentation and your views about how the resources are your views about how the resources are your views about how the resources are used on the farm used on the farm used on the farm and also your interactions with students and also your interactions with students and also your interactions with students which is very welcome we will be taking questions for both we will be taking questions for both we will be taking questions for both speakers at the end of today's speakers at the end of today's speakers at the end of today's session just as a as a reminder so we session just as a as a reminder so we session just as a as a reminder so we will will will move on to our next speaker which is dr move on to our next speaker which is dr move on to our next speaker which is dr martin blackwell martin blackwell martin blackwell martin is a senior researcher at martin is a senior researcher at martin is a senior researcher at rothenstein research rothenstein research rothenstein research and is a soil biochemist with over 25 and is a soil biochemist with over 25 and is a soil biochemist with over 25 years of experience years of experience years of experience of studying both phosphorus and nitrogen of studying both phosphorus and nitrogen of studying both phosphorus and nitrogen cycling cycling cycling recent work has focused on phosphate use recent work has focused on phosphate use recent work has focused on phosphate use efficiency efficiency efficiency and cycling in arable and grassland and cycling in arable and grassland and cycling in arable and grassland systems the role of organic phosphate in systems the role of organic phosphate in systems the role of organic phosphate in plant nutrition and the development of plant nutrition and the development of plant nutrition and the development of better better better phosphate fertilizer application rate phosphate fertilizer application rate phosphate fertilizer application rate recommendations recommendations recommendations martin's presentation caught between a martin's presentation caught between a martin's presentation caught between a rock and a hard place how can we use rock and a hard place how can we use rock and a hard place how can we use phosphorus fertilizers more efficiently phosphorus fertilizers more efficiently phosphorus fertilizers more efficiently we'll discuss the finite rock phosphate we'll discuss the finite rock phosphate we'll discuss the finite rock phosphate resources resources resources and the risk which the threat of this and the risk which the threat of this and the risk which the threat of this dwindling resource brings dwindling resource brings dwindling resource brings protecting future food production protecting future food production protecting future food production protecting future food production martin protecting future food production martin protecting future food production martin will discuss the fundamental changes will discuss the fundamental changes will discuss the fundamental changes which need to be made to the way which need to be made to the way which need to be made to the way phosphorus fertilizers are phosphorus fertilizers are phosphorus fertilizers are sourced to maintain food supplies for a sourced to maintain food supplies for a sourced to maintain food supplies for a growing global population growing global population growing global population over to you martin over to you martin over to you martin let's see you can can people see this i'm hoping you can see that now you can see see the screen i can't which you can see see the screen i can't which you can see see the screen i can't which uh uh uh makes it interesting um makes it interesting um makes it interesting um i'm gonna need to be able to see this so i'm gonna need to be able to see this so i'm gonna need to be able to see this so uh i'm gonna uh i'm gonna uh i'm gonna right is that okay can you still see it right is that okay can you still see it right is that okay can you still see it yes okay great so yes okay great so yes okay great so uh so hello everyone sorry about that uh so hello everyone sorry about that uh so hello everyone sorry about that another system to to learn i think i'm another system to to learn i think i'm another system to to learn i think i'm not my sixth uh not my sixth uh not my sixth uh sort of zoom type platform at the moment sort of zoom type platform at the moment sort of zoom type platform at the moment and uh this is my first go on this one and uh this is my first go on this one and uh this is my first go on this one today today today so apologies for that but hello everyone so apologies for that but hello everyone so apologies for that but hello everyone and uh thanks to bss for and uh thanks to bss for and uh thanks to bss for the opportunity to talk to you today the opportunity to talk to you today the opportunity to talk to you today about um some of the issues about um some of the issues about um some of the issues surrounding the use of phosphate surrounding the use of phosphate surrounding the use of phosphate fertilizers which i think is one of the fertilizers which i think is one of the fertilizers which i think is one of the most important issues related to soils most important issues related to soils most important issues related to soils that we face today that we face today that we face today and as wilford said i'm a senior and as wilford said i'm a senior and as wilford said i'm a senior research scientist at rothelmsted research scientist at rothelmsted research scientist at rothelmsted research and i've been research and i've been research and i've been focusing on nutrient related issues in focusing on nutrient related issues in focusing on nutrient related issues in agriculture in the wider environment for agriculture in the wider environment for agriculture in the wider environment for over 25 years now over 25 years now over 25 years now and i'm going to try and give you an and i'm going to try and give you an and i'm going to try and give you an overview of some of the wider phosphorus overview of some of the wider phosphorus overview of some of the wider phosphorus related related related issues and then focus on some of the issues and then focus on some of the issues and then focus on some of the more practical things we can do more practical things we can do more practical things we can do uh to address them but i'm going to uh to address them but i'm going to uh to address them but i'm going to start with start with start with uh just a very brief history lesson uh just a very brief history lesson uh just a very brief history lesson i'll try to anyway if i can get this to i'll try to anyway if i can get this to i'll try to anyway if i can get this to move on there we go move on there we go move on there we go so um the first commercial so um the first commercial so um the first commercial fertilizer was produced by john bennett fertilizer was produced by john bennett fertilizer was produced by john bennett laws in 1842 and you can see him there laws in 1842 and you can see him there laws in 1842 and you can see him there on the right of your screen and he on the right of your screen and he on the right of your screen and he realized that realized that realized that one percent of animals is phosphorous one percent of animals is phosphorous one percent of animals is phosphorous but 80 percent of that phosphorus occurs but 80 percent of that phosphorus occurs but 80 percent of that phosphorus occurs in bones in bones in bones so he dissolved animal bones in sulfuric so he dissolved animal bones in sulfuric so he dissolved animal bones in sulfuric acid and acid and acid and made the world's first supraphosphate made the world's first supraphosphate made the world's first supraphosphate fertilizer fertilizer fertilizer and this actually represented the start and this actually represented the start and this actually represented the start of the inorganic fertilizer of the inorganic fertilizer of the inorganic fertilizer industry and you can see on the right industry and you can see on the right industry and you can see on the right there what he called his there what he called his there what he called his chemical manures as well because he was chemical manures as well because he was chemical manures as well because he was well aware that putting manure on the well aware that putting manure on the well aware that putting manure on the land land land provided phosphate but this was seen as provided phosphate but this was seen as provided phosphate but this was seen as being a more efficient way being a more efficient way being a more efficient way of doing it and that actually of doing it and that actually of doing it and that actually represented the foundation represented the foundation represented the foundation of rothenstead research he wanted to of rothenstead research he wanted to of rothenstead research he wanted to prove that these these compounds he prove that these these compounds he prove that these these compounds he developed actually did have a benefit so developed actually did have a benefit so developed actually did have a benefit so he set up he set up he set up the long-term experiments and founded the long-term experiments and founded the long-term experiments and founded rotten state research rotten state research rotten state research some of you may have may have seen the some of you may have may have seen the some of you may have may have seen the long-term experiments in our long-term experiments in our long-term experiments in our carpenton site so there are many key issues uh so there are many key issues uh so there are many key issues uh associated with the use of associated with the use of associated with the use of phosphorus globally and perhaps the most phosphorus globally and perhaps the most phosphorus globally and perhaps the most significant one is that global food significant one is that global food significant one is that global food production relies on the use of production relies on the use of production relies on the use of phosphorus fertilizers without them we phosphorus fertilizers without them we phosphorus fertilizers without them we wouldn't be able to feed the world today wouldn't be able to feed the world today wouldn't be able to feed the world today or in the future or in the future or in the future and today most of the world's phosphate and today most of the world's phosphate and today most of the world's phosphate fertilizers are produced from fertilizers are produced from fertilizers are produced from from rock phosphate which is a finite from rock phosphate which is a finite from rock phosphate which is a finite resource resource resource and coupled with the fact that the and coupled with the fact that the and coupled with the fact that the phosphorus cycle is largely linear phosphorus cycle is largely linear phosphorus cycle is largely linear and not circular means we're using up and not circular means we're using up and not circular means we're using up these these these these phosphate reserves now the figure these phosphate reserves now the figure these phosphate reserves now the figure on the left here shows on the left here shows on the left here shows how phosphorus moves in a linear fashion how phosphorus moves in a linear fashion how phosphorus moves in a linear fashion from from rock phosphate reserves from from rock phosphate reserves from from rock phosphate reserves through the fertilizer and food system through the fertilizer and food system through the fertilizer and food system and is is lost to surface waters where and is is lost to surface waters where and is is lost to surface waters where it causes big pollution problems it causes big pollution problems it causes big pollution problems uh by eutrophication and what we need is uh by eutrophication and what we need is uh by eutrophication and what we need is a more circular system such as that a more circular system such as that a more circular system such as that shown on the right here where shown on the right here where shown on the right here where instead of letting the phosphorus that's instead of letting the phosphorus that's instead of letting the phosphorus that's originated from rock phosphorus deposits originated from rock phosphorus deposits originated from rock phosphorus deposits end up in the season oceans we recover end up in the season oceans we recover end up in the season oceans we recover it and recycle it it and recycle it it and recycle it through the food system um much like the through the food system um much like the through the food system um much like the sludge cake for example sludge cake for example sludge cake for example that richard was talking about earlier that richard was talking about earlier that richard was talking about earlier but because of this linearity but because of this linearity but because of this linearity it means we're losing the phosphorus it means we're losing the phosphorus it means we're losing the phosphorus into rivers and oceans into rivers and oceans into rivers and oceans and using up what is actually a finite and using up what is actually a finite and using up what is actually a finite resource so from the title of my talk resource so from the title of my talk resource so from the title of my talk the rock is obviously rock phosphate and the rock is obviously rock phosphate and the rock is obviously rock phosphate and the hard place we're currently in the hard place we're currently in the hard place we're currently in is how we can use it more efficiently now this video shows the distribution of now this video shows the distribution of now this video shows the distribution of phosphate deposits phosphate deposits phosphate deposits in the world and you can see the vast in the world and you can see the vast in the world and you can see the vast majority of them occur in morocco with majority of them occur in morocco with majority of them occur in morocco with only only only a relatively few other countries having a relatively few other countries having a relatively few other countries having significant deposits significant deposits significant deposits and also note here that the uk has none and also note here that the uk has none and also note here that the uk has none so we are completely reliant so we are completely reliant so we are completely reliant on imports for phosphate fertiliser so i said these deposits are finite but so i said these deposits are finite but so i said these deposits are finite but how long how long how long will they actually last well it's it's a will they actually last well it's it's a will they actually last well it's it's a rather complex and somewhat rather complex and somewhat rather complex and somewhat controversial topic controversial topic controversial topic uh but using available data it is uh but using available data it is uh but using available data it is possible to make some estimates of how possible to make some estimates of how possible to make some estimates of how long we can carry on long we can carry on long we can carry on as we are today so this table shows the as we are today so this table shows the as we are today so this table shows the countries that have significant rock countries that have significant rock countries that have significant rock phosphate deposits phosphate deposits phosphate deposits um their recent rates of mining in the um their recent rates of mining in the um their recent rates of mining in the second column second column second column and their estimated reserves and with a and their estimated reserves and with a and their estimated reserves and with a simple calculation if they continue to simple calculation if they continue to simple calculation if they continue to mine at that rate how many years worth mine at that rate how many years worth mine at that rate how many years worth of supplies of supplies of supplies they have left so they have left so they have left so the three largest producers at china the three largest producers at china the three largest producers at china morocco and the usa which then they morocco and the usa which then they morocco and the usa which then they represent 70 represent 70 represent 70 of global production of global production of global production morocco and western sahara morocco and western sahara morocco and western sahara um uh the the largest uh producers by um uh the the largest uh producers by um uh the the largest uh producers by far have the largest reserves by far far have the largest reserves by far far have the largest reserves by far um i seem to have lost connection to the um i seem to have lost connection to the um i seem to have lost connection to the screen sorry screen sorry screen sorry there we go china's the largest producer there we go china's the largest producer there we go china's the largest producer um they have no exports um they have no exports um they have no exports um and they have uh 23 years um and they have uh 23 years um and they have uh 23 years if they carry on mining at the current if they carry on mining at the current if they carry on mining at the current rate their reserves will run out in 23 rate their reserves will run out in 23 rate their reserves will run out in 23 years india has a massive population growing india has a massive population growing india has a massive population growing demand and limited reserves basically 29 demand and limited reserves basically 29 demand and limited reserves basically 29 years of supplies left years of supplies left years of supplies left and the united states has 37 years of and the united states has 37 years of and the united states has 37 years of supplies left at supplies left at supplies left at current rates of mining so there are current rates of mining so there are current rates of mining so there are some other major reserves some other major reserves some other major reserves but many of them have geopolitical but many of them have geopolitical but many of them have geopolitical issues meaning that it's not issues meaning that it's not issues meaning that it's not always going to be easy to access them always going to be easy to access them always going to be easy to access them so for example syria we know the issues so for example syria we know the issues so for example syria we know the issues that are going on there there's not a that are going on there there's not a that are going on there there's not a lot of mining going on there at the lot of mining going on there at the lot of mining going on there at the moment moment moment and also russia as well which i'll come and also russia as well which i'll come and also russia as well which i'll come back to later back to later back to later so the world total is currently we have so the world total is currently we have so the world total is currently we have 260 years 260 years 260 years of supplies remaining which may sound of supplies remaining which may sound of supplies remaining which may sound like a lot but uh like a lot but uh like a lot but uh bearing in mind that uh when we i did bearing in mind that uh when we i did bearing in mind that uh when we i did this calculation three years ago this calculation three years ago this calculation three years ago there was actually 300 years of supplies there was actually 300 years of supplies there was actually 300 years of supplies left left left so the figure changes quite rapidly if so the figure changes quite rapidly if so the figure changes quite rapidly if it carries on declining that rate will it carries on declining that rate will it carries on declining that rate will soon be using it up and soon be using it up and soon be using it up and demand is likely to increase so we need demand is likely to increase so we need demand is likely to increase so we need to use and recycle phosphorus much more to use and recycle phosphorus much more to use and recycle phosphorus much more efficiently efficiently efficiently than we currently are now there are also than we currently are now there are also than we currently are now there are also some some some um other imminent issues uh um other imminent issues uh um other imminent issues uh one of the main ones being cadmium high one of the main ones being cadmium high one of the main ones being cadmium high levels of cadmium consumption can cause levels of cadmium consumption can cause levels of cadmium consumption can cause kidney kidney kidney and bone disease and sedimentary rock and bone disease and sedimentary rock and bone disease and sedimentary rock phosphate because it tend to have quite phosphate because it tend to have quite phosphate because it tend to have quite high high high concentrations of cadmium an average of concentrations of cadmium an average of concentrations of cadmium an average of around 32 milligrams around 32 milligrams around 32 milligrams per kilogram of cadmium interestingly per kilogram of cadmium interestingly per kilogram of cadmium interestingly the igneous rock phosphate the igneous rock phosphate the igneous rock phosphate has low cadmium content and that is what has low cadmium content and that is what has low cadmium content and that is what the main supplies in russia are the main supplies in russia are the main supplies in russia are so um that their so um that their so um that their phosphate is likely to be in high demand phosphate is likely to be in high demand phosphate is likely to be in high demand in the future but in the future but in the future but there are often difficulties trading there are often difficulties trading there are often difficulties trading with russia as i think everyone with russia as i think everyone with russia as i think everyone probably knows now because of the the probably knows now because of the the probably knows now because of the the problems that uh it's known that cadmium problems that uh it's known that cadmium problems that uh it's known that cadmium can cause can cause can cause there are a new eu regulations uh to there are a new eu regulations uh to there are a new eu regulations uh to reduce the permissible concentration in reduce the permissible concentration in reduce the permissible concentration in rock phosphate rock phosphate rock phosphate and they were agreed in 2018 and and they were agreed in 2018 and and they were agreed in 2018 and um it's thought that they would actually um it's thought that they would actually um it's thought that they would actually come into force in 2022 come into force in 2022 come into force in 2022 so the new limit is going to be 60 so the new limit is going to be 60 so the new limit is going to be 60 milligrams per kilogram which milligrams per kilogram which milligrams per kilogram which basically will affect around 8 of the basically will affect around 8 of the basically will affect around 8 of the rock phosphate supplies we have rock phosphate supplies we have rock phosphate supplies we have then in four years time after that then in four years time after that then in four years time after that they're going to be reduced they're going to be reduced they're going to be reduced to 40 milligrams that's going to affect to 40 milligrams that's going to affect to 40 milligrams that's going to affect 31 and then in 60 years it's going to be 31 and then in 60 years it's going to be 31 and then in 60 years it's going to be reduced further to 20 reduced further to 20 reduced further to 20 milligrams per kilogram and i don't milligrams per kilogram and i don't milligrams per kilogram and i don't actually know how much that's going to actually know how much that's going to actually know how much that's going to affect but it's going to be a large affect but it's going to be a large affect but it's going to be a large proportion so what people are going to proportion so what people are going to proportion so what people are going to have to do is they're gonna have to have to do is they're gonna have to have to do is they're gonna have to process it process it process it remove it or dilute it down by remove it or dilute it down by remove it or dilute it down by mixing it with uh rock phosphate that mixing it with uh rock phosphate that mixing it with uh rock phosphate that has less has less has less cadmium in it and all of that is gonna cadmium in it and all of that is gonna cadmium in it and all of that is gonna increase cost so that's another increase cost so that's another increase cost so that's another concern now back concern now back concern now back in 2009 um a group of scientists led by in 2009 um a group of scientists led by in 2009 um a group of scientists led by um um um johan rockstrom assessed that some of johan rockstrom assessed that some of johan rockstrom assessed that some of the ecosystem services or cycles on the the ecosystem services or cycles on the the ecosystem services or cycles on the planet planet planet looking at the the safe operating space looking at the the safe operating space looking at the the safe operating space um um um for things such as biodiversity uh loss for things such as biodiversity uh loss for things such as biodiversity uh loss and the nitrogen cycle and climate and the nitrogen cycle and climate and the nitrogen cycle and climate change and as you can see those three change and as you can see those three change and as you can see those three we've been to exceeded their planetary we've been to exceeded their planetary we've been to exceeded their planetary boundary boundary boundary phosphorus wasn't considered to be such phosphorus wasn't considered to be such phosphorus wasn't considered to be such an issue it was thought that it was an issue it was thought that it was an issue it was thought that it was being used within being used within being used within the planetary boundaries but then one of the planetary boundaries but then one of the planetary boundaries but then one of the authors in 2015 the authors in 2015 the authors in 2015 stefan did uh did a different review and stefan did uh did a different review and stefan did uh did a different review and he came up with this and you can see now he came up with this and you can see now he came up with this and you can see now that phosphorus is considered to be that phosphorus is considered to be that phosphorus is considered to be as disrupted and as important an issue as disrupted and as important an issue as disrupted and as important an issue as the nitrogen cycle as the nitrogen cycle as the nitrogen cycle as biological diversity and probably as biological diversity and probably as biological diversity and probably even more so even more so even more so than climate change because we can't than climate change because we can't than climate change because we can't actually do too much about it at the actually do too much about it at the actually do too much about it at the moment the phosphorus that's been moment the phosphorus that's been moment the phosphorus that's been released into the environment released into the environment released into the environment is there climate change people are still is there climate change people are still is there climate change people are still hopeful that we can do something about hopeful that we can do something about hopeful that we can do something about it but this was 2015. it but this was 2015. it but this was 2015. bear that in mind so there are lots of key issues so there are lots of key issues so there are lots of key issues surrounding prospect fertilizers and the surrounding prospect fertilizers and the surrounding prospect fertilizers and the way we use them way we use them way we use them one of the main ones being only a small one of the main ones being only a small one of the main ones being only a small amount of fertilizer p amount of fertilizer p amount of fertilizer p that we add the soils actually remains that we add the soils actually remains that we add the soils actually remains plant available and typically only 10 to plant available and typically only 10 to plant available and typically only 10 to 25 percent of what we add 25 percent of what we add 25 percent of what we add is taken up by the crop now is taken up by the crop now is taken up by the crop now what often happens as well is people add what often happens as well is people add what often happens as well is people add extra p that it's over applied extra p that it's over applied extra p that it's over applied to ensure um an adequate supply for for to ensure um an adequate supply for for to ensure um an adequate supply for for optimum growth a sort of safety net if optimum growth a sort of safety net if optimum growth a sort of safety net if you like you like you like but what happens then is p just but what happens then is p just but what happens then is p just accumulates in the soil and becomes accumulates in the soil and becomes accumulates in the soil and becomes fixed in fixed in fixed in as inorganic p and also organic pee as inorganic p and also organic pee as inorganic p and also organic pee but what can happen as well if you look but what can happen as well if you look but what can happen as well if you look at the graph in the middle there at the graph in the middle there at the graph in the middle there you get an increase in the available p you get an increase in the available p you get an increase in the available p as well which is what the farmers are as well which is what the farmers are as well which is what the farmers are generally trying to achieve but it generally trying to achieve but it generally trying to achieve but it reaches a certain point at about 60 reaches a certain point at about 60 reaches a certain point at about 60 milligrams per kilogram of olsen p milligrams per kilogram of olsen p milligrams per kilogram of olsen p when you suddenly start to get a rapid when you suddenly start to get a rapid when you suddenly start to get a rapid increase in the amount of leaching this increase in the amount of leaching this increase in the amount of leaching this is what we call the change point is what we call the change point is what we call the change point and that causes eutrophication as well and that causes eutrophication as well and that causes eutrophication as well as with nitrogen as well obviously as with nitrogen as well obviously as with nitrogen as well obviously but it also represents the fact that but it also represents the fact that but it also represents the fact that we're losing it from the system we're losing it from the system we're losing it from the system it represents inefficiency so what can it represents inefficiency so what can it represents inefficiency so what can we do we do we do well there are quite a few things we can well there are quite a few things we can well there are quite a few things we can do in terms of management of phosphorus do in terms of management of phosphorus do in terms of management of phosphorus fertilizers fertilizers fertilizers you can tackle them through either the you can tackle them through either the you can tackle them through either the plant the soil plant the soil plant the soil or the fertilizer there are other ways or the fertilizer there are other ways or the fertilizer there are other ways as well but these as well but these as well but these are perhaps some of the most things are perhaps some of the most things are perhaps some of the most things we're interested in in in agricultural we're interested in in in agricultural we're interested in in in agricultural research research research so for example with plants we can look so for example with plants we can look so for example with plants we can look at root architecture at root architecture at root architecture so plants aren't exploiting the same so plants aren't exploiting the same so plants aren't exploiting the same proportions of the soil proportions of the soil proportions of the soil depending on where they put their roots depending on where they put their roots depending on where they put their roots we can look at root exudates we can look at root exudates we can look at root exudates which can actually help uh release some which can actually help uh release some which can actually help uh release some of the phosphorus that's bound in the of the phosphorus that's bound in the of the phosphorus that's bound in the soil soil soil we can look at apportionment in plants we can look at apportionment in plants we can look at apportionment in plants whereas for example some plants can whereas for example some plants can whereas for example some plants can use what are called galacto lipids use what are called galacto lipids use what are called galacto lipids instead of phospholipids so instead of phospholipids so instead of phospholipids so their requirement for phosphorus is much their requirement for phosphorus is much their requirement for phosphorus is much lower lower lower in the soil we can look at microbes and in the soil we can look at microbes and in the soil we can look at microbes and there's a lot of work being done on there's a lot of work being done on there's a lot of work being done on phosphorus solubilizing phosphorus solubilizing phosphorus solubilizing bacteria we can also consider bacteria we can also consider bacteria we can also consider mycorrhizal relationships mycorrhizal relationships mycorrhizal relationships which can help plants uh get phosphorus which can help plants uh get phosphorus which can help plants uh get phosphorus that they wouldn't be able to otherwise that they wouldn't be able to otherwise that they wouldn't be able to otherwise and also a fairly simple one is is ph and also a fairly simple one is is ph and also a fairly simple one is is ph getting the right soil ph getting the right soil ph getting the right soil ph as well and then with regard to as well and then with regard to as well and then with regard to fertilizer fertilizer fertilizer we can look at application rates i think we can look at application rates i think we can look at application rates i think there's a lot of guidance around there there's a lot of guidance around there there's a lot of guidance around there but there's still a lot of improvements but there's still a lot of improvements but there's still a lot of improvements to be made to be made to be made and there are techniques such as and there are techniques such as and there are techniques such as placement just putting the phosphorus placement just putting the phosphorus placement just putting the phosphorus where it's actually needed where it's actually needed where it's actually needed and also with regard to fertilizer you and also with regard to fertilizer you and also with regard to fertilizer you can look at different formulations as can look at different formulations as can look at different formulations as well that's well that's well that's that's another key area that can affect that's another key area that can affect that's another key area that can affect its availability its availability its availability so i'm just going to expand on on three so i'm just going to expand on on three so i'm just going to expand on on three of these one from each of the plant soil of these one from each of the plant soil of these one from each of the plant soil and fertilizer um here just looking at and fertilizer um here just looking at and fertilizer um here just looking at in a bit more detail in a bit more detail in a bit more detail so firstly we'll look at root hexadates so firstly we'll look at root hexadates so firstly we'll look at root hexadates so i mentioned that a lot of phosphorus so i mentioned that a lot of phosphorus so i mentioned that a lot of phosphorus is stored is stored is stored in the soil and it becomes stored in organic and inorganic forms as well this varies greatly around the world and this varies greatly around the world and this varies greatly around the world and there is a general trend that in there is a general trend that in there is a general trend that in countries where large amounts of countries where large amounts of countries where large amounts of inorganic fertilizer is applied inorganic fertilizer is applied inorganic fertilizer is applied in organic forms dominate you can see in organic forms dominate you can see in organic forms dominate you can see that there but in in countries in some but in in countries in some but in in countries in some some countries organically actually uh some countries organically actually uh some countries organically actually uh dominates the forms in soil dominates the forms in soil dominates the forms in soil and a particular interest is the fact and a particular interest is the fact and a particular interest is the fact that in countries that often have that in countries that often have that in countries that often have difficulty in accessing phosphorus difficulty in accessing phosphorus difficulty in accessing phosphorus fertilizers fertilizers fertilizers so for example the african countries so for example the african countries so for example the african countries here um sorbet is dominated by here um sorbet is dominated by here um sorbet is dominated by organic forms now can we utilize this soil p these now can we utilize this soil p these now can we utilize this soil p these stores of soil p stores of soil p stores of soil p well there are two main problems firstly well there are two main problems firstly well there are two main problems firstly most pea is tightly bound in soils and most pea is tightly bound in soils and most pea is tightly bound in soils and so so so inaccessible to plants and even if it inaccessible to plants and even if it inaccessible to plants and even if it was accessible organically is generally was accessible organically is generally was accessible organically is generally considered to be unavailable to plants considered to be unavailable to plants considered to be unavailable to plants they can't take it up they can't take it up they can't take it up directly but if directly but if directly but if plants have certain types of root plants have certain types of root plants have certain types of root exudates they can release exudates they can release exudates they can release organic acids for example which can organic acids for example which can organic acids for example which can increase quantities of dissolved organic increase quantities of dissolved organic increase quantities of dissolved organic and inorganic phosphorus in soils and inorganic phosphorus in soils and inorganic phosphorus in soils and some plants can release phosphatase and some plants can release phosphatase and some plants can release phosphatase enzymes which can hydrolyze enzymes which can hydrolyze enzymes which can hydrolyze organic to mineral forms so it can be organic to mineral forms so it can be organic to mineral forms so it can be taken up taken up taken up and there's some really better plants and there's some really better plants and there's some really better plants like white lupine can actually be both like white lupine can actually be both like white lupine can actually be both of these so they can of these so they can of these so they can um that they're really good plants for um that they're really good plants for um that they're really good plants for utilizing soil organic pee utilizing soil organic pee utilizing soil organic pee so we did an experiment um to try and so we did an experiment um to try and so we did an experiment um to try and look at look at look at how this all works and what's the best how this all works and what's the best how this all works and what's the best combination to put combination to put combination to put put plants in and so we we use plants put plants in and so we we use plants put plants in and so we we use plants with with with uh different group exudate properties um uh different group exudate properties um uh different group exudate properties um and so they either had single traits um and so they either had single traits um and so they either had single traits um or they had uh two different traits so or they had uh two different traits so or they had uh two different traits so that was either that was either that was either the citrate oxidation and or phytase the citrate oxidation and or phytase the citrate oxidation and or phytase excitation or excitation or excitation or co-activation of both so we grew them as co-activation of both so we grew them as co-activation of both so we grew them as monocultures for single trait species monocultures for single trait species monocultures for single trait species inter-crop species or cross-trait inter-crop species or cross-trait inter-crop species or cross-trait species as well so species as well so species as well so those are the ones with the coaxidation those are the ones with the coaxidation those are the ones with the coaxidation um um um all inter crops and cross trait all inter crops and cross trait all inter crops and cross trait treatments had higher treatments had higher treatments had higher p accumulation than the monocultures and p accumulation than the monocultures and p accumulation than the monocultures and in the graph at the bottom there in the graph at the bottom there in the graph at the bottom there uh this is a graph of land equivalent uh this is a graph of land equivalent uh this is a graph of land equivalent ratio which is a little bit complex to ratio which is a little bit complex to ratio which is a little bit complex to explain but basically if explain but basically if explain but basically if if anything goes above that dotted line if anything goes above that dotted line if anything goes above that dotted line it means it's it means it's it means it's growing better it's got higher yield or growing better it's got higher yield or growing better it's got higher yield or it's in this case it's got it's in this case it's got it's in this case it's got a higher shoot phosphorus concentration a higher shoot phosphorus concentration a higher shoot phosphorus concentration than the mono than the mono than the mono cultures what we found cultures what we found cultures what we found that was that all intercrops and that was that all intercrops and that was that all intercrops and crosstrait treatments had higher crosstrait treatments had higher crosstrait treatments had higher phosphorus accumulation than the phosphorus accumulation than the phosphorus accumulation than the monocultures monocultures monocultures shoot phosphorus accumulation was about shoot phosphorus accumulation was about shoot phosphorus accumulation was about nine to sixteen percent greater in the nine to sixteen percent greater in the nine to sixteen percent greater in the cross treatments cross treatments cross treatments than the inter crop treatments um that than the inter crop treatments um that than the inter crop treatments um that was despite actually the fact that those was despite actually the fact that those was despite actually the fact that those plants did exude lower phytase and plants did exude lower phytase and plants did exude lower phytase and citrate excavation but the key point citrate excavation but the key point citrate excavation but the key point here is that co-exudation here is that co-exudation here is that co-exudation is more efficient for phosphorus uptake is more efficient for phosphorus uptake is more efficient for phosphorus uptake for both inorganic for both inorganic for both inorganic and organic pee so moving on to the soil ph uh this is a so moving on to the soil ph uh this is a so moving on to the soil ph uh this is a fairly simple one really fairly simple one really fairly simple one really uh phosphorus gets fixed in the soil uh phosphorus gets fixed in the soil uh phosphorus gets fixed in the soil mainly by iron mainly by iron mainly by iron aluminium and calcium and you can see aluminium and calcium and you can see aluminium and calcium and you can see from the graph there on the left hand from the graph there on the left hand from the graph there on the left hand side it side it side it um shows uh the amount of phosphorus um shows uh the amount of phosphorus um shows uh the amount of phosphorus fixation fixation fixation in the soil and along the bottom we've in the soil and along the bottom we've in the soil and along the bottom we've got ph got ph got ph so you can see that there are these so you can see that there are these so you can see that there are these valleys as we call them at two different valleys as we call them at two different valleys as we call them at two different ph's duplestine ph's ph's duplestine ph's ph's duplestine ph's one is around 4.5 and the other one is one is around 4.5 and the other one is one is around 4.5 and the other one is around 6.5 to 7 ph around 6.5 to 7 ph around 6.5 to 7 ph so if ph is anything other than those a so if ph is anything other than those a so if ph is anything other than those a lot of the lot of the lot of the phosphorus will be fixed it won't be phosphorus will be fixed it won't be phosphorus will be fixed it won't be available if we available if we available if we reduced it to 4.5 not everything would reduced it to 4.5 not everything would reduced it to 4.5 not everything would grow in a ph at that low so the optimum grow in a ph at that low so the optimum grow in a ph at that low so the optimum ph level that we're looking for for most ph level that we're looking for for most ph level that we're looking for for most plants in most soils plants in most soils plants in most soils is ph 6.5 to 7 and it's one of the is ph 6.5 to 7 and it's one of the is ph 6.5 to 7 and it's one of the things that's probably things that's probably things that's probably most neglected in agriculture today but most neglected in agriculture today but most neglected in agriculture today but it's pretty easy to resolve it's pretty easy to resolve it's pretty easy to resolve you can add lime to increase the ph or you can add lime to increase the ph or you can add lime to increase the ph or you can add sulfur to decrease the ph you can add sulfur to decrease the ph you can add sulfur to decrease the ph so a fairly simple win there i think and so a fairly simple win there i think and so a fairly simple win there i think and something that we could probably pay a something that we could probably pay a something that we could probably pay a lot more attention to so if we look at application rate so if we look at application rate so if we look at application rate recommendations uh recommendations uh recommendations uh richard mentioned about uh phosphorus richard mentioned about uh phosphorus richard mentioned about uh phosphorus index as well and that's index as well and that's index as well and that's that's what we used to do this so in that's what we used to do this so in that's what we used to do this so in england and wales the recommendations england and wales the recommendations england and wales the recommendations are based on are based on are based on rb209 fertilizer manual which is rb209 fertilizer manual which is rb209 fertilizer manual which is produced by produced by produced by ahdb now used to be uh defra ahdb now used to be uh defra ahdb now used to be uh defra now what so it's a two-stage process the now what so it's a two-stage process the now what so it's a two-stage process the first thing you have to do is measure first thing you have to do is measure first thing you have to do is measure the available phosphate the available phosphate the available phosphate using an olsen p method and refer to p using an olsen p method and refer to p using an olsen p method and refer to p index you can also use a resin method index you can also use a resin method index you can also use a resin method and then you have to take the crop into and then you have to take the crop into and then you have to take the crop into consideration and then you can work out consideration and then you can work out consideration and then you can work out looking at these tables looking at these tables looking at these tables uh how much phosphorus you need to add uh how much phosphorus you need to add uh how much phosphorus you need to add so if you've got an index so if you've got an index so if you've got an index on the table on the left there shows the on the table on the left there shows the on the table on the left there shows the different concentrations for different concentrations for different concentrations for different to give you a different index different to give you a different index different to give you a different index and on the right there it tells you if and on the right there it tells you if and on the right there it tells you if depending on what status your soil is at depending on what status your soil is at depending on what status your soil is at and what crop uh you're looking at and what crop uh you're looking at and what crop uh you're looking at you can then add the correct amount of you can then add the correct amount of you can then add the correct amount of fertilizer fertilizer fertilizer but there are a few issues with this one but there are a few issues with this one but there are a few issues with this one is that olsen p was developed for is that olsen p was developed for is that olsen p was developed for alkaline soils and alkaline soils and alkaline soils and it's well there's been a lot of debate it's well there's been a lot of debate it's well there's been a lot of debate as to whether it's the best measure of as to whether it's the best measure of as to whether it's the best measure of soil available pea probably not in soil available pea probably not in soil available pea probably not in acidic soils which acidic soils which acidic soils which when we're talking about grasslands most when we're talking about grasslands most when we're talking about grasslands most of our soils a lot of them are of our soils a lot of them are of our soils a lot of them are are acidic also soil types are not are acidic also soil types are not are acidic also soil types are not considered considered considered uh certainly in england and wales uh certainly in england and wales uh certainly in england and wales actually in scotland they're a bit more actually in scotland they're a bit more actually in scotland they're a bit more advanced they do consider advanced they do consider advanced they do consider um soil types to some extent um soil types to some extent um soil types to some extent uh and then there's also this other uh and then there's also this other uh and then there's also this other confusion for for confusion for for confusion for for the researchers and the scientists is the researchers and the scientists is the researchers and the scientists is that the units that are used the that the units that are used the that the units that are used the milligrams per liter whereas we always milligrams per liter whereas we always milligrams per liter whereas we always work in milligrams per kilogram work in milligrams per kilogram work in milligrams per kilogram of dry soil so we're not always talking of dry soil so we're not always talking of dry soil so we're not always talking about quite the same about quite the same about quite the same language when we're looking at this language when we're looking at this language when we're looking at this subject but the other question is how subject but the other question is how subject but the other question is how are these things developed how do we are these things developed how do we are these things developed how do we know what to add know what to add know what to add so it's typically done through a so it's typically done through a so it's typically done through a critical p test critical p test critical p test and what you do is you take a soil that and what you do is you take a soil that and what you do is you take a soil that has a has a has a zero p index you incrementally add uh zero p index you incrementally add uh zero p index you incrementally add uh different amounts different amounts different amounts of phosphorus and you get a you get a um of phosphorus and you get a you get a um of phosphorus and you get a you get a um a range of growth rates which you can a range of growth rates which you can a range of growth rates which you can see at the top there for some grass see at the top there for some grass see at the top there for some grass and then what you say is okay so we get and then what you say is okay so we get and then what you say is okay so we get to a point where if i keep on adding to a point where if i keep on adding to a point where if i keep on adding fossils i'll get little fossils i'll get little fossils i'll get little incremental increases but it's not going incremental increases but it's not going incremental increases but it's not going to be economical to do it so typically to be economical to do it so typically to be economical to do it so typically we take either 90 or 95 we take either 90 or 95 we take either 90 or 95 of the maximum yield and we call that of the maximum yield and we call that of the maximum yield and we call that status in the soil status in the soil status in the soil that amount of phosphorus that we've that amount of phosphorus that we've that amount of phosphorus that we've added we call that added we call that added we call that the critical level so that's what how we the critical level so that's what how we the critical level so that's what how we calculated it takes a long time but calculated it takes a long time but calculated it takes a long time but there's been lots of experiments done there's been lots of experiments done there's been lots of experiments done around uh the country in the field in around uh the country in the field in around uh the country in the field in the lab the lab the lab um and and they've come up with the um and and they've come up with the um and and they've come up with the results that they've got in the tables i results that they've got in the tables i results that they've got in the tables i showed you just now showed you just now showed you just now um trouble is it varies greatly due to um trouble is it varies greatly due to um trouble is it varies greatly due to soil type in particular particle size soil type in particular particle size soil type in particular particle size chemistry and source structure also if chemistry and source structure also if chemistry and source structure also if plant crop and type affects it and also plant crop and type affects it and also plant crop and type affects it and also the climate can affect it so the climate can affect it so the climate can affect it so each year you you're not necessarily each year you you're not necessarily each year you you're not necessarily going to get it right but i think the going to get it right but i think the going to get it right but i think the biggest issue is soil type and not biggest issue is soil type and not biggest issue is soil type and not addressing addressing addressing that now we did some experiments to that now we did some experiments to that now we did some experiments to investigate this we investigate this we investigate this we we took 10 different soil types uh we we took 10 different soil types uh we we took 10 different soil types uh we had 12 levels of had 12 levels of had 12 levels of the application rates and we looked at the application rates and we looked at the application rates and we looked at two crops grass and wheat two crops grass and wheat two crops grass and wheat and you can see in in the graph below and you can see in in the graph below and you can see in in the graph below there um there um there um the critical p value is up on the left the critical p value is up on the left the critical p value is up on the left on the on the y axis on the on the y axis on the on the y axis and uh on the x axis we've got just the and uh on the x axis we've got just the and uh on the x axis we've got just the different soil types the green different soil types the green different soil types the green represents grass represents grass represents grass the ground represents wheat so the ground represents wheat so the ground represents wheat so you can see there's great variation to you can see there's great variation to you can see there's great variation to some of them some of them some of them um there's sometimes great variation for um there's sometimes great variation for um there's sometimes great variation for the different crop types the different crop types the different crop types and basically what this is saying is i and basically what this is saying is i and basically what this is saying is i think we need to get better think we need to get better think we need to get better measurements soil specific measurements soil specific measurements soil specific recommendations basically and grow the recommendations basically and grow the recommendations basically and grow the right crop on the right soil you can see right crop on the right soil you can see right crop on the right soil you can see for some of those for some of those for some of those uh wheat grows really well grass doesn't uh wheat grows really well grass doesn't uh wheat grows really well grass doesn't in the other and some it's the other way in the other and some it's the other way in the other and some it's the other way around the around the around the grass grows really well but wheat grass grows really well but wheat grass grows really well but wheat doesn't so soil is really important doesn't so soil is really important doesn't so soil is really important to for these recommendations to for these recommendations to for these recommendations so just to summarize uh all those points so just to summarize uh all those points so just to summarize uh all those points um we can utilize organic pea um we can utilize organic pea um we can utilize organic pea many soils contain relatively large many soils contain relatively large many soils contain relatively large quantities of organic pea quantities of organic pea quantities of organic pea and there are some plants that can and there are some plants that can and there are some plants that can access that access that access that it's not completely unavailable as we've it's not completely unavailable as we've it's not completely unavailable as we've previously considered previously considered previously considered but we need to consider how these traits but we need to consider how these traits but we need to consider how these traits are included in plants and are included in plants and are included in plants and we know that proactivation is more we know that proactivation is more we know that proactivation is more effective than intercropping effective than intercropping effective than intercropping um but that's not always as simple to um but that's not always as simple to um but that's not always as simple to get a plant to do that get a plant to do that get a plant to do that and also i think we do need to consider and also i think we do need to consider and also i think we do need to consider the implications for soil organic matter the implications for soil organic matter the implications for soil organic matter if we're going to be if we're going to be if we're going to be mining organic pea we're going to be mining organic pea we're going to be mining organic pea we're going to be mining other forms of organic material mining other forms of organic material mining other forms of organic material in the soil in the soil in the soil um optimized soil ph liming is required um optimized soil ph liming is required um optimized soil ph liming is required in many soils that's a fairly easy win in many soils that's a fairly easy win in many soils that's a fairly easy win um and also i think we do need to um and also i think we do need to um and also i think we do need to develop crop and source specific develop crop and source specific develop crop and source specific recommendations so more critical p recommendations so more critical p recommendations so more critical p tests are needed um but we need multiple tests are needed um but we need multiple tests are needed um but we need multiple approaches we need to consider plant approaches we need to consider plant approaches we need to consider plant soil and fertilizer management soil and fertilizer management soil and fertilizer management and with that i'll leave it there's a and with that i'll leave it there's a and with that i'll leave it there's a lot of people contributed to the work lot of people contributed to the work lot of people contributed to the work that i uh that i uh that i uh i've talked about there so i'd just like i've talked about there so i'd just like i've talked about there so i'd just like to acknowledge to acknowledge to acknowledge all of all of their input okay thank you all of all of their input okay thank you all of all of their input okay thank you okay martin thank you very much okay martin thank you very much okay martin thank you very much um as we said at the start we will take um as we said at the start we will take um as we said at the start we will take questions questions questions from both talks so dan has been from both talks so dan has been from both talks so dan has been monitoring the questions monitoring the questions monitoring the questions you've been sending in i hope he's got you've been sending in i hope he's got you've been sending in i hope he's got enough time yet but enough time yet but enough time yet but then would you like to ask the panelists then would you like to ask the panelists then would you like to ask the panelists some of the questions you have been some of the questions you have been some of the questions you have been receiving receiving receiving thank you wilford and uh thank you thank you wilford and uh thank you thank you wilford and uh thank you martin and thank you richard for those martin and thank you richard for those martin and thank you richard for those uh inspiring talks there uh inspiring talks there uh inspiring talks there so we have got a question here uh from so we have got a question here uh from so we have got a question here uh from uh tom powell a couple of questions uh uh tom powell a couple of questions uh uh tom powell a couple of questions uh the first is about the first is about the first is about the biosolids assurance scheme uh this the biosolids assurance scheme uh this the biosolids assurance scheme uh this is a question to richard specifically is a question to richard specifically is a question to richard specifically but maybe martin can but maybe martin can but maybe martin can come in as well um has the introduction come in as well um has the introduction come in as well um has the introduction of the biosolids assurance scheme given of the biosolids assurance scheme given of the biosolids assurance scheme given you more confidence you more confidence you more confidence to use biosolids on your on your farm to use biosolids on your on your farm to use biosolids on your on your farm now ah right i think i've got that uh buy a ah right i think i've got that uh buy a ah right i think i've got that uh buy a solids solids solids um insurance schemes i'll be more um insurance schemes i'll be more um insurance schemes i'll be more confident about buying them yeah in the instantly yeah in the instantly yeah in the instantly my experience in the early days my experience in the early days my experience in the early days there was very little information there was very little information there was very little information coming out of united utilities coming out of united utilities coming out of united utilities regarding the composition of the regarding the composition of the regarding the composition of the biosolids um biosolids um biosolids um they were late in the game compared with they were late in the game compared with they were late in the game compared with other waterboards other waterboards other waterboards um and so certainly in the early days their assurance schemes said before the their assurance schemes said before the their assurance schemes said before the likes of rip crops likes of rip crops likes of rip crops um and the monsters didn't like biosolids as time has gone didn't like biosolids as time has gone didn't like biosolids as time has gone on on on uh see a uh see a uh see a the standard if you like of the the standard if you like of the the standard if you like of the biosolids biosolids biosolids has has increased enormously has has increased enormously has has increased enormously and the information the analysis and the information the analysis and the information the analysis is much more forthcoming is much more forthcoming is much more forthcoming uh when going back a number of years uh when going back a number of years uh when going back a number of years um i certainly thought it was um i certainly thought it was um i certainly thought it was quite hypocritical that we were as quite hypocritical that we were as quite hypocritical that we were as farmers farmers farmers we were being encouraged we were being encouraged we were being encouraged to use organic resources to use organic resources to use organic resources as certain as a way of um as certain as a way of um as certain as a way of um by doing a bit for the environment by doing a bit for the environment by doing a bit for the environment because before that they were either because before that they were either because before that they were either going these resources like going these resources like going these resources like either going to landfill or come down at either going to landfill or come down at either going to landfill or come down at sea or sea or sea or um incinerated more and more um incinerated more and more um incinerated more and more i thought it's quite hypocritical that i thought it's quite hypocritical that i thought it's quite hypocritical that there are monsters there are monsters there are monsters and um certainly and um certainly and um certainly the potato potato processors now i don't know what what the situation now i don't know what what the situation now i don't know what what the situation is now is now is now we've got potentials or potential we've got potentials or potential we've got potentials or potential uh photographic aspects on the uh uh photographic aspects on the uh uh photographic aspects on the uh or processing potatoes um or processing potatoes um or processing potatoes um they they still don't like they they still don't like they they still don't like uh organic sources going on uh organic sources going on uh organic sources going on for that crop certainly needs for that crop certainly needs for that crop certainly needs a year between and i think a year between and i think a year between and i think the same with the monsters the same with the monsters the same with the monsters but as far as our are normal but as far as our are normal but as far as our are normal serial or commandable trump's assurance serial or commandable trump's assurance serial or commandable trump's assurance schemes schemes schemes um yeah um yeah um yeah it doesn't seem to be a problem with it doesn't seem to be a problem with it doesn't seem to be a problem with that now although that now although that now although in the early years yes there was in the early years yes there was in the early years yes there was um so yeah i hope that's answered your um so yeah i hope that's answered your um so yeah i hope that's answered your question question question yeah thank you thank you rich and maybe yeah thank you thank you rich and maybe yeah thank you thank you rich and maybe martin coming on there but also maybe martin coming on there but also maybe martin coming on there but also maybe maybe martin you could follow up on maybe martin you could follow up on maybe martin you could follow up on another part of tom's question which is another part of tom's question which is another part of tom's question which is there seems to be a lack of awareness as there seems to be a lack of awareness as there seems to be a lack of awareness as well about biosolids in aquaculture well about biosolids in aquaculture well about biosolids in aquaculture generally how can water companies tom generally how can water companies tom generally how can water companies tom says make farmers aware says make farmers aware says make farmers aware of the potential benefits of biosolids of the potential benefits of biosolids of the potential benefits of biosolids and perhaps i've extended that how can and perhaps i've extended that how can and perhaps i've extended that how can sewer scientists work with sewer scientists work with sewer scientists work with with water companies to make them more with water companies to make them more with water companies to make them more aware of the potential benefit aware of the potential benefit aware of the potential benefit of biosolids and encourage them to close of biosolids and encourage them to close of biosolids and encourage them to close the nutrient loop the nutrient loop the nutrient loop and help them capture and recycle these and help them capture and recycle these and help them capture and recycle these nutrients nutrients nutrients so with regard to um recovering so with regard to um recovering so with regard to um recovering nutrients nutrients nutrients um biosolids is is one approach but um biosolids is is one approach but um biosolids is is one approach but there's a lot of there's a lot of there's a lot of you know technology's moving on all the you know technology's moving on all the you know technology's moving on all the time at the moment and um time at the moment and um time at the moment and um there's a lot of recovery of these there's a lot of recovery of these there's a lot of recovery of these important nutrients taking place so that important nutrients taking place so that important nutrients taking place so that they're not released into they're not released into they're not released into into um you know our rivers um you know into um you know our rivers um you know into um you know our rivers um you know iron iron iron iron phosphate is is being used for iron phosphate is is being used for iron phosphate is is being used for example and there was there was a example and there was there was a example and there was there was a webinar last week or workshop last week webinar last week or workshop last week webinar last week or workshop last week that was uh that was uh that was uh quite extensive and giving mixed reports quite extensive and giving mixed reports quite extensive and giving mixed reports about actually using the iron phosphate about actually using the iron phosphate about actually using the iron phosphate that's been used to recover that's been used to recover that's been used to recover um phosphorus from sewage works um phosphorus from sewage works um phosphorus from sewage works on land and some people said it works on land and some people said it works on land and some people said it works really well some people said it doesn't really well some people said it doesn't really well some people said it doesn't work at all work at all work at all um so there's mixed reviews with regard um so there's mixed reviews with regard um so there's mixed reviews with regard to biosolids themselves i think getting to biosolids themselves i think getting to biosolids themselves i think getting organic matter back into soil is organic matter back into soil is organic matter back into soil is is crucial so i'm not against that but i is crucial so i'm not against that but i is crucial so i'm not against that but i think there's a lot of think there's a lot of think there's a lot of other ways of recovering other ways of recovering other ways of recovering in particular phosphorus from from in particular phosphorus from from in particular phosphorus from from sewage wastes and manures as well and sewage wastes and manures as well and sewage wastes and manures as well and i think that would be the way to go as i think that would be the way to go as i think that would be the way to go as well as finding ways to encourage people well as finding ways to encourage people well as finding ways to encourage people to get to get to get more biosolids onto the land and manures more biosolids onto the land and manures more biosolids onto the land and manures because because because yeah we've got to get more organic yeah we've got to get more organic yeah we've got to get more organic matter back into the soils matter back into the soils matter back into the soils brilliant thank you thank you uh martin brilliant thank you thank you uh martin brilliant thank you thank you uh martin and richard there for those uh those and richard there for those uh those and richard there for those uh those answers answers answers um this is a very specific question to um this is a very specific question to um this is a very specific question to martin what were the crops martin what were the crops martin what were the crops used in the inter-cropping frost used in the inter-cropping frost used in the inter-cropping frost experiment that found experiment that found experiment that found greater phosphorus uptake for the mixed greater phosphorus uptake for the mixed greater phosphorus uptake for the mixed crop trial crop trial crop trial we're talking about the types of crops we're talking about the types of crops we're talking about the types of crops used here yeah okay used here yeah okay used here yeah okay i should have said that they were i should have said that they were i should have said that they were actually um a tobacco plants actually um a tobacco plants actually um a tobacco plants so they're genetically modified as well so they're genetically modified as well so they're genetically modified as well i have to say but it doesn't mean that i have to say but it doesn't mean that i have to say but it doesn't mean that some plants can't have these traits some plants can't have these traits some plants can't have these traits naturally but these are the ones that we naturally but these are the ones that we naturally but these are the ones that we use for that experiment use for that experiment use for that experiment um yeah they were tobacco brilliant um yeah they were tobacco brilliant um yeah they were tobacco brilliant thank you uh thank you that a very thank you uh thank you that a very thank you uh thank you that a very specific question there's a question specific question there's a question specific question there's a question here here here for richard uh to bring richard back in for richard uh to bring richard back in for richard uh to bring richard back in um there's one here from juliet brown um there's one here from juliet brown um there's one here from juliet brown richard talked about concerns regarding richard talked about concerns regarding richard talked about concerns regarding soil damage soil damage soil damage around sludge cake and green waste around sludge cake and green waste around sludge cake and green waste application so the damage to the soil application so the damage to the soil application so the damage to the soil can you explain on the possible soil can you explain on the possible soil can you explain on the possible soil damage here is it related to the damage here is it related to the damage here is it related to the physical application physical application physical application of both of both substances that's from of both of both substances that's from of both of both substances that's from julia brown from natural england um yes it's with um yes it's with um yes it's with partly with rainfall partly with rainfall partly with rainfall for patterns whether it's going to be a for patterns whether it's going to be a for patterns whether it's going to be a long term i don't know long term i don't know long term i don't know but um but um but um well one of the uh the problems i've had well one of the uh the problems i've had well one of the uh the problems i've had is weighing up the is weighing up the is weighing up the advantages of applying advantages of applying advantages of applying sludge cake or other organic resources sludge cake or other organic resources sludge cake or other organic resources um i know uh i know um i know uh i know um i know uh i know for well the advantages the improvements for well the advantages the improvements for well the advantages the improvements in star in star in star structure obviously phosphate nitrogen structure obviously phosphate nitrogen structure obviously phosphate nitrogen some other traceable some other traceable some other traceable uh then the negative stuff uh then the negative stuff uh then the negative stuff in my situation here and which is in my situation here and which is in my situation here and which is totally different than the main totally different than the main totally different than the main parallel areas of the country is parallel areas of the country is parallel areas of the country is the the wheeling damage the the wheeling damage the the wheeling damage of heavy machinery keeps spreading of heavy machinery keeps spreading of heavy machinery keeps spreading the um uh certainly after last year's uh certainly after last year's uh certainly after last year's experience experience experience it was very wet here okay i'm it was very wet here okay i'm it was very wet here okay i'm questioning questioning questioning the economics of the economics of the economics of not just a damage of uh of trailers is [Music] so we're very careful to minimize their so we're very careful to minimize their so we're very careful to minimize their own feelings own feelings own feelings but then when we when we're applying but then when we when we're applying but then when we when we're applying or have contracts like slow change or have contracts like slow change or have contracts like slow change or at least for contractors or at least for contractors or at least for contractors it really grieves me when i see when it really grieves me when i see when it really grieves me when i see when being so careful to minimize fast being so careful to minimize fast being so careful to minimize fast structure damage structure damage structure damage these other machines are going over these other machines are going over these other machines are going over creating soul structure problems creating soul structure problems creating soul structure problems so it's like that is that great or as good as the broad is that great or as good as the broad is that great or as good as the broad acres acres acres of southern england or east anglia is of southern england or east anglia is of southern england or east anglia is damage to wagons coming in tipping the damage to wagons coming in tipping the damage to wagons coming in tipping the sludge cake sludge cake sludge cake damaging gateways etc damaging gateways etc damaging gateways etc uh and where we've got where we are uh and where we've got where we are uh and where we've got where we are neighbouring population neighbouring population neighbouring population even though the cake now is emits far even though the cake now is emits far even though the cake now is emits far less less less than it used to it's still than it used to it's still than it used to it's still not a very pleasant material to have not a very pleasant material to have not a very pleasant material to have tipped tipped tipped in close proximity to habitation in close proximity to habitation in close proximity to habitation so these are these are some of the so these are these are some of the so these are these are some of the factors which have made me factors which have made me factors which have made me uh shy away from it even though i don't have a great even though i don't have a great even though i don't have a great advocate of the benefits advocate of the benefits advocate of the benefits but if if it can be applied but if if it can be applied but if if it can be applied evenly and without causing constructive evenly and without causing constructive evenly and without causing constructive damage thank you richard yeah thank you richard and i apologize yeah thank you richard and i apologize yeah thank you richard and i apologize for the uh the breakup if for the uh the breakup if for the uh the breakup if anyone experienced any breakup in in the anyone experienced any breakup in in the anyone experienced any breakup in in the answer there i think we've we got answer there i think we've we got answer there i think we've we got the take-home messages uh from from the take-home messages uh from from the take-home messages uh from from richard's answer but uh richard's answer but uh richard's answer but uh apologies for the um the slight dodgy apologies for the um the slight dodgy apologies for the um the slight dodgy line uh this is a question for for line uh this is a question for for line uh this is a question for for martin martin martin you might see martin's got a world map you might see martin's got a world map you might see martin's got a world map behind him so uh this is about behind him so uh this is about behind him so uh this is about the availability of pea in african soils the availability of pea in african soils the availability of pea in african soils how does the aluminium and iron how does the aluminium and iron how does the aluminium and iron influence the phosphorus of availability influence the phosphorus of availability influence the phosphorus of availability in our african soils in our african soils in our african soils uh can you throw more light on this is uh can you throw more light on this is uh can you throw more light on this is from either from either from either yeah that's that's it's a it's a really yeah that's that's it's a it's a really yeah that's that's it's a it's a really um important um important um important point there and uh we know that you can point there and uh we know that you can point there and uh we know that you can put lots and lots of phosphorus put lots and lots of phosphorus put lots and lots of phosphorus fertilizer fertilizer fertilizer onto some of the soils in africa and you onto some of the soils in africa and you onto some of the soils in africa and you don't see anything happen to your crop don't see anything happen to your crop don't see anything happen to your crop because it just immediately gets because it just immediately gets because it just immediately gets gets bound you know it's some of the gets bound you know it's some of the gets bound you know it's some of the oldest soils in the world oldest soils in the world oldest soils in the world most weathered soils in the world and most weathered soils in the world and most weathered soils in the world and lots of iron and aluminium so lots of iron and aluminium so lots of iron and aluminium so so yeah it is a problem um that's why so yeah it is a problem um that's why so yeah it is a problem um that's why trying to release that is one of the one trying to release that is one of the one trying to release that is one of the one of the things we need to do and i think of the things we need to do and i think of the things we need to do and i think you know root you know root you know root plants with the right root exit dates plants with the right root exit dates plants with the right root exit dates might be one of the answers there but might be one of the answers there but might be one of the answers there but there's got to be phosphorus there's got to be phosphorus there's got to be phosphorus in the soil to start with but it is one in the soil to start with but it is one in the soil to start with but it is one of the of the of the the biggest issues that we get is that the biggest issues that we get is that the biggest issues that we get is that you can apply lots of phosphorus you can apply lots of phosphorus you can apply lots of phosphorus fertilizer in some african soils fertilizer in some african soils fertilizer in some african soils and see nothing for your money so so and see nothing for your money so so and see nothing for your money so so it's one of the problems it's one of the problems it's one of the problems with tackling and just on that with tackling and just on that with tackling and just on that martin is there a 10 this is just a martin is there a 10 this is just a martin is there a 10 this is just a question also from ben butler question also from ben butler question also from ben butler and we may also think about the and we may also think about the and we may also think about the different soil types around the world different soil types around the world different soil types around the world is there a tendency for phosphorus to is there a tendency for phosphorus to is there a tendency for phosphorus to leach from a given soil type leach from a given soil type leach from a given soil type uh taking into account when calculating uh taking into account when calculating uh taking into account when calculating the application rates obviously the application rates obviously the application rates obviously different soil types around the world different soil types around the world different soil types around the world there must be a different uh there must be a different uh there must be a different uh rate or distribution of leaching rate or distribution of leaching rate or distribution of leaching there is to some extent but there is to some extent but there is to some extent but interestingly in the work that i interestingly in the work that i interestingly in the work that i presented there they tried lots of presented there they tried lots of presented there they tried lots of different different different soil types and what happens though is soil types and what happens though is soil types and what happens though is depending on how much phosphorus depending on how much phosphorus depending on how much phosphorus you apply you then get a different you apply you then get a different you apply you then get a different amount of available amount of available amount of available phosphorus but that varies from soil to phosphorus but that varies from soil to phosphorus but that varies from soil to soil so if you put the same amount soil so if you put the same amount soil so if you put the same amount of phosphorus on one soil type and then of phosphorus on one soil type and then of phosphorus on one soil type and then do the same on another do the same on another do the same on another you can end up with very different you can end up with very different you can end up with very different amounts of available p amounts of available p amounts of available p and so the point at which leaching and so the point at which leaching and so the point at which leaching occurs occurs occurs was always found to be around the 60 was always found to be around the 60 was always found to be around the 60 milligram per kilogram milligram per kilogram milligram per kilogram uh available p point but uh available p point but uh available p point but it it's actually you as i say you can it it's actually you as i say you can it it's actually you as i say you can apply different amounts of phosphorus to apply different amounts of phosphorus to apply different amounts of phosphorus to different soils and you'll get different soils and you'll get different soils and you'll get different amounts of leaching from that different amounts of leaching from that different amounts of leaching from that point of view the point at which it point of view the point at which it point of view the point at which it starts starts starts is pretty much the same um but yeah is pretty much the same um but yeah is pretty much the same um but yeah soils will bind it differently and this soils will bind it differently and this soils will bind it differently and this is why we need different recommendations is why we need different recommendations is why we need different recommendations for different soils some for different soils some for different soils some soils you can put phosphorus on and a soils you can put phosphorus on and a soils you can put phosphorus on and a lot of it will remain available lot of it will remain available lot of it will remain available other soils you can put phosphorus on other soils you can put phosphorus on other soils you can put phosphorus on and it's all bound up and it's all bound up and it's all bound up so yeah that's why we the key thing is so yeah that's why we the key thing is so yeah that's why we the key thing is taking into account taking into account taking into account how phosphorus behaves in different soil how phosphorus behaves in different soil how phosphorus behaves in different soil types when you add it as fertilizer types when you add it as fertilizer types when you add it as fertilizer got a couple of minutes left just for got a couple of minutes left just for got a couple of minutes left just for some final questions thank you for those some final questions thank you for those some final questions thank you for those uh who've entered them into the uh the uh who've entered them into the uh the uh who've entered them into the uh the function here uh function here uh function here uh probably definitely more questions than probably definitely more questions than probably definitely more questions than we're going to have time for i'm afraid we're going to have time for i'm afraid we're going to have time for i'm afraid but i'm sure that martin and richard but i'm sure that martin and richard but i'm sure that martin and richard uh would be happy to talk at another uh would be happy to talk at another uh would be happy to talk at another event i'm sure event i'm sure event i'm sure um so this one for uh for for martin um so this one for uh for for martin um so this one for uh for for martin um which is kind of following on from um which is kind of following on from um which is kind of following on from the soil type here the soil type here the soil type here uh this is from lizzy and what was the uh this is from lizzy and what was the uh this is from lizzy and what was the soil type number two in your critical p soil type number two in your critical p soil type number two in your critical p studies studies studies uh do you have any idea why you saw such uh do you have any idea why you saw such uh do you have any idea why you saw such a big difference in critical p a big difference in critical p a big difference in critical p levels between grass and arable levels between grass and arable levels between grass and arable um so the soil types there were ten um so the soil types there were ten um so the soil types there were ten different soil types across a range different soil types across a range different soil types across a range of soils two of them were alkaline some of soils two of them were alkaline some of soils two of them were alkaline some of them were very acidic they were of them were very acidic they were of them were very acidic they were gathered from grasslands um and from gathered from grasslands um and from gathered from grasslands um and from arable land arable land arable land as well um so we tried to cover the as well um so we tried to cover the as well um so we tried to cover the whole range of soil types and i think we whole range of soil types and i think we whole range of soil types and i think we did quite a good job with that because did quite a good job with that because did quite a good job with that because you could see you could see you could see from the results that there was no cons from the results that there was no cons from the results that there was no cons there was very little consistency there was very little consistency there was very little consistency across those soil types which i think across those soil types which i think across those soil types which i think sort of strengthens the base for saying sort of strengthens the base for saying sort of strengthens the base for saying we need to we need to we need to get more specific soil specific um get more specific soil specific um get more specific soil specific um recommendations recommendations recommendations um why there is differences between um why there is differences between um why there is differences between arable and arable and arable and uh grassland probably it's partly to do uh grassland probably it's partly to do uh grassland probably it's partly to do with ph on some occasions although we with ph on some occasions although we with ph on some occasions although we did try and did try and did try and get that um correct uh it shouldn't have get that um correct uh it shouldn't have get that um correct uh it shouldn't have been any other been any other been any other limiting micronutrients so yeah it was a limiting micronutrients so yeah it was a limiting micronutrients so yeah it was a bit of a surprise to some extent that we bit of a surprise to some extent that we bit of a surprise to some extent that we saw that saw that saw that um and and we need to look further into um and and we need to look further into um and and we need to look further into that but i think it does show that that but i think it does show that that but i think it does show that uh i think it was more a case of of uh i think it was more a case of of uh i think it was more a case of of arable not growing arable not growing arable not growing arable doing better on grassland soils arable doing better on grassland soils arable doing better on grassland soils than the other way around if you see than the other way around if you see than the other way around if you see what i mean if that's where they were what i mean if that's where they were what i mean if that's where they were derived from derived from derived from because terrible crops quite like having because terrible crops quite like having because terrible crops quite like having a lot of organic a lot of organic a lot of organic there and good source structure that's there and good source structure that's there and good source structure that's what you tend to get with the what you tend to get with the what you tend to get with the grassland soils the other way around grassland soils the other way around grassland soils the other way around some crops have been some crops have been some crops have been sort of developed to cope better with um sort of developed to cope better with um sort of developed to cope better with um with should we say poorer soil with should we say poorer soil with should we say poorer soil conditions you know they've been bred to conditions you know they've been bred to conditions you know they've been bred to do that do that do that whereas grassland generally hasn't so i whereas grassland generally hasn't so i whereas grassland generally hasn't so i think that that could be some of it but think that that could be some of it but think that that could be some of it but um yeah still something we need to look um yeah still something we need to look um yeah still something we need to look further into further into further into uh fantastic thank you martin i make it uh fantastic thank you martin i make it uh fantastic thank you martin i make it um one um one um one minute and ten seconds towards one minute and ten seconds towards one minute and ten seconds towards one o'clock so i don't want to o'clock so i don't want to o'clock so i don't want to keep you waiting thank you martin and keep you waiting thank you martin and keep you waiting thank you martin and thank you richard and thank you for all thank you richard and thank you for all thank you richard and thank you for all those questions and i'll hand back now those questions and i'll hand back now those questions and i'll hand back now to wilfred to close to wilfred to close to wilfred to close thank you dan so on behalf of the thank you dan so on behalf of the thank you dan so on behalf of the british society of social science i british society of social science i british society of social science i would like to express our thanks would like to express our thanks would like to express our thanks to richard and martin for coming along to richard and martin for coming along to richard and martin for coming along to present today to present today to present today and taking the questions they were both and taking the questions they were both and taking the questions they were both very interesting very interesting very interesting presentations and we're sorry we can't presentations and we're sorry we can't presentations and we're sorry we can't address all the questions address all the questions address all the questions in the given time we have thanks also in the given time we have thanks also in the given time we have thanks also for attending for attending for attending this meeting you will find a quick this meeting you will find a quick this meeting you will find a quick feedback survey when you leave the feedback survey when you leave the feedback survey when you leave the webinar webinar webinar which we hope you will take at the time which we hope you will take at the time which we hope you will take at the time the time to complete the time to complete the time to complete we'd like to hear about your feedback we'd like to hear about your feedback we'd like to hear about your feedback this is the first one we organize this is the first one we organize this is the first one we organize but our next webinar will take place on but our next webinar will take place on but our next webinar will take place on the 2nd of september the 2nd of september the 2nd of september at 12 noon and keep looking at our at 12 noon and keep looking at our at 12 noon and keep looking at our social media feeds for further social media feeds for further social media feeds for further information information information hopefully to follow shortly thank you hopefully to follow shortly thank you hopefully to follow shortly thank you and goodbye you<br /> }}</div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Zoom_into_Soil:_Soils_in_Scotland&diff=11780 2026-05-29T14:06:32Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Ajoute les transcriptions YouTube aux pages vidéo qui n&#039;en ont pas - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/435</p> <hr /> <div>{{vidéo<br /> | Titre = Zoom into Soil: Soils in Scotland<br /> | Producteur = British Society of Soil Science<br /> | Vignette = Thumbnail_youtube_DKmnjgWjSfg.jpg<br /> | Date de mise en ligne = 2022-02-02<br /> | Durée = 61 minutes<br /> | Production = <br /> | Vidéo = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DKmnjgWjSfg<br /> | Intervenants 0 = Dr Allan Lilly<br /> | Intervenants 1 = Ben Butler<br /> | Mots-clés = NBSOIL<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Welcome to the Zoom into Soil: Soils in Scotland video from the British Society of Soil Science.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Dr Allan Lilly, a Senior Soil Scientist at The James Hutton Institute, presents 'The Soils of Scotland: An Overview' as we look ahead to the World Congress of Soil Science 2022 in Glasgow. With this in mind, Allan provides an overview of Scottish soils, their diversity and some of the factors that contribute to the diverse range of soils found within the Scottish landscape.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Ben Butler, a Digital Soil Mineralogist at the James Hutton Institute, presents 'The Mineralogy of Scottish Soils'. The many properties and functions that soils provide for life on land are inherently linked to their mineralogy. Accurately identifying and quantifying soil mineral compositions therefore provides a wealth of information that can be used to better understand and manage soil systems amidst the great demands placed upon them. Scottish soils are particularly diverse in mineralogy due to the assortment of parent materials that feature across the nation, in combination with the variation in soil forming factors that act upon them. In his presentation, Ben introduces the minerals that can be found in Scottish soils, their approximate spatial variation, and how these minerals affect soil properties. He discusses some ways in which soil mineral data can be collected and analysed quantitatively using open-source, computational approaches.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{Pages liées}}<br /> <br /> {{Transcription<br /> | transcription = good afternoon everyone and welcome to good afternoon everyone and welcome to good afternoon everyone and welcome to the webinar i'm uh bruce sells president the webinar i'm uh bruce sells president the webinar i'm uh bruce sells president of the british society of soil science of the british society of soil science of the british society of soil science and i'm delighted to welcome you all to and i'm delighted to welcome you all to and i'm delighted to welcome you all to the second webinar that we've been help the second webinar that we've been help the second webinar that we've been help with held this year with held this year with held this year but before i introduce our panelists i'd but before i introduce our panelists i'd but before i introduce our panelists i'd like to introduce you to the to the like to introduce you to the to the like to introduce you to the to the british society of social science um as british society of social science um as british society of social science um as the host of today's webinar so we are an the host of today's webinar so we are an the host of today's webinar so we are an established international membership established international membership established international membership organization and charity committed to organization and charity committed to organization and charity committed to the study of soil in its widest aspects the study of soil in its widest aspects the study of soil in its widest aspects um um um we bring together those working within we bring together those working within we bring together those working within academia and have a growing membership academia and have a growing membership academia and have a growing membership amongst practitioners implementing soil amongst practitioners implementing soil amongst practitioners implementing soil science and industry and those with a science and industry and those with a science and industry and those with a keen interest in soils so today's event keen interest in soils so today's event keen interest in soils so today's event is supported by visit britain and nature is supported by visit britain and nature is supported by visit britain and nature scott who are both also supporting the scott who are both also supporting the scott who are both also supporting the world congress of saw science um world congress of saw science um world congress of saw science um this year which is held later on this this year which is held later on this this year which is held later on this summer summer summer for those who may not be aware that for those who may not be aware that for those who may not be aware that congress the world congress of source congress the world congress of source congress the world congress of source science is the leading international science is the leading international science is the leading international soil science com soil science com soil science com conference it's held every four years in conference it's held every four years in conference it's held every four years in different countries and it was last in different countries and it was last in different countries and it was last in the uk in 1936 the uk in 1936 the uk in 1936 um and it's attended by over 3 000 soil um and it's attended by over 3 000 soil um and it's attended by over 3 000 soil scientists from around the globe scientists from around the globe scientists from around the globe and um the next congress this year is and um the next congress this year is and um the next congress this year is going to be held between the 31st of going to be held between the 31st of going to be held between the 31st of july and the 5th of august in glasgow july and the 5th of august in glasgow july and the 5th of august in glasgow and is being organized by ourselves the and is being organized by ourselves the and is being organized by ourselves the british society of soil science on british society of soil science on british society of soil science on behalf of the international union of behalf of the international union of behalf of the international union of soil sciences soil sciences soil sciences registration um is available on the registration um is available on the registration um is available on the congress website and congress website and congress website and those interested the early bird race is those interested the early bird race is those interested the early bird race is available until the 15th of march available until the 15th of march available until the 15th of march nature scott is scotland's nature agency nature scott is scotland's nature agency nature scott is scotland's nature agency and work to improve the natural and work to improve the natural and work to improve the natural environment in scotland and inspire environment in scotland and inspire environment in scotland and inspire everyone to care more about it so that everyone to care more about it so that everyone to care more about it so that all nature in scotland is maintained all nature in scotland is maintained all nature in scotland is maintained enhanced and brings us benefits enhanced and brings us benefits enhanced and brings us benefits and nature scott delivered an amazing and nature scott delivered an amazing and nature scott delivered an amazing exhibition stand at cop 26 last year in exhibition stand at cop 26 last year in exhibition stand at cop 26 last year in glasgow where they highlighted the glasgow where they highlighted the glasgow where they highlighted the diversity of the scottish landscape diversity of the scottish landscape diversity of the scottish landscape which showed the various soil and plant which showed the various soil and plant which showed the various soil and plant types found throughout scotland and types found throughout scotland and types found throughout scotland and we're absolutely thrilled that nature we're absolutely thrilled that nature we're absolutely thrilled that nature scott will be delivering scott will be delivering scott will be delivering the same exhibition in the world the same exhibition in the world the same exhibition in the world congress and source science later this congress and source science later this congress and source science later this year and will provide delegates with an year and will provide delegates with an year and will provide delegates with an opportunity to ask their experts more opportunity to ask their experts more opportunity to ask their experts more about scottish diversity about scottish diversity about scottish diversity and and we hope to hear more about them and and we hope to hear more about them and and we hope to hear more about them about april zoom into soul webinar when about april zoom into soul webinar when about april zoom into soul webinar when we will when we'll be discussing the we will when we'll be discussing the we will when we'll be discussing the peatlands of scotland peatlands of scotland peatlands of scotland so just before we begin just some basic so just before we begin just some basic so just before we begin just some basic housekeeping uh as there are so many of housekeeping uh as there are so many of housekeeping uh as there are so many of you here today all your microphones have you here today all your microphones have you here today all your microphones have been muted we will be taking questions been muted we will be taking questions been muted we will be taking questions at the end um at the end um at the end um of both presentations and my colleague of both presentations and my colleague of both presentations and my colleague willie will monitor these for us but willie will monitor these for us but willie will monitor these for us but could i ask that you please submit any could i ask that you please submit any could i ask that you please submit any questions you have by 12 50 to allow us questions you have by 12 50 to allow us questions you have by 12 50 to allow us sufficient time to get through as many sufficient time to get through as many sufficient time to get through as many as we can and although there is a raise as we can and although there is a raise as we can and although there is a raise your hand button we won't be using this your hand button we won't be using this your hand button we won't be using this unless the presenter specifically asks unless the presenter specifically asks unless the presenter specifically asks for a show of hands for a show of hands for a show of hands and and and today's presentations have also been today's presentations have also been today's presentations have also been awarded basis and nroso cpd points so if awarded basis and nroso cpd points so if awarded basis and nroso cpd points so if you're registered with either of those you're registered with either of those you're registered with either of those bodies uh please contest contact us bodies uh please contest contact us bodies uh please contest contact us directly after the event directly after the event directly after the event um and finally uh for introduce the um and finally uh for introduce the um and finally uh for introduce the present uh presenters please be aware present uh presenters please be aware present uh presenters please be aware that the um today's presentation is that the um today's presentation is that the um today's presentation is being recorded being recorded being recorded so um it's my pleasure now to introduce so um it's my pleasure now to introduce so um it's my pleasure now to introduce our first presenter dr alan lilly our first presenter dr alan lilly our first presenter dr alan lilly allen has over 40 years experience in allen has over 40 years experience in allen has over 40 years experience in source survey and saw mapping source survey and saw mapping source survey and saw mapping hydropedology and biophysical resource hydropedology and biophysical resource hydropedology and biophysical resource analysis analysis analysis has been responsible for systematic has been responsible for systematic has been responsible for systematic source survey and data collection in source survey and data collection in source survey and data collection in scotland scotland scotland allen currently leads research into allen currently leads research into allen currently leads research into estimating the hydrological estimating the hydrological estimating the hydrological characteristic soils from existing data characteristic soils from existing data characteristic soils from existing data and integrating these data into and integrating these data into and integrating these data into spatially scaled models spatially scaled models spatially scaled models he also derives and interprets all data he also derives and interprets all data he also derives and interprets all data from a wide range uh foresight for a from a wide range uh foresight for a from a wide range uh foresight for a wide range of purposes wide range of purposes wide range of purposes and has recently contributed to and has recently contributed to and has recently contributed to developing new soil and hydrological developing new soil and hydrological developing new soil and hydrological datasets using digital soil mapping datasets using digital soil mapping datasets using digital soil mapping techniques techniques techniques his current research also encompasses his current research also encompasses his current research also encompasses the estimation and status of carbon the estimation and status of carbon the estimation and status of carbon stocks in soils so over to you adam chris chris chris um um um you hear me okay you hear me okay you hear me okay yeah so thanks for that introduction um now can you see my now can you see my now can you see my screen screen screen with the presentation yeah we can see your screen adam okay yeah we can see your screen adam okay yeah we can see your screen adam okay fine so what i want to do today is fine so what i want to do today is fine so what i want to do today is just to give a just to give a just to give a brief overview of the soils in scotland and and and how how we classify the soils and what how how we classify the soils and what how how we classify the soils and what types of soils we types of soils we types of soils we we have now i have gone so hopefully you can still hear me we can hear you allen thank you we can hear you allen thank you we can hear you allen thank you good good thank you for that okay so why good good thank you for that okay so why good good thank you for that okay so why characterizing soils why is it important characterizing soils why is it important characterizing soils why is it important well soil is a finite resource we all well soil is a finite resource we all well soil is a finite resource we all know that it needs to be carefully know that it needs to be carefully know that it needs to be carefully managed to retain its functionality managed to retain its functionality managed to retain its functionality there's also many conflicted interests there's also many conflicted interests there's also many conflicted interests in using land farming forestry in using land farming forestry in using land farming forestry recreation recreation recreation wind farms and infrastructure wind farms and infrastructure wind farms and infrastructure um systematic soil survey and the data um systematic soil survey and the data um systematic soil survey and the data that's collected along with that that's collected along with that that's collected along with that um helps to characterize and quantify um helps to characterize and quantify um helps to characterize and quantify this major resource this major resource this major resource and also provides a a basis for sound and also provides a a basis for sound and also provides a a basis for sound decisions and land use and management to decisions and land use and management to decisions and land use and management to be made be made be made and systematic classification of soils and systematic classification of soils and systematic classification of soils also allows expertise and modeling also allows expertise and modeling also allows expertise and modeling and experimental data to be extrapolated and experimental data to be extrapolated and experimental data to be extrapolated from one area to another from one area to another from one area to another without the need for further without the need for further without the need for further experimentation or modelling so just a bit of brief history with salt so just a bit of brief history with salt so just a bit of brief history with salt survey of scotland um soil survey began survey of scotland um soil survey began survey of scotland um soil survey began in in in um the soil survey department formed in um the soil survey department formed in um the soil survey department formed in and between then and about 1986 and between then and about 1986 and between then and about 1986 effectively uh effectively uh effectively uh we were doing systematic saw survey we were doing systematic saw survey we were doing systematic saw survey throughout scotland throughout scotland throughout scotland in order to characterize the soils in order to characterize the soils in order to characterize the soils the initial work was in surveying land the initial work was in surveying land the initial work was in surveying land for forestry um particularly in relation for forestry um particularly in relation for forestry um particularly in relation relating to relating to relating to tree growth tree growth tree growth um but the outbreak of world war ii led um but the outbreak of world war ii led um but the outbreak of world war ii led to the focus switching to agricultural to the focus switching to agricultural to the focus switching to agricultural production production production and essentially most of the survey from and essentially most of the survey from and essentially most of the survey from from then until from then until from then until the late 70s was in agricultural land the late 70s was in agricultural land the late 70s was in agricultural land the focus now is on making soils data the focus now is on making soils data the focus now is on making soils data much more accessible or on using that much more accessible or on using that much more accessible or on using that data to help quantify change data to help quantify change data to help quantify change so as well as mapping soils we also so as well as mapping soils we also so as well as mapping soils we also collected information and saw collected information and saw collected information and saw characteristics which now form part of characteristics which now form part of characteristics which now form part of the scottish styles database it's just a wee bit about field mapping it's just a wee bit about field mapping it's just a wee bit about field mapping um in scotland we adopted a um in scotland we adopted a um in scotland we adopted a free survey approach so inspection pits free survey approach so inspection pits free survey approach so inspection pits were dug where were dug where were dug where a surveyor a surveyor a surveyor felt the need to dig to try and felt the need to dig to try and felt the need to dig to try and distinguish between different cell types distinguish between different cell types distinguish between different cell types um they generally built up an um they generally built up an um they generally built up an understanding of how soils varied in the understanding of how soils varied in the understanding of how soils varied in the landscapes they developed a conceptual landscapes they developed a conceptual landscapes they developed a conceptual model model model they they they found there was good relationships found there was good relationships found there was good relationships between vegetation and soils and then between vegetation and soils and then between vegetation and soils and then cultivated land cultivated land cultivated land which also helped the mapping which also helped the mapping which also helped the mapping and just at the bottom of the slide here and just at the bottom of the slide here and just at the bottom of the slide here is just some output of what we call is just some output of what we call is just some output of what we call field sheets field sheets field sheets it just shows the the detail of it just shows the the detail of it just shows the the detail of inspection inspection inspection that went into making that went into making that went into making a soil map a soil map a soil map each of those marks is as an inspection each of those marks is as an inspection each of those marks is as an inspection part um um um in the in the process of mapping as i in the in the process of mapping as i in the in the process of mapping as i mentioned earlier mentioned earlier mentioned earlier we concentrated primarily on the we concentrated primarily on the we concentrated primarily on the agricultural land in scotland you can agricultural land in scotland you can agricultural land in scotland you can see in this slide here in the bottom see in this slide here in the bottom see in this slide here in the bottom left left left the uh this is primarily the cultivated the uh this is primarily the cultivated the uh this is primarily the cultivated land in scotland and and that's where land in scotland and and that's where land in scotland and and that's where the focus for much of the mapping was the focus for much of the mapping was the focus for much of the mapping was in the late 70s we then did a much more in the late 70s we then did a much more in the late 70s we then did a much more reconnaissance survey of that kind of reconnaissance survey of that kind of reconnaissance survey of that kind of white area you see here that blank area white area you see here that blank area white area you see here that blank area and produced a map at one to two hundred and produced a map at one to two hundred and produced a map at one to two hundred fifty thousand scale which covers the fifty thousand scale which covers the fifty thousand scale which covers the whole of the country so as well as mapping the soils we also so as well as mapping the soils we also so as well as mapping the soils we also collected salt profiles now these collected salt profiles now these collected salt profiles now these profiles were used to characterize the profiles were used to characterize the profiles were used to characterize the map units map units map units they weren't used in the mapping itself they weren't used in the mapping itself they weren't used in the mapping itself and the map in the top right there shows and the map in the top right there shows and the map in the top right there shows the distribution of the cell profiles the distribution of the cell profiles the distribution of the cell profiles that we have that we have that we have in the database in the database in the database and each of these profiles we collected and each of these profiles we collected and each of these profiles we collected about 100 attributes so there's the the about 100 attributes so there's the the about 100 attributes so there's the the contextual data things like the slope contextual data things like the slope contextual data things like the slope and the altitude and the altitude and the altitude there's a morphological data so the there's a morphological data so the there's a morphological data so the color the the waterline detection color the the waterline detection color the the waterline detection structure structure structure and then there's the lab analysis as and then there's the lab analysis as and then there's the lab analysis as well so this profile database as i say we use so this profile database as i say we use so this profile database as i say we use this for characterizing the map units this for characterizing the map units this for characterizing the map units not for mapping not for mapping not for mapping um it also includes the national styles um it also includes the national styles um it also includes the national styles inventory inventory inventory data selected profiles grid data selected profiles grid data selected profiles grid and research and even some and research and even some and research and even some archaeological profiles archaeological profiles archaeological profiles we have somewhere around about fifteen we have somewhere around about fifteen we have somewhere around about fifteen thousand thousand thousand profiles in the database and about sixty profiles in the database and about sixty profiles in the database and about sixty thousand cell horizons thousand cell horizons thousand cell horizons so while most of the analytical data is so while most of the analytical data is so while most of the analytical data is now stored electronically not all the now stored electronically not all the now stored electronically not all the morphological data is morphological data is morphological data is um and that's something it hopefully um and that's something it hopefully um and that's something it hopefully redress somewhere in the future redress somewhere in the future redress somewhere in the future and we also have data from saw fertility and we also have data from saw fertility and we also have data from saw fertility experiments that ran from 1950s to the experiments that ran from 1950s to the experiments that ran from 1950s to the 1980s 1980s 1980s so quite a lot of data has been so quite a lot of data has been so quite a lot of data has been collected over the years but just to go back to to self-survey but just to go back to to self-survey but just to go back to to self-survey the specific soil types that you find in the specific soil types that you find in the specific soil types that you find in scotland and it's useful just to scotland and it's useful just to scotland and it's useful just to consider consider consider the it's irrelevant saw forming factors the it's irrelevant saw forming factors the it's irrelevant saw forming factors i mean most people will know this that i mean most people will know this that i mean most people will know this that soils form soils form soils form due to the impact of climate due to the impact of climate due to the impact of climate topography or landscape the parent topography or landscape the parent topography or landscape the parent material material material the vegetation the animals that's in it the vegetation the animals that's in it the vegetation the animals that's in it and including man and including man and including man and also the cells develop over time and also the cells develop over time and also the cells develop over time so i'll just quickly go through some of so i'll just quickly go through some of so i'll just quickly go through some of the the aspects of affected soil the the aspects of affected soil the the aspects of affected soil development in scotland development in scotland development in scotland so the first thing to do is to go back so the first thing to do is to go back so the first thing to do is to go back to the glacial history to the glacial history to the glacial history and about 22 000 years ago and about 22 000 years ago and about 22 000 years ago most of the british isles was under a most of the british isles was under a most of the british isles was under a vast ice sheet vast ice sheet vast ice sheet um um um beneath this ice sheet the glaciers were beneath this ice sheet the glaciers were beneath this ice sheet the glaciers were were were were carving out the the landscape they were carving out the the landscape they were carving out the the landscape they were deepening valleys there were deepening valleys there were deepening valleys there were straightening valleys they they were straightening valleys they they were straightening valleys they they were deepening them as well deepening them as well deepening them as well um in some cases they're remolding the um in some cases they're remolding the um in some cases they're remolding the landscape landscape landscape and and depositing glacial till and and depositing glacial till and and depositing glacial till underneath it as well so that's where underneath it as well so that's where underneath it as well so that's where you get the drumlin fields um the climate warmed and nicely treated um the climate warmed and nicely treated um the climate warmed and nicely treated um um um and then about twelve and a half and then about twelve and a half and then about twelve and a half thousand years ago thousand years ago thousand years ago we had another we had another we had another ice sheet ice sheet ice sheet ice cap developed on the western ice cap developed on the western ice cap developed on the western highlands here and much of scotland was highlands here and much of scotland was highlands here and much of scotland was under periglasial conditions under periglasial conditions under periglasial conditions but essentially what this has done is but essentially what this has done is but essentially what this has done is it's reset it's reset it's reset the the time for saw formation in the the time for saw formation in the the time for saw formation in scotland to around about scotland to around about scotland to around about 12 to 15 000 years which is not a long 12 to 15 000 years which is not a long 12 to 15 000 years which is not a long time in in terms of time in in terms of time in in terms of pedology pedology pedology or pedogenesis between the ice ages and now the climate between the ice ages and now the climate between the ice ages and now the climate changed it fluctuated between warm and changed it fluctuated between warm and changed it fluctuated between warm and wet cool and dry wet cool and dry wet cool and dry and whatever and whatever and whatever um um um but the current climate that we have um but the current climate that we have um but the current climate that we have um you can see here that it essentially you can see here that it essentially you can see here that it essentially were relatively cool were relatively cool were relatively cool compared to the rest of the uk compared to the rest of the uk compared to the rest of the uk and we're relatively wet compared to the and we're relatively wet compared to the and we're relatively wet compared to the rest of the uk and this isn't rest of the uk and this isn't rest of the uk and this isn't consequences for the soils that we see consequences for the soils that we see consequences for the soils that we see in scotland now topography is an important topography is an important topography is an important characteristic in determining the soil characteristic in determining the soil characteristic in determining the soil types um scotland is primarily a kind of types um scotland is primarily a kind of types um scotland is primarily a kind of hilly area hilly area hilly area um we have 52 of the 56 peaks um we have 52 of the 56 peaks um we have 52 of the 56 peaks in the uk that are over a thousand in the uk that are over a thousand in the uk that are over a thousand meters meters meters and we have 90 of the top 100 and we have 90 of the top 100 and we have 90 of the top 100 highest hills in in the uk and in fact highest hills in in the uk and in fact highest hills in in the uk and in fact in the british isles so in relative terms so in relative terms so in relative terms our altitudes tend to be greater than our altitudes tend to be greater than our altitudes tend to be greater than what you would find in in england and what you would find in in england and what you would find in in england and elsewhere in the in the uk the pair material an important the pair material an important the pair material an important consideration in development of soils consideration in development of soils consideration in development of soils and here we have a simplified map from and here we have a simplified map from and here we have a simplified map from the british geological survey showing the british geological survey showing the british geological survey showing the main structural the main structural the main structural geological structural areas in scotland geological structural areas in scotland geological structural areas in scotland so in the third year we have the stellar so in the third year we have the stellar so in the third year we have the stellar uplands boundary fault uplands boundary fault uplands boundary fault and an area of of metamorphic gray and an area of of metamorphic gray and an area of of metamorphic gray wackies wackies wackies within the midland valley here within the midland valley here within the midland valley here we have carboniferous sediments and all we have carboniferous sediments and all we have carboniferous sediments and all red sandstone sediments to the north red sandstone sediments to the north red sandstone sediments to the north north of the highland boundary fault we north of the highland boundary fault we north of the highland boundary fault we have largely acid have largely acid have largely acid shifts metamorphic shifts shifts metamorphic shifts shifts metamorphic shifts and then in the extreme northwest and then in the extreme northwest and then in the extreme northwest at des moines thrust we have some really at des moines thrust we have some really at des moines thrust we have some really ancient rocks ancient rocks ancient rocks and louisiana's thoridonian sandstones and louisiana's thoridonian sandstones and louisiana's thoridonian sandstones losing nice as some of the oldest rocks losing nice as some of the oldest rocks losing nice as some of the oldest rocks that you actually find in the world that you actually find in the world that you actually find in the world and the red areas here are intrusive and the red areas here are intrusive and the red areas here are intrusive granites and you could probably barely granites and you could probably barely granites and you could probably barely see the pink areas here are extras of see the pink areas here are extras of see the pink areas here are extras of basalts basalts basalts but all of this has had an impact on the but all of this has had an impact on the but all of this has had an impact on the the type of paint material that we find the type of paint material that we find the type of paint material that we find in in scotland so superimposed on this and i mentioned so superimposed on this and i mentioned so superimposed on this and i mentioned the glaciation um through the midland the glaciation um through the midland the glaciation um through the midland valley here this blue area you see we valley here this blue area you see we valley here this blue area you see we have fairly compact glacial till have fairly compact glacial till have fairly compact glacial till um laid down by the ice so this is where um laid down by the ice so this is where um laid down by the ice so this is where you get some drumlin fields you get some drumlin fields you get some drumlin fields and by and large the rest of the and by and large the rest of the and by and large the rest of the material that we find is a kind of loamy material that we find is a kind of loamy material that we find is a kind of loamy acid drift acid drift acid drift derived from these uh derived from these uh derived from these uh island rocks island rocks island rocks and a few pockets of of peat and a few pockets of of peat and a few pockets of of peat in these areas here down in the in these areas here down in the in these areas here down in the southwest as well so geological pain material is so geological pain material is so geological pain material is particularly important scotland as a particularly important scotland as a particularly important scotland as a strife has rarely moved that far from strife has rarely moved that far from strife has rarely moved that far from the parent rock the parent rock the parent rock um in fact our soil associations um in fact our soil associations um in fact our soil associations in scotland are based largely on rock in scotland are based largely on rock in scotland are based largely on rock type type type and stratigraphy and that's quite and stratigraphy and that's quite and stratigraphy and that's quite important and ben might pick up on that important and ben might pick up on that important and ben might pick up on that in in his presentation also land cover is important um nowadays also land cover is important um nowadays also land cover is important um nowadays we've got about 12 variable land but at we've got about 12 variable land but at we've got about 12 variable land but at 13 the land is under grassland 13 the land is under grassland 13 the land is under grassland around 18 around 18 around 18 is forestry is forestry is forestry but between the the the last glaciation but between the the the last glaciation but between the the the last glaciation and up until about the late neolithic and up until about the late neolithic and up until about the late neolithic and early bronze age and early bronze age and early bronze age most of scotland was covered in in trees most of scotland was covered in in trees most of scotland was covered in in trees in in woodland whether that was broadly in in woodland whether that was broadly in in woodland whether that was broadly woodland or the the coniferous planet of woodland or the the coniferous planet of woodland or the the coniferous planet of the caledonian the caledonian the caledonian woodland so in summary we have cool wet climate so in summary we have cool wet climate so in summary we have cool wet climate high altitudes lonely acid drifts high altitudes lonely acid drifts high altitudes lonely acid drifts and little time for soil development and and little time for soil development and and little time for soil development and and all that's an impact on the types of and all that's an impact on the types of and all that's an impact on the types of soils that we see in soils that we see in soils that we see in in scotland so just a brief word about the saw so just a brief word about the saw so just a brief word about the saw classification system classification system classification system um um um it's little altered since we started it's little altered since we started it's little altered since we started doing systematic soil survey um doing systematic soil survey um doing systematic soil survey um in in in 2013 we had a go at 2013 we had a go at 2013 we had a go at trying to amalgamate the various trying to amalgamate the various trying to amalgamate the various aspects of it when we started to aspects of it when we started to aspects of it when we started to bring together the different data sets bring together the different data sets bring together the different data sets the the the the the the 250 000 scale mapping the 125 000 scale 250 000 scale mapping the 125 000 scale 250 000 scale mapping the 125 000 scale mapping and the soil database mapping and the soil database mapping and the soil database we found that there were slight we found that there were slight we found that there were slight differences within the the differences within the the differences within the the classification system simply because it classification system simply because it classification system simply because it evolved over time evolved over time evolved over time um in 2013 as i say we had another look um in 2013 as i say we had another look um in 2013 as i say we had another look at it at it at it and we currently have and we currently have and we currently have a hierarchical classification system a hierarchical classification system a hierarchical classification system that comprises of five divisions that comprises of five divisions that comprises of five divisions and 17 major soul groups 49 major source and 17 major soul groups 49 major source and 17 major soul groups 49 major source subgroups subgroups subgroups and we identify over 800 source series and we identify over 800 source series and we identify over 800 source series just an example of of a division whether just an example of of a division whether just an example of of a division whether a soil is leeched or whether it's clayed a soil is leeched or whether it's clayed a soil is leeched or whether it's clayed a meteor saw subgroup whether it's a meteor saw subgroup whether it's a meteor saw subgroup whether it's podsolic or whether it's something like podsolic or whether it's something like podsolic or whether it's something like a rancor a rancor a rancor major cell sub group humorous important major cell sub group humorous important major cell sub group humorous important and so series i tend to be named after and so series i tend to be named after and so series i tend to be named after the area where the first encounter the area where the first encounter the area where the first encounter and this name is a kind of it's a and this name is a kind of it's a and this name is a kind of it's a shorthand way shorthand way shorthand way of saying of saying of saying uh a human sound puzzle with feed uh a human sound puzzle with feed uh a human sound puzzle with feed drainage developed on drift derived from drainage developed on drift derived from drainage developed on drift derived from granite so rather than all that which is granite so rather than all that which is granite so rather than all that which is saying count as well series so the classification system is so the classification system is so the classification system is descriptive descriptive descriptive it's genetic it's based on how we think it's genetic it's based on how we think it's genetic it's based on how we think the soil has developed the soil has developed the soil has developed and it's field based it doesn't rely on and it's field based it doesn't rely on and it's field based it doesn't rely on diagnostic criteria and doesn't rely on diagnostic criteria and doesn't rely on diagnostic criteria and doesn't rely on any lab analysis so all the cell forming factors give us so all the cell forming factors give us so all the cell forming factors give us quite a complex pattern of soils in quite a complex pattern of soils in quite a complex pattern of soils in scotland and this is the 250k soil map scotland and this is the 250k soil map scotland and this is the 250k soil map and you can see the different soil types and you can see the different soil types and you can see the different soil types throughout throughout throughout the country so what common saw types do we have so what common saw types do we have so what common saw types do we have well because the soil because it's wet well because the soil because it's wet well because the soil because it's wet climate's wet climate's wet climate's wet um um um the paint materials are acidic the paint materials are acidic the paint materials are acidic they haven't developed over a they haven't developed over a they haven't developed over a particularly long period of time particularly long period of time particularly long period of time then it's no great surprise that the then it's no great surprise that the then it's no great surprise that the majority of our soils are either peaks majority of our soils are either peaks majority of our soils are either peaks um immature saws like brown earth's um immature saws like brown earth's um immature saws like brown earth's or pt lake soils or pt lake soils or pt lake soils or petroleum soils or petroleum soils or petroleum soils and this slide here just shows the the and this slide here just shows the the and this slide here just shows the the the top six the top six the top six um by area that we find in scotland um um by area that we find in scotland um um by area that we find in scotland um grouped into into a larger soil type grouped into into a larger soil type grouped into into a larger soil type uh uh uh grouping just for um grouping just for um grouping just for um ease of showing ease of showing ease of showing that but for example the peats include that but for example the peats include that but for example the peats include blanket basin peat and valley peats blanket basin peat and valley peats blanket basin peat and valley peats brown earths are and perfectly draining brown earths are and perfectly draining brown earths are and perfectly draining brown ears brown ears brown ears now what i've also done is put in the now what i've also done is put in the now what i've also done is put in the the world reference based classification the world reference based classification the world reference based classification system and this is just indicative don't system and this is just indicative don't system and this is just indicative don't take this as being gospel because take this as being gospel because take this as being gospel because there isn't a straight one-to-one there isn't a straight one-to-one there isn't a straight one-to-one classification between the scottish classification between the scottish classification between the scottish classification and the wrb classification and the wrb classification and the wrb um and you can see here for things like um and you can see here for things like um and you can see here for things like mineral glaze mineral glaze mineral glaze um it could be any stagnant or glazed um it could be any stagnant or glazed um it could be any stagnant or glazed oils oils oils so so so it's not as i say it's not one to one it's not as i say it's not one to one it's not as i say it's not one to one it's just for an example really it's just for an example really it's just for an example really and we also have some notable soils are and we also have some notable soils are and we also have some notable soils are of limited extent and these include our of limited extent and these include our of limited extent and these include our auro-artic auro-artic auro-artic some of the xenas and calcareous regis some of the xenas and calcareous regis some of the xenas and calcareous regis and i'll deal with them in a bit later so just some examples of the soil types so just some examples of the soil types so just some examples of the soil types that we have that we have that we have some illustrations here we see we've got some illustrations here we see we've got some illustrations here we see we've got peats peats peats um um um on the left hand side here this peat is on the left hand side here this peat is on the left hand side here this peat is about a meter deep uh probably a bit about a meter deep uh probably a bit about a meter deep uh probably a bit deeper than that deeper than that deeper than that classify that as a deep peat classify that as a deep peat classify that as a deep peat on the top right again a pea soil but on the top right again a pea soil but on the top right again a pea soil but this time it's a bit shallower this time it's a bit shallower this time it's a bit shallower but it's more than our 50 centimeter but it's more than our 50 centimeter but it's more than our 50 centimeter threshold threshold threshold um so anything with an organic surface um so anything with an organic surface um so anything with an organic surface layer layer layer greater than 50 centimeters we classify greater than 50 centimeters we classify greater than 50 centimeters we classify as feed as feed as feed and one of the reasons for that is that and one of the reasons for that is that and one of the reasons for that is that if you look at the relationship between if you look at the relationship between if you look at the relationship between the soil the soil the soil and the vegetation and the vegetation and the vegetation what you actually see is that there are what you actually see is that there are what you actually see is that there are specific vegetation communities specific vegetation communities specific vegetation communities that grow on that grow on that grow on beets that are beets that are beets that are 50 centimeters or more and those are 50 centimeters or more and those are 50 centimeters or more and those are different different different than the vegetation communities that than the vegetation communities that than the vegetation communities that grow on grow on grow on the pt soils where the organic surface the pt soils where the organic surface the pt soils where the organic surface layer is 50 centimeters or less um the brown earth's now the browners um the brown earth's now the browners um the brown earth's now the browners can either be canvas oils in some cases can either be canvas oils in some cases can either be canvas oils in some cases they might classify as umbra solves they might classify as umbra solves they might classify as umbra solves but you can see here that there's not but you can see here that there's not but you can see here that there's not much in the way of much in the way of much in the way of development within the development within the development within the within the soil within the soil within the soil some color change within the the b some color change within the the b some color change within the the b horizon horizon horizon you see you can see an organic you see you can see an organic you see you can see an organic um an organic rich topsoil here um an organic rich topsoil here um an organic rich topsoil here and not much and not much and not much alteration in color or weathering within alteration in color or weathering within alteration in color or weathering within the subsoil the subsoil the subsoil and then and then and then paint material beneath here because we've got a cool wet climate because we've got a cool wet climate because we've got a cool wet climate then we got a lot of the peaty glaze then we got a lot of the peaty glaze then we got a lot of the peaty glaze oils they could be either histic glass oils they could be either histic glass oils they could be either histic glass oils or hystics oils or hystics oils or hystics stagnozoles stagnozoles stagnozoles here on the left hand side you see here on the left hand side you see here on the left hand side you see the the peat is very wet the the peat is very wet the the peat is very wet and the flooding you see here is and the flooding you see here is and the flooding you see here is actually due to water seeping out the actually due to water seeping out the actually due to water seeping out the interface between the organic surface interface between the organic surface interface between the organic surface layer layer layer and the the mineral material here so and the the mineral material here so and the the mineral material here so this is a stagnant this is a stagnant this is a stagnant uh soil uh stagnancy here what i've called mineral puzzles um are what i've called mineral puzzles um are what i've called mineral puzzles um are what we call the human siren puzzles what we call the human siren puzzles what we call the human siren puzzles and where the organic layer is and where the organic layer is and where the organic layer is not wet not wet not wet and it just develops because climate is and it just develops because climate is and it just develops because climate is cool but you can see quite clearly cool but you can see quite clearly cool but you can see quite clearly the uh the uh the uh the leeched the leeched the leeched layer in here and the redeposited iron layer in here and the redeposited iron layer in here and the redeposited iron here so the iron has been removed from here so the iron has been removed from here so the iron has been removed from this gray material here this gray material here this gray material here and redeposited and redeposited and redeposited in the profile here so quite a classic in the profile here so quite a classic in the profile here so quite a classic humorous iron podcall humorous iron podcall humorous iron podcall where the song gets cultivated where the song gets cultivated where the song gets cultivated then you find that there then you find that there then you find that there there's a mixture there's a mixture there's a mixture of the upper layers but you can still of the upper layers but you can still of the upper layers but you can still see see see the the the bright orange bsris and the the the bright orange bsris and the the the bright orange bsris and sesquioxide rich horizon here sesquioxide rich horizon here sesquioxide rich horizon here so these quite common so these quite common so these quite common um um um quite a lot for soils and north of quite a lot for soils and north of quite a lot for soils and north of highland boundary fault are cultivated highland boundary fault are cultivated highland boundary fault are cultivated and actually cultivated pod zones oops gone too far oops gone too far oops gone too far so so so where they get wet material um where an where they get wet material um where an where they get wet material um where an iron pan forms you can see here iron pan forms you can see here iron pan forms you can see here then we have soils that we call then we have soils that we call then we have soils that we call beta-glade pod salts these are the beta-glade pod salts these are the beta-glade pod salts these are the histic podules histic podules histic podules and you can see in this example here on and you can see in this example here on and you can see in this example here on the left hand side sometimes can be the left hand side sometimes can be the left hand side sometimes can be quite a convoluted quite a convoluted quite a convoluted iron pan so the actual iron pan here iron pan so the actual iron pan here iron pan so the actual iron pan here is coming along this part here is coming along this part here is coming along this part here up around here up around here up around here around around around and up through there it's quite a and up through there it's quite a and up through there it's quite a complex profile to describe you've got complex profile to describe you've got complex profile to describe you've got an organic layer here an organic layer here an organic layer here uh a leech layer here it's also uh a leech layer here it's also uh a leech layer here it's also stretching down in here stretching down in here stretching down in here and your iron pan and then your and your iron pan and then your and your iron pan and then your bs your sets we oxide rich subsoil here bs your sets we oxide rich subsoil here bs your sets we oxide rich subsoil here quite a complex profile quite quite a complex profile quite quite a complex profile quite an unusual one to find now we have the the mineral glaze oils now we have the the mineral glaze oils now we have the the mineral glaze oils where the soils are are wet where the soils are are wet where the soils are are wet um um um but essentially having a mineral topsoil but essentially having a mineral topsoil but essentially having a mineral topsoil and you can see here and you can see here and you can see here where the the material has been leached where the the material has been leached where the the material has been leached out out out um um um and these gray patches between the pad and these gray patches between the pad and these gray patches between the pad faces faces faces and in this picture here in the middle and in this picture here in the middle and in this picture here in the middle you can see where you can see where you can see where the the material again where some of the the the material again where some of the the the material again where some of the iron has been oxidized and and reduced iron has been oxidized and and reduced iron has been oxidized and and reduced uh patches as well you can see the uh patches as well you can see the uh patches as well you can see the mottling here mottling here mottling here and similarly here and similarly here and similarly here in this side here in this side here in this side here on the right hand side on the right hand side on the right hand side so these soils are essentially um so these soils are essentially um so these soils are essentially um stigma solves so what you find is that stigma solves so what you find is that stigma solves so what you find is that the material is quite compact this is the material is quite compact this is the material is quite compact this is this compact this compact this compact till that holds the the water up till that holds the the water up till that holds the the water up um and and restricts the the drainage um and and restricts the the drainage um and and restricts the the drainage and just going into some of the last and just going into some of the last and just going into some of the last slides here see my time is almost up slides here see my time is almost up slides here see my time is almost up the auto arctic puzzles i mentioned the auto arctic puzzles i mentioned the auto arctic puzzles i mentioned earlier earlier earlier um some of the the benzenes we have here um some of the the benzenes we have here um some of the the benzenes we have here shallow soils and limestone and just a shallow soils and limestone and just a shallow soils and limestone and just a notable exception here this profile is a notable exception here this profile is a notable exception here this profile is a podzol that's developed in only the top podzol that's developed in only the top podzol that's developed in only the top 12 centimeters of soil and it's finally and it's finally and it's finally the last soil some of the benefits of the last soil some of the benefits of the last soil some of the benefits of working scotland working scotland working scotland working up in highlands in nice working up in highlands in nice working up in highlands in nice sunny days sunny days sunny days some of this benefits having to dig some of this benefits having to dig some of this benefits having to dig through some fairly hard through some fairly hard through some fairly hard stony stony stony soils where you feel as if you're a soils where you feel as if you're a soils where you feel as if you're a quarryman rather than a soil scientist quarryman rather than a soil scientist quarryman rather than a soil scientist and i'll and i'll and i'll stop there that seems to be my time up thank you very much that's a that was thank you very much that's a that was thank you very much that's a that was fantastic and and and great to see fantastic and and and great to see fantastic and and and great to see um that range of soils and and the and um that range of soils and and the and um that range of soils and and the and the beauty of the soils that the beauty of the soils that the beauty of the soils that that are in scotland as well that are in scotland as well that are in scotland as well um so we'll be taking questions as i um so we'll be taking questions as i um so we'll be taking questions as i said for both speakers at the end of the said for both speakers at the end of the said for both speakers at the end of the session so i'd now like to introduce our session so i'd now like to introduce our session so i'd now like to introduce our our next speaker um who is dr ben butler our next speaker um who is dr ben butler our next speaker um who is dr ben butler ben is a digital soil mineralogist at ben is a digital soil mineralogist at ben is a digital soil mineralogist at the james hutton institute where his the james hutton institute where his the james hutton institute where his research focuses on understanding the research focuses on understanding the research focuses on understanding the physical chemical and biological roles physical chemical and biological roles physical chemical and biological roles of minerals within soil systems of minerals within soil systems of minerals within soil systems a key component of ben's current a key component of ben's current a key component of ben's current research is the use of open source research is the use of open source research is the use of open source data-driven approaches that data-driven approaches that data-driven approaches that quantitatively link soil mineralogy to quantitatively link soil mineralogy to quantitatively link soil mineralogy to solve properties and functions solve properties and functions solve properties and functions aside from his research ben is involved aside from his research ben is involved aside from his research ben is involved in soil survey work for forestry and in soil survey work for forestry and in soil survey work for forestry and land scotland allowing him to study soil land scotland allowing him to study soil land scotland allowing him to study soil information from the digging to the information from the digging to the information from the digging to the databases so over to you ben databases so over to you ben databases so over to you ben great thank you bruce i hope you can great thank you bruce i hope you can great thank you bruce i hope you can hear me and see my screen now hear me and see my screen now hear me and see my screen now um so um um so um um so um yeah over the next 20 minutes or so i'm yeah over the next 20 minutes or so i'm yeah over the next 20 minutes or so i'm going to give going to give going to give a very broad overview um a very broad overview um a very broad overview um to to to the mineralogy of scottish soils the mineralogy of scottish soils the mineralogy of scottish soils let me just let me just let me just get my screen back right so right so right so scotland is actually scotland is actually scotland is actually a very interesting place to study a very interesting place to study a very interesting place to study soil mineralogy because of its diverse soil mineralogy because of its diverse soil mineralogy because of its diverse geological history as alan touched upon geological history as alan touched upon geological history as alan touched upon um means that especially for its size um means that especially for its size um means that especially for its size there are there are there are a real a real a real a lot of different minerals that you can a lot of different minerals that you can a lot of different minerals that you can expect to find in scottish soils expect to find in scottish soils expect to find in scottish soils um so in this um so in this um so in this talk i'm going to start with an talk i'm going to start with an talk i'm going to start with an introduction to what i actually mean by introduction to what i actually mean by introduction to what i actually mean by minerals before looking at minerals before looking at minerals before looking at how how how parrot material ends up becoming the the parrot material ends up becoming the the parrot material ends up becoming the the soil and the soil mineral composition um soil and the soil mineral composition um soil and the soil mineral composition um and that would lead us nicely onto and that would lead us nicely onto and that would lead us nicely onto looking at soil associations which are looking at soil associations which are looking at soil associations which are um actually a key a key part of the um actually a key a key part of the um actually a key a key part of the whole talk really as we'll see whole talk really as we'll see whole talk really as we'll see um and we'll briefly look at the the um and we'll briefly look at the the um and we'll briefly look at the the technique that i always use to study technique that i always use to study technique that i always use to study soil mineral compositions uh soil mineral compositions uh soil mineral compositions uh quantitatively which is x-ray powder quantitatively which is x-ray powder quantitatively which is x-ray powder diffraction diffraction diffraction um once all that's out of the way we'll um once all that's out of the way we'll um once all that's out of the way we'll actually move on to looking at the main actually move on to looking at the main actually move on to looking at the main groups of minerals that are found in groups of minerals that are found in groups of minerals that are found in scottish soils um their properties um scottish soils um their properties um scottish soils um their properties um and their spatial distributions and their spatial distributions and their spatial distributions across the country before across the country before across the country before wrapping up with a quick summary wrapping up with a quick summary wrapping up with a quick summary so then so then so then what i mean by minerals is pretty simple what i mean by minerals is pretty simple what i mean by minerals is pretty simple they're naturally occurring solid and they're naturally occurring solid and they're naturally occurring solid and organic substances that have a organic substances that have a organic substances that have a well-constrained chemical composition well-constrained chemical composition well-constrained chemical composition and specific crystal structures so and specific crystal structures so and specific crystal structures so ordered arrays of of atoms ordered arrays of of atoms ordered arrays of of atoms create these crystal structures um that create these crystal structures um that create these crystal structures um that form minerals um and form minerals um and form minerals um and they're the main component of most soils they're the main component of most soils they're the main component of most soils in the world by volume even in in in the world by volume even in in in the world by volume even in in scotland where we have a lot of peats scotland where we have a lot of peats scotland where we have a lot of peats and peaty soils and peaty soils and peaty soils the minerals uh are still the minerals uh are still the minerals uh are still the main the main the main component of of the ground beneath our component of of the ground beneath our component of of the ground beneath our feet really and the composition of the feet really and the composition of the feet really and the composition of the the minerals within the soils is the minerals within the soils is the minerals within the soils is intricately linked to nearly all soil intricately linked to nearly all soil intricately linked to nearly all soil properties and the way they function so properties and the way they function so properties and the way they function so understanding the soil mineral understanding the soil mineral understanding the soil mineral composition can really help you composition can really help you composition can really help you understand why your soil and our soils understand why your soil and our soils understand why your soil and our soils um behave the way they do so the minerals observed within a given so the minerals observed within a given so the minerals observed within a given soil soil soil are usually either there um are usually either there um are usually either there um firstly by firstly by firstly by being inherently inherited from the being inherently inherited from the being inherently inherited from the parent material the soil is formed from parent material the soil is formed from parent material the soil is formed from or they can also be or they can also be or they can also be the products of the products of the products of alt aqueous alteration of those minerals alt aqueous alteration of those minerals alt aqueous alteration of those minerals um um um so uh biochemical weathering some so uh biochemical weathering some so uh biochemical weathering some minerals within the soil the weather to minerals within the soil the weather to minerals within the soil the weather to other minerals like clay minerals and other minerals like clay minerals and other minerals like clay minerals and iron oxides so iron oxides so iron oxides so in scotland these these two processes in scotland these these two processes in scotland these these two processes are the main are the main are the main processes that result in the soil processes that result in the soil processes that result in the soil mineral composition and mineral composition and mineral composition and in my experience in my experience in my experience of looking at scottish soils you could of looking at scottish soils you could of looking at scottish soils you could expect to find expect to find expect to find between five and 20 detectable mineral between five and 20 detectable mineral between five and 20 detectable mineral groups within a single soil so they groups within a single soil so they groups within a single soil so they could be the the compositions can be could be the the compositions can be could be the the compositions can be pretty complex uh but nonetheless uh pretty complex uh but nonetheless uh pretty complex uh but nonetheless uh it's entirely possible to to get a it's entirely possible to to get a it's entirely possible to to get a really good idea of what's within them really good idea of what's within them really good idea of what's within them quantitatively quantitatively quantitatively a final note on this slide is that in a final note on this slide is that in a final note on this slide is that in scotland what we generally find scotland what we generally find scotland what we generally find is that the minerals within the soil is that the minerals within the soil is that the minerals within the soil very strongly reflect the minerals that very strongly reflect the minerals that very strongly reflect the minerals that make up the original apparent material make up the original apparent material make up the original apparent material that the soil is formed from and that that the soil is formed from and that that the soil is formed from and that goes back to what alan was saying about goes back to what alan was saying about goes back to what alan was saying about how soils in scotland are are relatively how soils in scotland are are relatively how soils in scotland are are relatively young um 12 to 15 000 years which isn't young um 12 to 15 000 years which isn't young um 12 to 15 000 years which isn't really that long um in the grand scheme really that long um in the grand scheme really that long um in the grand scheme of things of things of things to to to produce these alteration products these produce these alteration products these produce these alteration products these new clay minerals and iron oxides new clay minerals and iron oxides new clay minerals and iron oxides compared to compared to compared to places in the world where the soils places in the world where the soils places in the world where the soils might have had hundreds of thousands or might have had hundreds of thousands or might have had hundreds of thousands or millions of years to form and be altered millions of years to form and be altered millions of years to form and be altered there's a very strong uh relationship there's a very strong uh relationship there's a very strong uh relationship between the parent material and the soil between the parent material and the soil between the parent material and the soil mineral composition in scotland as well mineral composition in scotland as well mineral composition in scotland as well as we'll see um and quite usefully for this talk um and quite usefully for this talk um and quite usefully for this talk we can kind of group uh soil mineral we can kind of group uh soil mineral we can kind of group uh soil mineral compositions across scotland compositions across scotland compositions across scotland into polygons into polygons into polygons of soil associations and these plotted of soil associations and these plotted of soil associations and these plotted on a map are just polygons of soils that on a map are just polygons of soils that on a map are just polygons of soils that have developed from a similar parent have developed from a similar parent have developed from a similar parent material really and and across scotland material really and and across scotland material really and and across scotland there are over 100 associations there are over 100 associations there are over 100 associations which is quite a lot um for the size of which is quite a lot um for the size of which is quite a lot um for the size of the country um the largest of which the country um the largest of which the country um the largest of which extends for about 12 and a half thousand extends for about 12 and a half thousand extends for about 12 and a half thousand square kilometers and there are quite a square kilometers and there are quite a square kilometers and there are quite a few small ones as well which might only few small ones as well which might only few small ones as well which might only be be be a couple of kilometers squared um but in a couple of kilometers squared um but in a couple of kilometers squared um but in this map we i've actually shown just 20 this map we i've actually shown just 20 this map we i've actually shown just 20 of the largest of the largest of the largest soil associations and they cover about soil associations and they cover about soil associations and they cover about 80 percent 80 percent 80 percent of the of the total land uh which helps of the of the total land uh which helps of the of the total land uh which helps simplify things as well for the sake of simplify things as well for the sake of simplify things as well for the sake of this talk this talk this talk and and and in this talk i'm going to be presenting in this talk i'm going to be presenting in this talk i'm going to be presenting quantitative estimates of quantitative estimates of quantitative estimates of soil mineral concentrations soil mineral concentrations soil mineral concentrations of scottish soils of scottish soils of scottish soils and i've i'm going to be presenting data and i've i'm going to be presenting data and i've i'm going to be presenting data from 42 of these soil associations from 42 of these soil associations from 42 of these soil associations um plotted on this map in various colors um plotted on this map in various colors um plotted on this map in various colors um and these cover about 85 of scotland um and these cover about 85 of scotland um and these cover about 85 of scotland so not quite everything but nonetheless so not quite everything but nonetheless so not quite everything but nonetheless we'll get a pretty good idea of the main we'll get a pretty good idea of the main we'll get a pretty good idea of the main patterns um that patterns um that patterns um that occur in soil mineral compositions occur in soil mineral compositions occur in soil mineral compositions across the country across the country across the country and and and an important point an important point an important point to note is that in the in the data that to note is that in the in the data that to note is that in the in the data that i'm presenting i'm going to present i'm presenting i'm going to present i'm presenting i'm going to present basically weight percentages of basically weight percentages of basically weight percentages of minerals within the soil and those minerals within the soil and those minerals within the soil and those weight percentages are of the mineral weight percentages are of the mineral weight percentages are of the mineral fraction alone um so that excludes the fraction alone um so that excludes the fraction alone um so that excludes the organic matter organic matter organic matter from the overall composition from the overall composition from the overall composition so that's quite important to to note so that's quite important to to note so that's quite important to to note that when looking at the maps so before we look at the data i just so before we look at the data i just so before we look at the data i just want to touch upon the the way in which want to touch upon the the way in which want to touch upon the the way in which we can study we can study we can study the mineralogy of soils in such detail the mineralogy of soils in such detail the mineralogy of soils in such detail and the technique and the technique and the technique we use for that is called x-ray powder we use for that is called x-ray powder we use for that is called x-ray powder diffraction diffraction diffraction now this technique now this technique now this technique makes use of the way in which x-rays makes use of the way in which x-rays makes use of the way in which x-rays interact with the regular interact with the regular interact with the regular atomic arrangement in crystal structures atomic arrangement in crystal structures atomic arrangement in crystal structures to create a unique signature to create a unique signature to create a unique signature for every for every for every mineral in existence mineral in existence mineral in existence and in a soil you would get a pattern a and in a soil you would get a pattern a and in a soil you would get a pattern a diffraction pattern that might look diffraction pattern that might look diffraction pattern that might look something like this something like this something like this uh and you can use the locations of the uh and you can use the locations of the uh and you can use the locations of the peaks in the pattern peaks in the pattern peaks in the pattern and their intensities and their intensities and their intensities relative to one another relative to one another relative to one another to identify what the what minerals are to identify what the what minerals are to identify what the what minerals are within your soil and also to then work within your soil and also to then work within your soil and also to then work out the concentration of those minerals out the concentration of those minerals out the concentration of those minerals so i've been looking at so i've been looking at so i've been looking at hundreds of these patterns for soils hundreds of these patterns for soils hundreds of these patterns for soils across scotland across scotland across scotland over the past five years or so over the past five years or so over the past five years or so working as a soil mineralogist at the working as a soil mineralogist at the working as a soil mineralogist at the james hutton institute james hutton institute james hutton institute and i've quantified and i've quantified and i've quantified concentrations of of minerals concentrations of of minerals concentrations of of minerals across the country across the country across the country and and and what i've found and what i'll present what i've found and what i'll present what i've found and what i'll present today is that today is that today is that there are seven mineral groups that there are seven mineral groups that there are seven mineral groups that account for about 90 account for about 90 account for about 90 of the soil mineral compositions of the soil mineral compositions of the soil mineral compositions by mass in scotland um by mass in scotland um by mass in scotland um so these give a so these give a so these give a very just introducing these today will very just introducing these today will very just introducing these today will give us quite a good picture of of the give us quite a good picture of of the give us quite a good picture of of the main groups that you can expect to find main groups that you can expect to find main groups that you can expect to find there are others um other there are others um other there are others um other uh minor phases uh minor phases uh minor phases uh which are interesting but i just uh which are interesting but i just uh which are interesting but i just won't have time to squeeze them in today won't have time to squeeze them in today won't have time to squeeze them in today so so so in order of in order of in order of average abundance we have um first average abundance we have um first average abundance we have um first quartz quartz quartz second plagioclase second plagioclase second plagioclase [Music] potassium feldspar potassium feldspar potassium feldspar fifth we have a mixed layer here like fifth we have a mixed layer here like fifth we have a mixed layer here like smacktype minerals smacktype minerals smacktype minerals six we have calorinites and kaolin six we have calorinites and kaolin six we have calorinites and kaolin minerals minerals minerals and in seven we have chlorites and what and in seven we have chlorites and what and in seven we have chlorites and what i've shown here is the unique signatures i've shown here is the unique signatures i've shown here is the unique signatures of these mineral groups that you get of these mineral groups that you get of these mineral groups that you get from the diffraction data so quartz has from the diffraction data so quartz has from the diffraction data so quartz has a very simple a very simple a very simple pattern with discrete peaks pattern with discrete peaks pattern with discrete peaks which contrast greatly to the which contrast greatly to the which contrast greatly to the kind of disordered and broad peaks that kind of disordered and broad peaks that kind of disordered and broad peaks that you get with mixed layer clay minerals you get with mixed layer clay minerals you get with mixed layer clay minerals and if you were to and if you were to and if you were to observe a soil with all seven groups observe a soil with all seven groups observe a soil with all seven groups you could simply you could simply you could simply model the the pattern as the sum of all model the the pattern as the sum of all model the the pattern as the sum of all of these of all these pure patterns of these of all these pure patterns of these of all these pure patterns which would create something like this which would create something like this which would create something like this which which which looks incredibly complex but can be looks incredibly complex but can be looks incredibly complex but can be broken down broken down broken down simply to the sum of these these pure simply to the sum of these these pure simply to the sum of these these pure phases within it and that's how you um phases within it and that's how you um phases within it and that's how you um identify and quantify minerals within identify and quantify minerals within identify and quantify minerals within soil soil soil so the rest of the talk now will look at so the rest of the talk now will look at so the rest of the talk now will look at these seven groups individually and these seven groups individually and these seven groups individually and their their their their their their variation across the country so we'll start with quartz which so we'll start with quartz which so we'll start with quartz which is the most common mineral is the most common mineral is the most common mineral um in scottish soils and and uh in soils um in scottish soils and and uh in soils um in scottish soils and and uh in soils across the world you'd be hard-pressed across the world you'd be hard-pressed across the world you'd be hard-pressed to find to find to find a soil that doesn't have a soil that doesn't have a soil that doesn't have any quartz in it any quartz in it any quartz in it um it's um it's um it's simply silicon dioxide um it doesn't simply silicon dioxide um it doesn't simply silicon dioxide um it doesn't really offer really offer really offer any any any nutritional benefits nutritional benefits nutritional benefits to to the soil or the plants that to to the soil or the plants that to to the soil or the plants that inhabit it uh and it's chemical pretty inhabit it uh and it's chemical pretty inhabit it uh and it's chemical pretty pretty much chemically inert pretty much chemically inert pretty much chemically inert um it's very resistant to um it's very resistant to um it's very resistant to physical breakdown as well so physical breakdown as well so physical breakdown as well so you would usually find the quartz in the you would usually find the quartz in the you would usually find the quartz in the sand sized fraction of the soil so sand sized fraction of the soil so sand sized fraction of the soil so soils richer in quartz are generally soils richer in quartz are generally soils richer in quartz are generally quite saggy quite saggy quite saggy and if we look at the and if we look at the and if we look at the map of the quartz map of the quartz map of the quartz distribution across the country distribution across the country distribution across the country we find that in in general we find that in in general we find that in in general quartz accounts for about 50 of the quartz accounts for about 50 of the quartz accounts for about 50 of the minerals in our soils but there are a minerals in our soils but there are a minerals in our soils but there are a few few few soil associations that stand out um on soil associations that stand out um on soil associations that stand out um on this map we've got this map we've got this map we've got uh just in the uh just in the uh just in the central central central uh belt here below edinburgh we've got uh belt here below edinburgh we've got uh belt here below edinburgh we've got the darval association which is soils the darval association which is soils the darval association which is soils developed from developed from developed from fluvio glacial sands and gravels which fluvio glacial sands and gravels which fluvio glacial sands and gravels which are about eighty percent quartz are about eighty percent quartz are about eighty percent quartz um up on the murray firth we've got a um up on the murray firth we've got a um up on the murray firth we've got a small association called the nigg small association called the nigg small association called the nigg association which is association which is association which is raised beaches along the coast raised beaches along the coast raised beaches along the coast um which are very sandy 75 um which are very sandy 75 um which are very sandy 75 quartz quartz quartz and then and then and then on the isles of isla and juror we have on the isles of isla and juror we have on the isles of isla and juror we have the dern hill association where the the dern hill association where the the dern hill association where the soils have developed from quartzite a soils have developed from quartzite a soils have developed from quartzite a metamorphic rock rich in quartz metamorphic rock rich in quartz metamorphic rock rich in quartz um so they're they're all really rich in um so they're they're all really rich in um so they're they're all really rich in courts but the real outlier courts but the real outlier courts but the real outlier in the in a scottish context is in the in a scottish context is in the in a scottish context is um the da leaf association which shows um the da leaf association which shows um the da leaf association which shows up as white patches up as white patches up as white patches on the map and these are soils developed on the map and these are soils developed on the map and these are soils developed from from from tertiary basalts and these only have tertiary basalts and these only have tertiary basalts and these only have less than 10 quarts in them because it's less than 10 quarts in them because it's less than 10 quarts in them because it's a basic igneous rock very low in silica a basic igneous rock very low in silica a basic igneous rock very low in silica um and these are these are really um and these are these are really um and these are these are really beautiful soils um generally beautiful soils um generally beautiful soils um generally uh the less quartz you have the more the uh the less quartz you have the more the uh the less quartz you have the more the more space you have really for more more space you have really for more more space you have really for more nutrient rich minerals um so they're nutrient rich minerals um so they're nutrient rich minerals um so they're beautiful soils to dig nutrient rich beautiful soils to dig nutrient rich beautiful soils to dig nutrient rich i've even heard reports of i've even heard reports of i've even heard reports of people growing melons on the isle of people growing melons on the isle of people growing melons on the isle of mull in their basaltic soils in mull in their basaltic soils in mull in their basaltic soils in polytunnels so polytunnels so polytunnels so some of my favorite soils on this dalek some of my favorite soils on this dalek some of my favorite soils on this dalek association so so so second in the list is plagioclase now second in the list is plagioclase now second in the list is plagioclase now plagioclase is plagioclase is plagioclase is probably the probably the probably the second or the most abundant rock forming second or the most abundant rock forming second or the most abundant rock forming mineral on earth um and it's a framework mineral on earth um and it's a framework mineral on earth um and it's a framework silicate that silicate that silicate that exists either as a pure sodium exists either as a pure sodium exists either as a pure sodium plagioclase or a pure calcium plagioclase or a pure calcium plagioclase or a pure calcium plagioclase uh called albite and an plagioclase uh called albite and an plagioclase uh called albite and an orcite orcite orcite respectively respectively respectively or they can be anything in between they or they can be anything in between they or they can be anything in between they can have a mix of the two in some kind can have a mix of the two in some kind can have a mix of the two in some kind of what we call a solid solution of what we call a solid solution of what we call a solid solution um and these plagioclase minerals are um and these plagioclase minerals are um and these plagioclase minerals are often the main sources of sodium and often the main sources of sodium and often the main sources of sodium and calcium in our soils when you look at calcium in our soils when you look at calcium in our soils when you look at the total concentrations the total concentrations the total concentrations but that wouldn't necessarily reflect in but that wouldn't necessarily reflect in but that wouldn't necessarily reflect in the phytoavailable concentrations the phytoavailable concentrations the phytoavailable concentrations because these nutrients are locked up because these nutrients are locked up because these nutrients are locked up within a resistant framework uh silicate within a resistant framework uh silicate within a resistant framework uh silicate structure structure structure and you don't usually find these and you don't usually find these and you don't usually find these minerals minerals minerals in the sand and silt size fractions in the sand and silt size fractions in the sand and silt size fractions before they're weathered down into other before they're weathered down into other before they're weathered down into other clay minerals that would clay minerals that would clay minerals that would then be found usually in the clay size then be found usually in the clay size then be found usually in the clay size fraction fraction fraction and on the map of uh plagioclase we find and on the map of uh plagioclase we find and on the map of uh plagioclase we find that the countess wells association in that the countess wells association in that the countess wells association in bright red bright red bright red here uh centered upon the northeast here uh centered upon the northeast here uh centered upon the northeast um has um has um has about 30 plagioclase in its composition about 30 plagioclase in its composition about 30 plagioclase in its composition on average on average on average um and we also um and we also um and we also have have have the the the uh outer hebrides and the lock in the uh outer hebrides and the lock in the uh outer hebrides and the lock in the association association association uh with a similar uh with a similar uh with a similar plagioclase content um count as wells plagioclase content um count as wells plagioclase content um count as wells i should add is soils developed from i should add is soils developed from i should add is soils developed from granitic paramaterium so intrusive granitic paramaterium so intrusive granitic paramaterium so intrusive igneous rock and out here on the outer igneous rock and out here on the outer igneous rock and out here on the outer hebrides allen touched upon it uh you've hebrides allen touched upon it uh you've hebrides allen touched upon it uh you've got the louisiana nice which is got the louisiana nice which is got the louisiana nice which is metamorphosed uh granite so that metamorphosed uh granite so that metamorphosed uh granite so that explains why these explains why these explains why these uh soils have have such high content of uh soils have have such high content of uh soils have have such high content of plagioclase our third group of minerals our third group of minerals our third group of minerals it actually contains two minerals uh it actually contains two minerals uh it actually contains two minerals uh muscovite and elite um and i've grouped muscovite and elite um and i've grouped muscovite and elite um and i've grouped these together because they have very these together because they have very these together because they have very similar crystal structures so they can similar crystal structures so they can similar crystal structures so they can be quite hard to tell apart from one be quite hard to tell apart from one be quite hard to tell apart from one another without quite detailed uh another without quite detailed uh another without quite detailed uh mineral analysis um so they both belong mineral analysis um so they both belong mineral analysis um so they both belong to a group of phyllosilicates so sheep to a group of phyllosilicates so sheep to a group of phyllosilicates so sheep silicates which are also referred to silicates which are also referred to silicates which are also referred to as clay minerals as clay minerals as clay minerals um um um but rather confusingly that that doesn't but rather confusingly that that doesn't but rather confusingly that that doesn't necessarily mean that they're clay-sized necessarily mean that they're clay-sized necessarily mean that they're clay-sized so mica uh or muscovite mica minerals so mica uh or muscovite mica minerals so mica uh or muscovite mica minerals such that this picture can exist as very such that this picture can exist as very such that this picture can exist as very large crystal structures um large crystal structures um large crystal structures um so despite being a clay mineral um so despite being a clay mineral um so despite being a clay mineral um whereas a light is more of a whereas a light is more of a whereas a light is more of a weathering product and would usually be weathering product and would usually be weathering product and would usually be clay site so that's an important clay site so that's an important clay site so that's an important different different different difference between the two difference between the two difference between the two they both contain a lot of potassium and they both contain a lot of potassium and they both contain a lot of potassium and elite in particular would be a very good elite in particular would be a very good elite in particular would be a very good source of source of source of phytoavailable uh potassium and other phytoavailable uh potassium and other phytoavailable uh potassium and other essential nutrients essential nutrients essential nutrients due to it having a due to it having a due to it having a quite a quite a quite a considerable cation exchange capacity and when we look at the spatial and when we look at the spatial and when we look at the spatial distribution of distribution of distribution of these these groups are this group of these these groups are this group of these these groups are this group of minerals minerals minerals we see a hot spot in the northeast in we see a hot spot in the northeast in we see a hot spot in the northeast in the orderly and the orderly and the orderly and associations associations associations and these are soils developed from and these are soils developed from and these are soils developed from metamorphosed argillacious rocks which metamorphosed argillacious rocks which metamorphosed argillacious rocks which just means clay bearing rocks just means clay bearing rocks just means clay bearing rocks such as schists by lights such as schists by lights such as schists by lights so these are so these soils might so these are so these soils might so these are so these soils might contain about 20 to 25 contain about 20 to 25 contain about 20 to 25 of this mineral group of this mineral group of this mineral group in the mineral composition in the mineral composition in the mineral composition and then in the southern uplands we have and then in the southern uplands we have and then in the southern uplands we have this quite large association called the this quite large association called the this quite large association called the electric association which uh is electric association which uh is electric association which uh is represents soils developed from a from represents soils developed from a from represents soils developed from a from another clay bearing rock called another clay bearing rock called another clay bearing rock called grey wacky grey wacky grey wacky um which is um which is um which is uh which contains like quite angular uh which contains like quite angular uh which contains like quite angular uh quartz and feldspar particles kind of uh quartz and feldspar particles kind of uh quartz and feldspar particles kind of encased within a encased within a encased within a clay matrix so that explains why clay matrix so that explains why clay matrix so that explains why we have the we have the we have the higher concentrations there as well so number four in in our list is so number four in in our list is so number four in in our list is potassium feldspar potassium feldspar potassium feldspar and this is like the potassium-rich and this is like the potassium-rich and this is like the potassium-rich cousin of the plagioclase minerals that cousin of the plagioclase minerals that cousin of the plagioclase minerals that we looked at a couple of slides back we looked at a couple of slides back we looked at a couple of slides back um and these are the main source of um and these are the main source of um and these are the main source of total potassium in many soils total potassium in many soils total potassium in many soils and again this doesn't necessarily mean and again this doesn't necessarily mean and again this doesn't necessarily mean that they contain those soils contain that they contain those soils contain that they contain those soils contain much phyto-available potassium because much phyto-available potassium because much phyto-available potassium because the potassium locked up within these the potassium locked up within these the potassium locked up within these potassium feldspar minerals is really potassium feldspar minerals is really potassium feldspar minerals is really uh resistant uh resistant uh resistant to breakdown um even aqua regia to breakdown um even aqua regia to breakdown um even aqua regia struggles to extract potassium from from struggles to extract potassium from from struggles to extract potassium from from these minerals these minerals these minerals um and they usually sound to silk size um and they usually sound to silk size um and they usually sound to silk size before they're then broken down before they're then broken down before they're then broken down subsequently into clay minerals subsequently into clay minerals subsequently into clay minerals but given the but given the but given the the young nature of scottish soils there the young nature of scottish soils there the young nature of scottish soils there hasn't been much time for that to take hasn't been much time for that to take hasn't been much time for that to take place there are still signs of it but place there are still signs of it but place there are still signs of it but nothing like what you might find nothing like what you might find nothing like what you might find elsewhere with with older soils so on the map of uh potassium feldspar so on the map of uh potassium feldspar so on the map of uh potassium feldspar the countess wells association really the countess wells association really the countess wells association really stands out again just like it did with stands out again just like it did with stands out again just like it did with plagioclase so this these granitic plagioclase so this these granitic plagioclase so this these granitic soils soils soils developed from intrusive igneous rock um developed from intrusive igneous rock um developed from intrusive igneous rock um might have about 20 percent might have about 20 percent might have about 20 percent potassium feldspar within their mineral potassium feldspar within their mineral potassium feldspar within their mineral composition composition composition so so so all of the bright red patches on this all of the bright red patches on this all of the bright red patches on this map map map are really associated with that are really associated with that are really associated with that association fifth group is another group of clay fifth group is another group of clay fifth group is another group of clay minerals um and this is the group of minerals um and this is the group of minerals um and this is the group of mixed layer clay minerals um which are mixed layer clay minerals um which are mixed layer clay minerals um which are inter-stratified layers of inter-stratified layers of inter-stratified layers of philite and smek types also known as philite and smek types also known as philite and smek types also known as monolinite monolinite monolinite and these are a group of two to one and these are a group of two to one and these are a group of two to one phyllosilicates which summarizes their phyllosilicates which summarizes their phyllosilicates which summarizes their their crystal structure that the way their crystal structure that the way their crystal structure that the way that the atoms are layered within their that the atoms are layered within their that the atoms are layered within their structure structure structure and they're pretty much always clay and they're pretty much always clay and they're pretty much always clay sized and therefore have considerable sized and therefore have considerable sized and therefore have considerable impacts on soil properties by acting as impacts on soil properties by acting as impacts on soil properties by acting as a source for a source for a source for nutrient absorption and formation of nutrient absorption and formation of nutrient absorption and formation of colloids colloids colloids so they really do affect the way soil so they really do affect the way soil so they really do affect the way soil functions and with respect to these minerals it's and with respect to these minerals it's and with respect to these minerals it's the the ectric association that really the the ectric association that really the the ectric association that really stands out again stands out again stands out again um it was very much rich in muscovite um it was very much rich in muscovite um it was very much rich in muscovite and illite and also that clay bearing and illite and also that clay bearing and illite and also that clay bearing matrix of the grey wacky seems to also matrix of the grey wacky seems to also matrix of the grey wacky seems to also be rich in be rich in be rich in these mixed layer clay minerals as well these mixed layer clay minerals as well these mixed layer clay minerals as well and this was actually four to five and this was actually four to five and this was actually four to five hundred million years ago hundred million years ago hundred million years ago the the southern uplands before they the the southern uplands before they the the southern uplands before they were uplifted were part of a marine were uplifted were part of a marine were uplifted were part of a marine environment so these are marine environment so these are marine environment so these are marine sediments that are sediments that are sediments that are now forming this grey wacky rock number six in our list is the kaling number six in our list is the kaling number six in our list is the kaling group of minerals which includes group of minerals which includes group of minerals which includes a few different minerals kaolinites a few different minerals kaolinites a few different minerals kaolinites hello sites hello sites hello sites and dickite and dickite and dickite and these are a group of phyllosilicates and these are a group of phyllosilicates and these are a group of phyllosilicates so it's a group of clay minerals that so it's a group of clay minerals that so it's a group of clay minerals that are always clay sized pretty much you are always clay sized pretty much you are always clay sized pretty much you wouldn't find them as large particles wouldn't find them as large particles wouldn't find them as large particles outside of the clay fraction so soils outside of the clay fraction so soils outside of the clay fraction so soils rich in in kaolin uh would generally rich in in kaolin uh would generally rich in in kaolin uh would generally have a very heavy texture have a very heavy texture have a very heavy texture but they wouldn't necessarily have um but they wouldn't necessarily have um but they wouldn't necessarily have um a good ability to absorb nutrients a good ability to absorb nutrients a good ability to absorb nutrients because kale and group minerals don't because kale and group minerals don't because kale and group minerals don't have a very high cation exchange have a very high cation exchange have a very high cation exchange capacity compared to the two to one clay capacity compared to the two to one clay capacity compared to the two to one clay minerals that minerals that minerals that we've already touched upon it we've already touched upon it we've already touched upon it and when looking at the map of of the and when looking at the map of of the and when looking at the map of of the kalin group uh it's very different to kalin group uh it's very different to kalin group uh it's very different to what we've seen for any other mineral what we've seen for any other mineral what we've seen for any other mineral group so far group so far group so far um um um we've got the central we've got the central we've got the central lowlands lowlands lowlands um uh um uh um uh really stands out with the rowan hill really stands out with the rowan hill really stands out with the rowan hill association which covers much of this association which covers much of this association which covers much of this part of scotland part of scotland part of scotland containing about 15 containing about 15 containing about 15 kalin kalin kalin um which represents soils developed from um which represents soils developed from um which represents soils developed from carboniferous sandstones and carboniferous sandstones and carboniferous sandstones and in in in in this area as well we also have an in this area as well we also have an in this area as well we also have an association called the sterling association called the sterling association called the sterling association which represents soils association which represents soils association which represents soils developed from developed from developed from um ancient estuarine and lactose drying um ancient estuarine and lactose drying um ancient estuarine and lactose drying environments um that show up with having environments um that show up with having environments um that show up with having some kalin as well so that's the rowan hill is the one that so that's the rowan hill is the one that so that's the rowan hill is the one that really stands out really stands out really stands out so the last group of minerals that so the last group of minerals that so the last group of minerals that constitutes the seven most common constitutes the seven most common constitutes the seven most common minerals found in scotland is the minerals found in scotland is the minerals found in scotland is the chlorite group chlorite group chlorite group and these are really complex uh and these are really complex uh and these are really complex uh phyllosilicates that are known as having phyllosilicates that are known as having phyllosilicates that are known as having a two to one to one a two to one to one a two to one to one structure or structure or structure or also known as a two to two structure and also known as a two to two structure and also known as a two to two structure and that again just summarizes the way the that again just summarizes the way the that again just summarizes the way the silicon and aluminium layers are are silicon and aluminium layers are are silicon and aluminium layers are are stacked upon one another within stacked upon one another within stacked upon one another within the the structure the the structure the the structure and these minerals are rich in magnesium and these minerals are rich in magnesium and these minerals are rich in magnesium and and and and they don't and they don't and they don't despite being a phyllosilicate or a clay despite being a phyllosilicate or a clay despite being a phyllosilicate or a clay mineral again they're not necessarily mineral again they're not necessarily mineral again they're not necessarily found in the clay size fraction they can found in the clay size fraction they can found in the clay size fraction they can exist in quite large crystals or very exist in quite large crystals or very exist in quite large crystals or very very small crystals so very small crystals so very small crystals so um that that um that that um that that adds an extra layer of complication adds an extra layer of complication adds an extra layer of complication and they're also quite and they're also quite and they're also quite um vulnerable if you like to chemical um vulnerable if you like to chemical um vulnerable if you like to chemical weathering weathering weathering um so the fact that we do observe um so the fact that we do observe um so the fact that we do observe chlorites in the soils in scotland is a chlorites in the soils in scotland is a chlorites in the soils in scotland is a sign that they are quite young and the sign that they are quite young and the sign that they are quite young and the chloric hasn't had a chance really to be chloric hasn't had a chance really to be chloric hasn't had a chance really to be weathered into subsequent products which weathered into subsequent products which weathered into subsequent products which would be subsequent clay minerals would be subsequent clay minerals would be subsequent clay minerals so so so looking at the looking at the looking at the rich associations with chlorite this rich associations with chlorite this rich associations with chlorite this very much reflects what we found with very much reflects what we found with very much reflects what we found with elite and mica elite and mica elite and mica in that you've got this hot spot in the in that you've got this hot spot in the in that you've got this hot spot in the northeast northeast northeast uh and also the electric association uh and also the electric association uh and also the electric association standing out as well and these are basically all formed from and these are basically all formed from and these are basically all formed from our delicious or clay bearing rocks our delicious or clay bearing rocks our delicious or clay bearing rocks so in summary um i hope i've shown you so in summary um i hope i've shown you so in summary um i hope i've shown you that the soil mineral compositions in that the soil mineral compositions in that the soil mineral compositions in scotland are scotland are scotland are show substantial variation and they do show substantial variation and they do show substantial variation and they do generally reflect the composition of the generally reflect the composition of the generally reflect the composition of the pair of material there has been some pair of material there has been some pair of material there has been some alteration obviously and within alteration obviously and within alteration obviously and within associations there is subtle variation associations there is subtle variation associations there is subtle variation as well that we weren't able to touch on as well that we weren't able to touch on as well that we weren't able to touch on upon when looking at this scale upon when looking at this scale upon when looking at this scale um um um but another point i want to but another point i want to but another point i want to outline before i finish is that the clay outline before i finish is that the clay outline before i finish is that the clay minerals that i've identified today minerals that i've identified today minerals that i've identified today um are not necessarily always clay sized um are not necessarily always clay sized um are not necessarily always clay sized because of the way they're inherited because of the way they're inherited because of the way they're inherited from the parent material from the parent material from the parent material and that means that understanding the and that means that understanding the and that means that understanding the mineral compositions of the soils not mineral compositions of the soils not mineral compositions of the soils not just the particle size distributions can just the particle size distributions can just the particle size distributions can really help to understand really help to understand really help to understand why uh soils have the properties they do why uh soils have the properties they do why uh soils have the properties they do um and that or with that i'll i'll um and that or with that i'll i'll um and that or with that i'll i'll finish with finish with finish with an acknowledgement to the macaulay an acknowledgement to the macaulay an acknowledgement to the macaulay development trust that funded my development trust that funded my development trust that funded my research for a few years at the um research for a few years at the um research for a few years at the um james hutton institute and if you want james hutton institute and if you want james hutton institute and if you want to find more information about soil to find more information about soil to find more information about soil mineralogy and how the analysis can be mineralogy and how the analysis can be mineralogy and how the analysis can be done using done using done using vr programming language vr programming language vr programming language there's a course online that i've there's a course online that i've there's a course online that i've written written written on the following on the link on this on the following on the link on this on the following on the link on this slide slide slide so thank you for your time and i'll so thank you for your time and i'll so thank you for your time and i'll finish finish finish thank you very much ben and a great thank you very much ben and a great thank you very much ben and a great insight into um the complexity and insight into um the complexity and insight into um the complexity and variability within within the soils variability within within the soils variability within within the soils so i'm pleased now to welcome willie so i'm pleased now to welcome willie so i'm pleased now to welcome willie towers who's been monitoring the towers who's been monitoring the towers who's been monitoring the questions you've been sending in for our questions you've been sending in for our questions you've been sending in for our panelists hopefully panelists hopefully panelists hopefully you've got them all in um if you've got you've got them all in um if you've got you've got them all in um if you've got any final questions get them in very any final questions get them in very any final questions get them in very very quickly and then that gives really very quickly and then that gives really very quickly and then that gives really a chance to to get through everything so a chance to to get through everything so a chance to to get through everything so um over to you willie um over to you willie um over to you willie okay hey can nobody okay hey can nobody okay hey can nobody see a few questions come in thankfully and a few questions come in thankfully and a few questions come in thankfully and good good good um firstly for alan um a couple of um firstly for alan um a couple of um firstly for alan um a couple of questions from a couple of the questions from a couple of the questions from a couple of the attendees to the webinar attendees to the webinar attendees to the webinar are any of the data available online and are any of the data available online and are any of the data available online and if so which ones if so which ones if so which ones for you for using gis um yeah um um yeah um um yeah um on some of the slides i've put in some on some of the slides i've put in some on some of the slides i've put in some of the um of the um of the um the urls the urls the urls um but the um but the um but the 250k soil map 250k soil map 250k soil map um an associated data set is available um an associated data set is available um an associated data set is available online and free to download online and free to download online and free to download um the digitized one to 25 000 scale um the digitized one to 25 000 scale um the digitized one to 25 000 scale map is online and free to download map is online and free to download map is online and free to download and the national assault inventory that and the national assault inventory that and the national assault inventory that was done between 1978 and 1988 was done between 1978 and 1988 was done between 1978 and 1988 is online and free to download is online and free to download is online and free to download um essentially download them from the um essentially download them from the um essentially download them from the hutton website but probably the best hutton website but probably the best hutton website but probably the best place to look place to look place to look would be what's called scotland soft would be what's called scotland soft would be what's called scotland soft website website website if you just type in scotland soils it if you just type in scotland soils it if you just type in scotland soils it generally comes up first in the google generally comes up first in the google generally comes up first in the google search search search and from there you'll find links to and from there you'll find links to and from there you'll find links to being able to download the data okay thanks alan and just ask actually a okay thanks alan and just ask actually a okay thanks alan and just ask actually a follow-up to the follow-up to the follow-up to the that that that a and one question is has the whole a and one question is has the whole a and one question is has the whole country now been mapped at one to twenty country now been mapped at one to twenty country now been mapped at one to twenty five thousand scale five thousand scale five thousand scale went to twenty-five thousand no yeah the went to twenty-five thousand no yeah the went to twenty-five thousand no yeah the um it's the 125 000 scale um it's the 125 000 scale um it's the 125 000 scale is primarily the cultivated land is primarily the cultivated land is primarily the cultivated land and the adjacent upland and the adjacent upland and the adjacent upland um um um we're pretty much there with digitizing we're pretty much there with digitizing we're pretty much there with digitizing all the 25 000 scale maps so all the 25 000 scale maps so all the 25 000 scale maps so the map that i showed the map that i showed the map that i showed with that white area is about as much as with that white area is about as much as with that white area is about as much as we're going to get at that resolution okay thanks alan okay thanks alan okay thanks alan uh okay one from ben now and to me it uh okay one from ben now and to me it uh okay one from ben now and to me it strikes me it's quite a big question so strikes me it's quite a big question so strikes me it's quite a big question so he's a challenge for the event he's a challenge for the event he's a challenge for the event do the different mineral do the different mineral do the different mineral do the different mineral groups manifest do the different mineral groups manifest do the different mineral groups manifest themselves in different uh themselves in different uh themselves in different uh certain microbiomes of soil biology certain microbiomes of soil biology certain microbiomes of soil biology yeah yeah yeah great question uh that's something i did great question uh that's something i did great question uh that's something i did actually look into a few years back we actually look into a few years back we actually look into a few years back we um had a nice data set with all the um had a nice data set with all the um had a nice data set with all the mineralogy of the scottish soils and the mineralogy of the scottish soils and the mineralogy of the scottish soils and the um bacterial genomic sequencing data genomic sequencing data genomic sequencing data and we looked into it and and yes it and we looked into it and and yes it and we looked into it and and yes it does uh it certainly does there is a does uh it certainly does there is a does uh it certainly does there is a certain effect it's very hard to unpick certain effect it's very hard to unpick certain effect it's very hard to unpick um um um the exact contributions of of the the exact contributions of of the the exact contributions of of the minerals because minerals because minerals because um everything's linked to one another um everything's linked to one another um everything's linked to one another within soils um but once one of the most within soils um but once one of the most within soils um but once one of the most striking different uh things we saw was striking different uh things we saw was striking different uh things we saw was there's a there's a there's a um there are there's a soil association um there are there's a soil association um there are there's a soil association in scotland where the soils have in scotland where the soils have in scotland where the soils have developed on developed on developed on um apparent material could serpent um apparent material could serpent um apparent material could serpent tonight tonight tonight um and these soils are almost naturally um and these soils are almost naturally um and these soils are almost naturally um contaminated due to the mineral um contaminated due to the mineral um contaminated due to the mineral composition they have they've got very composition they have they've got very composition they have they've got very high concentrations of of various high concentrations of of various high concentrations of of various heavy metals uh and the microbial heavy metals uh and the microbial heavy metals uh and the microbial community on those soils was um community on those soils was um community on those soils was um completely different to anything else in completely different to anything else in completely different to anything else in scotland scotland scotland so that was certainly driven by the so that was certainly driven by the so that was certainly driven by the mineralogy the hardest thing when doing mineralogy the hardest thing when doing mineralogy the hardest thing when doing that work is trying to unpick um what is that work is trying to unpick um what is that work is trying to unpick um what is simply due to ph simply due to ph simply due to ph change which is the main driver of change which is the main driver of change which is the main driver of microbial communities i think and what's microbial communities i think and what's microbial communities i think and what's actually due to the surfaces of the actually due to the surfaces of the actually due to the surfaces of the minerals minerals minerals themselves themselves themselves okay thanks for that ben thanks for that ben thanks for that ben a another one for alan actually a another one for alan actually a another one for alan actually do you ever read do surveys do you ever read do surveys do you ever read do surveys redo surveys um redo surveys um redo surveys um yes yes yes on occasions we we do um on occasions we we do um on occasions we we do um generally if we generally if we generally if we need to have more detailed information need to have more detailed information need to have more detailed information so so so if we need to mark it at a higher if we need to mark it at a higher if we need to mark it at a higher resolution also at the minute within the hutton we also at the minute within the hutton we also at the minute within the hutton we have have have an active group an active group an active group who are undertaking who are undertaking who are undertaking service and forestry areas service and forestry areas service and forestry areas um essentially using the um essentially using the um essentially using the the forestry soil classification rather the forestry soil classification rather the forestry soil classification rather than the scottish salt classification than the scottish salt classification than the scottish salt classification um so yeah we do on occasions it's not um so yeah we do on occasions it's not um so yeah we do on occasions it's not done very often but uh done very often but uh done very often but uh it's done okay thanks alan i know i know we okay thanks alan i know i know we okay thanks alan i know i know we revisited certain points across the revisited certain points across the revisited certain points across the landscape as well but you did landscape as well but you did landscape as well but you did capture that in your presentation capture that in your presentation capture that in your presentation i've actually got one for you ben from i've actually got one for you ben from i've actually got one for you ben from me personally me personally me personally did it did the did it did the did it did the was there any surprises to you between was there any surprises to you between was there any surprises to you between the associations and the minerality the associations and the minerality the associations and the minerality which embeds from it are emerged from in which embeds from it are emerged from in which embeds from it are emerged from in your your your work uh yeah i think i thought initially work uh yeah i think i thought initially work uh yeah i think i thought initially thought that there would be more thought that there would be more thought that there would be more variation within the associations um variation within the associations um variation within the associations um having studied a couple in quite a lot having studied a couple in quite a lot having studied a couple in quite a lot of detail generally the of detail generally the of detail generally the the mineral compositions certainly like the mineral compositions certainly like the mineral compositions certainly like the major groups of minerals uh are very the major groups of minerals uh are very the major groups of minerals uh are very much similar across an association and much similar across an association and much similar across an association and the variation really comes in just the the variation really comes in just the the variation really comes in just the slight um slight um slight um changes perhaps in the proportion of changes perhaps in the proportion of changes perhaps in the proportion of clay minerals due to minerals due to minerals due to mainly due to soil type really so uh mainly due to soil type really so uh mainly due to soil type really so uh often glade soils that are often often glade soils that are often often glade soils that are often waterlogged and waterlogged and waterlogged and have a lot more interaction with water have a lot more interaction with water have a lot more interaction with water than well-drained soils would have more than well-drained soils would have more than well-drained soils would have more clay in because clay in because clay in because there's been more opportunity for there's been more opportunity for there's been more opportunity for the minerals the minerals the minerals or inherited from the from the pair of or inherited from the from the pair of or inherited from the from the pair of material to be broken down by water into material to be broken down by water into material to be broken down by water into new clay minerals um new clay minerals um new clay minerals um so that was the main surprise really i so that was the main surprise really i so that was the main surprise really i initially quite naively thought that initially quite naively thought that initially quite naively thought that there would be there would be there would be more more variation than than there is more more variation than than there is more more variation than than there is all right and also just one last one for you allen and also just one last one for you allen and also just one last one for you allen from me as well from me as well from me as well uh you've been in the this field now for uh you've been in the this field now for uh you've been in the this field now for 40 years is there any star that really 40 years is there any star that really 40 years is there any star that really sort of inspires you sort of inspires you sort of inspires you and if so and if so and if so you know why i saw that inspires me and why i mean i saw that inspires me and why i mean i saw that inspires me and why i mean yeah i mean there are yeah i mean there are yeah i mean there are there are so many um there are so many um there are so many um different soils that different soils that different soils that i mean aesthetically look i mean aesthetically look i mean aesthetically look really nice it's a really difficult one i would have it's a really difficult one i would have it's a really difficult one i would have to think to think to think quite hard about that quite hard about that quite hard about that um to try and pick an individual soil um to try and pick an individual soil um to try and pick an individual soil that uh that uh that uh i really like but yeah sometimes you i really like but yeah sometimes you i really like but yeah sometimes you take a hole and you look at it and you take a hole and you look at it and you take a hole and you look at it and you go out go out go out but but but that could just be me yeah yeah i i i know you no one's yeah yeah i i i know you no one's yeah yeah i i i know you no one's actually come from similar backgrounds i i think i think that's all questions thank you very much willie um so yeah on thank you very much willie um so yeah on thank you very much willie um so yeah on on behalf of the society of saw science on behalf of the society of saw science on behalf of the society of saw science i would like to express our banks to i would like to express our banks to i would like to express our banks to alan and ben for coming along to present alan and ben for coming along to present alan and ben for coming along to present uh today two excellent presentations uh uh today two excellent presentations uh uh today two excellent presentations uh and to yourself willie for coordinating and to yourself willie for coordinating and to yourself willie for coordinating the the question and answer session the the question and answer session the the question and answer session um i'd also like to thank uh visit um i'd also like to thank uh visit um i'd also like to thank uh visit britland and visit sorry and nature britland and visit sorry and nature britland and visit sorry and nature scott for supporting this webinar scott for supporting this webinar scott for supporting this webinar um and thank you all for attending um um and thank you all for attending um um and thank you all for attending um you'll find a quick uh feedback survey you'll find a quick uh feedback survey you'll find a quick uh feedback survey when you leave the webinar which we hope when you leave the webinar which we hope when you leave the webinar which we hope you'll take time to complete because i you'll take time to complete because i you'll take time to complete because i use that information is really useful use that information is really useful use that information is really useful for how we plan future sessions for how we plan future sessions for how we plan future sessions and the recording of this video will and the recording of this video will and the recording of this video will also be available after the event on our also be available after the event on our also be available after the event on our youtube channel youtube channel youtube channel as i mentioned at the beginning the as i mentioned at the beginning the as i mentioned at the beginning the world congress of soil science will be world congress of soil science will be world congress of soil science will be held in glasgow held in glasgow held in glasgow this year from the 31st of july to the this year from the 31st of july to the this year from the 31st of july to the 5th of august and i do hope that we see 5th of august and i do hope that we see 5th of august and i do hope that we see you there you there you there and also during this year we'll be and also during this year we'll be and also during this year we'll be running eight zoom into soar webinars running eight zoom into soar webinars running eight zoom into soar webinars and the next one is taking place on and the next one is taking place on and the next one is taking place on wednesday the second of march and will wednesday the second of march and will wednesday the second of march and will feature the handsome gardener who will feature the handsome gardener who will feature the handsome gardener who will focus on starting a garden from scratch focus on starting a garden from scratch focus on starting a garden from scratch the progression that he's seen and how the progression that he's seen and how the progression that he's seen and how to make it make it successful and that's to make it make it successful and that's to make it make it successful and that's both above and below ground both above and below ground both above and below ground and that webinar is now available for and that webinar is now available for and that webinar is now available for registration via our website registration via our website registration via our website and we'll also send you a link out in and we'll also send you a link out in and we'll also send you a link out in our follow-up email our follow-up email our follow-up email and so yeah finally i really do hope we and so yeah finally i really do hope we and so yeah finally i really do hope we see you at future events in the meantime see you at future events in the meantime see you at future events in the meantime thank you again and goodbye<br /> }}</div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=From_the_archives:_The_Making_Of_The_Soil&diff=11779 2026-05-29T14:06:28Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Ajoute les transcriptions YouTube aux pages vidéo qui n&#039;en ont pas - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/435</p> <hr /> <div>{{vidéo<br /> | Titre = From the archives: The Making Of The Soil<br /> | Producteur = British Society of Soil Science<br /> | Vignette = Thumbnail_youtube_9W4b5KqCTkE.jpg<br /> | Date de mise en ligne = 2013-04-10<br /> | Durée = 34 minutes<br /> | Production = <br /> | Vidéo = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9W4b5KqCTkE<br /> | Mots-clés = NBSOIL<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The British Society of Soil Science is an established international membership organisation and charity committed to the study of soil in its widest aspects. It is funded primarily through subscriptions and income from publications. The Society acts as a forum for the exchange of ideas and provides a framework for representing the views of soil scientists to other organisations and decision making bodies. It promotes research by organising several conferences each year and by the publication of its two scientific journals, the European Journal of Soil Science, and Soil Use and Management. It promotes education through a number of initiatives aimed at schools, colleges and universities. The Society has a regular and varied programme of scientific conferences on a wide range of soil-related issues.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> The British Society of Soil Science encourages anyone with an interest in soil, whether this interest lies in the soil itself or its wider use within the environment, to join the society. There is a small membership fee, with discounts for students and those from low income countries.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{Pages liées}}<br /> <br /> {{Transcription<br /> | transcription = [Music] among other things soil is a mixture of among other things soil is a mixture of among other things soil is a mixture of small mineral particles which we call small mineral particles which we call small mineral particles which we call Sand silt and Clay according to their Sand silt and Clay according to their Sand silt and Clay according to their size all these particles have come from size all these particles have come from size all these particles have come from the great variety of rocks in the crust the great variety of rocks in the crust the great variety of rocks in the crust of the earth rocks which we only seem to of the earth rocks which we only seem to of the earth rocks which we only seem to notice in Mountain districts or on the notice in Mountain districts or on the notice in Mountain districts or on the sea shore or where man has laid them sea shore or where man has laid them sea shore or where man has laid them bare rocks such as the bare rocks such as the bare rocks such as the limestones limestones limestones and and and granites the granites the granites the sandstones shaes and a host of others Granite one of the rocks called others Granite one of the rocks called others Granite one of the rocks called ignas from its origin in the BS of the ignas from its origin in the BS of the ignas from its origin in the BS of the earth is a mass of minerals in Crystal earth is a mass of minerals in Crystal earth is a mass of minerals in Crystal form in a broken piece of granite these form in a broken piece of granite these form in a broken piece of granite these crystals can easily be seen some are crystals can easily be seen some are crystals can easily be seen some are quite large some small many have quite large some small many have quite large some small many have distinctive distinctive distinctive colors others can only be identified colors others can only be identified colors others can only be identified under the microscope of these minerals quartz and microscope of these minerals quartz and microscope of these minerals quartz and the F spars are perhaps the most the F spars are perhaps the most the F spars are perhaps the most important for the hard quartz crystals important for the hard quartz crystals important for the hard quartz crystals make up the bulk of most Sandy soils and make up the bulk of most Sandy soils and make up the bulk of most Sandy soils and the softer F spars after a long period the softer F spars after a long period the softer F spars after a long period of breaking up and chemical change end of breaking up and chemical change end of breaking up and chemical change end as clay as clay as clay soils soils soils sedimentary rocks of which this sedimentary rocks of which this sedimentary rocks of which this Limestone scarp is a good example are Limestone scarp is a good example are Limestone scarp is a good example are very different in character and origin very different in character and origin very different in character and origin from Granite they are made from the from Granite they are made from the from Granite they are made from the broken down remains of older rocks which broken down remains of older rocks which broken down remains of older rocks which were deposited on the beds of were deposited on the beds of were deposited on the beds of prehistoric Seas or lakes later emerging prehistoric Seas or lakes later emerging prehistoric Seas or lakes later emerging again above the level of the waters most again above the level of the waters most again above the level of the waters most of Britain is covered by such of Britain is covered by such of Britain is covered by such sedimentary rocks sandstone is a common Rock of this rocks sandstone is a common Rock of this rocks sandstone is a common Rock of this type type type under the microscope it is SE to be made under the microscope it is SE to be made under the microscope it is SE to be made of worn quartz crystals cemented of worn quartz crystals cemented of worn quartz crystals cemented together it is these worn crystals which together it is these worn crystals which together it is these worn crystals which are separated from one another by the are separated from one another by the are separated from one another by the weathering of the weathering of the weathering of the rocks and which form the basis of a rocks and which form the basis of a rocks and which form the basis of a sandy soil many of the sedimentary rocks are soil many of the sedimentary rocks are soil many of the sedimentary rocks are made of other materials this great Cliff made of other materials this great Cliff made of other materials this great Cliff was built of layer upon layer of limey was built of layer upon layer of limey was built of layer upon layer of limey sea shells sea shells sea shells here these relics of bygone life are here these relics of bygone life are here these relics of bygone life are quite large and easily quite large and easily quite large and easily recognizable others are microscopic in recognizable others are microscopic in recognizable others are microscopic in size many creatures of the sea played size many creatures of the sea played size many creatures of the sea played their part in building massive rock their part in building massive rock their part in building massive rock formations one creature the tiny formations one creature the tiny formations one creature the tiny globigerina is found in the sea today globigerina is found in the sea today globigerina is found in the sea today yet millions of years ago countless yet millions of years ago countless yet millions of years ago countless myriads of its shells sinking to the myriads of its shells sinking to the myriads of its shells sinking to the bottom of a primeval ocean bottom of a primeval ocean bottom of a primeval ocean built up the vast deposits which we know built up the vast deposits which we know built up the vast deposits which we know as the White Cliffs of DOA maps have been made in which each DOA maps have been made in which each DOA maps have been made in which each kind of rock is shown in a different kind of rock is shown in a different kind of rock is shown in a different color we can compare these with maps color we can compare these with maps color we can compare these with maps showing the broad General types of showing the broad General types of showing the broad General types of agricultural land and see how closely agricultural land and see how closely agricultural land and see how closely they are related here for instance in the wield related here for instance in the wield related here for instance in the wield of Kent the the agricultural character of Kent the the agricultural character of Kent the the agricultural character of the land shown on this map follows of the land shown on this map follows of the land shown on this map follows closely the pattern of the rocks in the closely the pattern of the rocks in the closely the pattern of the rocks in the geological map or here in the north of England the map or here in the north of England the map or here in the north of England the Ms and sandstones of the Eden Valley Ms and sandstones of the Eden Valley Ms and sandstones of the Eden Valley match exactly the pattern of fertile and match exactly the pattern of fertile and match exactly the pattern of fertile and productive lands beside the river in some lands particularly the hawk in some lands particularly the hawk in some lands particularly the hawk Desert Mountain countries wide Desert Mountain countries wide Desert Mountain countries wide differences between the Heat of day and differences between the Heat of day and differences between the Heat of day and the cold of night cause expansion and the cold of night cause expansion and the cold of night cause expansion and contraction in the materials of a rock contraction in the materials of a rock contraction in the materials of a rock this force can break up Rock resulting this force can break up Rock resulting this force can break up Rock resulting in a type of weathering called onion in a type of weathering called onion in a type of weathering called onion skin this sometimes happened here in the skin this sometimes happened here in the skin this sometimes happened here in the distance past but today in our present distance past but today in our present distance past but today in our present mild climate it plays only a very minor part today the greatest agent of part today the greatest agent of part today the greatest agent of weathering is water water was weathering is water water was weathering is water water was responsible for the building of the responsible for the building of the responsible for the building of the great heaps of rock litter seen in great heaps of rock litter seen in great heaps of rock litter seen in Mountain districts and is still adding Mountain districts and is still adding Mountain districts and is still adding to them it runs into every crack and to them it runs into every crack and to them it runs into every crack and crevice and when it freezes the ice crevice and when it freezes the ice crevice and when it freezes the ice expands and forces the rock apart expands and forces the rock apart expands and forces the rock apart widening the cracks in time pieces break off and fall to the in time pieces break off and fall to the in time pieces break off and fall to the foot of the foot of the foot of the slope but there are other ways in which slope but there are other ways in which slope but there are other ways in which water plays a part in rock water plays a part in rock water plays a part in rock weathering when water comes in contact weathering when water comes in contact weathering when water comes in contact with some rock with some rock with some rock minerals like this calcium sulfate it minerals like this calcium sulfate it minerals like this calcium sulfate it Alters them chemically and changes the Alters them chemically and changes the Alters them chemically and changes the size and shape of their size and shape of their size and shape of their fragments and so the rock of which they fragments and so the rock of which they fragments and so the rock of which they are aart begins to weather are aart begins to weather are aart begins to weather away here for example are crystals of away here for example are crystals of away here for example are crystals of the mineral Olivine which under the the mineral Olivine which under the the mineral Olivine which under the influence of water have been partly influence of water have been partly influence of water have been partly changed into a quite different substance changed into a quite different substance changed into a quite different substance Serpentine many Rock minerals dissolve Serpentine many Rock minerals dissolve Serpentine many Rock minerals dissolve in water or in Weak acids and the more in water or in Weak acids and the more in water or in Weak acids and the more soluble parts of rock begin to crumble soluble parts of rock begin to crumble soluble parts of rock begin to crumble away the gries of the penine Limestone away the gries of the penine Limestone away the gries of the penine Limestone are a good example of the result of this are a good example of the result of this are a good example of the result of this action water in the form of glacia ice action water in the form of glacia ice action water in the form of glacia ice is another Force at work in weathering is another Force at work in weathering is another Force at work in weathering today there are no glassiers in Britain today there are no glassiers in Britain today there are no glassiers in Britain but 25,000 years ago glaciers covered but 25,000 years ago glaciers covered but 25,000 years ago glaciers covered much of the country and their effects on much of the country and their effects on much of the country and their effects on our soil and scenery are still with our soil and scenery are still with our soil and scenery are still with us these ancient glaciers tore away us these ancient glaciers tore away us these ancient glaciers tore away parts of the underlying rocks and smooth parts of the underlying rocks and smooth parts of the underlying rocks and smooth the surfaces this produced the typical surfaces this produced the typical surfaces this produced the typical u-shaped valleys so common in this u-shaped valleys so common in this u-shaped valleys so common in this country especially in the north smooth rocks scored and Polished north smooth rocks scored and Polished north smooth rocks scored and Polished by the passage of the ice are another by the passage of the ice are another by the passage of the ice are another sign of the glaciers of the past Rock debris scored out from the bed of Rock debris scored out from the bed of Rock debris scored out from the bed of the valley together with material which the valley together with material which the valley together with material which has fallen from above is carried Along has fallen from above is carried Along has fallen from above is carried Along by the glacia ice stream sometimes for by the glacia ice stream sometimes for by the glacia ice stream sometimes for great distances and deposited elsewhere great distances and deposited elsewhere great distances and deposited elsewhere when the glassia melts many Boulders when the glassia melts many Boulders when the glassia melts many Boulders tics they are called scattered about the tics they are called scattered about the tics they are called scattered about the country testify to this for some of them country testify to this for some of them country testify to this for some of them have traveled on glassiers to their have traveled on glassiers to their have traveled on glassiers to their present resting place but more important present resting place but more important present resting place but more important in soil making are the vast quantities in soil making are the vast quantities in soil making are the vast quantities of smaller rubble and grit carried by of smaller rubble and grit carried by of smaller rubble and grit carried by the ice stream and left in heaps called the ice stream and left in heaps called the ice stream and left in heaps called morines we can still see remains of morines we can still see remains of morines we can still see remains of these in our mountain valleys today in other places glacial action today in other places glacial action today in other places glacial action left thick deposits called Boulder clay left thick deposits called Boulder clay left thick deposits called Boulder clay these surface drifts cover wide areas of these surface drifts cover wide areas of these surface drifts cover wide areas of the country and greatly influence our the country and greatly influence our the country and greatly influence our present day methods of farming present day methods of farming present day methods of farming during the ice ages the glaciers spread during the ice ages the glaciers spread during the ice ages the glaciers spread over most of the country as far south as over most of the country as far south as over most of the country as far south as Harford sometimes valleys were blocked Harford sometimes valleys were blocked Harford sometimes valleys were blocked by the ice and large lakes were formed by the ice and large lakes were formed by the ice and large lakes were formed this happened in the veil of Pickering this happened in the veil of Pickering this happened in the veil of Pickering in Yorkshire in a lake such as this the mud Yorkshire in a lake such as this the mud Yorkshire in a lake such as this the mud and stones from the melting ice settled and stones from the melting ice settled and stones from the melting ice settled on the bottom when the ice dam burst on the bottom when the ice dam burst on the bottom when the ice dam burst water and debris spread over the water and debris spread over the water and debris spread over the countryside countryside countryside below elsewhere wind has played a part in soil elsewhere wind has played a part in soil elsewhere wind has played a part in soil making in the ancient past this country making in the ancient past this country making in the ancient past this country went through a stage of dry desert went through a stage of dry desert went through a stage of dry desert conditions fine rock material was blown conditions fine rock material was blown conditions fine rock material was blown about and collected as sand about and collected as sand about and collected as sand drifts today wind erosion only takes drifts today wind erosion only takes drifts today wind erosion only takes place locally notably in parts of East place locally notably in parts of East place locally notably in parts of East Anglia where loss of soil occurs every Anglia where loss of soil occurs every Anglia where loss of soil occurs every year often damaging crops here are grass year often damaging crops here are grass year often damaging crops here are grass roots from which the soil has been roots from which the soil has been roots from which the soil has been scoured Away by the scoured Away by the scoured Away by the wind it was Desert wind blown material wind it was Desert wind blown material wind it was Desert wind blown material which made up a part of the new red which made up a part of the new red which made up a part of the new red Sandstone formations have in the course Sandstone formations have in the course Sandstone formations have in the course of Ages been washed away by rivers and of Ages been washed away by rivers and of Ages been washed away by rivers and settled elsewhere the buff and orange areas on elsewhere the buff and orange areas on elsewhere the buff and orange areas on the geological map show the extent of the geological map show the extent of the geological map show the extent of these formations which cover a large these formations which cover a large these formations which cover a large part of the country the farmer benefits today from fertile the farmer benefits today from fertile the farmer benefits today from fertile soil made from these drifting materials soil made from these drifting materials soil made from these drifting materials carried by ice or wind or water but of carried by ice or wind or water but of carried by ice or wind or water but of these agencies water is by far the most these agencies water is by far the most these agencies water is by far the most important it operates continuously important it operates continuously important it operates continuously laying down the raw materials for the laying down the raw materials for the laying down the raw materials for the soils of soils of soils of Tomorrow rock fragments which break away Tomorrow rock fragments which break away Tomorrow rock fragments which break away from Mountain Craigs fall down the from Mountain Craigs fall down the from Mountain Craigs fall down the slopes until stopped by heaps of similar slopes until stopped by heaps of similar slopes until stopped by heaps of similar fragments fragments fragments the scre of was water are one of the the scre of was water are one of the the scre of was water are one of the finest examples of such a deposit in time the rock debris reaches deposit in time the rock debris reaches deposit in time the rock debris reaches a valley and is swept Along by a a valley and is swept Along by a a valley and is swept Along by a stream it scars out the stream bed stream it scars out the stream bed stream it scars out the stream bed widening and deepening the valley The widening and deepening the valley The widening and deepening the valley The v-shaped Valleys carved out by streams v-shaped Valleys carved out by streams v-shaped Valleys carved out by streams are quite different in appearance from are quite different in appearance from are quite different in appearance from the u-shaped valleys scar out by the u-shaped valleys scar out by the u-shaped valleys scar out by Ice a young River in Spate can move Ice a young River in Spate can move Ice a young River in Spate can move large Boulders and the grinding of large Boulders and the grinding of large Boulders and the grinding of Boulder on Boulder makes them smooth and Boulder on Boulder makes them smooth and Boulder on Boulder makes them smooth and round and wears them round and wears them round and wears them away when the stream reaches a flat away when the stream reaches a flat away when the stream reaches a flat valley floor the flow of the water slows valley floor the flow of the water slows valley floor the flow of the water slows down and part of the load is down and part of the load is down and part of the load is dropped first the larger stones are left dropped first the larger stones are left dropped first the larger stones are left behind forming shingle Banks along the behind forming shingle Banks along the behind forming shingle Banks along the Stream these become the valley gravels which these become the valley gravels which these become the valley gravels which eventually make poor lowgrade eventually make poor lowgrade eventually make poor lowgrade soil often PES of Valley gravel can be soil often PES of Valley gravel can be soil often PES of Valley gravel can be seen high above the present bed of the seen high above the present bed of the seen high above the present bed of the River on the river findhorn in Scotland River on the river findhorn in Scotland River on the river findhorn in Scotland 14 levels can be distinguished marking 14 levels can be distinguished marking 14 levels can be distinguished marking the different heights of the river many the different heights of the river many the different heights of the river many thousands of years ago many of these River Terraces can support cultivation when the river enters a lake cultivation when the river enters a lake cultivation when the river enters a lake its speed is checked still more and fine its speed is checked still more and fine its speed is checked still more and fine aluvial deposits settle these may become aluvial deposits settle these may become aluvial deposits settle these may become extremely fertile soil the corser sil is extremely fertile soil the corser sil is extremely fertile soil the corser sil is dropped first and forms a Delta the dropped first and forms a Delta the dropped first and forms a Delta the finer particles are swept on and out finer particles are swept on and out finer particles are swept on and out into the calmer water where they fall to into the calmer water where they fall to into the calmer water where they fall to the bottom of the lake the wield of Kent and Sussex lies lake the wield of Kent and Sussex lies lake the wield of Kent and Sussex lies on Lake deposits of this kind laid down on Lake deposits of this kind laid down on Lake deposits of this kind laid down many millions of years ago as the river reaches country on its ago as the river reaches country on its ago as the river reaches country on its way to the Sea its flow becomes still way to the Sea its flow becomes still way to the Sea its flow becomes still more sluggish and it meanders in its course in such places there is usually course in such places there is usually course in such places there is usually an extensive flood plane this is an extensive flood plane this is an extensive flood plane this is sometimes very fertile sometimes of sometimes very fertile sometimes of sometimes very fertile sometimes of heavy clay it is here that year after year the clay it is here that year after year the clay it is here that year after year the flood water spread the finer River mud flood water spread the finer River mud flood water spread the finer River mud over the over the over the countryside sediments that are washed countryside sediments that are washed countryside sediments that are washed from the land are eventually carried by from the land are eventually carried by from the land are eventually carried by the river to the Sea where they fall to the river to the Sea where they fall to the river to the Sea where they fall to the bottom perhaps to be raised millions the bottom perhaps to be raised millions the bottom perhaps to be raised millions of years hence to form dry land of years hence to form dry land of years hence to form dry land again the formation of soil from the again the formation of soil from the again the formation of soil from the Sands the sil and the Clays brought down Sands the sil and the Clays brought down Sands the sil and the Clays brought down by the rivers and dropped into the sea by the rivers and dropped into the sea by the rivers and dropped into the sea is a process which can be followed in is a process which can be followed in is a process which can be followed in any large Esty soil building on the salt marsh begins soil building on the salt marsh begins soil building on the salt marsh begins as far out as the lowest ETI levels as far out as the lowest ETI levels as far out as the lowest ETI levels where the foreshore is covered for some where the foreshore is covered for some where the foreshore is covered for some time every day of the time every day of the time every day of the year here various ele grow on the year here various ele grow on the year here various ele grow on the surface and help to bind the shifting surface and help to bind the shifting surface and help to bind the shifting mud against the motion of the mud against the motion of the mud against the motion of the waves this slightly firmer support can then be this slightly firmer support can then be this slightly firmer support can then be colonized by plants of the glassw colonized by plants of the glassw colonized by plants of the glassw cicoria this is a fleshy plant able to cicoria this is a fleshy plant able to cicoria this is a fleshy plant able to grow in very salt water with its rigid grow in very salt water with its rigid grow in very salt water with its rigid upstanding stems and firm Roots it upstanding stems and firm Roots it upstanding stems and firm Roots it further hinders the scouring waves and further hinders the scouring waves and further hinders the scouring waves and silt is deposited thus raising the level silt is deposited thus raising the level silt is deposited thus raising the level of the marsh in some places the process is helped by in some places the process is helped by in some places the process is helped by the rice grass spartina which forms the rice grass spartina which forms the rice grass spartina which forms dense clumps well out on the mud flats dense clumps well out on the mud flats dense clumps well out on the mud flats joining together in large stretches joining together in large stretches joining together in large stretches towards the shore eventually the level of the marsh shore eventually the level of the marsh shore eventually the level of the marsh is raised above the reach of all but the is raised above the reach of all but the is raised above the reach of all but the spring tides many of the pools May dry spring tides many of the pools May dry spring tides many of the pools May dry out out out completely on this almost dry land other completely on this almost dry land other completely on this almost dry land other plants can establish themselves holding plants can establish themselves holding plants can establish themselves holding the silt and mud yet more the silt and mud yet more the silt and mud yet more securely the sea AER and with it many securely the sea AER and with it many securely the sea AER and with it many grasses are among the first to appear grasses are among the first to appear grasses are among the first to appear another the sea lavender covers the another the sea lavender covers the another the sea lavender covers the marsh with Misty blue marsh with Misty blue marsh with Misty blue flowers the thrift or sea pink is flowers the thrift or sea pink is flowers the thrift or sea pink is strongly rooted and its holding power strongly rooted and its holding power strongly rooted and its holding power may result in the formation of low may result in the formation of low may result in the formation of low hummocks and extensive flat areas hummocks and extensive flat areas hummocks and extensive flat areas between which the tide scours out deep between which the tide scours out deep between which the tide scours out deep channels the level of the marsh Rises channels the level of the marsh Rises channels the level of the marsh Rises until it is seldom if ever flooded and until it is seldom if ever flooded and until it is seldom if ever flooded and land plants can become established here the sea plantin may be seen or where the soil is more Sandy the seen or where the soil is more Sandy the seen or where the soil is more Sandy the Sea culross salt M soil built up from culross salt M soil built up from culross salt M soil built up from successive layers of silt and mud and successive layers of silt and mud and successive layers of silt and mud and the annual decay of plants differs the annual decay of plants differs the annual decay of plants differs greatly from soils developed on dry land the layering of the material shows land the layering of the material shows land the layering of the material shows distinctly and the color differences due distinctly and the color differences due distinctly and the color differences due to the presence of sulfides and other to the presence of sulfides and other to the presence of sulfides and other chemicals are clearly seen when we dig a pit in a seen when we dig a pit in a seen when we dig a pit in a well-developed Marshland soil we can see well-developed Marshland soil we can see well-developed Marshland soil we can see its profile the finely divided rock its profile the finely divided rock its profile the finely divided rock materials are mixed with much organic materials are mixed with much organic materials are mixed with much organic matter from the decayed remains of matter from the decayed remains of matter from the decayed remains of successive generations of plants below signs of poor airation and plants below signs of poor airation and plants below signs of poor airation and a characteristic Prismatic structure are a characteristic Prismatic structure are a characteristic Prismatic structure are evident the depth of soil varies from 15 evident the depth of soil varies from 15 evident the depth of soil varies from 15 to 30 in down to the raw to 30 in down to the raw to 30 in down to the raw silt Reclamation of marsh and so soil silt Reclamation of marsh and so soil silt Reclamation of marsh and so soil may take from 2 to 10 years before it may take from 2 to 10 years before it may take from 2 to 10 years before it becomes safe for cropping but in the becomes safe for cropping but in the becomes safe for cropping but in the course of time these soils become highly course of time these soils become highly course of time these soils become highly productive if cropped too soon however productive if cropped too soon however productive if cropped too soon however the crop may fail because the land is the crop may fail because the land is the crop may fail because the land is too salty in the region of the wash a vast salty in the region of the wash a vast salty in the region of the wash a vast extent of the finest arable land has extent of the finest arable land has extent of the finest arable land has been reclaimed from the sea since Roman been reclaimed from the sea since Roman been reclaimed from the sea since Roman times an urgent farming problem is how to make an urgent farming problem is how to make an urgent farming problem is how to make productive the so-called marginal land productive the so-called marginal land productive the so-called marginal land which borders mountain and Morland areas there are vast tracks of this type areas there are vast tracks of this type areas there are vast tracks of this type of country shown here in yellow of country shown here in yellow of country shown here in yellow particularly in the West Western and particularly in the West Western and particularly in the West Western and Northern parts of Northern parts of Northern parts of Britain the soil in such places comes Britain the soil in such places comes Britain the soil in such places comes from the bare rock and it may take from the bare rock and it may take from the bare rock and it may take hundreds of years for it to build up on hundreds of years for it to build up on hundreds of years for it to build up on the harder rock the harder rock the harder rock formations it is a continuous process formations it is a continuous process formations it is a continuous process but its story can be followed in any but its story can be followed in any but its story can be followed in any mountain District even on bare rocks in high District even on bare rocks in high District even on bare rocks in high places we can find plants the lens which places we can find plants the lens which places we can find plants the lens which are well fitted to survive in the are well fitted to survive in the are well fitted to survive in the harshest situations with the lack of harshest situations with the lack of harshest situations with the lack of water and nitrogen and subjected to water and nitrogen and subjected to water and nitrogen and subjected to extremes of heat and cold these are the extremes of heat and cold these are the extremes of heat and cold these are the first agents in the making of soil from first agents in the making of soil from first agents in the making of soil from bare bare bare rock mosses come next their closely rock mosses come next their closely rock mosses come next their closely matted erect stems hold up little matted erect stems hold up little matted erect stems hold up little pockets of soil in which other small pockets of soil in which other small pockets of soil in which other small plants can grow their Roots Pierce and plants can grow their Roots Pierce and plants can grow their Roots Pierce and rot away the Rock and they also hold the rot away the Rock and they also hold the rot away the Rock and they also hold the sparse soil more firmly against sparse soil more firmly against sparse soil more firmly against erosion after many generations of growth erosion after many generations of growth erosion after many generations of growth and Decay these little plants gather up and Decay these little plants gather up and Decay these little plants gather up enough soil for small shrubs to gain a foothold the stronger roots of these May foothold the stronger roots of these May foothold the stronger roots of these May penetrate deep into the Rock crevices later still there will be soil crevices later still there will be soil crevices later still there will be soil enough for trees and the final stage of enough for trees and the final stage of enough for trees and the final stage of forest cover can begin soil forming has been going on for begin soil forming has been going on for begin soil forming has been going on for the 30,000 years since the glassiers of the 30,000 years since the glassiers of the 30,000 years since the glassiers of the Ice Age began to melt and their the Ice Age began to melt and their the Ice Age began to melt and their limits retreated limits retreated limits retreated northward most of the cultivated land in northward most of the cultivated land in northward most of the cultivated land in this country was was previously under this country was was previously under this country was was previously under Forest at that period the British Isles Forest at that period the British Isles Forest at that period the British Isles were not Islands at all but a part of were not Islands at all but a part of were not Islands at all but a part of the continent of Europe and much of the the continent of Europe and much of the the continent of Europe and much of the land was still covered with ice the ice melted and the Sea crept ice the ice melted and the Sea crept ice the ice melted and the Sea crept South flooding the vast low-lying plain South flooding the vast low-lying plain South flooding the vast low-lying plain which is now the North Sea Sea Sea as the climate grew warmer and drier as the climate grew warmer and drier as the climate grew warmer and drier trees began to invade Britain from the trees began to invade Britain from the trees began to invade Britain from the south amongst the first were pine trees south amongst the first were pine trees south amongst the first were pine trees and by 6,000 BC most of England was and by 6,000 BC most of England was and by 6,000 BC most of England was covered by dense Pine forests the shade of pine trees is too forests the shade of pine trees is too forests the shade of pine trees is too dense for other trees and shrubs to dense for other trees and shrubs to dense for other trees and shrubs to establish as ground establish as ground establish as ground cover fungi grow on the smothering cover fungi grow on the smothering cover fungi grow on the smothering carpet of dead needle carpet of dead needle carpet of dead needle and develop acidity in the soil which and develop acidity in the soil which and develop acidity in the soil which the baron needles do nothing to the baron needles do nothing to the baron needles do nothing to correct so the soil becomes very acid as correct so the soil becomes very acid as correct so the soil becomes very acid as we can see by a simple test with a we can see by a simple test with a we can see by a simple test with a chemical indicator which turns chemical indicator which turns chemical indicator which turns red such a soil is called a podol in the red such a soil is called a podol in the red such a soil is called a podol in the Natural State it is useless for Natural State it is useless for Natural State it is useless for cultivation here is an example of a rye cultivation here is an example of a rye cultivation here is an example of a rye crop failing on a reclaimed acid soil crop failing on a reclaimed acid soil crop failing on a reclaimed acid soil which has been insufficiently limed such was the condition of the soil limed such was the condition of the soil limed such was the condition of the soil covering most of England up to 5,000 covering most of England up to 5,000 covering most of England up to 5,000 BC soon afterwards the climate began to BC soon afterwards the climate began to BC soon afterwards the climate began to change to warm and wet and the Pine change to warm and wet and the Pine change to warm and wet and the Pine Forest was largely replaced by deciduous Forest was largely replaced by deciduous Forest was largely replaced by deciduous Oak Oak Oak Forest during this period the sea Rose Forest during this period the sea Rose Forest during this period the sea Rose and covered over the last link with the and covered over the last link with the and covered over the last link with the continent so we became an island the stone AG men were mainly island the stone AG men were mainly island the stone AG men were mainly Hunters so the natural course of plant Hunters so the natural course of plant Hunters so the natural course of plant succession and consequently of soil succession and consequently of soil succession and consequently of soil formation flowed on almost without formation flowed on almost without formation flowed on almost without interruption from about 2,500 BC after interruption from about 2,500 BC after interruption from about 2,500 BC after another change in climate Bronze Age men another change in climate Bronze Age men another change in climate Bronze Age men settled in the Uplands and began to settled in the Uplands and began to settled in the Uplands and began to clear the forest from the higher ground clear the forest from the higher ground clear the forest from the higher ground in the southern part of the country in the southern part of the country in the southern part of the country they were the first of our farmers and they were the first of our farmers and they were the first of our farmers and they cleared the forests and started they cleared the forests and started they cleared the forests and started growing cereals and grazing sheep later growing cereals and grazing sheep later growing cereals and grazing sheep later farming extended into the valleys and farming extended into the valleys and farming extended into the valleys and onto the lowlands cultivation and changes in lowlands cultivation and changes in lowlands cultivation and changes in climate have had their effects but soil climate have had their effects but soil climate have had their effects but soil conditions today over much of the conditions today over much of the conditions today over much of the country are largely the result of the country are largely the result of the country are largely the result of the previous Forest previous Forest previous Forest cover little of this natural vegetation cover little of this natural vegetation cover little of this natural vegetation of survives today but there are still of survives today but there are still of survives today but there are still small islands of the original Oak Forest small islands of the original Oak Forest small islands of the original Oak Forest as for instance the cdale Oaks and the as for instance the cdale Oaks and the as for instance the cdale Oaks and the Lake District under a deciduous forest that District under a deciduous forest that District under a deciduous forest that is plenty of scrub and ground is plenty of scrub and ground is plenty of scrub and ground cover this forest soil shows a profile cover this forest soil shows a profile cover this forest soil shows a profile divided into several distinct divided into several distinct divided into several distinct layers before discussing the origin of layers before discussing the origin of layers before discussing the origin of these layers we you must look in more these layers we you must look in more these layers we you must look in more detail at some of the processes at work detail at some of the processes at work detail at some of the processes at work in soil formation generally in a moist temperate climate generally in a moist temperate climate generally in a moist temperate climate such as we find today the soil receives such as we find today the soil receives such as we find today the soil receives more water as rain than it loses by more water as rain than it loses by more water as rain than it loses by evaporation evaporation evaporation there is therefore a continual downward there is therefore a continual downward there is therefore a continual downward movement of water in the soil this we movement of water in the soil this we movement of water in the soil this we call call call drainage water both carries down with it drainage water both carries down with it drainage water both carries down with it the smaller soil particles and also the smaller soil particles and also the smaller soil particles and also removes some of the soluble minerals and removes some of the soluble minerals and removes some of the soluble minerals and organic organic organic matter as this organic matter is largely matter as this organic matter is largely matter as this organic matter is largely acid as in the podol other minerals acid as in the podol other minerals acid as in the podol other minerals dissolve in the acid water and are dissolve in the acid water and are dissolve in the acid water and are washed away the roots of plants drive down into away the roots of plants drive down into away the roots of plants drive down into the soil often to considerable depths the soil often to considerable depths the soil often to considerable depths the total extent of some root systems is the total extent of some root systems is the total extent of some root systems is set to run into hundreds of set to run into hundreds of set to run into hundreds of miles the growing root system penetrates miles the growing root system penetrates miles the growing root system penetrates the soil in all directions and causes the soil in all directions and causes the soil in all directions and causes considerable considerable considerable disturbance and so soil tilth is disturbance and so soil tilth is disturbance and so soil tilth is influenced by the presence of influenced by the presence of influenced by the presence of roots apart from this Roots take up roots apart from this Roots take up roots apart from this Roots take up moisture and mineral nutrients at every moisture and mineral nutrients at every moisture and mineral nutrients at every point where they touch the soil and they give out carbon dioxide which and they give out carbon dioxide which and they give out carbon dioxide which combines with water to produce carbonic acid when a plant dies or sheds its acid when a plant dies or sheds its acid when a plant dies or sheds its leaves organic material falls to the leaves organic material falls to the leaves organic material falls to the surface of the surface of the surface of the soil this material is rich in minerals soil this material is rich in minerals soil this material is rich in minerals which originally came from the soil thus in nature there is a cycle of soil thus in nature there is a cycle of soil thus in nature there is a cycle of vents the plants remove minerals from vents the plants remove minerals from vents the plants remove minerals from the soil for life and growth and later the soil for life and growth and later the soil for life and growth and later when they die return when they die return when they die return them so it is that where there is much them so it is that where there is much them so it is that where there is much vegetation this cycle of events helps to vegetation this cycle of events helps to vegetation this cycle of events helps to keep up soil supplies of plant food keep up soil supplies of plant food keep up soil supplies of plant food which would otherwise be leeched out by which would otherwise be leeched out by which would otherwise be leeched out by the rain this is where the enormous the rain this is where the enormous the rain this is where the enormous population of living things in the soil population of living things in the soil population of living things in the soil both plant and animal play their part both plant and animal play their part both plant and animal play their part earthworms and insects and their L May earthworms and insects and their L May earthworms and insects and their L May influence the structure and fertility of influence the structure and fertility of influence the structure and fertility of the the the soil but most soil organisms are too soil but most soil organisms are too soil but most soil organisms are too small to see like these nitrogen fixing small to see like these nitrogen fixing small to see like these nitrogen fixing bacteria bacteria occur in countless bacteria bacteria occur in countless bacteria bacteria occur in countless Millions when soil conditions are Millions when soil conditions are Millions when soil conditions are favorable they live by breaking down favorable they live by breaking down favorable they live by breaking down organic material and converting it into organic material and converting it into organic material and converting it into the kinds of food which plants can the kinds of food which plants can the kinds of food which plants can absorb the process of absorb the process of absorb the process of decay decay decay the final result is the formation of the the final result is the formation of the the final result is the formation of the blackish substance we call humus a most blackish substance we call humus a most blackish substance we call humus a most important part of soil makeup humus improves the tilth of the makeup humus improves the tilth of the makeup humus improves the tilth of the soil and helps to retain moisture and so soil and helps to retain moisture and so soil and helps to retain moisture and so prevents the soil from drying out some soil organisms injure the out some soil organisms injure the out some soil organisms injure the plants we grow like these eel worms or like this fungus with its threads or like this fungus with its threads or like this fungus with its threads spreading through the soil or invading spreading through the soil or invading spreading through the soil or invading our crop plants now that we have seen all these plants now that we have seen all these plants now that we have seen all these different factors at work the structure different factors at work the structure different factors at work the structure of the brown forest soil becomes easier of the brown forest soil becomes easier of the brown forest soil becomes easier to to to explain explain explain the top layer consists almost entirely the top layer consists almost entirely the top layer consists almost entirely of dead plant remains in this particular of dead plant remains in this particular of dead plant remains in this particular example the undecayed grass met below this the soil becomes a dark met below this the soil becomes a dark met below this the soil becomes a dark brown mixture of L organic matter and brown mixture of L organic matter and brown mixture of L organic matter and humus the lime and other bases set free humus the lime and other bases set free humus the lime and other bases set free from the organic remains by the activity from the organic remains by the activity from the organic remains by the activity of bacteria and other soil life helped of bacteria and other soil life helped of bacteria and other soil life helped to correct the acidity developed during to correct the acidity developed during to correct the acidity developed during Decay but they can't do it completely Decay but they can't do it completely Decay but they can't do it completely and so the humus layer becomes and so the humus layer becomes and so the humus layer becomes acid underneath the humus layer the soil acid underneath the humus layer the soil acid underneath the humus layer the soil is also acid and has less organic matter is also acid and has less organic matter is also acid and has less organic matter it is pale grayish Brown and rather coar it is pale grayish Brown and rather coar it is pale grayish Brown and rather coar grained most of the minerals have been grained most of the minerals have been grained most of the minerals have been leeched out by the acid Waters from above the finer clay particles are also above the finer clay particles are also above the finer clay particles are also washed out a little Lar in the next washed out a little Lar in the next washed out a little Lar in the next layer but most of it in the layer below layer but most of it in the layer below layer but most of it in the layer below this is reddish brown due to oxides of this is reddish brown due to oxides of this is reddish brown due to oxides of iron and other iron and other iron and other minerals in the lowest layer air ration minerals in the lowest layer air ration minerals in the lowest layer air ration is poor drainage is bad and the is poor drainage is bad and the is poor drainage is bad and the structure is coarse and structure is coarse and structure is coarse and columna underneath is the material from columna underneath is the material from columna underneath is the material from which the soil was originally formed the full depth of soil affected formed the full depth of soil affected formed the full depth of soil affected by the growth and decay of plants is by the growth and decay of plants is by the growth and decay of plants is known as the solum the depths of the known as the solum the depths of the known as the solum the depths of the different layers may vary from place to different layers may vary from place to different layers may vary from place to place but their sequence is place but their sequence is place but their sequence is constant here the solum consists of 2 in constant here the solum consists of 2 in constant here the solum consists of 2 in of leaf and Twig litter 7 in of dark brown organic litter 7 in of dark brown organic litter 7 in of dark brown organic LOM 10 in of paler granular clay LOM 10 in of paler granular clay LOM 10 in of paler granular clay 4 in of darker brown lumpy 4 in of darker brown lumpy 4 in of darker brown lumpy clay and 8 in of reddish brown heavy clay and 8 in of reddish brown heavy clay and 8 in of reddish brown heavy clay below is the material from which clay below is the material from which clay below is the material from which the soil was originally the soil was originally the soil was originally formed let us sum up slow and complex formed let us sum up slow and complex formed let us sum up slow and complex forces have been continuously at work forces have been continuously at work forces have been continuously at work for millions of years and are still at for millions of years and are still at for millions of years and are still at work forming the soil first the great work forming the soil first the great work forming the soil first the great Natural Forces then the activities of Natural Forces then the activities of Natural Forces then the activities of man withering tears apart the Rocks Rocks Rocks ice ice ice wind and water carry away the rubble wind and water carry away the rubble wind and water carry away the rubble grind it down still more and deposit it elsewhere then plant life takes over in elsewhere then plant life takes over in elsewhere then plant life takes over in the process of living and dying and with the process of living and dying and with the process of living and dying and with the help of myriads of other living the help of myriads of other living the help of myriads of other living things it converts the lifeless rubble things it converts the lifeless rubble things it converts the lifeless rubble and dust of the Rocks into Dynamic and dust of the Rocks into Dynamic and dust of the Rocks into Dynamic fertile fertile fertile soil when man the cultivator takes a soil when man the cultivator takes a soil when man the cultivator takes a hand he Alters the balance of nature for hand he Alters the balance of nature for hand he Alters the balance of nature for good or good or good or ill the soil is a precious ill the soil is a precious ill the soil is a precious thing without a knowledge of its makeup thing without a knowledge of its makeup thing without a knowledge of its makeup and it needs a man in his brief lifetime and it needs a man in his brief lifetime and it needs a man in his brief lifetime can destroy the product of an agong can destroy the product of an agong can destroy the product of an agong sequence of sequence of sequence of events events events with the knowledge which science brings with the knowledge which science brings with the knowledge which science brings by helping and directing the forces of by helping and directing the forces of by helping and directing the forces of nature the farmer can reap a far richer nature the farmer can reap a far richer nature the farmer can reap a far richer reward and preserve the fertility of the reward and preserve the fertility of the reward and preserve the fertility of the soil for generations to [Music] come e e e e for<br /> }}</div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Zoom_into_Soil:_Hidden_Processes_in_Soils&diff=11778 2026-05-29T14:06:24Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Ajoute les transcriptions YouTube aux pages vidéo qui n&#039;en ont pas - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/435</p> <hr /> <div>{{vidéo<br /> | Titre = Zoom into Soil: Hidden Processes in Soils<br /> | Producteur = British Society of Soil Science<br /> | Vignette = Thumbnail_youtube_fB3-sz8BSIM.jpg<br /> | Date de mise en ligne = 2021-05-12<br /> | Durée = 61 minutes<br /> | Production = <br /> | Vidéo = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fB3-sz8BSIM<br /> | Intervenants 0 = Dr Carsten W. Müller<br /> | Intervenants 1 = Dr Tinashe Mawodza<br /> | Mots-clés = NBSOIL<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Welcome to the Zoom into Soil: Hidden Processes in Soils video from the British Society of Soil Science.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 'Zoom into Soil: Hidden Processes in Soils' features Dr Carsten W. Müller, Associate Professor for Soil Science at the University of Copenhagen, and Dr Tinashe Mawodza, a Research Fellow at Nottingham University, with their presentations, 'Soil processes regulated at the microscale – using microscopy to zoom into soil' and 'Demystifying secrets of the hidden half – an exploration of root-soil interactions using X-ray and neutron tomography'.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{Pages liées}}<br /> <br /> {{Transcription<br /> | transcription = hello hello hello and welcome to the zoom into soil and welcome to the zoom into soil and welcome to the zoom into soil meeting meeting meeting i'm jack hanum and i'm president-elect i'm jack hanum and i'm president-elect i'm jack hanum and i'm president-elect of the british of the british of the british society of soil science and i'm really society of soil science and i'm really society of soil science and i'm really delighted to welcome you all to our delighted to welcome you all to our delighted to welcome you all to our sixth sixth sixth zoom into soil webinar and today's event zoom into soil webinar and today's event zoom into soil webinar and today's event has been has been has been organized and supported by one of our organized and supported by one of our organized and supported by one of our regional groups this is the regional groups this is the regional groups this is the northern soil network and that's chaired northern soil network and that's chaired northern soil network and that's chaired by by by dr manoj menon and he will be leading dr manoj menon and he will be leading dr manoj menon and he will be leading the question and answer session um for the question and answer session um for the question and answer session um for the webinar today the webinar today the webinar today so before i welcome our two speakers so before i welcome our two speakers so before i welcome our two speakers it's going to be a really exciting it's going to be a really exciting it's going to be a really exciting session i just want to briefly session i just want to briefly session i just want to briefly introduce you to the british society of introduce you to the british society of introduce you to the british society of soil science as soil science as soil science as host of this webinar we're an host of this webinar we're an host of this webinar we're an established established established international membership organisation international membership organisation international membership organisation and charity and charity and charity and we're committed to the study of and we're committed to the study of and we're committed to the study of soils in all of its widest soils in all of its widest soils in all of its widest aspects so we have members working in aspects so we have members working in aspects so we have members working in academia academia academia but also within industry so but also within industry so but also within industry so practitioners practitioners practitioners of soil science and also for other of soil science and also for other of soil science and also for other members members members who have just a keen interest in soils who have just a keen interest in soils who have just a keen interest in soils and this year we'll be running 10 zoom and this year we'll be running 10 zoom and this year we'll be running 10 zoom into soil into soil into soil webinars and the next one in this series webinars and the next one in this series webinars and the next one in this series is actually hosted by one of our is actually hosted by one of our is actually hosted by one of our publications one of our journals publications one of our journals publications one of our journals the european journal of soil science and the european journal of soil science and the european journal of soil science and the next one is going to be on wednesday the next one is going to be on wednesday the next one is going to be on wednesday the 9th of june and that's going to be the 9th of june and that's going to be the 9th of june and that's going to be showcasing showcasing showcasing the work of early career researchers so the work of early career researchers so the work of early career researchers so that's going to be really exciting to that's going to be really exciting to that's going to be really exciting to see what new research is coming out see what new research is coming out see what new research is coming out from these members of the organization from these members of the organization from these members of the organization so do look at the website for further so do look at the website for further so do look at the website for further information information information about that event on the 9th of june so about that event on the 9th of june so about that event on the 9th of june so as you can see as you can see as you can see in the slide here just some basic in the slide here just some basic in the slide here just some basic housekeeping before we start before i housekeeping before we start before i housekeeping before we start before i introduce our speakers introduce our speakers introduce our speakers there's lots of you here today it's there's lots of you here today it's there's lots of you here today it's really exciting to see you all joining really exciting to see you all joining really exciting to see you all joining and you've been muted and we'll be and you've been muted and we'll be and you've been muted and we'll be taking questions taking questions taking questions at the end of both presentations so at the end of both presentations so at the end of both presentations so there'll be two presentations and there'll be two presentations and there'll be two presentations and we'll be um asking questions on your we'll be um asking questions on your we'll be um asking questions on your behalf behalf behalf at the end of both of those so please at the end of both of those so please at the end of both of those so please could you submit your questions you can could you submit your questions you can could you submit your questions you can use um the function use um the function use um the function in the webinar to submit these and in the webinar to submit these and in the webinar to submit these and please do this before 12 please do this before 12 please do this before 12 50 to allow us to get through as many 50 to allow us to get through as many 50 to allow us to get through as many questions as we can questions as we can questions as we can and manage we'll be asking them on your and manage we'll be asking them on your and manage we'll be asking them on your behalf behalf behalf after the presentations are finished so after the presentations are finished so after the presentations are finished so although there's a raise your hand although there's a raise your hand although there's a raise your hand button button button please don't use that whether unless please don't use that whether unless please don't use that whether unless your presenter specifically asks you to your presenter specifically asks you to your presenter specifically asks you to do that so you can answer questions do that so you can answer questions do that so you can answer questions probably at the end in the chat probably at the end in the chat probably at the end in the chat and just finally for those of you um and just finally for those of you um and just finally for those of you um that are members that are members that are members of specific organizations the of specific organizations the of specific organizations the presentations have been awarded cpd presentations have been awarded cpd presentations have been awarded cpd points for both basis and the national points for both basis and the national points for both basis and the national register register register spread operators so just contact us spread operators so just contact us spread operators so just contact us after the event after the event after the event um to be able to claim those cpd points um to be able to claim those cpd points um to be able to claim those cpd points and um as you probably are aware we're and um as you probably are aware we're and um as you probably are aware we're recording this session recording this session recording this session so if you want to watch it again um so if you want to watch it again um so if you want to watch it again um you'll be able to see it on our youtube you'll be able to see it on our youtube you'll be able to see it on our youtube channel channel channel um and there's also all of our other um and there's also all of our other um and there's also all of our other students all seminars as well that have students all seminars as well that have students all seminars as well that have also been also been also been recorded and those are also on our recorded and those are also on our recorded and those are also on our youtube channel too youtube channel too youtube channel too okay so that's enough of the okay so that's enough of the okay so that's enough of the introductions i'm really excited about introductions i'm really excited about introductions i'm really excited about this this this webinar today it really literally is webinar today it really literally is webinar today it really literally is zooming into soil so zooming into soil so zooming into soil so looking at those sort of hidden looking at those sort of hidden looking at those sort of hidden processes and processes and processes and structures in those soils that we're not structures in those soils that we're not structures in those soils that we're not necessarily aware of necessarily aware of necessarily aware of so i'd like to introduce you to our so i'd like to introduce you to our so i'd like to introduce you to our first presenter first presenter first presenter and that is dr carsten muller and that is dr carsten muller and that is dr carsten muller and he is an associate professor of soil and he is an associate professor of soil and he is an associate professor of soil science in the department of geoscience science in the department of geoscience science in the department of geoscience and natural resource management at the and natural resource management at the and natural resource management at the university of copenhagen so this is university of copenhagen so this is university of copenhagen so this is really exciting that he can join us from really exciting that he can join us from really exciting that he can join us from copenhagen today copenhagen today copenhagen today and his main research focus is and his main research focus is and his main research focus is understanding understanding understanding the fundamental biogeochemical the fundamental biogeochemical the fundamental biogeochemical connections between plants connections between plants connections between plants microorganisms and soils in both managed microorganisms and soils in both managed microorganisms and soils in both managed and natural systems and from poor so and natural systems and from poor so and natural systems and from poor so really tiny to really tiny to really tiny to field scale and it combines physical field scale and it combines physical field scale and it combines physical biological biological biological and chemical analysis to gain a deeper and chemical analysis to gain a deeper and chemical analysis to gain a deeper understanding of the sort of energy and understanding of the sort of energy and understanding of the sort of energy and fluxes fluxes fluxes in this really complex three-dimensional in this really complex three-dimensional in this really complex three-dimensional soil system a soil system a soil system a majority of his research areas is majority of his research areas is majority of his research areas is actually in the cycling of organic actually in the cycling of organic actually in the cycling of organic matter matter matter and in source structure that has been and in source structure that has been and in source structure that has been formed by formed by formed by interactions with plants and he's interactions with plants and he's interactions with plants and he's expanded these kind of techniques by expanded these kind of techniques by expanded these kind of techniques by using using using sophisticated imagery and image analysis sophisticated imagery and image analysis sophisticated imagery and image analysis with a focus on nano scale secondary with a focus on nano scale secondary with a focus on nano scale secondary iron mass spectroscopy so iron mass spectroscopy so iron mass spectroscopy so nano sims for short and this can then nano sims for short and this can then nano sims for short and this can then study at that very small scale this study at that very small scale this study at that very small scale this these intact systems and the relevant these intact systems and the relevant these intact systems and the relevant processes happening at those scales processes happening at those scales processes happening at those scales so he's looking at how via roots you so he's looking at how via roots you so he's looking at how via roots you know plants can actually regulate all of know plants can actually regulate all of know plants can actually regulate all of these these these important processes like carbon important processes like carbon important processes like carbon sequestration and nutrient cycling sequestration and nutrient cycling sequestration and nutrient cycling in soils so results of this work you in soils so results of this work you in soils so results of this work you know know know a really important prerequisite for a really important prerequisite for a really important prerequisite for developing developing developing future sustainable agricultural future sustainable agricultural future sustainable agricultural management practices you know to management practices you know to management practices you know to preserve soil health but also preserve soil health but also preserve soil health but also look at increasing carbon storage in the look at increasing carbon storage in the look at increasing carbon storage in the soils soils soils so i'm really excited to see um carson's so i'm really excited to see um carson's so i'm really excited to see um carson's presentation presentation presentation and over to you thanks very much and over to you thanks very much and over to you thanks very much yeah thank you very much uh thank you yeah thank you very much uh thank you yeah thank you very much uh thank you very much for this very much for this very much for this very kind introduction and uh that's very kind introduction and uh that's very kind introduction and uh that's that's uh yeah it's a pleasure to that's uh yeah it's a pleasure to that's uh yeah it's a pleasure to to get the opportunity to um to be part to get the opportunity to um to be part to get the opportunity to um to be part of this of this of this this nice seminar series so thanks for this nice seminar series so thanks for this nice seminar series so thanks for the invitation as well the invitation as well the invitation as well um yeah i will basically um i will um yeah i will basically um i will um yeah i will basically um i will basically basically basically um take you to the micro scale today so um take you to the micro scale today so um take you to the micro scale today so and and and uh i took that really like um uh i took that really like um uh i took that really like um in a practical note like zooming in and in a practical note like zooming in and in a practical note like zooming in and i want to i want to i want to take you to where i think take you to where i think take you to where i think most processes are where actually most most processes are where actually most most processes are where actually most processes in soil happen processes in soil happen processes in soil happen and this is this is really the micro and this is this is really the micro and this is this is really the micro scale in scale in scale in in the soil and um cyprus is regulated at the microscale cyprus is regulated at the microscale cyprus is regulated at the microscale using microscopy microscopy using microscopy microscopy using microscopy microscopy it's only part of what i will show but it's only part of what i will show but it's only part of what i will show but uh that's i guess uh that's i guess uh that's i guess the catchy the catchy way to start with the catchy the catchy way to start with the catchy the catchy way to start with it and it and it and where we start it's just having a look where we start it's just having a look where we start it's just having a look at the at the little at the at the little at the at the little clumps of soil and this is a soil clumps of soil and this is a soil clumps of soil and this is a soil aggregate this is aggregate this is aggregate this is what we call a micro aggregate it's uh what we call a micro aggregate it's uh what we call a micro aggregate it's uh larger than 250 micron larger than 250 micron larger than 250 micron um and this stems from a from a um and this stems from a from a um and this stems from a from a rhizosphere so that stems from rhizosphere so that stems from rhizosphere so that stems from the zone in the soil that is directly the zone in the soil that is directly the zone in the soil that is directly affected by the organic matter affected by the organic matter affected by the organic matter by the carbon nitrogen that enters the by the carbon nitrogen that enters the by the carbon nitrogen that enters the the soil the soil the soil from the root so it is a place in the from the root so it is a place in the from the root so it is a place in the soil where you get a lot of carbon in soil where you get a lot of carbon in soil where you get a lot of carbon in and where you have a lot of and where you have a lot of and where you have a lot of microorganisms sitting but because microorganisms sitting but because microorganisms sitting but because there's there's there's this this fresh carbon coming in and this this fresh carbon coming in and this this fresh carbon coming in and that's also the reason why this is a that's also the reason why this is a that's also the reason why this is a zone in the soil that's that's highly zone in the soil that's that's highly zone in the soil that's that's highly active and active and active and it's it's of higher relevance for for it's it's of higher relevance for for it's it's of higher relevance for for the function the function the function of our cells and if you look at the of our cells and if you look at the of our cells and if you look at the slumps of the strong slumps of the strong slumps of the strong soil and this is go out in the garden soil and this is go out in the garden soil and this is go out in the garden and you find that and and you find that and and you find that and make your hands dirty and this is what make your hands dirty and this is what make your hands dirty and this is what you have on your hands you have on your hands you have on your hands and but if you zoom in if you do exactly and but if you zoom in if you do exactly and but if you zoom in if you do exactly what this this series or this day is what this this series or this day is what this this series or this day is about about about if you zoom in you see that's that's if you zoom in you see that's that's if you zoom in you see that's that's like like like serengeti the there's like a waste serengeti the there's like a waste serengeti the there's like a waste a waste number of microorganisms this is a waste number of microorganisms this is a waste number of microorganisms this is particularly true particularly true particularly true for this kind of um samples from this for this kind of um samples from this for this kind of um samples from this hot spot so this comes from the hot spot so this comes from the hot spot so this comes from the rhizosphere rhizosphere rhizosphere this comes from a place where there's a this comes from a place where there's a this comes from a place where there's a lot of organic matter there's a lot of lot of organic matter there's a lot of lot of organic matter there's a lot of so to say food and then you end up with so to say food and then you end up with so to say food and then you end up with this this this uh with this uh yeah sue of different uh with this uh yeah sue of different uh with this uh yeah sue of different kinds of microorganisms kinds of microorganisms kinds of microorganisms and this is where a lot of and this is where a lot of and this is where a lot of biogeochemical functioning of those biogeochemical functioning of those biogeochemical functioning of those soils soils soils is regulated um my my background is most is regulated um my my background is most is regulated um my my background is most in in in solar getting matter cycling and the solar getting matter cycling and the solar getting matter cycling and the persistence of soil organic matter persistence of soil organic matter persistence of soil organic matter fractionation fractionation fractionation what stays in the soil for how long and what stays in the soil for how long and what stays in the soil for how long and how is this composed what's the chemical how is this composed what's the chemical how is this composed what's the chemical composition composition composition but all of that is regulated at this but all of that is regulated at this but all of that is regulated at this scale scale scale at the microscope and there was this at the microscope and there was this at the microscope and there was this paper last year from paper last year from paper last year from johannes lehmann and co-authors and they johannes lehmann and co-authors and they johannes lehmann and co-authors and they they were looking in the in the uh they were looking in the in the uh they were looking in the in the uh functional complexity of solar getting functional complexity of solar getting functional complexity of solar getting matter cycling and one matter cycling and one matter cycling and one besides the temporal and the chemical besides the temporal and the chemical besides the temporal and the chemical composition of the temporal dimension composition of the temporal dimension composition of the temporal dimension the camera composition the camera composition the camera composition um it is the spatial heterogeneity in um it is the spatial heterogeneity in um it is the spatial heterogeneity in the soil the soil the soil that means there are soils there's a that means there are soils there's a that means there are soils there's a waste stretch waste stretch waste stretch where your soil lumps don't look like where your soil lumps don't look like where your soil lumps don't look like this it's like a desert this it's like a desert this it's like a desert but then there are places where there is but then there are places where there is but then there are places where there is a lot of food and there is a lot of a lot of food and there is a lot of a lot of food and there is a lot of microorganisms microorganisms microorganisms and so this spatial heterogeneity and so this spatial heterogeneity and so this spatial heterogeneity this affects carbon nutrient flow but this affects carbon nutrient flow but this affects carbon nutrient flow but also how much also how much also how much the microbial community gets back when the microbial community gets back when the microbial community gets back when when when the microbes invest something when when the microbes invest something when when the microbes invest something and this oil regulates um the and this oil regulates um the and this oil regulates um the persistence of carbon in soil persistence of carbon in soil persistence of carbon in soil so how much how much carbon is there how so how much how much carbon is there how so how much how much carbon is there how fast does it turn over fast does it turn over fast does it turn over but with that also blonde nutrition so but with that also blonde nutrition so but with that also blonde nutrition so how fast just does this how fast just does this how fast just does this do do plants get get nutrients back from do do plants get get nutrients back from do do plants get get nutrients back from the solar organic matter the solar organic matter the solar organic matter um and this is all scale dependent so um and this is all scale dependent so um and this is all scale dependent so size matters for for organic matter size matters for for organic matter size matters for for organic matter cycling and if you if you if you start cycling and if you if you if you start cycling and if you if you if you start on the on the on the on the left hand side uh with those two on the left hand side uh with those two on the left hand side uh with those two two larger bubbles two larger bubbles two larger bubbles we have conceptually and also we have conceptually and also we have conceptually and also practically practically practically um two major compart components in our um two major compart components in our um two major compart components in our soil so we have the major soil so we have the major soil so we have the major input that's plant residues that's plant input that's plant residues that's plant input that's plant residues that's plant derived derived derived organic matter and this is rather the organic matter and this is rather the organic matter and this is rather the larger scale larger scale larger scale and then as soon as you go and then and then as soon as you go and then and then as soon as you go and then related to those related to those related to those uh aggregates on the on the right hand uh aggregates on the on the right hand uh aggregates on the on the right hand side those side those side those those soil lumps that i showed you those soil lumps that i showed you those soil lumps that i showed you before before before they can be really really tiny and the they can be really really tiny and the they can be really really tiny and the more tiny they get more tiny they get more tiny they get the more you have something that is the more you have something that is the more you have something that is microbial derived microbial derived microbial derived microbial residues primary microbial residues primary microbial residues primary that's plant material but then it gets that's plant material but then it gets that's plant material but then it gets transformed by microorganisms transformed by microorganisms transformed by microorganisms and so it's all scale dependent it's all and so it's all scale dependent it's all and so it's all scale dependent it's all dependent dependent dependent where does this happen in the soil and i where does this happen in the soil and i where does this happen in the soil and i want to take you want to take you want to take you um on this little journey at least um on this little journey at least um on this little journey at least showing you showing you showing you two major parts of that how that gets two major parts of that how that gets two major parts of that how that gets into the soil and where into the soil and where into the soil and where microbes are active together with the microbes are active together with the microbes are active together with the plant uh plant uh plant uh input that's why isosphere and this is input that's why isosphere and this is input that's why isosphere and this is the tetrasphere so the tetrasphere so the tetrasphere so actually that plant material actually that plant material actually that plant material that gets decomposed or turned into soil that gets decomposed or turned into soil that gets decomposed or turned into soil organic matter organic matter organic matter and this also leads to the two major and this also leads to the two major and this also leads to the two major pools the two major fractions pools the two major fractions pools the two major fractions of of organic matter in soil so there is of of organic matter in soil so there is of of organic matter in soil so there is particulate organic matter in the strict particulate organic matter in the strict particulate organic matter in the strict sense a particle so what you see here sense a particle so what you see here sense a particle so what you see here this is a this is a this is a scanning electron micrograph so we are scanning electron micrograph so we are scanning electron micrograph so we are still in the microscopy so this is all still in the microscopy so this is all still in the microscopy so this is all like microscopic like microscopic like microscopic techniques that are kind of like weaving techniques that are kind of like weaving techniques that are kind of like weaving in this illustration of what we are in this illustration of what we are in this illustration of what we are talking about talking about talking about what you see is you see blonde what you see is you see blonde what you see is you see blonde structures this is this is really structures this is this is really structures this is this is really resembling like blonde cells and some resembling like blonde cells and some resembling like blonde cells and some but on that but on that but on that you also see fungal hyphae these are you also see fungal hyphae these are you also see fungal hyphae these are particulate organic matter and then you particulate organic matter and then you particulate organic matter and then you have this other have this other have this other great pool you might have heard of this great pool you might have heard of this great pool you might have heard of this mineral associated organic matter so you mineral associated organic matter so you mineral associated organic matter so you have mineral have mineral have mineral mineral surfaces in your soil mineral surfaces in your soil mineral surfaces in your soil be it especially clay minerals be it be it especially clay minerals be it be it especially clay minerals be it iron oxides iron oxides iron oxides and on on those uh surfaces and on on those uh surfaces and on on those uh surfaces you have carbon or organic matter solved you have carbon or organic matter solved you have carbon or organic matter solved and those two and those two and those two are the major of the major pools are the major of the major pools are the major of the major pools plus you of course have the soft organic plus you of course have the soft organic plus you of course have the soft organic matter matter matter in between and and also as a in between and and also as a in between and and also as a means of transport um so this is this is means of transport um so this is this is means of transport um so this is this is what we're looking at and what we're looking at and what we're looking at and again we're at the microscale this is of again we're at the microscale this is of again we're at the microscale this is of course it has implications on larger course it has implications on larger course it has implications on larger scale so scale so scale so if you speak about co2 emissions if if you speak about co2 emissions if if you speak about co2 emissions if methane n2o whatever methane n2o whatever methane n2o whatever um but also nutrient cycling that all um but also nutrient cycling that all um but also nutrient cycling that all goes down to those goes down to those goes down to those little entities in the soil and of little entities in the soil and of little entities in the soil and of course depending on the soil type course depending on the soil type course depending on the soil type depending on the reach where you're in depending on the reach where you're in depending on the reach where you're in depending on the climate depending on the climate depending on the climate this differs so um your soils are this differs so um your soils are this differs so um your soils are defined defined defined by kind of like the balance between the by kind of like the balance between the by kind of like the balance between the two two two um and then again regulated in a in a um and then again regulated in a in a um and then again regulated in a in a spatially mannered due to soil structure spatially mannered due to soil structure spatially mannered due to soil structure um microscopy zooming into soil um microscopy zooming into soil um microscopy zooming into soil and um i mean classical microscopy and i and um i mean classical microscopy and i and um i mean classical microscopy and i i started a i started a i started a scanning electron microscope and just scanning electron microscope and just scanning electron microscope and just like um like um like um your bare eye or you you all might be your bare eye or you you all might be your bare eye or you you all might be familiar with familiar with familiar with normal light microscopy but there's much normal light microscopy but there's much normal light microscopy but there's much much more now much more now much more now um there's means of um there's means of um there's means of mapping elements there's means of mapping elements there's means of mapping elements there's means of mapping isotopes mapping isotopes mapping isotopes so there's just structural structural so there's just structural structural so there's just structural structural microscopy in terms of what i showed you microscopy in terms of what i showed you microscopy in terms of what i showed you before with the scanning electron before with the scanning electron before with the scanning electron microscopy microscopy microscopy and this this graph just to highlight and this this graph just to highlight and this this graph just to highlight there is again a scale there is again a scale there is again a scale a scale into it so you go from large a scale into it so you go from large a scale into it so you go from large scale scale scale techniques where you can analyze larger techniques where you can analyze larger techniques where you can analyze larger specimen and we will specimen and we will specimen and we will later on get a talk on the micro ct later on get a talk on the micro ct later on get a talk on the micro ct there is a specific spatial scale that there is a specific spatial scale that there is a specific spatial scale that you tackle you tackle you tackle but then also um you have but then also um you have but then also um you have the ability and the possibility to get the ability and the possibility to get the ability and the possibility to get more information not just the structure more information not just the structure more information not just the structure not just like i did before i showed you not just like i did before i showed you not just like i did before i showed you microbes sitting on the soil aggregate microbes sitting on the soil aggregate microbes sitting on the soil aggregate um and you just see um and you just see um and you just see like the structure but you can also look like the structure but you can also look like the structure but you can also look into into into how are they composed what's the actual how are they composed what's the actual how are they composed what's the actual composition of them composition of them composition of them and i showed you something later and i showed you something later and i showed you something later especially with with respect to isotopes especially with with respect to isotopes especially with with respect to isotopes um classically that's that's um classically that's that's um classically that's that's and that's also like like on top of and that's also like like on top of and that's also like like on top of classical words it's like classical words it's like classical words it's like um this is light microscopy and what um this is light microscopy and what um this is light microscopy and what you're looking at you're looking at you're looking at this is a like this string like thing this is a like this string like thing this is a like this string like thing this is a fungal hybrid this is a fungal hybrid this is a fungal hybrid a huffy so it's a it's a fungi growing a huffy so it's a it's a fungi growing a huffy so it's a it's a fungi growing through the soil through the soil through the soil you see the soil minerals around those you see the soil minerals around those you see the soil minerals around those those those those those those those those spheres around it and on top of those spheres around it and on top of those spheres around it and on top of this fungi this fungi this fungi there's little there's little bright there's little there's little bright there's little there's little bright dots those are bacteria dots those are bacteria dots those are bacteria so what you basically look at is a so what you basically look at is a so what you basically look at is a fungal highway fungal highway fungal highway so you have this fungi growing through so you have this fungi growing through so you have this fungi growing through the soil and the soil and the soil and with kind of simple microscopy with kind of simple microscopy with kind of simple microscopy and staining so introducing and staining so introducing and staining so introducing a chemical that stains it that makes it a chemical that stains it that makes it a chemical that stains it that makes it fluorescent in fluorescence microscopy fluorescent in fluorescence microscopy fluorescent in fluorescence microscopy you can find those spots and then you you can find those spots and then you you can find those spots and then you might think of might think of might think of higher resolution work and going back to higher resolution work and going back to higher resolution work and going back to foster foster foster um in the early days um and those great um in the early days um and those great um in the early days um and those great images and images and images and uh that might be a bit noisy um when you uh that might be a bit noisy um when you uh that might be a bit noisy um when you first look at that first look at that first look at that but what you basically look at there's a but what you basically look at there's a but what you basically look at there's a really thin section of soil really thin section of soil really thin section of soil and what you see here um like in the in and what you see here um like in the in and what you see here um like in the in the in the the in the the in the down in the part where it's indicated down in the part where it's indicated down in the part where it's indicated with b these are bacterial cells with b these are bacterial cells with b these are bacterial cells so and and where you have to see this is so and and where you have to see this is so and and where you have to see this is clay minerals clay minerals clay minerals so you have this bacteria sitting so you have this bacteria sitting so you have this bacteria sitting directly at the clay minerals directly at the clay minerals directly at the clay minerals and this is really just like the imaging and this is really just like the imaging and this is really just like the imaging part of it so what part of it so what part of it so what where i said like you get the structures where i said like you get the structures where i said like you get the structures you get the relation you get the relation you get the relation um of this this this mic um of this this this mic um of this this this mic or biological entities and the minerals or biological entities and the minerals or biological entities and the minerals and and and you could assume or you could um you could assume or you could um you could assume or you could um yeah you could assume processes from it yeah you could assume processes from it yeah you could assume processes from it but where it but where it but where it gets really into it is when you also gets really into it is when you also gets really into it is when you also try to get elemental composition try to get elemental composition try to get elemental composition isotopic composition that might answer isotopic composition that might answer isotopic composition that might answer that would give you that would give you that would give you more answers to actual processes so more answers to actual processes so more answers to actual processes so and one way to do that and and here i and one way to do that and and here i and one way to do that and and here i now uh now uh now uh and check was already um putting that on and check was already um putting that on and check was already um putting that on uh nano scale secondary on mass uh nano scale secondary on mass uh nano scale secondary on mass spectrometry spectrometry spectrometry um this is one this is one technique um um this is one this is one technique um um this is one this is one technique um that's that's that's i think around like 20 years now um i think around like 20 years now um i think around like 20 years now um you started up in cosmic chemistry and you started up in cosmic chemistry and you started up in cosmic chemistry and then material uh then material uh then material uh material science and so on geology is material science and so on geology is material science and so on geology is it's big it's big it's big but this is an instrument that gives you but this is an instrument that gives you but this is an instrument that gives you the opportunity to the opportunity to the opportunity to to image isotopes to image isotopes to image isotopes and especially for soil science it's and especially for soil science it's and especially for soil science it's great because it has a high great because it has a high great because it has a high spatial resolution and it can give you spatial resolution and it can give you spatial resolution and it can give you the distribution of 13c and 15n the distribution of 13c and 15n the distribution of 13c and 15n so this is an example the cray the cray so this is an example the cray the cray so this is an example the cray the cray parts that you see these are the micro parts that you see these are the micro parts that you see these are the micro aggregates these are the small aggregates these are the small aggregates these are the small mineral stuff in your soil um mineral stuff in your soil um mineral stuff in your soil um and they contain carbon this is the and they contain carbon this is the and they contain carbon this is the mineral associated karma i was referring mineral associated karma i was referring mineral associated karma i was referring to to to uh earlier and you see there are hot uh earlier and you see there are hot uh earlier and you see there are hot spots spots spots so it's not like the color indicates on so it's not like the color indicates on so it's not like the color indicates on the the the on the on the left that 13c on the right on the on the left that 13c on the right on the on the left that 13c on the right is 15 and you see is 15 and you see is 15 and you see it's it's not evenly distributed it's it's it's not evenly distributed it's it's it's not evenly distributed it's patchy patchy patchy so again there's this spatial so again there's this spatial so again there's this spatial heterogeneity heterogeneity heterogeneity even at this really really micro scale even at this really really micro scale even at this really really micro scale so on top of having structural so on top of having structural so on top of having structural information information information having the information that's a micro having the information that's a micro having the information that's a micro aggregate you can now go on aggregate you can now go on aggregate you can now go on and say okay what's where does my and and say okay what's where does my and and say okay what's where does my and this is lucerne this is lucerne this is lucerne um plant material where does this end up um plant material where does this end up um plant material where does this end up in this in this in this in this particular soil fraction in this particular soil fraction in this particular soil fraction but this is not just images there's data but this is not just images there's data but this is not just images there's data behind it so i show a lot of behind it so i show a lot of behind it so i show a lot of colorful images today but of course you colorful images today but of course you colorful images today but of course you can do image can do image can do image analyzers from it and what i circled in analyzers from it and what i circled in analyzers from it and what i circled in these are the outliers and this is like these are the outliers and this is like these are the outliers and this is like where you get the fresh organic matter where you get the fresh organic matter where you get the fresh organic matter sitting in this fraction so actually the sitting in this fraction so actually the sitting in this fraction so actually the outliers here are good because outliers here are good because outliers here are good because they indicate where your fresh blood they indicate where your fresh blood they indicate where your fresh blood plant material ends up in this direction plant material ends up in this direction plant material ends up in this direction and then i said we go at the interface and then i said we go at the interface and then i said we go at the interface and this is what you look at and this is what you look at and this is what you look at again a false color image a scanning again a false color image a scanning again a false color image a scanning electron electron electron microscopy image this is a root surface microscopy image this is a root surface microscopy image this is a root surface those spines sticking out these are root those spines sticking out these are root those spines sticking out these are root hairs um hairs um hairs um in reddish that's uh presumably micro in reddish that's uh presumably micro in reddish that's uh presumably micro residues and bluish these are residues and bluish these are residues and bluish these are these are soil minerals this is the these are soil minerals this is the these are soil minerals this is the interface interface interface where the root meets the soil and where where the root meets the soil and where where the root meets the soil and where i said before this is this is where a i said before this is this is where a i said before this is this is where a lot of lot of lot of microbial activity happens and also the microbial activity happens and also the microbial activity happens and also the um um um organic matter turnover in the soil is organic matter turnover in the soil is organic matter turnover in the soil is really determined um to a large extent really determined um to a large extent really determined um to a large extent um what we see if we look into like um what we see if we look into like um what we see if we look into like actual structure formation um or at actual structure formation um or at actual structure formation um or at least least least aggregate formation or what we can aggregate formation or what we can aggregate formation or what we can retrieve as an aggregate retrieve as an aggregate retrieve as an aggregate um from the soil we see um from the soil we see um from the soil we see that roots have this positive effect on that roots have this positive effect on that roots have this positive effect on on structure in the soil on structure in the soil on structure in the soil and the idea is and there we have good and the idea is and there we have good and the idea is and there we have good indications indications indications for that from from from other analyzers for that from from from other analyzers for that from from from other analyzers looking into specific microbial looking into specific microbial looking into specific microbial communities communities communities we see especially for subsoils that we see especially for subsoils that we see especially for subsoils that roots foster this aggregation process roots foster this aggregation process roots foster this aggregation process and so that's also the question does and so that's also the question does and so that's also the question does this on the long perspective this on the long perspective this on the long perspective foster carbon storage uh also in the foster carbon storage uh also in the foster carbon storage uh also in the subsoils subsoils subsoils um but this just as an end report saying um but this just as an end report saying um but this just as an end report saying okay okay okay we know there is this positive effect on we know there is this positive effect on we know there is this positive effect on aggregation aggregation aggregation and we also know from again the plfa and we also know from again the plfa and we also know from again the plfa analysis that analysis that analysis that fungi played a large role in it and now fungi played a large role in it and now fungi played a large role in it and now again again again using this this nanosims and what you're using this this nanosims and what you're using this this nanosims and what you're looking at now is looking at now is looking at now is um and you see this in the scaling um and you see this in the scaling um and you see this in the scaling electron microscope graph electron microscope graph electron microscope graph on the left this string this is a fungal on the left this string this is a fungal on the left this string this is a fungal hyphae again hyphae again hyphae again and detached to it they're small micro and detached to it they're small micro and detached to it they're small micro aggregates aggregates aggregates and then um and you see this this image and then um and you see this this image and then um and you see this this image where you see like where you see like where you see like green you might er the the microbe or green you might er the the microbe or green you might er the the microbe or the the the organic matter and then blue and red the organic matter and then blue and red the organic matter and then blue and red the minerals and then minerals and then minerals and then we also use the tracer here 13c and then we also use the tracer here 13c and then we also use the tracer here 13c and then you see this little spot on top of this you see this little spot on top of this you see this little spot on top of this um of this hyphae and this is this is um of this hyphae and this is this is um of this hyphae and this is this is again again again bacteria so this is a different view on bacteria so this is a different view on bacteria so this is a different view on this fungal hyphae this fungal hyphae this fungal hyphae i showed it in the beginning with this i showed it in the beginning with this i showed it in the beginning with this uh fluorescence uh fluorescence uh fluorescence imaging and where you say ah there's imaging and where you say ah there's imaging and where you say ah there's there's there's there's there's there's there's bacteria on this high feed but now you bacteria on this high feed but now you bacteria on this high feed but now you can say can say can say ah oh those bacteria on the hyphae they ah oh those bacteria on the hyphae they ah oh those bacteria on the hyphae they consume consume consume more there's a difference in the more there's a difference in the more there's a difference in the consumption of root derived organic consumption of root derived organic consumption of root derived organic matter matter matter between the fungal hyphae and the between the fungal hyphae and the between the fungal hyphae and the bacteria on that hyphae bacteria on that hyphae bacteria on that hyphae and then together with the structure and then together with the structure and then together with the structure build up build up build up seeing those aggregates attached to this seeing those aggregates attached to this seeing those aggregates attached to this to this hyphy so it all comes together to this hyphy so it all comes together to this hyphy so it all comes together um in those hot spots and it kind of um in those hot spots and it kind of um in those hot spots and it kind of like all comes together also like all comes together also like all comes together also who's doing what funky versus bacteria who's doing what funky versus bacteria who's doing what funky versus bacteria and and and then ending up in regulating this this then ending up in regulating this this then ending up in regulating this this biogeochemistry or aggregation in this biogeochemistry or aggregation in this biogeochemistry or aggregation in this sense sense sense um when i'm interested um as earthworms um when i'm interested um as earthworms um when i'm interested um as earthworms and soil fauna gets gets gets gets more and soil fauna gets gets gets gets more and soil fauna gets gets gets gets more and more and and for good reasons more and more and and for good reasons more and more and and for good reasons more and more attention and more attention and more attention and this is worked by by alex vidal from and this is worked by by alex vidal from and this is worked by by alex vidal from her phd's her phd's her phd's thesis what she did is um she used thesis what she did is um she used thesis what she did is um she used earthworms so she looked into how do earthworms so she looked into how do earthworms so she looked into how do earthworms earthworms earthworms um turn over or um turn over or um turn over or decompose um shoot and root material decompose um shoot and root material decompose um shoot and root material differently and she looked all sorts of differently and she looked all sorts of differently and she looked all sorts of things but she also things but she also things but she also uh looked into the cast the earthworm uh looked into the cast the earthworm uh looked into the cast the earthworm cast that cast that cast that um using tm uh um using tm uh um using tm uh so this what i showed you the the image so this what i showed you the the image so this what i showed you the the image from foster from foster from foster these great images where you see like these great images where you see like these great images where you see like here here here the plant cells the minerals and all the plant cells the minerals and all the plant cells the minerals and all together together together and and she combined that uh in a nice and and she combined that uh in a nice and and she combined that uh in a nice way with nanosims way with nanosims way with nanosims so the blonde material which stay was so the blonde material which stay was so the blonde material which stay was was labeled with 13c was labeled with 13c was labeled with 13c so there's this opportunity to follow so there's this opportunity to follow so there's this opportunity to follow the plant material the plant material the plant material into those casts you get the structure into those casts you get the structure into those casts you get the structure information from the tm from the information from the tm from the information from the tm from the transmission electron microscope transmission electron microscope transmission electron microscope at a really high resolution and that at a really high resolution and that at a really high resolution and that gives you an idea gives you an idea gives you an idea how is this material transformed how are how is this material transformed how are how is this material transformed how are differences between the differences between the differences between the shoot and the root material and um shoot and the root material and um shoot and the root material and um so at least for the for the early stages so at least for the for the early stages so at least for the for the early stages it was clear that the chemical it was clear that the chemical it was clear that the chemical composition composition composition of the material so cost versus or shoot of the material so cost versus or shoot of the material so cost versus or shoot versus root versus root versus root really drives this organic matter really drives this organic matter really drives this organic matter formation formation formation in those casts um and that was my in those casts um and that was my in those casts um and that was my um my link to go to the digital sphere um my link to go to the digital sphere um my link to go to the digital sphere like like like away from the root but also to have a away from the root but also to have a away from the root but also to have a little bit sort of fauna in little bit sort of fauna in little bit sort of fauna in um and and with that going really to the um and and with that going really to the um and and with that going really to the titration sphere titration sphere titration sphere and this is a a piece uh by uh and this is a a piece uh by uh and this is a a piece uh by uh christina vitskal a phd student of mine christina vitskal a phd student of mine christina vitskal a phd student of mine and and where we looked into the and and where we looked into the and and where we looked into the decomposition of decomposition of decomposition of plant material in differently textured plant material in differently textured plant material in differently textured soil soil soil and the main idea was okay how does this and the main idea was okay how does this and the main idea was okay how does this work work work uh we bring in this particulate organic uh we bring in this particulate organic uh we bring in this particulate organic matter this matter this matter this blonde residue and how is this blonde residue and how is this blonde residue and how is this decomposed and how does this end up in decomposed and how does this end up in decomposed and how does this end up in presumably more persistent uh carbon presumably more persistent uh carbon presumably more persistent uh carbon proofs like mineral associated carbon proofs like mineral associated carbon proofs like mineral associated carbon pools pools pools or carbon that is entrapped within or carbon that is entrapped within or carbon that is entrapped within aggregates aggregates aggregates and um as i showed you before it's all and um as i showed you before it's all and um as i showed you before it's all like at the really small scale um like at the really small scale um like at the really small scale um we use two different types of soil or we we use two different types of soil or we we use two different types of soil or we we use we use we use basically we use alone and we added sand basically we use alone and we added sand basically we use alone and we added sand to make it more sandy so to make it more sandy so to make it more sandy so we we try to have the same we we try to have the same we we try to have the same microorganisms in that game and then microorganisms in that game and then microorganisms in that game and then yeah we we had this we have the staff yeah we we had this we have the staff yeah we we had this we have the staff gradient in it and gradient in it and gradient in it and um really like the sample those little um really like the sample those little um really like the sample those little layers layers layers uh to get kind of like a resemblance of uh to get kind of like a resemblance of uh to get kind of like a resemblance of how how how soil development could work at this soil development could work at this soil development could work at this small scale small scale small scale um and what became clear is um and what became clear is um and what became clear is again that fungi played a tremendous again that fungi played a tremendous again that fungi played a tremendous role role role in the in the decomposition and in the in the in the decomposition and in the in the in the decomposition and in the turnover of turnover of turnover of the material um and this is this is this the material um and this is this is this the material um and this is this is this is data that you look at is data that you look at is data that you look at um based on plfa so the phospholipid um based on plfa so the phospholipid um based on plfa so the phospholipid fatty acids so the the outer part of the fatty acids so the the outer part of the fatty acids so the the outer part of the microorganisms that's specific for microorganisms that's specific for microorganisms that's specific for for uh certain microbial communities for uh certain microbial communities for uh certain microbial communities um and and from that um and and from that um and and from that it was clear most of the plant-derived it was clear most of the plant-derived it was clear most of the plant-derived organic matter was ending up in in in organic matter was ending up in in in organic matter was ending up in in in fungi and and then the question was okay fungi and and then the question was okay fungi and and then the question was okay how does this relate how does this relate how does this relate to the structure and this is this is one to the structure and this is this is one to the structure and this is this is one of the of the of the larger aggregates a real like a macro larger aggregates a real like a macro larger aggregates a real like a macro aggregate aggregate aggregate uh from this experiment and what you uh from this experiment and what you uh from this experiment and what you look like the bluish look like the bluish look like the bluish stuff this is this is really like stuff this is this is really like stuff this is this is really like mineral dominated and the brownish this mineral dominated and the brownish this mineral dominated and the brownish this is particulate organic metal this is a is particulate organic metal this is a is particulate organic metal this is a piece piece piece of this labeled maze litter and then if of this labeled maze litter and then if of this labeled maze litter and then if you look you look you look closer to it this is what happens on the closer to it this is what happens on the closer to it this is what happens on the maze litter maze litter maze litter so in the base in the background you see so in the base in the background you see so in the base in the background you see this decomposing plant this decomposing plant this decomposing plant liter and on top is again liter and on top is again liter and on top is again it's it's partly a zoo you see fungal it's it's partly a zoo you see fungal it's it's partly a zoo you see fungal hyphae you see singular hyphae you see singular hyphae you see singular microorganisms there's a lot of fungal microorganisms there's a lot of fungal microorganisms there's a lot of fungal spores but also spores but also spores but also a lot of minerals so directly at this a lot of minerals so directly at this a lot of minerals so directly at this biogeochemical interface the interface biogeochemical interface the interface biogeochemical interface the interface between the plant between the plant between the plant material like in the root like in the material like in the root like in the material like in the root like in the rhizosphere rhizosphere rhizosphere and the mineral soil this is where and the mineral soil this is where and the mineral soil this is where everything happens everything happens everything happens and we had a particular look and we had a particular look and we had a particular look again with the nanosims at this surface again with the nanosims at this surface again with the nanosims at this surface and and and not embedded just plain just look at it not embedded just plain just look at it not embedded just plain just look at it like like like like i zoomed in before on this like like i zoomed in before on this like like i zoomed in before on this like early early beginning of my talk early early beginning of my talk early early beginning of my talk zoomed in on the surface and we did this zoomed in on the surface and we did this zoomed in on the surface and we did this with an innocence with an innocence with an innocence and then we ended with those really and then we ended with those really and then we ended with those really colorful images colorful images colorful images and and being able to resemble and and being able to resemble and and being able to resemble um the plant residue um the plant residue um the plant residue the composition like 13c plant residue the composition like 13c plant residue the composition like 13c plant residue uh composition um the fungal hyphae uh composition um the fungal hyphae uh composition um the fungal hyphae the bacteria but also the extra the bacteria but also the extra the bacteria but also the extra polymeric substances so they like you polymeric substances so they like you polymeric substances so they like you could say could say could say biofilm in between um biofilm in between um biofilm in between um that kind of like cloaks the whole that kind of like cloaks the whole that kind of like cloaks the whole system and system and system and why our image analyzes you end up with why our image analyzes you end up with why our image analyzes you end up with like real numbers and you can say okay like real numbers and you can say okay like real numbers and you can say okay um how enriched is this material and you um how enriched is this material and you um how enriched is this material and you go here go here go here from this particular organic matter to from this particular organic matter to from this particular organic matter to like the fungal hyphae and you can like the fungal hyphae and you can like the fungal hyphae and you can nicely show there are clear differences nicely show there are clear differences nicely show there are clear differences in the consumption and turnover um and in the consumption and turnover um and in the consumption and turnover um and then the role that the then the role that the then the role that the the single players have in the the single players have in the the single players have in the decomposition decomposition decomposition of the blonde residue um of the blonde residue um of the blonde residue um and you also see and this is something and you also see and this is something and you also see and this is something that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's nice for working at the micro that's nice for working at the micro that's nice for working at the micro scale uh if you have a classical bar scale uh if you have a classical bar scale uh if you have a classical bar example example example um you grind that up and you get one um you grind that up and you get one um you grind that up and you get one highly accurate and and highly accurate and and highly accurate and and also highly important value but you just also highly important value but you just also highly important value but you just get one value get one value get one value whereas if you do microscale imaging whereas if you do microscale imaging whereas if you do microscale imaging whatever that might be whatever that might be whatever that might be like uh bear eye or a like uh bear eye or a like uh bear eye or a microscope or something like this like microscope or something like this like microscope or something like this like nanosis or so nanosis or so nanosis or so um you get the right variation um you get the right variation um you get the right variation this is like like you zoom in on on a on this is like like you zoom in on on a on this is like like you zoom in on on a on a plot outside on the field a plot outside on the field a plot outside on the field so you get more variation uh and so you get more variation uh and so you get more variation uh and more like a resemblance of the more like a resemblance of the more like a resemblance of the heterogeneity heterogeneity heterogeneity but you also so this is this um but you also so this is this um but you also so this is this um and and the other thing is you clearly and and the other thing is you clearly and and the other thing is you clearly also see and this is like the elemental also see and this is like the elemental also see and this is like the elemental imaging component of that you see this imaging component of that you see this imaging component of that you see this shift shift shift in the cn ratio and i forgot to mention in the cn ratio and i forgot to mention in the cn ratio and i forgot to mention that earlier that earlier that earlier uh you you start with wide cn ratios in uh you you start with wide cn ratios in uh you you start with wide cn ratios in the plant material the plant material the plant material and then the more you go to this and then the more you go to this and then the more you go to this microbial mater microbial mater microbial mater dominated material the cn ratio gets dominated material the cn ratio gets dominated material the cn ratio gets narrower and narrower that's just narrower and narrower that's just narrower and narrower that's just due to the um like constraints due to the um like constraints due to the um like constraints in the in the build up of the of the in the in the build up of the of the in the in the build up of the of the organisms from plants to microorganisms organisms from plants to microorganisms organisms from plants to microorganisms so and this is possible with this this so and this is possible with this this so and this is possible with this this is this approach and is this approach and is this approach and what we basically did here was showing what we basically did here was showing what we basically did here was showing that this particular organic matter this that this particular organic matter this that this particular organic matter this is not just a substrate this is not just is not just a substrate this is not just is not just a substrate this is not just something something something um that you refer that's label material um that you refer that's label material um that you refer that's label material that's like yeah yeah that's like yeah yeah that's like yeah yeah that's getting get gets eaten up and that's getting get gets eaten up and that's getting get gets eaten up and let's focus on the mineral associated let's focus on the mineral associated let's focus on the mineral associated organic matter because this is stable organic matter because this is stable organic matter because this is stable no it's a functional entity that is no it's a functional entity that is no it's a functional entity that is tremendously important for tremendously important for tremendously important for both the buildup of aggregates this is both the buildup of aggregates this is both the buildup of aggregates this is this is relatively like that this is relatively like that this is relatively like that dates back to oats and so on and clear dates back to oats and so on and clear dates back to oats and so on and clear chaneu worked on that and so chaneu worked on that and so chaneu worked on that and so um but then also directly on the um but then also directly on the um but then also directly on the information of mineral associated information of mineral associated information of mineral associated organic matter organic matter organic matter so this is also a hot spot for like so this is also a hot spot for like so this is also a hot spot for like building up building up building up persistence of organic matter in soil persistence of organic matter in soil persistence of organic matter in soil that you that you that you can image at this high resolution can image at this high resolution can image at this high resolution and with that um i hope i kind of like and with that um i hope i kind of like and with that um i hope i kind of like uh brought you into it and i uh brought you into it and i uh brought you into it and i kind of like attracted you to to um kind of like attracted you to to um kind of like attracted you to to um to images and i want to finish with this to images and i want to finish with this to images and i want to finish with this fungal hybrid this is a fungal highway fungal hybrid this is a fungal highway fungal hybrid this is a fungal highway um basically the strings the brownish um basically the strings the brownish um basically the strings the brownish stuff this is fungi stuff this is fungi stuff this is fungi and all the color organisms there that's and all the color organisms there that's and all the color organisms there that's uh uh uh bacteria on that fungi um bacteria on that fungi um bacteria on that fungi um and having fun and sliding around and um and having fun and sliding around and um and having fun and sliding around and um and the thing is using this high and the thing is using this high and the thing is using this high resolution imaging and spectral resolution imaging and spectral resolution imaging and spectral microscopic analysis and denizens is microscopic analysis and denizens is microscopic analysis and denizens is just just just one part of it there's a there's a load one part of it there's a there's a load one part of it there's a there's a load of different techniques of different techniques of different techniques this is this can support results and this is this can support results and this is this can support results and and i want to really stress that point and i want to really stress that point and i want to really stress that point um i think um i think um i think it is meant to support classical bulk it is meant to support classical bulk it is meant to support classical bulk analyzers and concepts analyzers and concepts analyzers and concepts i wouldn't that's that's not made for i wouldn't that's that's not made for i wouldn't that's that's not made for like like like replacing it or whatever you need replacing it or whatever you need replacing it or whatever you need quantitative data like what we are used quantitative data like what we are used quantitative data like what we are used to in soil signs like to in soil signs like to in soil signs like cram per kilogram or tons per hectare or cram per kilogram or tons per hectare or cram per kilogram or tons per hectare or something like that you can work with something like that you can work with something like that you can work with and you and you and you that's that's that's important for that's that's that's important for that's that's that's important for people out there uh people out there uh people out there uh in like practical soil signs or like in like practical soil signs or like in like practical soil signs or like farmers or whatever farmers or whatever farmers or whatever but the underpinning for the mechanisms but the underpinning for the mechanisms but the underpinning for the mechanisms and the processes and the processes and the processes for that you can get nice support from for that you can get nice support from for that you can get nice support from this high-resolution imaging this high-resolution imaging this high-resolution imaging and microscopy um and microscopy um and microscopy um i want to thank a lot of people so some i want to thank a lot of people so some i want to thank a lot of people so some of them of them of them in the in the pictures but a lot of in the in the pictures but a lot of in the in the pictures but a lot of colleagues i've worked with over the colleagues i've worked with over the colleagues i've worked with over the years years years of course also a lot of funding involved of course also a lot of funding involved of course also a lot of funding involved in that in that in that and with some pictures uh and with some pictures uh and with some pictures uh from western western denmark where i'm from western western denmark where i'm from western western denmark where i'm actually actually actually at the moment not in copenhagen i'm in at the moment not in copenhagen i'm in at the moment not in copenhagen i'm in uh julen uh julen uh julen so western western denmark uh and with so western western denmark uh and with so western western denmark uh and with those pictures those pictures those pictures i want to say thank you thanks very much i want to say thank you thanks very much i want to say thank you thanks very much carsten carsten carsten absolutely fascinating nice podcall in absolutely fascinating nice podcall in absolutely fascinating nice podcall in the picture there as well the picture there as well the picture there as well i hope you've done some sore profiling i hope you've done some sore profiling i hope you've done some sore profiling while you've been there the amazing while you've been there the amazing while you've been there the amazing um viewpoint of these these microscopic um viewpoint of these these microscopic um viewpoint of these these microscopic um processes but you know not just um processes but you know not just um processes but you know not just imaging what actually is there but imaging what actually is there but imaging what actually is there but understanding now what what are those understanding now what what are those understanding now what what are those bacterium fungi actually doing what are bacterium fungi actually doing what are bacterium fungi actually doing what are they they they how are they involved in carbon cycling how are they involved in carbon cycling how are they involved in carbon cycling so it's an amazing technique to further so it's an amazing technique to further so it's an amazing technique to further our understanding of our understanding of our understanding of some of those processes so yeah thanks some of those processes so yeah thanks some of those processes so yeah thanks very much and we'll be taking questions very much and we'll be taking questions very much and we'll be taking questions so if you have i'm sure there'll be lots so if you have i'm sure there'll be lots so if you have i'm sure there'll be lots of questions please of questions please of questions please um use the function the question um use the function the question um use the function the question function to ask your questions to function to ask your questions to function to ask your questions to carsten carsten carsten um and we'll be asking that manager will um and we'll be asking that manager will um and we'll be asking that manager will be asking those on your behalf be asking those on your behalf be asking those on your behalf at the end of the second speaker's at the end of the second speaker's at the end of the second speaker's presentation so presentation so presentation so yeah thanks very much and we'll we'll yeah thanks very much and we'll we'll yeah thanks very much and we'll we'll see you at the end of uh tinashe's see you at the end of uh tinashe's see you at the end of uh tinashe's presentation brilliant thanks a lot presentation brilliant thanks a lot presentation brilliant thanks a lot so i'd like to welcome our second so i'd like to welcome our second so i'd like to welcome our second speaker speaker speaker um and that will be dr um and that will be dr um and that will be dr tinashe mawadska tinashe mawadska tinashe mawadska and he's um going to be starting a and he's um going to be starting a and he's um going to be starting a fellowship um fellowship um fellowship um at nottingham university um working on a at nottingham university um working on a at nottingham university um working on a project project project called designing future wheat um called designing future wheat um called designing future wheat um he's going to be investigating in that he's going to be investigating in that he's going to be investigating in that project as in genetic project as in genetic project as in genetic and environmental factors to determine and environmental factors to determine and environmental factors to determine the ability of of wheat roots to the ability of of wheat roots to the ability of of wheat roots to locate um soil pores and elongate to locate um soil pores and elongate to locate um soil pores and elongate to depth depth depth obviously to find you know nutrients and obviously to find you know nutrients and obviously to find you know nutrients and water water water his main research is though centered on his main research is though centered on his main research is though centered on you know exploring ways of improving you know exploring ways of improving you know exploring ways of improving um global agricultural productivity so um global agricultural productivity so um global agricultural productivity so this this this project is obviously very relevant to project is obviously very relevant to project is obviously very relevant to that but without compromising that but without compromising that but without compromising environmental quality tinashe previously environmental quality tinashe previously environmental quality tinashe previously worked as a research associate worked as a research associate worked as a research associate at the university of sheffield so he was at the university of sheffield so he was at the university of sheffield so he was part of the team investigating how to part of the team investigating how to part of the team investigating how to improve improve improve soil salinity and sodicity management soil salinity and sodicity management soil salinity and sodicity management using sustainable irrigation practices using sustainable irrigation practices using sustainable irrigation practices and this was in a and this was in a and this was in a study area in turkey and he comprised of study area in turkey and he comprised of study area in turkey and he comprised of that he completed his phd also at the that he completed his phd also at the that he completed his phd also at the university of sheffield university of sheffield university of sheffield um where he was looking at plant soil um where he was looking at plant soil um where he was looking at plant soil interactions a bit like some of the work interactions a bit like some of the work interactions a bit like some of the work that the customer's looking at here that the customer's looking at here that the customer's looking at here so investigating the impact of plant so investigating the impact of plant so investigating the impact of plant water use water use water use um on the root architecture so you saw um on the root architecture so you saw um on the root architecture so you saw some of those images that karsten showed some of those images that karsten showed some of those images that karsten showed and also the structure and also the structure and also the structure of the soil as well um he has a master's of the soil as well um he has a master's of the soil as well um he has a master's degree and bachelor degree in soil degree and bachelor degree in soil degree and bachelor degree in soil science from the university of ghent science from the university of ghent science from the university of ghent and university of zimbabwe so and university of zimbabwe so and university of zimbabwe so um the focus of his talk today will be um the focus of his talk today will be um the focus of his talk today will be primarily on the work that he conducted primarily on the work that he conducted primarily on the work that he conducted at sheffield at sheffield at sheffield as a postdoc and a phd student as a postdoc and a phd student as a postdoc and a phd student so i'm really delighted to welcome you so i'm really delighted to welcome you so i'm really delighted to welcome you tinashe tinashe tinashe and over to you if you'd like to share and over to you if you'd like to share and over to you if you'd like to share your presentation your presentation your presentation great thank you for the presentation now great thank you for the presentation now great thank you for the presentation now yes i can that's great thanks perfect yes i can that's great thanks perfect yes i can that's great thanks perfect perfect perfect perfect uh hi everyone uh thank you jack and uh hi everyone uh thank you jack and uh hi everyone uh thank you jack and thank you everyone for taking your time thank you everyone for taking your time thank you everyone for taking your time to be in attendance to be in attendance to be in attendance uh so i'm going to take you through uh so i'm going to take you through uh so i'm going to take you through parts of my research parts of my research parts of my research it's kind of like a continuation uh from it's kind of like a continuation uh from it's kind of like a continuation uh from where a christian left off where a christian left off where a christian left off uh in the sense that instead he was uh in the sense that instead he was uh in the sense that instead he was looking at the more nanoscale but i'm looking at the more nanoscale but i'm looking at the more nanoscale but i'm zooming out a little bit zooming out a little bit zooming out a little bit and looking at the roots and the soil and looking at the roots and the soil and looking at the roots and the soil and how they interact and how they interact and how they interact so i'm just going to demystify so i'm just going to demystify so i'm just going to demystify the hidden half which is uh mainly the the hidden half which is uh mainly the the hidden half which is uh mainly the roots that are growing underground roots that are growing underground roots that are growing underground and how the interactions uh in with them and how the interactions uh in with them and how the interactions uh in with them with the roots with the roots with the roots and how that plays a part in determining and how that plays a part in determining and how that plays a part in determining our yields our yields our yields in most of our soils so uh in most of our soils so uh in most of our soils so uh in my talk my talk will be divided into in my talk my talk will be divided into in my talk my talk will be divided into four different sections four different sections four different sections i'll begin with introducing the i'll begin with introducing the i'll begin with introducing the motivation behind my studies motivation behind my studies motivation behind my studies and then i'll explain the principles and and then i'll explain the principles and and then i'll explain the principles and the techniques the techniques the techniques behind some of the discoveries that we behind some of the discoveries that we behind some of the discoveries that we have discovered and then have discovered and then have discovered and then finally i will take you through some of finally i will take you through some of finally i will take you through some of the research results that the research results that the research results that we have got through some of these we have got through some of these we have got through some of these techniques and then i will share tonight techniques and then i will share tonight techniques and then i will share tonight on some of the advantages and on some of the advantages and on some of the advantages and disadvantages disadvantages disadvantages of some of the methods that we use and of some of the methods that we use and of some of the methods that we use and some future experiments and how some future experiments and how some future experiments and how they may be panned out so to begin with they may be panned out so to begin with they may be panned out so to begin with i'll start with i'll start with i'll start with a poor question uh so a poor question uh so a poor question uh so the first question that i've asked you the first question that i've asked you the first question that i've asked you today uh this is kind of uh today uh this is kind of uh today uh this is kind of uh builds up to what i watch one to talk builds up to what i watch one to talk builds up to what i watch one to talk about about about how do you think the tall out told you how do you think the tall out told you how do you think the tall out told you think the tallest tree is think the tallest tree is think the tallest tree is how tall do you think the tallest tree how tall do you think the tallest tree how tall do you think the tallest tree in the world is please select your answer i don't know if you can see that but the i don't know if you can see that but the i don't know if you can see that but the poll has come up as 67 poll has come up as 67 poll has come up as 67 think it's 115.85 meters think it's 115.85 meters think it's 115.85 meters okay perfect yeah so um okay perfect yeah so um okay perfect yeah so um i see most of you uh actually know the i see most of you uh actually know the i see most of you uh actually know the answer to this question answer to this question answer to this question uh which is actually quite great uh so uh which is actually quite great uh so uh which is actually quite great uh so the coastal redwood is the coastal redwood is the coastal redwood is what is often named hyperion which is what is often named hyperion which is what is often named hyperion which is about 700 to 800 years old about 700 to 800 years old about 700 to 800 years old is a staggering 115 meters is a staggering 115 meters is a staggering 115 meters from the surface of the soil to put that from the surface of the soil to put that from the surface of the soil to put that into perspective into perspective into perspective it's actually much much taller than the it's actually much much taller than the it's actually much much taller than the statue of liberty statue of liberty statue of liberty as well as taller as well than the big as well as taller as well than the big as well as taller as well than the big band in london as well band in london as well band in london as well okay uh to move on um okay uh to move on um okay uh to move on um i have another second question which i i have another second question which i i have another second question which i wanted to answer again wanted to answer again wanted to answer again so how deep do you think the deepest so how deep do you think the deepest so how deep do you think the deepest measured roots measured roots measured roots i have plants are how deep do you think i have plants are how deep do you think i have plants are how deep do you think the deepest measured plant roots are the deepest measured plant roots are the deepest measured plant roots are you please select your answers okay so on that one um pretty close but okay so on that one um pretty close but okay so on that one um pretty close but 38 in the end say 68 meters 38 in the end say 68 meters 38 in the end say 68 meters okay oh yes i'm glad some of you got okay oh yes i'm glad some of you got okay oh yes i'm glad some of you got that right that right that right uh a relatively small shepherd's tree uh a relatively small shepherd's tree uh a relatively small shepherd's tree that was found in botswana that was found in botswana that was found in botswana it's similar to the plant shown on the it's similar to the plant shown on the it's similar to the plant shown on the slide there slide there slide there which is in the kalahari desert it was which is in the kalahari desert it was which is in the kalahari desert it was the deepest ever measured the deepest ever measured the deepest ever measured plant root which was at a depth of 68 plant root which was at a depth of 68 plant root which was at a depth of 68 meters meters meters to put that into context um this is to put that into context um this is to put that into context um this is similar to the length of a similar to the length of a similar to the length of a boeing 747 which is the jumbo jet uh boeing 747 which is the jumbo jet uh boeing 747 which is the jumbo jet uh these were actually found by accident these were actually found by accident these were actually found by accident uh during a world digging expedition uh during a world digging expedition uh during a world digging expedition in the said deep sandy soils of the car in the said deep sandy soils of the car in the said deep sandy soils of the car how he does it when they fight looking how he does it when they fight looking how he does it when they fight looking for for for uh water within the soil surface uh water within the soil surface uh water within the soil surface and then at the soil surface sorry um so and then at the soil surface sorry um so and then at the soil surface sorry um so this kind of puts this kind of puts this kind of puts into uh context uh the into uh context uh the into uh context uh the ethos of our research so most of us can ethos of our research so most of us can ethos of our research so most of us can actually appreciate the top part of the actually appreciate the top part of the actually appreciate the top part of the plants plants plants however in truth it is nearly impossible however in truth it is nearly impossible however in truth it is nearly impossible to tell how deep to tell how deep to tell how deep the deepest roots are because of the the deepest roots are because of the the deepest roots are because of the park nature of soil park nature of soil park nature of soil which is not transparent this is similar which is not transparent this is similar which is not transparent this is similar to looking at icebergs from a boat or a to looking at icebergs from a boat or a to looking at icebergs from a boat or a ship ship ship when again the expression of the tip of when again the expression of the tip of when again the expression of the tip of an ice bag is only the top half an ice bag is only the top half an ice bag is only the top half of the iceberg that is not submerged in of the iceberg that is not submerged in of the iceberg that is not submerged in water is seen water is seen water is seen and then there's usually a massive area and then there's usually a massive area and then there's usually a massive area of uh iceberg that's actually of uh iceberg that's actually of uh iceberg that's actually under water which we actually can't see under water which we actually can't see under water which we actually can't see from the top let's say if we're on a from the top let's say if we're on a from the top let's say if we're on a boat boat boat however if we submerge ourselves we however if we submerge ourselves we however if we submerge ourselves we would see uh would see uh would see uh quite a big uh chunk of the iceberg quite a big uh chunk of the iceberg quite a big uh chunk of the iceberg within the water within the water within the water so similarly with plant roots as well on so similarly with plant roots as well on so similarly with plant roots as well on the other hand the other hand the other hand one of the major drawbacks that we have one of the major drawbacks that we have one of the major drawbacks that we have is like at night with icebergs we can is like at night with icebergs we can is like at night with icebergs we can actually get into actually get into actually get into the water to actually visualize uh the the water to actually visualize uh the the water to actually visualize uh the iceberg with iceberg with iceberg with uh plants in general we can basically uh plants in general we can basically uh plants in general we can basically only see the top parts like the canopy only see the top parts like the canopy only see the top parts like the canopy and uh the tree leaves and tree trunk and uh the tree leaves and tree trunk and uh the tree leaves and tree trunk which which which we normally associate is being just the we normally associate is being just the we normally associate is being just the plant plant plant but there's a whole uh world that's just but there's a whole uh world that's just but there's a whole uh world that's just around around around uh just down uh from the ground from uh just down uh from the ground from uh just down uh from the ground from where we would be and where we would be and where we would be and it may be as extensive as 60 meters it may be as extensive as 60 meters it may be as extensive as 60 meters which is a full jumbo jet that goes down which is a full jumbo jet that goes down which is a full jumbo jet that goes down right deep uh into the soil so our right deep uh into the soil so our right deep uh into the soil so our research basically research basically research basically when i was a phd student as well as when i was a phd student as well as when i was a phd student as well as during my postdoc time during my postdoc time during my postdoc time is trying to in turn entangle these uh is trying to in turn entangle these uh is trying to in turn entangle these uh interactions between the routines and so interactions between the routines and so interactions between the routines and so that are occurring just below the that are occurring just below the that are occurring just below the surface surface surface so this has the consequence of actually so this has the consequence of actually so this has the consequence of actually improving our understanding improving our understanding improving our understanding of plants and actually enabling us to uh of plants and actually enabling us to uh of plants and actually enabling us to uh show how these interactions help in show how these interactions help in show how these interactions help in determining our yield of the plants that determining our yield of the plants that determining our yield of the plants that we grow we grow we grow so i think in my title you actually had so i think in my title you actually had so i think in my title you actually had me talking about the hidden half me talking about the hidden half me talking about the hidden half so roots are often referred to as the so roots are often referred to as the so roots are often referred to as the hidden half of hidden half of hidden half of plant plant growth and i think we have plant plant growth and i think we have plant plant growth and i think we have like two two or three like two two or three like two two or three books that talk about uh this phenomenon books that talk about uh this phenomenon books that talk about uh this phenomenon uh uh uh so because they are occupied under in so because they are occupied under in so because they are occupied under in the park uh soil the park uh soil the park uh soil uh they're actually unseen and nine uh they're actually unseen and nine uh they're actually unseen and nine times out of ten we actually don't times out of ten we actually don't times out of ten we actually don't appreciate appreciate appreciate how diverse and how rich the diversity how diverse and how rich the diversity how diverse and how rich the diversity of of of roots um within the solar although these roots um within the solar although these roots um within the solar although these are an integral part are an integral part are an integral part of plant growth and uh our yields in of plant growth and uh our yields in of plant growth and uh our yields in within within within our different environments our different environments our different environments uh moving on so there are different uh moving on so there are different uh moving on so there are different methods that have been used uh methods that have been used uh methods that have been used uh to show how plants plant roots and soil to show how plants plant roots and soil to show how plants plant roots and soil interact interact interact uh the most rudimentary methods involve uh the most rudimentary methods involve uh the most rudimentary methods involve digging up the soil like for instance in digging up the soil like for instance in digging up the soil like for instance in the picture on the extreme the picture on the extreme the picture on the extreme uh left where they actually people uh left where they actually people uh left where they actually people actually dig up actually dig up actually dig up the plant and actually shake off the the plant and actually shake off the the plant and actually shake off the roots or wash off the roots and then roots or wash off the roots and then roots or wash off the roots and then study the roots from there study the roots from there study the roots from there there are also other more modern there are also other more modern there are also other more modern techniques such as aeroponics techniques such as aeroponics techniques such as aeroponics where plants are actually grown uh where plants are actually grown uh where plants are actually grown uh suspended within the air and they are suspended within the air and they are suspended within the air and they are given given given a mist of water uh which is which is gas a mist of water uh which is which is gas a mist of water uh which is which is gas yes so we can actually observe the roots yes so we can actually observe the roots yes so we can actually observe the roots uh and then there there are other more uh and then there there are other more uh and then there there are other more um um um modern actually uh tools such as uh modern actually uh tools such as uh modern actually uh tools such as uh studying it in luxemy culture and studying it in luxemy culture and studying it in luxemy culture and um uh where plants are actually grown on um uh where plants are actually grown on um uh where plants are actually grown on this on the surface of a hydrous media this on the surface of a hydrous media this on the surface of a hydrous media such as aega such as aega such as aega in our case and then um in recent times in our case and then um in recent times in our case and then um in recent times as well as well as well there are also people who've been there are also people who've been there are also people who've been growing especially with vegetables growing especially with vegetables growing especially with vegetables in horticulture uh plants um in water in horticulture uh plants um in water in horticulture uh plants um in water with with with made in nutrients and then the most made in nutrients and then the most made in nutrients and then the most recent of these recent of these recent of these has been the growth of plants in what has been the growth of plants in what has been the growth of plants in what they call transparent soil they call transparent soil they call transparent soil however this is really not soil because however this is really not soil because however this is really not soil because uh the transparent soil that they uh the transparent soil that they uh the transparent soil that they call transparent is actually a polymer call transparent is actually a polymer call transparent is actually a polymer called nafion called nafion called nafion which has similar properties to soil but which has similar properties to soil but which has similar properties to soil but isn't really isn't really isn't really uh soil but is the unique properties of uh soil but is the unique properties of uh soil but is the unique properties of being able to be being able to be being able to be a bit transparent and such that we can a bit transparent and such that we can a bit transparent and such that we can actually visualize actually visualize actually visualize how the roots root is growing within the how the roots root is growing within the how the roots root is growing within the soil and appreciate the root soil and appreciate the root soil and appreciate the root architecture architecture architecture of the soil which is essential for yield of the soil which is essential for yield of the soil which is essential for yield um so uh in so in my research um so uh in so in my research um so uh in so in my research uh in the research for in our lab uh we uh in the research for in our lab uh we uh in the research for in our lab uh we use non-invasive use non-invasive use non-invasive imaging uh that may be common to most of imaging uh that may be common to most of imaging uh that may be common to most of you and most of you will definitely have you and most of you will definitely have you and most of you will definitely have seen seen seen uh in action at the airport where we uh in action at the airport where we uh in action at the airport where we have uh x-rays have uh x-rays have uh x-rays scanners that actually scan people and scanners that actually scan people and scanners that actually scan people and stun people's backs stun people's backs stun people's backs for different artifacts looking for any for different artifacts looking for any for different artifacts looking for any contraband contraband contraband that may be in those bags however that may be in those bags however that may be in those bags however there are the methods that i should there are the methods that i should there are the methods that i should dwell on such as magnetic resonance dwell on such as magnetic resonance dwell on such as magnetic resonance imaging imaging imaging uh and opposite to an electron uh and opposite to an electron uh and opposite to an electron tomography tomography tomography these are one below and because i will these are one below and because i will these are one below and because i will normally focus on x-rays and neutrons normally focus on x-rays and neutrons normally focus on x-rays and neutrons for studying a soil so in terms of for studying a soil so in terms of for studying a soil so in terms of x-ray and neutron imaging um so x-ray and neutron imaging um so x-ray and neutron imaging um so these two are kind of complementary to these two are kind of complementary to these two are kind of complementary to each other uh with the x-rays each other uh with the x-rays each other uh with the x-rays uh they actually interact with electrons uh they actually interact with electrons uh they actually interact with electrons as you can see on as you can see on as you can see on the image on the extreme left so they the image on the extreme left so they the image on the extreme left so they are sensitive to are sensitive to are sensitive to elements that are quite heavy or dense elements that are quite heavy or dense elements that are quite heavy or dense in terms of neutron in terms of neutron in terms of neutron density such as those lower down the density such as those lower down the density such as those lower down the periodic table and then on the other periodic table and then on the other periodic table and then on the other hand hand hand um neutrons kind of interact with the um neutrons kind of interact with the um neutrons kind of interact with the nuclei nuclei nuclei so they don't necessarily uh are not so they don't necessarily uh are not so they don't necessarily uh are not necessarily sensitive necessarily sensitive necessarily sensitive to elements that are lower down but have to elements that are lower down but have to elements that are lower down but have like a random like a random like a random distribution of elements that they're distribution of elements that they're distribution of elements that they're actually sensitive actually sensitive actually sensitive to and they're also sensitive to to and they're also sensitive to to and they're also sensitive to isotopes of different elements as well isotopes of different elements as well isotopes of different elements as well so neutrons are mainly suitable for so neutrons are mainly suitable for so neutrons are mainly suitable for studying of roots studying of roots studying of roots uh root as well as water because they're uh root as well as water because they're uh root as well as water because they're actually more sensitive to water and actually more sensitive to water and actually more sensitive to water and organic matter organic matter organic matter whilst x-rays are more suitable for whilst x-rays are more suitable for whilst x-rays are more suitable for study of soil structure and the study of soil structure and the study of soil structure and the relationship between roots and relationship between roots and relationship between roots and uh and so structure in general so uh and so structure in general so uh and so structure in general so in terms of uh the basic principles of in terms of uh the basic principles of in terms of uh the basic principles of how these um how these um how these um methodologies or methods are governed methodologies or methods are governed methodologies or methods are governed and these are governed by uh what is and these are governed by uh what is and these are governed by uh what is termed the blambello termed the blambello termed the blambello uh which is actually found it was so uh which is actually found it was so uh which is actually found it was so just developed by the peer just developed by the peer just developed by the peer by burger instead of lambert and beer by burger instead of lambert and beer by burger instead of lambert and beer but lamb and beer have but lamb and beer have but lamb and beer have the name that is normally used for these the name that is normally used for these the name that is normally used for these techniques techniques techniques ah so basically what we do is we pass ah so basically what we do is we pass ah so basically what we do is we pass through through through the x-ray or neutrons uh through the the x-ray or neutrons uh through the the x-ray or neutrons uh through the sample and when the sample interacts sample and when the sample interacts sample and when the sample interacts with these x-rays or neutrons with these x-rays or neutrons with these x-rays or neutrons some of the of the beams or the rays are some of the of the beams or the rays are some of the of the beams or the rays are actually are transmitted to the detector actually are transmitted to the detector actually are transmitted to the detector but what we normally are interested in but what we normally are interested in but what we normally are interested in is what is absorbed by the sample is what is absorbed by the sample is what is absorbed by the sample and then an element of noise actually and then an element of noise actually and then an element of noise actually comes from the scattering of comes from the scattering of comes from the scattering of some of these arrays when they actually some of these arrays when they actually some of these arrays when they actually interact so the difference between what interact so the difference between what interact so the difference between what is transmitted is transmitted is transmitted um initially and what is actually uh um initially and what is actually uh um initially and what is actually uh repo recorded repo recorded repo recorded on the detector actually gives us the on the detector actually gives us the on the detector actually gives us the image uh of the x-rays that we have seen image uh of the x-rays that we have seen image uh of the x-rays that we have seen i'm sure most of us i'm sure most of us i'm sure most of us um so um to begin with um so um to begin with um so um to begin with this was a good a good measurement uh this was a good a good measurement uh this was a good a good measurement uh initially but initially but initially but later on uh within the evolution of later on uh within the evolution of later on uh within the evolution of x-ray imaging they actually wanted to x-ray imaging they actually wanted to x-ray imaging they actually wanted to see actually within a particular see actually within a particular see actually within a particular object or item in 3d instead of just in object or item in 3d instead of just in object or item in 3d instead of just in 2d because yes and 2d we can get an 2d because yes and 2d we can get an 2d because yes and 2d we can get an appreciation appreciation appreciation but it's difficult to actually tell uh but it's difficult to actually tell uh but it's difficult to actually tell uh which is which and which is which and which is which and what is where so uh these three what is where so uh these three what is where so uh these three gentlemen over there who actually won gentlemen over there who actually won gentlemen over there who actually won uh the nobel prize for their work uh uh the nobel prize for their work uh uh the nobel prize for their work uh with x-ray with x-ray with x-ray ct imaging uh actually developed uh ct imaging uh actually developed uh ct imaging uh actually developed uh techniques and techniques and techniques and and skills that are actually able to and skills that are actually able to and skills that are actually able to combine all of these uh in uh split combine all of these uh in uh split combine all of these uh in uh split segment uh images from segment uh images from segment uh images from the x-rays and then uh they rotate the the x-rays and then uh they rotate the the x-rays and then uh they rotate the sample sample sample uh or whatever type of plant you want to uh or whatever type of plant you want to uh or whatever type of plant you want to uh image uh over 360 degrees uh image uh over 360 degrees uh image uh over 360 degrees and then or 180 degrees depending on on and then or 180 degrees depending on on and then or 180 degrees depending on on what you actually want what you actually want what you actually want and this will be then reconstructed into and this will be then reconstructed into and this will be then reconstructed into a 3d image which a 3d image which a 3d image which uh you could actually see on the scan on uh you could actually see on the scan on uh you could actually see on the scan on the on the right the on the right the on the right of the screen so the rotating of the of the screen so the rotating of the of the screen so the rotating of the plant was checking images was plant was checking images was plant was checking images was the most important uh key element that the most important uh key element that the most important uh key element that they actually introduced which actually they actually introduced which actually they actually introduced which actually enabled us to visualize plants in 3d enabled us to visualize plants in 3d enabled us to visualize plants in 3d so uh in terms of my research so far i so uh in terms of my research so far i so uh in terms of my research so far i focused on three different plants focused on three different plants focused on three different plants uh plant species uh for instance the the uh plant species uh for instance the the uh plant species uh for instance the the arabidopsis which is the model plant for arabidopsis which is the model plant for arabidopsis which is the model plant for genetics in plant science as well as genetics in plant science as well as genetics in plant science as well as wheat wheat wheat which is basically a bread wheat and which is basically a bread wheat and which is basically a bread wheat and then rice which is then rice which is then rice which is a common common plant in most tropical a common common plant in most tropical a common common plant in most tropical areas areas areas so in my research i mainly focused on so in my research i mainly focused on so in my research i mainly focused on water yeast efficiency water yeast efficiency water yeast efficiency and that was um derived from reducing and that was um derived from reducing and that was um derived from reducing the stomatal density the stomatal density the stomatal density of plants uh that that we imaged so to of plants uh that that we imaged so to of plants uh that that we imaged so to begin with uh begin with uh begin with uh just look at uh wheat which is like one just look at uh wheat which is like one just look at uh wheat which is like one of the most popular of the most popular of the most popular uh plants uh within the uk so uh in uh plants uh within the uk so uh in uh plants uh within the uk so uh in terms of uh terms of uh terms of uh wheat we actually i used um some wheat we actually i used um some wheat we actually i used um some mutants uh which uh had mutants uh which uh had mutants uh which uh had a reduction uh where newton's in the a reduction uh where newton's in the a reduction uh where newton's in the gene which actually reduces tomato gene which actually reduces tomato gene which actually reduces tomato density as density as density as i mentioned before um so uh i mentioned before um so uh i mentioned before um so uh we could clearly see and observe what we could clearly see and observe what we could clearly see and observe what was going on on top of the surface but was going on on top of the surface but was going on on top of the surface but we couldn't actually ever get an we couldn't actually ever get an we couldn't actually ever get an appreciation appreciation appreciation uh of what was going on below the uh of what was going on below the uh of what was going on below the surface and then the consequences of surface and then the consequences of surface and then the consequences of these mutations these mutations these mutations were actually almost unknown to us so my were actually almost unknown to us so my were actually almost unknown to us so my research research research my phd was actually trying to my phd was actually trying to my phd was actually trying to disentangle the relationship between disentangle the relationship between disentangle the relationship between the soil uh and the plant and then the soil uh and the plant and then the soil uh and the plant and then trying to understand how trying to understand how trying to understand how uh the plant roots are differentiated uh the plant roots are differentiated uh the plant roots are differentiated themselves uh themselves themselves uh themselves themselves uh themselves within uh the soul so i used three within uh the soul so i used three within uh the soul so i used three different genotypes so the wild type was different genotypes so the wild type was different genotypes so the wild type was a fielder and then the two other a fielder and then the two other a fielder and then the two other genotypes said genotypes said genotypes said mutations in the epf epf1 gene which mutations in the epf epf1 gene which mutations in the epf epf1 gene which controls tomato density controls tomato density controls tomato density and then and that's because i and then and that's because i and then and that's because i overexpressed it it actually reduced overexpressed it it actually reduced overexpressed it it actually reduced significantly significantly significantly uh the stomata density of these plants uh the stomata density of these plants uh the stomata density of these plants um so in terms of my results i actually um so in terms of my results i actually um so in terms of my results i actually got uh the following images so this is got uh the following images so this is got uh the following images so this is just a snapshot of some of the results i just a snapshot of some of the results i just a snapshot of some of the results i got got got this is just an appreciation uh so this is just an appreciation uh so this is just an appreciation uh so uh as you can see there are like 3g uh uh as you can see there are like 3g uh uh as you can see there are like 3g uh images of images of images of of the plants i had uh so in terms of of the plants i had uh so in terms of of the plants i had uh so in terms of what i actually got are the significant what i actually got are the significant what i actually got are the significant reduction in root length and root volume reduction in root length and root volume reduction in root length and root volume and root bath bath and root biomass and and root bath bath and root biomass and and root bath bath and root biomass and water use efficiency was water use efficiency was water use efficiency was actually discovered between five percent actually discovered between five percent actually discovered between five percent level significance however there was no level significance however there was no level significance however there was no significant difference significant difference significant difference uh between the the two individual um uh between the the two individual um uh between the the two individual um tomato mutants and that's if we could tomato mutants and that's if we could tomato mutants and that's if we could actually kind of conclude that there was actually kind of conclude that there was actually kind of conclude that there was a difference so the a difference so the a difference so the the mutation of the stomata uh reducing the mutation of the stomata uh reducing the mutation of the stomata uh reducing the stomata actually played a part in the stomata actually played a part in the stomata actually played a part in uh what was going on below ground and uh what was going on below ground and uh what was going on below ground and this may actually have consequences in this may actually have consequences in this may actually have consequences in terms of terms of terms of people trying to actually grow some of people trying to actually grow some of people trying to actually grow some of these nutrients in the field is these nutrients in the field is these nutrients in the field is maybe they may not have a strong enough maybe they may not have a strong enough maybe they may not have a strong enough root system as maybe would want root system as maybe would want root system as maybe would want um in our next my next experiment that um in our next my next experiment that um in our next my next experiment that i'll talk about i'll also focus on wheat i'll talk about i'll also focus on wheat i'll talk about i'll also focus on wheat as well as well as well uh so with this one instead of using uh so with this one instead of using uh so with this one instead of using x-rays as the previous x-rays as the previous x-rays as the previous example i actually used neutrons so this example i actually used neutrons so this example i actually used neutrons so this neutron imaging i actually was able to neutron imaging i actually was able to neutron imaging i actually was able to map map map um the different roots architectures so um the different roots architectures so um the different roots architectures so because the neutron imaging is normally because the neutron imaging is normally because the neutron imaging is normally done in very very small containers um done in very very small containers um done in very very small containers um what i ended up doing was actually what i ended up doing was actually what i ended up doing was actually growing the plants and smoke smaller growing the plants and smoke smaller growing the plants and smoke smaller very very small containers very very small containers very very small containers and um out of something that was not by and um out of something that was not by and um out of something that was not by designing initially for this particular designing initially for this particular designing initially for this particular experiment experiment experiment we actually noticed that as the we actually noticed that as the we actually noticed that as the aggregate segregated aggregate segregated aggregate segregated the large aggregate secreted to one side the large aggregate secreted to one side the large aggregate secreted to one side of the of the of the of the of the of the of the tubes that we were growing and of the tubes that we were growing and of the tubes that we were growing and then the other side all the finer finer then the other side all the finer finer then the other side all the finer finer elements and we could actually notice elements and we could actually notice elements and we could actually notice that there was a distinct difference in that there was a distinct difference in that there was a distinct difference in terms of the growth patterns of some of terms of the growth patterns of some of terms of the growth patterns of some of these these these roots such that when the roots were roots such that when the roots were roots such that when the roots were actually growing actually growing actually growing in the uh coarser aggregates they in the uh coarser aggregates they in the uh coarser aggregates they actually were longer but there are actually were longer but there are actually were longer but there are actually fewer actually fewer actually fewer fewer roots that were growing there and fewer roots that were growing there and fewer roots that were growing there and then on the other side i waited there then on the other side i waited there then on the other side i waited there with the aggregates were finer there with the aggregates were finer there with the aggregates were finer there were more roots but were more roots but were more roots but they were a bit on the smaller side uh they were a bit on the smaller side uh they were a bit on the smaller side uh so to investigate this further so to investigate this further so to investigate this further um we actually had another experiment um we actually had another experiment um we actually had another experiment which we actually which we actually which we actually uh split the aggregates into distinct uh split the aggregates into distinct uh split the aggregates into distinct sizes with two to four millimeter sizes with two to four millimeter sizes with two to four millimeter aggregates on one side uh aggregates on one side uh aggregates on one side uh and uh two to 0.25 to 0.5 millimeter and uh two to 0.25 to 0.5 millimeter and uh two to 0.25 to 0.5 millimeter aggregates on the other side aggregates on the other side aggregates on the other side and then i will grow the plants within and then i will grow the plants within and then i will grow the plants within the metal trying to discover the metal trying to discover the metal trying to discover uh which option of the two different uh which option of the two different uh which option of the two different sides of roots that the plant would sides of roots that the plant would sides of roots that the plant would actually prefer actually prefer actually prefer and to and to confirm the findings from and to and to confirm the findings from and to and to confirm the findings from our previous experiment we actually our previous experiment we actually our previous experiment we actually found out that found out that found out that uh the plant was actually preferred uh uh the plant was actually preferred uh uh the plant was actually preferred uh the final route the final route the final route final aggregates and actually grew uh final aggregates and actually grew uh final aggregates and actually grew uh longer and but almost straight without longer and but almost straight without longer and but almost straight without any any any lateral roots uh within the cosa lateral roots uh within the cosa lateral roots uh within the cosa aggregates aggregates aggregates on the other side um and then on the other side um and then on the other side um and then some of my other other research uh some of my other other research uh some of my other other research uh focuses on focuses on focuses on as i've mentioned before arabidopsis as i've mentioned before arabidopsis as i've mentioned before arabidopsis which is a modal plant so with which is a modal plant so with which is a modal plant so with arabidopsis which is a relatively arabidopsis which is a relatively arabidopsis which is a relatively small plant it's a very small root which small plant it's a very small root which small plant it's a very small root which i actually tried washing uh this i actually tried washing uh this i actually tried washing uh this particular route particular route particular route and trying to determine how the roots and trying to determine how the roots and trying to determine how the roots would actually elongate would actually elongate would actually elongate within different uh samples but this was within different uh samples but this was within different uh samples but this was kind of impossible because the root is kind of impossible because the root is kind of impossible because the root is quite friable it's very small and quite friable it's very small and quite friable it's very small and triable i think the roots are less than triable i think the roots are less than triable i think the roots are less than 100 micron which is like almost like the 100 micron which is like almost like the 100 micron which is like almost like the size of your hair which size of your hair which size of your hair which makes them much much difficult to work makes them much much difficult to work makes them much much difficult to work with and washing them almost becomes with and washing them almost becomes with and washing them almost becomes impossible impossible impossible so in my research i actually focused on so in my research i actually focused on so in my research i actually focused on imaging these so using imaging these so using imaging these so using uh the ct actually ct and neutron ct uh the ct actually ct and neutron ct uh the ct actually ct and neutron ct imaging imaging imaging i actually was able to to print out uh i actually was able to to print out uh i actually was able to to print out uh some of the roots and some of the roots and some of the roots and and how they actually expanded and how they actually expanded and how they actually expanded throughout the soil and actually mapping throughout the soil and actually mapping throughout the soil and actually mapping the 3d the 3d the 3d the architecture of the of the of the the architecture of the of the of the the architecture of the of the of the roots and uh trying to discover how some roots and uh trying to discover how some roots and uh trying to discover how some of them are of them are of them are the water use efficient mutants that are the water use efficient mutants that are the water use efficient mutants that are used and how they actually interact with used and how they actually interact with used and how they actually interact with the soil the soil the soil um yeah some of the results are actually um yeah some of the results are actually um yeah some of the results are actually still not out yet i thought still not out yet i thought still not out yet i thought i'm preparing some of some of my my work i'm preparing some of some of my my work i'm preparing some of some of my my work to publish this to publish this to publish this um but at least i put it in my thesis as um but at least i put it in my thesis as um but at least i put it in my thesis as well well well and then we also investigated the erin and then we also investigated the erin and then we also investigated the erin clima of rice fruits we were able to clima of rice fruits we were able to clima of rice fruits we were able to investigate how investigate how investigate how the aryan chyma actually responds uh to the aryan chyma actually responds uh to the aryan chyma actually responds uh to moisture variability moisture variability moisture variability under different uh water regimes again under different uh water regimes again under different uh water regimes again this was kind of a unique research this was kind of a unique research this was kind of a unique research area because we actually looked at the area because we actually looked at the area because we actually looked at the full length so most people watch the full length so most people watch the full length so most people watch the research research research and the erin karma or the the air gap and the erin karma or the the air gap and the erin karma or the the air gap within within within the roots or roots of rice actually the roots or roots of rice actually the roots or roots of rice actually mainly focus on mainly focus on mainly focus on specific areas or very thin thin slices specific areas or very thin thin slices specific areas or very thin thin slices but in our research because we use using but in our research because we use using but in our research because we use using in 3d in 3d in 3d we're actually able to discover how the we're actually able to discover how the we're actually able to discover how the changes in iron camera throughout the changes in iron camera throughout the changes in iron camera throughout the root system root system root system was going to affect our plant growth and was going to affect our plant growth and was going to affect our plant growth and how it responded to how it responded to how it responded to the different watering regimes uh that the different watering regimes uh that the different watering regimes uh that we had actually executed we had actually executed we had actually executed um so to conclude um i would like to um so to conclude um i would like to um so to conclude um i would like to highlight highlight highlight that non-invasive imaging the tools that that non-invasive imaging the tools that that non-invasive imaging the tools that are used are used are used in these are the x-rays and the neutrons in these are the x-rays and the neutrons in these are the x-rays and the neutrons are actually a powerful tool to reveal are actually a powerful tool to reveal are actually a powerful tool to reveal some of the hidden some of the hidden some of the hidden um interactions that are actually um interactions that are actually um interactions that are actually occurring uh occurring uh occurring uh below the surface of the soil um and below the surface of the soil um and below the surface of the soil um and there are numerous there are numerous there are numerous advantages to this firstly uh the advantages to this firstly uh the advantages to this firstly uh the neutron and neutron and neutron and x-rays uh for instance ionizing x-rays uh for instance ionizing x-rays uh for instance ionizing radiation radiation radiation both of them ionizing radiation which both of them ionizing radiation which both of them ionizing radiation which may actually disturb plants may actually disturb plants may actually disturb plants and actually limit us continuously and actually limit us continuously and actually limit us continuously monitoring monitoring monitoring plant growth and then they are also plant growth and then they are also plant growth and then they are also having trouble in terms of resolution as having trouble in terms of resolution as having trouble in terms of resolution as well because they can only well because they can only well because they can only um visualize a small section of the soil um visualize a small section of the soil um visualize a small section of the soil instead of instead of instead of the complete source structure um which the complete source structure um which the complete source structure um which is quite kind of a pity because is quite kind of a pity because is quite kind of a pity because ideally from my first uh slides it would ideally from my first uh slides it would ideally from my first uh slides it would actually actually actually be useful or interesting to actually be useful or interesting to actually be useful or interesting to actually find out a depth how plants grow find out a depth how plants grow find out a depth how plants grow but this would this would be very but this would this would be very but this would this would be very difficult uh as difficult uh as difficult uh as as you imagine because we can't actually as you imagine because we can't actually as you imagine because we can't actually put an x-ray scanner put an x-ray scanner put an x-ray scanner down to the depths as well what we would down to the depths as well what we would down to the depths as well what we would want um want um want um so um in terms of future work i think we so um in terms of future work i think we so um in terms of future work i think we would like to would like to would like to increase like the resolution to see increase like the resolution to see increase like the resolution to see finer features finer features finer features uh within the soil uh this this is uh within the soil uh this this is uh within the soil uh this this is common with synthetic imaging which you common with synthetic imaging which you common with synthetic imaging which you can actually do can actually do can actually do and i think it could also be essential and i think it could also be essential and i think it could also be essential to have to have to have advanced uh imaging techniques which advanced uh imaging techniques which advanced uh imaging techniques which help us segment help us segment help us segment uh the plants from the roots better uh the plants from the roots better uh the plants from the roots better because after taking the images because after taking the images because after taking the images it's very difficult to piss out uh the it's very difficult to piss out uh the it's very difficult to piss out uh the roots from the soil roots from the soil roots from the soil um so to conclude i would like to um so to conclude i would like to um so to conclude i would like to thank all the people who helped me uh thank all the people who helped me uh thank all the people who helped me uh for instance management on for instance management on for instance management on and supervisors and some of the and supervisors and some of the and supervisors and some of the students i've worked with undergraduate students i've worked with undergraduate students i've worked with undergraduate students i've worked with uh students i've worked with uh students i've worked with uh who helped me with some of the images who helped me with some of the images who helped me with some of the images and processing as well as i would also and processing as well as i would also and processing as well as i would also like to thank like to thank like to thank the diamond light source and neutron the diamond light source and neutron the diamond light source and neutron ammun facility for ammun facility for ammun facility for actually helping us in terms of image actually helping us in terms of image actually helping us in terms of image acquisition and acquisition and acquisition and and everything else thank you for your and everything else thank you for your and everything else thank you for your attention attention attention thank you that's great and ashley really thank you that's great and ashley really thank you that's great and ashley really fascinating fascinating fascinating insights into actually what's happening insights into actually what's happening insights into actually what's happening below ground you know people are very below ground you know people are very below ground you know people are very focused on focused on focused on um what's happening with the plant above um what's happening with the plant above um what's happening with the plant above ground but you know really important to ground but you know really important to ground but you know really important to try to look at those and the fantastic try to look at those and the fantastic try to look at those and the fantastic techniques to look at the techniques to look at the techniques to look at the 3d structures of those rooting systems 3d structures of those rooting systems 3d structures of those rooting systems under different soil conditions and you under different soil conditions and you under different soil conditions and you know with different plants know with different plants know with different plants and types as well so excellent really and types as well so excellent really and types as well so excellent really complementary to the stuff that complementary to the stuff that complementary to the stuff that carsten is doing as well so and we've carsten is doing as well so and we've carsten is doing as well so and we've had lots of your questions coming in had lots of your questions coming in had lots of your questions coming in and thanks very much so i'm going to and thanks very much so i'm going to and thanks very much so i'm going to hand over now to manoj who's going to hand over now to manoj who's going to hand over now to manoj who's going to ask some of the questions on your behalf ask some of the questions on your behalf ask some of the questions on your behalf to the two presenters to the two presenters to the two presenters thanks manoj yeah thank you uh carson thanks manoj yeah thank you uh carson thanks manoj yeah thank you uh carson and tinashe for the fantastic and tinashe for the fantastic and tinashe for the fantastic fascinations uh i have so far one fascinations uh i have so far one fascinations uh i have so far one question to question to question to carson about uh from mandy stocker carson about uh from mandy stocker carson about uh from mandy stocker asking how can you differentiate between asking how can you differentiate between asking how can you differentiate between um the carbon which is coming with a um the carbon which is coming with a um the carbon which is coming with a plant liter plant liter plant liter against the mycorrhizal derived carbon against the mycorrhizal derived carbon against the mycorrhizal derived carbon within an aggregate can you within an aggregate can you within an aggregate can you differentiate that differentiate that differentiate that i mean two different carbon pools i mean two different carbon pools i mean two different carbon pools basically basically basically um that's that's a good question we um that's that's a good question we um that's that's a good question we haven't we haven't done it so haven't we haven't done it so haven't we haven't done it so far so i mean like classically with far so i mean like classically with far so i mean like classically with likes likes likes i mean but i guess have two i mean but i guess have two i mean but i guess have two different different different replicas different different different replicas different different different replicas that where you can partition i mean like that where you can partition i mean like that where you can partition i mean like just going with it why are the carbon just going with it why are the carbon just going with it why are the carbon source source source and getting this in via the plant um and getting this in via the plant um and getting this in via the plant um like from for the synthetic carbon 13c like from for the synthetic carbon 13c like from for the synthetic carbon 13c um that's tricky so it's like um that's tricky so it's like um that's tricky so it's like you would need different replicates you would need different replicates you would need different replicates or um maybe diff yeah or um maybe diff yeah or um maybe diff yeah the source partitioning would be that the source partitioning would be that the source partitioning would be that would be would be tricky at least with would be would be tricky at least with would be would be tricky at least with with nanosims so but with nanosims so but with nanosims so but this is an experimental setting so yeah this is an experimental setting so yeah this is an experimental setting so yeah yeah because it's because um you need to yeah because it's because um you need to yeah because it's because um you need to have a plan have a plan have a plan to have microwaves as well because maybe to have microwaves as well because maybe to have microwaves as well because maybe it's tricky to differentiate that way it's tricky to differentiate that way it's tricky to differentiate that way exactly so if you if you would really exactly so if you if you would really exactly so if you if you would really say okay say okay say okay uh how much comes direct like you would uh how much comes direct like you would uh how much comes direct like you would say say say like direct absorption or the direct like direct absorption or the direct like direct absorption or the direct input of input of input of of purely blonde uh or rich in of purely blonde uh or rich in of purely blonde uh or rich in om versus what is like coming via the om versus what is like coming via the om versus what is like coming via the vector vector vector of of the um of the of the mycorrhizae of of the um of the of the mycorrhizae of of the um of the of the mycorrhizae um and to really partition that out that um and to really partition that out that um and to really partition that out that might be might be might be more in the experimental setting where more in the experimental setting where more in the experimental setting where you might have like different pots where you might have like different pots where you might have like different pots where you you you try to i don't know like get more longer try to i don't know like get more longer try to i don't know like get more longer length could be a thing that you kind of length could be a thing that you kind of length could be a thing that you kind of like you cut diffusion and it is like you cut diffusion and it is like you cut diffusion and it is only the the mycorrhizal that can reach only the the mycorrhizal that can reach only the the mycorrhizal that can reach the aggregate the aggregate the aggregate but it's it's not in the imaging it's but it's it's not in the imaging it's but it's it's not in the imaging it's not coming from the imaging the imaging not coming from the imaging the imaging not coming from the imaging the imaging can't differentiate can't differentiate can't differentiate at least not dinosaurs that can't at least not dinosaurs that can't at least not dinosaurs that can't differentiate that differentiate that differentiate that um so that's in the experimental setting um so that's in the experimental setting um so that's in the experimental setting where um yeah where um yeah where um yeah thank you so much um i don't have any thank you so much um i don't have any thank you so much um i don't have any questions yet questions yet questions yet um um i think fortunately so far um um i think fortunately so far um um i think fortunately so far uh maybe if anybody has any questions uh maybe if anybody has any questions uh maybe if anybody has any questions please type it in the box please type it in the box please type it in the box message box so i can ask we have message box so i can ask we have message box so i can ask we have probably another minute or so left that means everything was was quite that means everything was was quite that means everything was was quite clear clear clear yeah you have been fantastic hi there there is a question for dr hi there there is a question for dr hi there there is a question for dr minoda in there minoda in there minoda in there in the questions would you like me to in the questions would you like me to in the questions would you like me to read that out for you read that out for you read that out for you yes uh you can see that it's just been yes uh you can see that it's just been yes uh you can see that it's just been uh uh uh it's second from the bottom um can you it's second from the bottom um can you it's second from the bottom um can you see that see that see that would you like me to read it yes please would you like me to read it yes please would you like me to read it yes please uh it's it's from elizabeth graham uh it's it's from elizabeth graham uh it's it's from elizabeth graham um so it says it's my understanding that um so it says it's my understanding that um so it says it's my understanding that neutron sources are not able to provide neutron sources are not able to provide neutron sources are not able to provide yet such high resolution as synchrotron yet such high resolution as synchrotron yet such high resolution as synchrotron ct ct ct however the possibility to distinguish however the possibility to distinguish however the possibility to distinguish different isotopes in ct is quite different isotopes in ct is quite different isotopes in ct is quite interesting interesting interesting have you contemplated using deuterated have you contemplated using deuterated have you contemplated using deuterated som or plants to trace them in the soil som or plants to trace them in the soil som or plants to trace them in the soil structure structure structure yeah that's strategy okay um yes so the yeah that's strategy okay um yes so the yeah that's strategy okay um yes so the resolution of course is you highlighted resolution of course is you highlighted resolution of course is you highlighted for the neutron ct isn't as for the neutron ct isn't as for the neutron ct isn't as good as the x-rays but there are people good as the x-rays but there are people good as the x-rays but there are people working on working on working on improving the resolution of the neutron improving the resolution of the neutron improving the resolution of the neutron ct ct ct because i actually don't work with because i actually don't work with because i actually don't work with organic matter organic matter in terms organic matter organic matter in terms organic matter organic matter in terms of the soil of the soil of the soil i actually work with most organic matter i actually work with most organic matter i actually work with most organic matter within plants within plants within plants i have used deuterated water which is i have used deuterated water which is i have used deuterated water which is very very very distinguished uh between normal water distinguished uh between normal water distinguished uh between normal water and and and uh deuterated water which actually helps uh deuterated water which actually helps uh deuterated water which actually helps us um observe and monitor the water flow us um observe and monitor the water flow us um observe and monitor the water flow uh from the roots in the soil into the uh from the roots in the soil into the uh from the roots in the soil into the plants plants plants so i i actually have used it although i so i i actually have used it although i so i i actually have used it although i didn't highlight it in the top that i i didn't highlight it in the top that i i didn't highlight it in the top that i i had yeah i think it's time had yeah i think it's time had yeah i think it's time um almost sorry sorry there was another um almost sorry sorry there was another um almost sorry sorry there was another question which i couldn't take unfortunately unfortunately unfortunately okay thanks for i'm sure there's okay thanks for i'm sure there's okay thanks for i'm sure there's probably lots of food for thought there probably lots of food for thought there probably lots of food for thought there so so so additional questions probably come in additional questions probably come in additional questions probably come in after everyone's digested after everyone's digested after everyone's digested but um just want to round off really so but um just want to round off really so but um just want to round off really so thanks thanks thanks very much on behalf of the british very much on behalf of the british very much on behalf of the british society of soil science to our two society of soil science to our two society of soil science to our two fantastic speakers today to see nashee fantastic speakers today to see nashee fantastic speakers today to see nashee and carsten some amazing research being and carsten some amazing research being and carsten some amazing research being done done done at the nano scale and imaging it's at the nano scale and imaging it's at the nano scale and imaging it's really fascinating you know really fascinating you know really fascinating you know we literally did zoom into soil today so we literally did zoom into soil today so we literally did zoom into soil today so thanks very much for your contributions thanks very much for your contributions thanks very much for your contributions it's really it's really it's really really good and also many thanks to really good and also many thanks to really good and also many thanks to manoj as well who organized the session manoj as well who organized the session manoj as well who organized the session um on behalf of the regional group the um on behalf of the regional group the um on behalf of the regional group the northern soil network of the sq northern soil network of the sq northern soil network of the sq so thanks again to you management for so thanks again to you management for so thanks again to you management for fielding those questions fielding those questions fielding those questions and finally thank you for everybody for and finally thank you for everybody for and finally thank you for everybody for attending we've had a really good attending we've had a really good attending we've had a really good audience today you'll find a quick audience today you'll find a quick audience today you'll find a quick feedback survey please fill that in as feedback survey please fill that in as feedback survey please fill that in as you as you leave the seminar you as you leave the seminar you as you leave the seminar as i mentioned this is being recorded so as i mentioned this is being recorded so as i mentioned this is being recorded so check out um the recording on our check out um the recording on our check out um the recording on our youtube channel as well as all the other youtube channel as well as all the other youtube channel as well as all the other and zoom into soil webinars that have and zoom into soil webinars that have and zoom into soil webinars that have also taken place also taken place also taken place and we'd like to take this opportunity and we'd like to take this opportunity and we'd like to take this opportunity also just to remind you that the society also just to remind you that the society also just to remind you that the society is actually organizing the next is actually organizing the next is actually organizing the next world congress of soil science on behalf world congress of soil science on behalf world congress of soil science on behalf of the international of the international of the international union of soil sciences and the congress union of soil sciences and the congress union of soil sciences and the congress theme is soil science theme is soil science theme is soil science crossing boundaries changing society crossing boundaries changing society crossing boundaries changing society and we'll look at the focus on the link and we'll look at the focus on the link and we'll look at the focus on the link between soils and society with between soils and society with between soils and society with sessions covering soil systems processes sessions covering soil systems processes sessions covering soil systems processes management i guess lots of imaging now management i guess lots of imaging now management i guess lots of imaging now as well as well as well and how we obviously interact with soils and how we obviously interact with soils and how we obviously interact with soils across the world so do save your date across the world so do save your date across the world so do save your date it's there on the screen it's there on the screen it's there on the screen it's the 31st of july to the 5th of it's the 31st of july to the 5th of it's the 31st of july to the 5th of august in 2022 august in 2022 august in 2022 and as we say in the meantime do keep an and as we say in the meantime do keep an and as we say in the meantime do keep an eye on the british society of saw eye on the british society of saw eye on the british society of saw science website science website science website full of forthcoming events and we look full of forthcoming events and we look full of forthcoming events and we look forward to seeing you at the next forward to seeing you at the next forward to seeing you at the next zoom into soil which is on wednesday the zoom into soil which is on wednesday the zoom into soil which is on wednesday the 9th of june 9th of june 9th of june thanks very much and goodbye<br /> }}</div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Zoom_into_Soil:_HS2&diff=11777 2026-05-29T14:06:20Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Ajoute les transcriptions YouTube aux pages vidéo qui n&#039;en ont pas - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/435</p> <hr /> <div>{{vidéo<br /> | Titre = Zoom into Soil: HS2<br /> | Producteur = British Society of Soil Science<br /> | Vignette = Thumbnail_youtube_0laJeWNnQJk.jpg<br /> | Date de mise en ligne = 2023-02-08<br /> | Durée = 57 minutes<br /> | Production = <br /> | Vidéo = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0laJeWNnQJk<br /> | Intervenants 0 = Chris Cantle<br /> | Intervenants 1 = Chris McCloskey<br /> | Mots-clés = NBSOIL<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Welcome to the Zoom into Soil: HS2 video from the British Society of Soil Science.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Our first speaker is Chris Cantle, a Land Quality Principal at Jacobs, who presents 'Colne Valley Western Slopes: Harnessing Soil Science to help maximise habitat creation'. The Colne Valley Western Slopes (CVWS) is one of the largest and most significant environmental projects on the HS2 Phase 1 route, being delivered by the Align JV. The design solution will deliver a dynamic landscape of tree-lined ridges, wood pasture and wetland set within extensive areas of species-rich calcareous grassland, with the 140ha site accessible from over 4 km of new recreational routes. Chris discusses how soil science has been central to optimising the design and sustainable materials reuse, including a series of innovative laboratory and field trials.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Our second speaker is Chris McCloskey, a Research Fellow at Cranfield University, who presents 'Optimising soil profiles to support calcareous grassland habitat creation'. Calcareous grasslands are highly biodiverse and among Europe’s most floristically-rich habitats. These habitats are, however, threatened, and many of the UK’s calcareous grasslands were lost to changing land use during the 20th century. As part of the HS2 environmental works to ensure no net biodiversity loss along the route, 90 hectares of calcareous grassland will be created in the Colne Valley. Challenges to achieving high quality calcareous grassland were identified prior to construction, including variable soil calcium carbonate levels, elevated phosphate levels and the slow permeability of the chalk tunnel arisings which will underlie around half of the site. Chris and the team are therefore undertaking a series of glasshouse and field trials to explore how we can optimise the use of site-won soils and the reuse of HS2 construction by-products (limestone and concrete) for creating soil profiles which can provide the specialised soil chemical, physical and biological properties needed to support the diverse plant assemblages which make up calcareous grassland ecosystems. Chris discusses the findings from initial soil profile trials at Cranfield and their implications for calcareous grassland habitat creation.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> https://soils.org.uk/videos/zoom-into-soil-hs2/<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{Pages liées}}<br /> <br /> {{Transcription<br /> | transcription = good afternoon everyone and uh Happy good afternoon everyone and uh Happy good afternoon everyone and uh Happy World soils Day first of all uh welcome World soils Day first of all uh welcome World soils Day first of all uh welcome to this webinar I'm producer sales to this webinar I'm producer sales to this webinar I'm producer sales president of the British Society of soil president of the British Society of soil president of the British Society of soil science and I'm delighted to welcome you science and I'm delighted to welcome you science and I'm delighted to welcome you to our second webinar of the year to our second webinar of the year to our second webinar of the year um just for a welcome our panelists I'd um just for a welcome our panelists I'd um just for a welcome our panelists I'd like to introduce the British Society of like to introduce the British Society of like to introduce the British Society of soil science as hosts of today's webinar soil science as hosts of today's webinar soil science as hosts of today's webinar we're an established membership and we're an established membership and we're an established membership and international membership organization international membership organization international membership organization and charity committed to the study of and charity committed to the study of and charity committed to the study of soil in its widest aspects we bring soil in its widest aspects we bring soil in its widest aspects we bring together those working within Academia together those working within Academia together those working within Academia and have a growing membership amongst and have a growing membership amongst and have a growing membership amongst practitioners implementing soil science practitioners implementing soil science practitioners implementing soil science in industry and those with a keen in industry and those with a keen in industry and those with a keen interest in soils interest in soils interest in soils this is uh the last uh assuming disorder this is uh the last uh assuming disorder this is uh the last uh assuming disorder webinar of the year and we're really webinar of the year and we're really webinar of the year and we're really really pleased to be able to host it on really pleased to be able to host it on really pleased to be able to host it on world soil day world soil day world soil day and we'll saw the 2022 and its campaign and we'll saw the 2022 and its campaign and we'll saw the 2022 and its campaign soils where food begins aims to raise soils where food begins aims to raise soils where food begins aims to raise awareness of the importance of awareness of the importance of awareness of the importance of maintaining healthy ecosystems and human maintaining healthy ecosystems and human maintaining healthy ecosystems and human well-being by addressing the growing well-being by addressing the growing well-being by addressing the growing challenge in soil management increasing challenge in soil management increasing challenge in soil management increasing soil awareness and encouraging societies soil awareness and encouraging societies soil awareness and encouraging societies to improve soil health to improve soil health to improve soil health um looking forward to to next year we'll um looking forward to to next year we'll um looking forward to to next year we'll be hosting eight webinars so please do be hosting eight webinars so please do be hosting eight webinars so please do keep an eye out on our website for keep an eye out on our website for keep an eye out on our website for further details further details further details so just before we begin some basic so just before we begin some basic so just before we begin some basic housekeeping as there are so many of you housekeeping as there are so many of you housekeeping as there are so many of you uh here today all your microphones have uh here today all your microphones have uh here today all your microphones have been muted we'll be taking questions at been muted we'll be taking questions at been muted we'll be taking questions at the end of both presentations uh and my the end of both presentations uh and my the end of both presentations uh and my colleague Katie will monitor these for colleague Katie will monitor these for colleague Katie will monitor these for us so if you do have a question please us so if you do have a question please us so if you do have a question please just type it in as you go and if we get just type it in as you go and if we get just type it in as you go and if we get all questions submitted by 1250 that all questions submitted by 1250 that all questions submitted by 1250 that will allow um Katie to review them and will allow um Katie to review them and will allow um Katie to review them and to get through as many as we can in the to get through as many as we can in the to get through as many as we can in the time we've got time we've got time we've got although there is a raise your hand although there is a raise your hand although there is a raise your hand button we won't be using this unless to button we won't be using this unless to button we won't be using this unless to presenter specific asks for a show of presenter specific asks for a show of presenter specific asks for a show of hands hands hands and today's presentation has also been and today's presentation has also been and today's presentation has also been awarded basis and nroso CPD points so if awarded basis and nroso CPD points so if awarded basis and nroso CPD points so if you're registered with either body you're registered with either body you're registered with either body please contact contact us directly after please contact contact us directly after please contact contact us directly after the event the event the event and also then just finally Please be and also then just finally Please be and also then just finally Please be aware that we are recording today's aware that we are recording today's aware that we are recording today's presentation presentation presentation so to to move on to so to to move on to so to to move on to um to our presentations um to our presentations um to our presentations um I would now like to introduce uh um I would now like to introduce uh um I would now like to introduce uh Chris cantal Chris is a chartered Chris cantal Chris is a chartered Chris cantal Chris is a chartered principal soil and your environmental principal soil and your environmental principal soil and your environmental scientists at Jacobs he joined Jacobs scientists at Jacobs he joined Jacobs scientists at Jacobs he joined Jacobs after coming completing an MSC in soil after coming completing an MSC in soil after coming completing an MSC in soil science at the University of Aberdeen in science at the University of Aberdeen in science at the University of Aberdeen in 2015. 2015. 2015. Chris primarily works on large Chris primarily works on large Chris primarily works on large infrastructure projects in the fields of infrastructure projects in the fields of infrastructure projects in the fields of land contamination environmental impact land contamination environmental impact land contamination environmental impact assessment soil resource management and assessment soil resource management and assessment soil resource management and ecological mitigation uh and then I'll ecological mitigation uh and then I'll ecological mitigation uh and then I'll hand over to you Chris okay well thanks hand over to you Chris okay well thanks hand over to you Chris okay well thanks Bruce and uh hi everyone happy world Bruce and uh hi everyone happy world Bruce and uh hi everyone happy world solid day I'm going to be talking today solid day I'm going to be talking today solid day I'm going to be talking today about the common Valley Western slopes about the common Valley Western slopes about the common Valley Western slopes and how we've used soil science to help and how we've used soil science to help and how we've used soil science to help maximize habitat creation within the SP2 maximize habitat creation within the SP2 maximize habitat creation within the SP2 project project project so to do a bit of background on the so to do a bit of background on the so to do a bit of background on the project I speak to is a new high-speed project I speak to is a new high-speed project I speak to is a new high-speed Railway link between London and major Railway link between London and major Railway link between London and major cities in the Midlands and north of cities in the Midlands and north of cities in the Midlands and north of England England England a lion is the joint venture delivering a lion is the joint venture delivering a lion is the joint venture delivering the central one portion of hs2 phase one the central one portion of hs2 phase one the central one portion of hs2 phase one so shown around here so shown around here so shown around here and the C1 and C1 includes a 16 and the C1 and C1 includes a 16 and the C1 and C1 includes a 16 kilometer twin ball tunnel through the kilometer twin ball tunnel through the kilometer twin ball tunnel through the Chilton Hills and a three and a half Chilton Hills and a three and a half Chilton Hills and a three and a half kilometer Viaduct over the cone Valley kilometer Viaduct over the cone Valley kilometer Viaduct over the cone Valley you can't value Western slopes which is you can't value Western slopes which is you can't value Western slopes which is the the subject of our presentation is the the subject of our presentation is the the subject of our presentation is located between the North embankment to located between the North embankment to located between the North embankment to the viaduct and the southern portal of the viaduct and the southern portal of the viaduct and the southern portal of the children tunnel the children tunnel the children tunnel Jacobs has been providing Jacobs has been providing Jacobs has been providing multi-disciplinary design and multi-disciplinary design and multi-disciplinary design and construction support to align for around construction support to align for around construction support to align for around five years now five years now five years now okay okay okay the site when we inherited it uh prior the site when we inherited it uh prior the site when we inherited it uh prior to construction it was a large area to construction it was a large area to construction it was a large area viral Farmland including a sand and viral Farmland including a sand and viral Farmland including a sand and gravel extraction site visible in this gravel extraction site visible in this gravel extraction site visible in this image it was permitted as an authorized image it was permitted as an authorized image it was permitted as an authorized landfill at the time landfill at the time landfill at the time the site Lies Over a principal chalk the site Lies Over a principal chalk the site Lies Over a principal chalk aquifer and there are several public aquifer and there are several public aquifer and there are several public auto attractions nearby so it is a auto attractions nearby so it is a auto attractions nearby so it is a sensitive water environment sensitive water environment sensitive water environment groundwater depths are variable ranging groundwater depths are variable ranging groundwater depths are variable ranging from around one and a half meters in the from around one and a half meters in the from around one and a half meters in the Southeastern site to 32 meters below Southeastern site to 32 meters below Southeastern site to 32 meters below ground level in the northwest of the ground level in the northwest of the ground level in the northwest of the site shown by here site shown by here site shown by here hs2 undertook soil surveys prior to hs2 undertook soil surveys prior to hs2 undertook soil surveys prior to construction commencing and we use the construction commencing and we use the construction commencing and we use the data to derive agricultural land data to derive agricultural land data to derive agricultural land classification mapping the site was classification mapping the site was classification mapping the site was classified as LC subgrade 3A to grade classified as LC subgrade 3A to grade classified as LC subgrade 3A to grade two so good quality it's a very good two so good quality it's a very good two so good quality it's a very good quality and you can see the mapping for quality and you can see the mapping for quality and you can see the mapping for the northern half of the site is the northern half of the site is the northern half of the site is so for grouped into handy it units to so for grouped into handy it units to so for grouped into handy it units to indicate the resilience to structural indicate the resilience to structural indicate the resilience to structural damage and when you classify the soils damage and when you classify the soils damage and when you classify the soils as having medium resilience to damage as having medium resilience to damage as having medium resilience to damage overall soil textures and stoniness will also soil textures and stoniness will also soil textures and stoniness will also mapped to provide additional information mapped to provide additional information mapped to provide additional information on soil handling and segregation I'll now move on to our design vision I'll now move on to our design vision I'll now move on to our design vision for the site for the site for the site television has been Guided by the site's television has been Guided by the site's television has been Guided by the site's wider context within the chiltons we're wider context within the chiltons we're wider context within the chiltons we're aiming to replicate a chalk download aiming to replicate a chalk download aiming to replicate a chalk download Mosaic is Illustrated here Mosaic is Illustrated here Mosaic is Illustrated here these images show you the types of these images show you the types of these images show you the types of habitat we are looking to create and two habitat we are looking to create and two habitat we are looking to create and two species of fauna typically associated species of fauna typically associated species of fauna typically associated with these this is our landscape master plan for this is our landscape master plan for this is our landscape master plan for the site so the convalue essence so it's the site so the convalue essence so it's the site so the convalue essence so it's represented by a significant margin the represented by a significant margin the represented by a significant margin the largest single opportunity for our largest single opportunity for our largest single opportunity for our declaration and enhancement and network declaration and enhancement and network declaration and enhancement and network biodiversity game within the C1 section biodiversity game within the C1 section biodiversity game within the C1 section and it's one of the largest areas with and it's one of the largest areas with and it's one of the largest areas with potential for Habitat creation on the potential for Habitat creation on the potential for Habitat creation on the phase one route phase one route phase one route the original design included agriculture the original design included agriculture the original design included agriculture Restoration West of the railway tracks Restoration West of the railway tracks Restoration West of the railway tracks we've agreed for Habitat creation to be we've agreed for Habitat creation to be we've agreed for Habitat creation to be extended to this area extended to this area extended to this area we're looking to create 127 hectares of we're looking to create 127 hectares of we're looking to create 127 hectares of Wildflower and invertebrate Rich Wildflower and invertebrate Rich Wildflower and invertebrate Rich calcareous grassland and wood pasture calcareous grassland and wood pasture calcareous grassland and wood pasture and wedding habitat and wedding habitat and wedding habitat this will constitute the largest area of this will constitute the largest area of this will constitute the largest area of calcareous Grassle in the chiltons which calcareous Grassle in the chiltons which calcareous Grassle in the chiltons which is our key Target habitat is our key Target habitat is our key Target habitat it will also be the largest largest it will also be the largest largest it will also be the largest largest single contributor to net biodiversity single contributor to net biodiversity single contributor to net biodiversity game on the hs2 route with a potential game on the hs2 route with a potential game on the hs2 route with a potential 13 net gain within the C1 contract area 13 net gain within the C1 contract area 13 net gain within the C1 contract area mitigation and integration of the mitigation and integration of the mitigation and integration of the Railway are equally key drivers which is Railway are equally key drivers which is Railway are equally key drivers which is partly why we grayed out from a largely partly why we grayed out from a largely partly why we grayed out from a largely closed Woodland canopy around the closed Woodland canopy around the closed Woodland canopy around the railway through to open habitats Across railway through to open habitats Across railway through to open habitats Across The Wider site this event shows an impression of what this event shows an impression of what this event shows an impression of what we're aiming for including the chalk we're aiming for including the chalk we're aiming for including the chalk down limousary alongside the South down limousary alongside the South down limousary alongside the South portal for the shorten tunnels there was early recognition within the there was early recognition within the there was early recognition within the design team that soils a key to design team that soils a key to design team that soils a key to delivering the target attacks delivering the target attacks delivering the target attacks particularly calcareous crossing a net particularly calcareous crossing a net particularly calcareous crossing a net soil profile from Aston Road triple si soil profile from Aston Road triple si soil profile from Aston Road triple si in the chiltons is typical of the in the chiltons is typical of the in the chiltons is typical of the habitat type habitat type habitat type this photo was taken during early this photo was taken during early this photo was taken during early evaluation of several evaluation of several evaluation of several examples in the children's four months deep south facing sleeps four months deep south facing sleeps four months deep south facing sleeps through the free draining alkaline soils through the free draining alkaline soils through the free draining alkaline soils directly over chalk with no low nutrient directly over chalk with no low nutrient directly over chalk with no low nutrient levels levels levels these factors include stress in the these factors include stress in the these factors include stress in the vegetation communities favorite Niche vegetation communities favorite Niche vegetation communities favorite Niche couticles and preventing common grass couticles and preventing common grass couticles and preventing common grass species from dominating the sword these species from dominating the sword these species from dominating the sword these stresses along with surgical management stresses along with surgical management stresses along with surgical management also inhibit ecological succession also inhibit ecological succession also inhibit ecological succession leading to diverse habitat habitats in leading to diverse habitat habitats in leading to diverse habitat habitats in the long term so they're not easily replicable but so they're not easily replicable but so they're not easily replicable but we're trying to kick start the process we're trying to kick start the process we're trying to kick start the process here here here moving on to the construction phase this moving on to the construction phase this moving on to the construction phase this is how the site currently looks it's the is how the site currently looks it's the is how the site currently looks it's the main construction hub for C1 so it's a main construction hub for C1 so it's a main construction hub for C1 so it's a higher activity higher activity higher activity one of the key aspects aspects for us to one of the key aspects aspects for us to one of the key aspects aspects for us to consider has been the ReUse of around consider has been the ReUse of around consider has been the ReUse of around two and a half million meters cubed of two and a half million meters cubed of two and a half million meters cubed of short Horizons to the twin boring the short Horizons to the twin boring the short Horizons to the twin boring the little children tunnel this is what we little children tunnel this is what we little children tunnel this is what we call Shortcake once it's being processed call Shortcake once it's being processed call Shortcake once it's being processed and I'll come back to this and I'll come back to this and I'll come back to this somewhere in the region of 700 000 somewhere in the region of 700 000 somewhere in the region of 700 000 meters Cuba soils are being stripped meters Cuba soils are being stripped meters Cuba soils are being stripped stored and reinstated on this site alone stored and reinstated on this site alone stored and reinstated on this site alone and maintaining a soil balance across and maintaining a soil balance across and maintaining a soil balance across the C1 C1 area is crucial the C1 C1 area is crucial the C1 C1 area is crucial we followed hs2's technical standards we followed hs2's technical standards we followed hs2's technical standards and specifications in developing an and specifications in developing an and specifications in developing an overarching soil resource plan for the overarching soil resource plan for the overarching soil resource plan for the C1 area as well as site-specific plans C1 area as well as site-specific plans C1 area as well as site-specific plans for each discrete area and we undertake for each discrete area and we undertake for each discrete area and we undertake regular inspections toward it against regular inspections toward it against regular inspections toward it against the standards and methodologies Within the standards and methodologies Within the standards and methodologies Within These so this image you can see in the These so this image you can see in the These so this image you can see in the northeast of the site that's where the northeast of the site that's where the northeast of the site that's where the the compounds and site offices are the compounds and site offices are the compounds and site offices are located as well as located as well as located as well as Precast batteries for the viaduct Precast batteries for the viaduct Precast batteries for the viaduct segments and the tunnel segments in the segments and the tunnel segments in the segments and the tunnel segments in the western site and around generally around western site and around generally around western site and around generally around the construction compound there's the construction compound there's the construction compound there's various soil stockpiles in the southwest various soil stockpiles in the southwest various soil stockpiles in the southwest of the site there's you might be able to of the site there's you might be able to of the site there's you might be able to stick out a long narrow strip along the stick out a long narrow strip along the stick out a long narrow strip along the uh the southern you know side of the uh the southern you know side of the uh the southern you know side of the site and that is a trials area which site and that is a trials area which site and that is a trials area which again I'll come back to again I'll come back to again I'll come back to um and underneath the site east of the um and underneath the site east of the um and underneath the site east of the Railway Trace which you can see uh on Railway Trace which you can see uh on Railway Trace which you can see uh on the image that's where majority chalk the image that's where majority chalk the image that's where majority chalk pick has been placed to date pick has been placed to date pick has been placed to date so I'm going to show the video which so I'm going to show the video which so I'm going to show the video which illustrates nicely what I've just been illustrates nicely what I've just been illustrates nicely what I've just been speaking about you might love to hear speaking about you might love to hear speaking about you might love to hear the audio with that that shouldn't the audio with that that shouldn't the audio with that that shouldn't matter matter matter find a second so hopefully this gives a find a second so hopefully this gives a find a second so hopefully this gives a better idea of the the scale of sight better idea of the the scale of sight better idea of the the scale of sight and the the processing keeping the and the the processing keeping the and the the processing keeping the design vision so you can see the tunnel segments there so you can see the tunnel segments there so you can see the tunnel segments there going into the tunnel going into the tunnel going into the tunnel and this part of the process where it's and this part of the process where it's and this part of the process where it's been constructed here is where the chill cake is taken here is where the chill cake is taken here is where the chill cake is taken out out out the following treatment within the sorry the following treatment within the sorry the following treatment within the sorry treatment plant treatment plant treatment plant and then it's taken all around Sight to and then it's taken all around Sight to and then it's taken all around Sight to its deposition area its deposition area its deposition area so you can see it being placed out in so you can see it being placed out in so you can see it being placed out in the Landscaping here the jewel cake this is showing a kind of um yeah time this is showing a kind of um yeah time this is showing a kind of um yeah time lapse of that Shortcake being placed in lapse of that Shortcake being placed in lapse of that Shortcake being placed in the southeast of the site the southeast of the site the southeast of the site and as mentioning at the end of the and as mentioning at the end of the and as mentioning at the end of the construction construction construction um this is all looking to create once um this is all looking to create once um this is all looking to create once everything's been decommissioned so one of the one of the key aims is for so one of the one of the key aims is for so one of the one of the key aims is for the site to be publicly publicly the site to be publicly publicly the site to be publicly publicly accessible in the long term so uh there accessible in the long term so uh there accessible in the long term so uh there will be a lot of footpaths for will be a lot of footpaths for will be a lot of footpaths for Continental access a site and enjoy of Continental access a site and enjoy of Continental access a site and enjoy of recreational use foreign right I'm now going to talk briefly right I'm now going to talk briefly right I'm now going to talk briefly about our approach to sustainable about our approach to sustainable about our approach to sustainable remediation materials release which is remediation materials release which is remediation materials release which is important for the subsequent Landscaping important for the subsequent Landscaping important for the subsequent Landscaping when we inherited the site there were when we inherited the site there were when we inherited the site there were several historical landfills and infield several historical landfills and infield several historical landfills and infield pits to the site with asbestos and pits to the site with asbestos and pits to the site with asbestos and they've been the main components so they've been the main components so they've been the main components so following risk assessment including following risk assessment including following risk assessment including determinant facing transport modeling we determinant facing transport modeling we determinant facing transport modeling we identified some risks which required identified some risks which required identified some risks which required communication foreign system was the most sustainable and system was the most sustainable and system was the most sustainable and appropriate solution taking into account appropriate solution taking into account appropriate solution taking into account environmental social and economic environmental social and economic environmental social and economic factors factors factors since we already planned to place chalk since we already planned to place chalk since we already planned to place chalk cake across most of these areas this cake across most of these areas this cake across most of these areas this only required relatively minor only required relatively minor only required relatively minor amendments to design to ensure a amendments to design to ensure a amendments to design to ensure a suitable depth of cover was in place of suitable depth of cover was in place of suitable depth of cover was in place of each Source area as mentioned before as mentioned before as mentioned before um replacing a large volume of chalk um replacing a large volume of chalk um replacing a large volume of chalk cake and retaining this material on site cake and retaining this material on site cake and retaining this material on site was a key objective you can see here the was a key objective you can see here the was a key objective you can see here the rough extent of chocolate placement over rough extent of chocolate placement over rough extent of chocolate placement over the southern quadrants and around the the southern quadrants and around the the southern quadrants and around the South portal Hood South portal Hood South portal Hood with the northern quadrants degree using with the northern quadrants degree using with the northern quadrants degree using mainly existing subsoils and superficial mainly existing subsoils and superficial mainly existing subsoils and superficial deposits deposits deposits due to the use of additives to relative due to the use of additives to relative due to the use of additives to relative rendered materials suitable for rendered materials suitable for rendered materials suitable for placement and trafficking we needed to placement and trafficking we needed to placement and trafficking we needed to demonstrate suitability for use for risk demonstrate suitability for use for risk demonstrate suitability for use for risk assessment assessment assessment this image shows how we zoned the site this image shows how we zoned the site this image shows how we zoned the site for controlled Waters risk assessment for controlled Waters risk assessment for controlled Waters risk assessment we undertook a detailed testing regime we undertook a detailed testing regime we undertook a detailed testing regime for laboratory simulated toolkit in for laboratory simulated toolkit in for laboratory simulated toolkit in advisor construction and groundwater advisor construction and groundwater advisor construction and groundwater modeling to show you the material does modeling to show you the material does modeling to show you the material does not lose any unacceptable risks not lose any unacceptable risks not lose any unacceptable risks and this is being verified through a and this is being verified through a and this is being verified through a combination of ongoing leak shape combination of ongoing leak shape combination of ongoing leak shape testing with the actual magazines and testing with the actual magazines and testing with the actual magazines and several facilities installed within several facilities installed within several facilities installed within trial ports so you can see here a rig trial ports so you can see here a rig trial ports so you can see here a rig that was used to install asymmeters and that was used to install asymmeters and that was used to install asymmeters and an image showing it the physical cross an image showing it the physical cross an image showing it the physical cross section of what a uh this these license section of what a uh this these license section of what a uh this these license is installed look like within the soil is installed look like within the soil is installed look like within the soil profile profile profile we're also reusing chalk sustainably on we're also reusing chalk sustainably on we're also reusing chalk sustainably on site to create water bodies site to create water bodies site to create water bodies psychological value which are coming psychological value which are coming psychological value which are coming onto in more detail with derived criteria to allow the ReUse with derived criteria to allow the ReUse with derived criteria to allow the ReUse of recycled Aggregates under certain of recycled Aggregates under certain of recycled Aggregates under certain conditions and are aiming to sustainably conditions and are aiming to sustainably conditions and are aiming to sustainably reuse temporary work cycle gets mainly reuse temporary work cycle gets mainly reuse temporary work cycle gets mainly crushed concrete and lives in aggregate crushed concrete and lives in aggregate crushed concrete and lives in aggregate to improve soil profile conditions to improve soil profile conditions to improve soil profile conditions within the Landscaping within the Landscaping within the Landscaping all of our site one materials are being all of our site one materials are being all of our site one materials are being managed under the definition of waste managed under the definition of waste managed under the definition of waste development industry code of practice or development industry code of practice or development industry code of practice or a series of materials management plans a series of materials management plans a series of materials management plans and this is all and this is all and this is all um trapped during construction um trapped during construction um trapped during construction I'll move on to the soil science I'll move on to the soil science I'll move on to the soil science challenges we face and the solutions we challenges we face and the solutions we challenges we face and the solutions we have identified published cell mapping suggests the published cell mapping suggests the published cell mapping suggests the presence of 1 and back console presence of 1 and back console presence of 1 and back console associations on site which largely associations on site which largely associations on site which largely causes the survey data the soils the causes the survey data the soils the causes the survey data the soils the Cuban soil series is a typical brown cow Cuban soil series is a typical brown cow Cuban soil series is a typical brown cow carry Surf and got a profile typical carry Surf and got a profile typical carry Surf and got a profile typical profile image of this here profile image of this here profile image of this here the cells inside predominantly silty the cells inside predominantly silty the cells inside predominantly silty clay loans which are naturally well clay loans which are naturally well clay loans which are naturally well drained drained drained laboratory analyzes show that the top laboratory analyzes show that the top laboratory analyzes show that the top soils are nutrient rich as would be soils are nutrient rich as would be soils are nutrient rich as would be expected in agriculturally improved expected in agriculturally improved expected in agriculturally improved soils however the upper sub cells are soils however the upper sub cells are soils however the upper sub cells are largely suitable for the main target largely suitable for the main target largely suitable for the main target habitat of calcareous grass and being habitat of calcareous grass and being habitat of calcareous grass and being alkaline and cyclical carries with alkaline and cyclical carries with alkaline and cyclical carries with fairly low phosphate levels although fairly low phosphate levels although fairly low phosphate levels although there is a degree of variability in this there is a degree of variability in this there is a degree of variability in this nitrogen is low which can result in slow nitrogen is low which can result in slow nitrogen is low which can result in slow rates of establishment and subsoils will rates of establishment and subsoils will rates of establishment and subsoils will generally benefit from low rates compost generally benefit from low rates compost generally benefit from low rates compost addition in tree planting kits addition in tree planting kits addition in tree planting kits particularly these Graphics show the variability in these Graphics show the variability in these Graphics show the variability in Upper subsoil phosphate levels which Upper subsoil phosphate levels which Upper subsoil phosphate levels which could be a limitation for diversity of could be a limitation for diversity of could be a limitation for diversity of the calculus cross and sword this is the calculus cross and sword this is the calculus cross and sword this is being considered further within the soil being considered further within the soil being considered further within the soil profile trials which will come back back profile trials which will come back back profile trials which will come back back to to to available phosphates in milligrams per available phosphates in milligrams per available phosphates in milligrams per liter is shown on the map along with the liter is shown on the map along with the liter is shown on the map along with the defer index which denotes ranges of defer index which denotes ranges of defer index which denotes ranges of these levels these levels these levels the Korean dark green points represent the Korean dark green points represent the Korean dark green points represent the level of phosphorus phosphate we the level of phosphorus phosphate we the level of phosphorus phosphate we would like to see for calculus Crossing would like to see for calculus Crossing would like to see for calculus Crossing there's no clear basis for segregation there's no clear basis for segregation there's no clear basis for segregation from this and stockpile storage space is from this and stockpile storage space is from this and stockpile storage space is also Limited also Limited also Limited the two main substrates over which we'll the two main substrates over which we'll the two main substrates over which we'll be Landscaping will be site lower be Landscaping will be site lower be Landscaping will be site lower subsoil which we've covered in brief subsoil which we've covered in brief subsoil which we've covered in brief already and the Dual cake and tunnelizes already and the Dual cake and tunnelizes already and the Dual cake and tunnelizes this material represents a unique this material represents a unique this material represents a unique challenge without Landscaping the Nitro challenge without Landscaping the Nitro challenge without Landscaping the Nitro chalk material will be completely chalk material will be completely chalk material will be completely structured during tunneling and structured during tunneling and structured during tunneling and subsequent processing subsequent processing subsequent processing the hydraulic conductivity is expected the hydraulic conductivity is expected the hydraulic conductivity is expected to be very low post placement in the to be very low post placement in the to be very low post placement in the region of one times ten to the negative region of one times ten to the negative region of one times ten to the negative 9 meters per second so it's likely to 9 meters per second so it's likely to 9 meters per second so it's likely to constitutes constitutes constitutes these conditions are unlikely to be these conditions are unlikely to be these conditions are unlikely to be suitable for the majority of Niche suitable for the majority of Niche suitable for the majority of Niche Council calls which are adapted to free Council calls which are adapted to free Council calls which are adapted to free draining soils based on their site soils and substrates based on their site soils and substrates based on their site soils and substrates available soil profiles have been available soil profiles have been available soil profiles have been designed for each habitat balancing a designed for each habitat balancing a designed for each habitat balancing a site Mass Hall the profile is centered site Mass Hall the profile is centered site Mass Hall the profile is centered around the gradation of soil horizon around the gradation of soil horizon around the gradation of soil horizon depths to promote succession within depths to promote succession within depths to promote succession within Woodland areas and inhibit succession Woodland areas and inhibit succession Woodland areas and inhibit succession within the carriers class within the carriers class within the carriers class these death gradations can be seen here these death gradations can be seen here these death gradations can be seen here across the grass and the Woodland across the grass and the Woodland across the grass and the Woodland habitats however there are still habitats however there are still habitats however there are still challenges associated with delivering challenges associated with delivering challenges associated with delivering these habitats over the solid permeable these habitats over the solid permeable these habitats over the solid permeable cheesecake and Soles that will have had cheesecake and Soles that will have had cheesecake and Soles that will have had large-scale construction activities over large-scale construction activities over large-scale construction activities over them for more than five years them for more than five years them for more than five years we're also looking to beneficially reuse we're also looking to beneficially reuse we're also looking to beneficially reuse construction materials livestock kits construction materials livestock kits construction materials livestock kits and crushed concrete within their soils and crushed concrete within their soils and crushed concrete within their soils to improve their suitability for to improve their suitability for to improve their suitability for habitats habitats habitats including the aggregate layer which is including the aggregate layer which is including the aggregate layer which is shown here and beneath the upper soil shown here and beneath the upper soil shown here and beneath the upper soil calcareous grassland calcareous grassland calcareous grassland uh the idea being this will help create uh the idea being this will help create uh the idea being this will help create so much suitable soil moisture so much suitable soil moisture so much suitable soil moisture conditions and provide long-term conditions and provide long-term conditions and provide long-term reservoir of calcium carbonate to reservoir of calcium carbonate to reservoir of calcium carbonate to sustain a biodiverse calcareous Bryson sustain a biodiverse calcareous Bryson sustain a biodiverse calcareous Bryson sword through continued weathering sword through continued weathering sword through continued weathering during the trenches are also being during the trenches are also being during the trenches are also being considered as a means of improving the considered as a means of improving the considered as a means of improving the soil hydrology and this is all the soil hydrology and this is all the soil hydrology and this is all the subject of Trials so in general you can subject of Trials so in general you can subject of Trials so in general you can see we're breeding from around 200 mL of see we're breeding from around 200 mL of see we're breeding from around 200 mL of cell over our lower subsoiler chalk cake cell over our lower subsoiler chalk cake cell over our lower subsoiler chalk cake with potentially a 100 ml calcareous I with potentially a 100 ml calcareous I with potentially a 100 ml calcareous I could give layer could give layer could give layer um in between and then through to the um in between and then through to the um in between and then through to the Woodland areas where they're going for Woodland areas where they're going for Woodland areas where they're going for much deeper top soil depths much deeper top soil depths much deeper top soil depths um over lower subsoil or upper subsoil um over lower subsoil or upper subsoil um over lower subsoil or upper subsoil and depending on availability and depending on availability and depending on availability um over the substrate so um over the substrate so um over the substrate so um yeah we're that these hopefully um yeah we're that these hopefully um yeah we're that these hopefully promote succession within the Woodland promote succession within the Woodland promote succession within the Woodland areas the calculus draw some trials then so as the calculus draw some trials then so as the calculus draw some trials then so as a result of uncertainties in the soil a result of uncertainties in the soil a result of uncertainties in the soil profiles we're undertaking a series of profiles we're undertaking a series of profiles we're undertaking a series of Trials to optimize the designs and Trials to optimize the designs and Trials to optimize the designs and reduce Landscaping risks reduce Landscaping risks reduce Landscaping risks the the main challenge is the nutrient the the main challenge is the nutrient the the main challenge is the nutrient enrichment of agricultural soils and enrichment of agricultural soils and enrichment of agricultural soils and drainage of chalk tunnel arisings from drainage of chalk tunnel arisings from drainage of chalk tunnel arisings from tbms tbms tbms the trials are helping to determine this the trials are helping to determine this the trials are helping to determine this optimal soil profile for the calculus optimal soil profile for the calculus optimal soil profile for the calculus grassland including the yeast depth and grassland including the yeast depth and grassland including the yeast depth and breeding of the calcareous aggregate breeding of the calcareous aggregate breeding of the calcareous aggregate layer need forwards facing electroneous layer need forwards facing electroneous layer need forwards facing electroneous trenches and any amelioration required a trenches and any amelioration required a trenches and any amelioration required a series of laboratory and field trials series of laboratory and field trials series of laboratory and field trials have been undertaken in tandem at have been undertaken in tandem at have been undertaken in tandem at granfield University's Innovative glass granfield University's Innovative glass granfield University's Innovative glass activities under control conditions and activities under control conditions and activities under control conditions and at the same time the corn Valley Western at the same time the corn Valley Western at the same time the corn Valley Western slopes were in a dedicated trials area slopes were in a dedicated trials area slopes were in a dedicated trials area which you can see part of here where which you can see part of here where which you can see part of here where we've got the we've got the we've got the um calculus grass and plots um calculus grass and plots um calculus grass and plots we're drawing on multi-disciplinary team we're drawing on multi-disciplinary team we're drawing on multi-disciplinary team here including Orthodox Specialists here including Orthodox Specialists here including Orthodox Specialists geotechnical Engineers psychologists and geotechnical Engineers psychologists and geotechnical Engineers psychologists and soil Specialists across Jacobs Cranfield soil Specialists across Jacobs Cranfield soil Specialists across Jacobs Cranfield University timberair Associates and the University timberair Associates and the University timberair Associates and the Align JV Align JV Align JV the trials will have wider applications the trials will have wider applications the trials will have wider applications to the industry and contribute to hst's to the industry and contribute to hst's to the industry and contribute to hst's learning Legacy learning Legacy learning Legacy Chris McCloskey is going to discuss his Chris McCloskey is going to discuss his Chris McCloskey is going to discuss his trials more in the next presentation in addition to the calcareous grass and in addition to the calcareous grass and in addition to the calcareous grass and trials we're also undertaking Wetland trials we're also undertaking Wetland trials we're also undertaking Wetland and planting Trails across the rest of and planting Trails across the rest of and planting Trails across the rest of the trials area visible here the trials area visible here the trials area visible here the Wetland trials are evaluating the the Wetland trials are evaluating the the Wetland trials are evaluating the use of chalk cake as a substrate for use of chalk cake as a substrate for use of chalk cake as a substrate for water bodies as an alternative to bottle water bodies as an alternative to bottle water bodies as an alternative to bottle play play play it's a well-established by diverse wet it's a well-established by diverse wet it's a well-established by diverse wet and habitats using cycle materials uh and habitats using cycle materials uh and habitats using cycle materials uh the trials are in an early stage but the trials are in an early stage but the trials are in an early stage but initial results indicate the load initial results indicate the load initial results indicate the load permeability substrate can be achieved permeability substrate can be achieved permeability substrate can be achieved with a jewel cake with similar with a jewel cake with similar with a jewel cake with similar performance to Federal flea you might performance to Federal flea you might performance to Federal flea you might see from this graph here that there is see from this graph here that there is see from this graph here that there is also a variable the Dual cake and this also a variable the Dual cake and this also a variable the Dual cake and this is mainly due to refinement of the is mainly due to refinement of the is mainly due to refinement of the construction method along with some construction method along with some construction method along with some fissuring of the substrate materials fissuring of the substrate materials fissuring of the substrate materials during the trout this summer so we do during the trout this summer so we do during the trout this summer so we do have have have um one horse body where the chalk Acres um one horse body where the chalk Acres um one horse body where the chalk Acres work particularly well and the clay has work particularly well and the clay has work particularly well and the clay has worked particularly well as well um very worked particularly well as well um very worked particularly well as well um very similar levels and you can see the stage similar levels and you can see the stage similar levels and you can see the stage board here with water level exceeding board here with water level exceeding board here with water level exceeding one meter one meter one meter the planting trials are also at an early the planting trials are also at an early the planting trials are also at an early stage with seeding undertaken but plants stage with seeding undertaken but plants stage with seeding undertaken but plants need to be repeated the intention is to need to be repeated the intention is to need to be repeated the intention is to optimize the use of seed Mulch and optimize the use of seed Mulch and optimize the use of seed Mulch and herbicides thereby reducing cost of herbicides thereby reducing cost of herbicides thereby reducing cost of material Imports and you can see the one material Imports and you can see the one material Imports and you can see the one of the Wetland trial bodies here of the Wetland trial bodies here of the Wetland trial bodies here alongside planting Trails its side and alongside planting Trails its side and alongside planting Trails its side and the slopes climate resilience uh climate change is climate resilience uh climate change is climate resilience uh climate change is adding some carbons so the habitats and adding some carbons so the habitats and adding some carbons so the habitats and plant species safety should be resilient plant species safety should be resilient plant species safety should be resilient to climate change impacts depression of to climate change impacts depression of to climate change impacts depression of natural habitats in place of arable land natural habitats in place of arable land natural habitats in place of arable land will increase carbon to frustration for will increase carbon to frustration for will increase carbon to frustration for an additional 54 000 tons of CO2 an additional 54 000 tons of CO2 an additional 54 000 tons of CO2 equivalent sequestered over a 40-year equivalent sequestered over a 40-year equivalent sequestered over a 40-year period and it is estimated to be about period and it is estimated to be about period and it is estimated to be about uh seven percent of the lines carbon uh seven percent of the lines carbon uh seven percent of the lines carbon impact impact impact the carbon footprint will also be the carbon footprint will also be the carbon footprint will also be reduced by sustainable release materials reduced by sustainable release materials reduced by sustainable release materials including minimizing off-site exports including minimizing off-site exports including minimizing off-site exports and avoiding the need for material and avoiding the need for material and avoiding the need for material Imports to support Landscaping Imports to support Landscaping Imports to support Landscaping the remediation approach using cover the remediation approach using cover the remediation approach using cover system has also reduced the carbon system has also reduced the carbon system has also reduced the carbon footprint by retaining material in situ so I just wanted to end up annotation so I just wanted to end up annotation so I just wanted to end up annotation with image of how the site looks at the with image of how the site looks at the with image of how the site looks at the start of construction and our design vision for the site in and our design vision for the site in and our design vision for the site in the long term the long term the long term thanks for listening foreign foreign foreign thank you very much Chris that was thank you very much Chris that was thank you very much Chris that was really interesting really interesting really interesting um so I said at the site we'll be taking um so I said at the site we'll be taking um so I said at the site we'll be taking questions uh for both speakers at the questions uh for both speakers at the questions uh for both speakers at the end of the session end of the session end of the session um but I'd like to move on to our our um but I'd like to move on to our our um but I'd like to move on to our our second speaker who is uh Chris McCloskey second speaker who is uh Chris McCloskey second speaker who is uh Chris McCloskey Chris is a Chris is a Chris is a postdoctoral research fellow in soil postdoctoral research fellow in soil postdoctoral research fellow in soil restoration and habitat Recreation at restoration and habitat Recreation at restoration and habitat Recreation at Cranfield University exploring how we Cranfield University exploring how we Cranfield University exploring how we can use construction derived materials can use construction derived materials can use construction derived materials to create soil profiles that can support to create soil profiles that can support to create soil profiles that can support the creation of biodiverse calcareous the creation of biodiverse calcareous the creation of biodiverse calcareous grassland grassland grassland um Chris completes this PhD in 2021 in um Chris completes this PhD in 2021 in um Chris completes this PhD in 2021 in which he explored plant-driven turnover which he explored plant-driven turnover which he explored plant-driven turnover of soil organic matter and developed of soil organic matter and developed of soil organic matter and developed improved stabilizotope methods to improved stabilizotope methods to improved stabilizotope methods to separate plant and soil carbon fluxes separate plant and soil carbon fluxes separate plant and soil carbon fluxes he is more broadly interested in plant he is more broadly interested in plant he is more broadly interested in plant soil interactions and how these can soil interactions and how these can soil interactions and how these can control soil processes and functions and control soil processes and functions and control soil processes and functions and Chris is also a member of the the Chris is also a member of the the Chris is also a member of the the society's early careers committee so society's early careers committee so society's early careers committee so over to you Chris thanks Bruce can I just confirm you can thanks Bruce can I just confirm you can thanks Bruce can I just confirm you can see the presentation see the presentation see the presentation yeah we can see that Chris thank you yeah we can see that Chris thank you yeah we can see that Chris thank you fantastic thanks and Francis also for fantastic thanks and Francis also for fantastic thanks and Francis also for the introduction the introduction the introduction um so I'm going to be talking about the um so I'm going to be talking about the um so I'm going to be talking about the work we'll be doing at cranfields and work we'll be doing at cranfields and work we'll be doing at cranfields and doing the related trials on the south doing the related trials on the south doing the related trials on the south portal site how we can optimize toy portal site how we can optimize toy portal site how we can optimize toy profile to support calculus vast and profile to support calculus vast and profile to support calculus vast and habitat creation habitat creation habitat creation so during this talk I'm the first of a so during this talk I'm the first of a so during this talk I'm the first of a brief overview of the um the opal brief overview of the um the opal brief overview of the um the opal project uh and then look at four of the project uh and then look at four of the project uh and then look at four of the key trial phases the pilot trials on the key trial phases the pilot trials on the key trial phases the pilot trials on the left similar trials at Cranfield left similar trials at Cranfield left similar trials at Cranfield and the field concept files and field and the field concept files and field and the field concept files and field trials at the Southport of site trials at the Southport of site trials at the Southport of site so as Chris Adobe um very very clearly so as Chris Adobe um very very clearly so as Chris Adobe um very very clearly explained there's going to be a uh very explained there's going to be a uh very explained there's going to be a uh very large area of calculus rather than trees large area of calculus rather than trees large area of calculus rather than trees at the cone Valley Western slopes by the at the cone Valley Western slopes by the at the cone Valley Western slopes by the line of hs2 joint venture as part of the line of hs2 joint venture as part of the line of hs2 joint venture as part of the phase one phase one phase one um section of the hs2 construction um section of the hs2 construction um section of the hs2 construction and to really understand how we can best and to really understand how we can best and to really understand how we can best create calciums which are a biodiverse create calciums which are a biodiverse create calciums which are a biodiverse and highly valuable but and highly valuable but and highly valuable but um very sort of specialized habitat um very sort of specialized habitat um very sort of specialized habitat there's associate profile trials to work there's associate profile trials to work there's associate profile trials to work out how we can refine the um habitat out how we can refine the um habitat out how we can refine the um habitat creation methods creation methods creation methods the first stage of this was materials the first stage of this was materials the first stage of this was materials testing at fanfield and elsewhere last testing at fanfield and elsewhere last testing at fanfield and elsewhere last year and then this year of undertaking year and then this year of undertaking year and then this year of undertaking the pilot trials in front fields are the pilot trials in front fields are the pilot trials in front fields are controlled environment facilities that controlled environment facilities that controlled environment facilities that you can see on the right here and in the you can see on the right here and in the you can see on the right here and in the New Year we're going to be moved on to New Year we're going to be moved on to New Year we're going to be moved on to larger scale by similar trials larger scale by similar trials larger scale by similar trials in tandem with this and feeding battle in tandem with this and feeding battle in tandem with this and feeding battle forth within each other are the field forth within each other are the field forth within each other are the field trial components the field concept trial components the field concept trial components the field concept trials also ran earlier this year and trials also ran earlier this year and trials also ran earlier this year and I'll be showing some results from those I'll be showing some results from those I'll be showing some results from those as well and the field trials are um as well and the field trials are um as well and the field trials are um just just getting underway they've just just just getting underway they've just just just getting underway they've just conceded and they'll be running for two conceded and they'll be running for two conceded and they'll be running for two years followers by the uh wider years followers by the uh wider years followers by the uh wider Landscaping preparation and the period Landscaping preparation and the period Landscaping preparation and the period of monitoring of monitoring of monitoring so a key part of this project is that so a key part of this project is that so a key part of this project is that we're trying to have Innovative use of we're trying to have Innovative use of we're trying to have Innovative use of the site one materials that is materials the site one materials that is materials the site one materials that is materials which would otherwise be byproducts from which would otherwise be byproducts from which would otherwise be byproducts from the development and might end up with the development and might end up with the development and might end up with waste and we're trying to use these to waste and we're trying to use these to waste and we're trying to use these to create these specialized create these specialized create these specialized um software of health support biodiverse um software of health support biodiverse um software of health support biodiverse calculus grasslands there's four key calculus grasslands there's four key calculus grasslands there's four key materials that we're looking at here the materials that we're looking at here the materials that we're looking at here the first two are upper and lower substores first two are upper and lower substores first two are upper and lower substores and these are mainly silty clay loans and these are mainly silty clay loans and these are mainly silty clay loans with a quite high pH the ones we've with a quite high pH the ones we've with a quite high pH the ones we've worked with are around th 8.5 worked with are around th 8.5 worked with are around th 8.5 these soils have a highly available these soils have a highly available these soils have a highly available calcium carbonate content and we've calcium carbonate content and we've calcium carbonate content and we've observed the soils that we've been observed the soils that we've been observed the soils that we've been working with the transports from the working with the transports from the working with the transports from the site site site then from roughly half percent to at then from roughly half percent to at then from roughly half percent to at least 80 calcium carbonate least 80 calcium carbonate least 80 calcium carbonate and um this variation is another aspect and um this variation is another aspect and um this variation is another aspect that we really want to try to capture in that we really want to try to capture in that we really want to try to capture in our analysis of the cell profiles our analysis of the cell profiles our analysis of the cell profiles next we have calculus Aggregates and it next we have calculus Aggregates and it next we have calculus Aggregates and it hasn't been sourced from the commissions hasn't been sourced from the commissions hasn't been sourced from the commissions type compounds and Hall Roads and will type compounds and Hall Roads and will type compounds and Hall Roads and will take the form of Prussian crushed take the form of Prussian crushed take the form of Prussian crushed concrete concrete concrete this is calcareous material which is um this is calcareous material which is um this is calcareous material which is um likes to be very useful for facing likes to be very useful for facing likes to be very useful for facing drainage in the soil profiles and that's drainage in the soil profiles and that's drainage in the soil profiles and that's a key aspect that we're going to be a key aspect that we're going to be a key aspect that we're going to be tested tested tested finally there's the chalk tape that finally there's the chalk tape that finally there's the chalk tape that Chris mentioned um this is a high pH 8.5 Chris mentioned um this is a high pH 8.5 Chris mentioned um this is a high pH 8.5 to 12.5 High calculus material to 12.5 High calculus material to 12.5 High calculus material as you can see at the bottom here when as you can see at the bottom here when as you can see at the bottom here when it's dry it's a very crumbly it's dry it's a very crumbly it's dry it's a very crumbly um Dusty material but when it's wet it um Dusty material but when it's wet it um Dusty material but when it's wet it becomes quite impermeable and very becomes quite impermeable and very becomes quite impermeable and very putty-like and one of the real putty-like and one of the real putty-like and one of the real challenges here is to worry about how we challenges here is to worry about how we challenges here is to worry about how we can best incorporate this into the 12th can best incorporate this into the 12th can best incorporate this into the 12th profile level uh layers and what's our profile level uh layers and what's our profile level uh layers and what's our our best option for using it will be our best option for using it will be our best option for using it will be foreign these all have an initial top layer down these all have an initial top layer down these all have an initial top layer down to 20 centimeters of upper subsoil below to 20 centimeters of upper subsoil below to 20 centimeters of upper subsoil below this there's going to be a layer of this there's going to be a layer of this there's going to be a layer of Shortcake Shortcake Shortcake or lower subsoil and we want to test or lower subsoil and we want to test or lower subsoil and we want to test these profiles with and without that these profiles with and without that these profiles with and without that calcareous Aggregates in a 10 centimeter calcareous Aggregates in a 10 centimeter calcareous Aggregates in a 10 centimeter layer to try to improve drainage and layer to try to improve drainage and layer to try to improve drainage and overcome the drainage limitations that overcome the drainage limitations that overcome the drainage limitations that we might have with the chalk pick we might have with the chalk pick we might have with the chalk pick the first stage that's a clan field were the first stage that's a clan field were the first stage that's a clan field were the pilot trials the pilot trials the pilot trials um so these were constructed in the um so these were constructed in the um so these were constructed in the first few months of this year first few months of this year first few months of this year we looked at the four profiles and we looked at the four profiles and we looked at the four profiles and across these we also had three upper across these we also had three upper across these we also had three upper substock calcium carbonate levels not 10 substock calcium carbonate levels not 10 substock calcium carbonate levels not 10 to the low treatment and medium to the low treatment and medium to the low treatment and medium treatment 10 to 20 and a high treatment treatment 10 to 20 and a high treatment treatment 10 to 20 and a high treatment of of of um um um 20 to 50 percent 20 to 50 percent 20 to 50 percent now these are packed into soil columns now these are packed into soil columns now these are packed into soil columns which were 80 centimeters tall with the which were 80 centimeters tall with the which were 80 centimeters tall with the damage was 25 centimeters and we had 60 damage was 25 centimeters and we had 60 damage was 25 centimeters and we had 60 columns in total columns in total columns in total um um um so that's gave us three repetitors per so that's gave us three repetitors per so that's gave us three repetitors per still profile times calcium carbonate still profile times calcium carbonate still profile times calcium carbonate level treatment level treatment level treatment these are seeds with a commercially these are seeds with a commercially these are seeds with a commercially available uh rather than season available uh rather than season available uh rather than season combination of Forbes and grasses which combination of Forbes and grasses which combination of Forbes and grasses which are suitable for growth in calculus are suitable for growth in calculus are suitable for growth in calculus habitats but please say that the habitats but please say that the habitats but please say that the successfully established in all of the successfully established in all of the successfully established in all of the um profiles and all the calcium um profiles and all the calcium um profiles and all the calcium carbonates levels with a total of 27 carbonates levels with a total of 27 carbonates levels with a total of 27 species present across the trial because species present across the trial because species present across the trial because of a total of 31 species present in the of a total of 31 species present in the of a total of 31 species present in the Seas mix and so that's a fairly Seas mix and so that's a fairly Seas mix and so that's a fairly reasonable uh fairly good in fact our reasonable uh fairly good in fact our reasonable uh fairly good in fact our germination rate given that many of germination rate given that many of germination rate given that many of these species require somewhat these species require somewhat these species require somewhat specialized and cooler temperatures to specialized and cooler temperatures to specialized and cooler temperatures to germinate and the trials procedures in germinate and the trials procedures in germinate and the trials procedures in mid-may this year seriously that was mid-may this year seriously that was mid-may this year seriously that was just before quite a hot period just before quite a hot period just before quite a hot period um particularly in The Glass House um particularly in The Glass House um particularly in The Glass House there was an average of 12 species there was an average of 12 species there was an average of 12 species present in each column and while a present in each column and while a present in each column and while a mature calculated grasslands develop a mature calculated grasslands develop a mature calculated grasslands develop a much higher species density that's not much higher species density that's not much higher species density that's not necessarily a bad starting level for necessarily a bad starting level for necessarily a bad starting level for Watson to be a very early paragraph Watson to be a very early paragraph Watson to be a very early paragraph which will need to develop over many which will need to develop over many which will need to develop over many years so over the course of three-month trial so over the course of three-month trial so over the course of three-month trial the vegetation grew very vigorously here the vegetation grew very vigorously here the vegetation grew very vigorously here we can see images of a single column we can see images of a single column we can see images of a single column over at three one month intervals and so over at three one month intervals and so over at three one month intervals and so as you can see the canopy came largely as you can see the canopy came largely as you can see the canopy came largely closed over that period and that was the closed over that period and that was the closed over that period and that was the case in the vast majority of the measles case in the vast majority of the measles case in the vast majority of the measles there are quite a few things you wanted there are quite a few things you wanted there are quite a few things you wanted to measure in the trial firstly in terms to measure in the trial firstly in terms to measure in the trial firstly in terms of still chemistry we wanted to have of still chemistry we wanted to have of still chemistry we wanted to have available p and then particularly P available p and then particularly P available p and then particularly P given that nutrients have limitations given that nutrients have limitations given that nutrients have limitations very important to the success of the very important to the success of the very important to the success of the house that carers grassland creation house that carers grassland creation house that carers grassland creation project project project we also wanted to have thought about we also wanted to have thought about we also wanted to have thought about Mata Northern XC in part to see whether Mata Northern XC in part to see whether Mata Northern XC in part to see whether there were initial changes in these there were initial changes in these there were initial changes in these after grasslands are establishments in after grasslands are establishments in after grasslands are establishments in season season season Most Wanted pH and calcium carbonate Most Wanted pH and calcium carbonate Most Wanted pH and calcium carbonate content to help with the initial setup content to help with the initial setup content to help with the initial setup was likely to be a conducive successful was likely to be a conducive successful was likely to be a conducive successful development establishment and whether development establishment and whether development establishment and whether that might change over the course of the that might change over the course of the that might change over the course of the trial trial trial because that's all biology such as because that's all biology such as because that's all biology such as microbial biomass and soil respiration microbial biomass and soil respiration microbial biomass and soil respiration to assess whether there was an active to assess whether there was an active to assess whether there was an active biological assault microbial Community biological assault microbial Community biological assault microbial Community to provide nutrients to plants I most to provide nutrients to plants I most to provide nutrients to plants I most wanted a key facts and self-disites and wanted a key facts and self-disites and wanted a key facts and self-disites and hydrology such as soil moisture contents hydrology such as soil moisture contents hydrology such as soil moisture contents and infiltration rates and infiltration rates and infiltration rates these are particularly important as these are particularly important as these are particularly important as calcarus glasses depend on modular need calcarus glasses depend on modular need calcarus glasses depend on modular need to freely dry in soils and finally a to freely dry in soils and finally a to freely dry in soils and finally a teammates of course the vegetation teammates of course the vegetation teammates of course the vegetation performance such as the initial rate of performance such as the initial rate of performance such as the initial rate of emergence monthly measures of species emergence monthly measures of species emergence monthly measures of species diversity in maximum height and then diversity in maximum height and then diversity in maximum height and then finally above ground biomass finally above ground biomass finally above ground biomass so I think the soul chemistry first we so I think the soul chemistry first we so I think the soul chemistry first we found low levels of soil don't matter found low levels of soil don't matter found low levels of soil don't matter nitrogen and available p nitrogen and available p nitrogen and available p limitation is very important to cut limitation is very important to cut limitation is very important to cut hairstyle success um performance hairstyle success um performance hairstyle success um performance research gives an up limit of 25 research gives an up limit of 25 research gives an up limit of 25 milligrams per liter for successful milligrams per liter for successful milligrams per liter for successful establishments that have Harris establishments that have Harris establishments that have Harris grasslands but States the ideal value is grasslands but States the ideal value is grasslands but States the ideal value is lower than 10 milligrams per liter lower than 10 milligrams per liter lower than 10 milligrams per liter um this is really key as high phosphorus um this is really key as high phosphorus um this is really key as high phosphorus levels in particular will allow more levels in particular will allow more levels in particular will allow more vigorous species vigorous species vigorous species um to out-compete calculus glass and um to out-compete calculus glass and um to out-compete calculus glass and Specialists and you'll end up with just Specialists and you'll end up with just Specialists and you'll end up with just a few very competitive dominant species a few very competitive dominant species a few very competitive dominant species and not the biodiversible that we want and not the biodiversible that we want and not the biodiversible that we want to achieve here to achieve here to achieve here we're glad to say that of the souls we we're glad to say that of the souls we we're glad to say that of the souls we looked at here looked at here looked at here um which I should say randomly sampled um which I should say randomly sampled um which I should say randomly sampled um from the stockpiles so we weren't um from the stockpiles so we weren't um from the stockpiles so we weren't aiming for particular level of nutrient aiming for particular level of nutrient aiming for particular level of nutrient content um these were content um these were content um these were mostly within the um acceptable upper mostly within the um acceptable upper mostly within the um acceptable upper limits for Teresa in terms of limits for Teresa in terms of limits for Teresa in terms of extractable p and one of the treatments extractable p and one of the treatments extractable p and one of the treatments one this whole is the one low in calcium one this whole is the one low in calcium one this whole is the one low in calcium carbonate this Falls below the lower carbonate this Falls below the lower carbonate this Falls below the lower threshold threshold threshold which is good to see which is good to see which is good to see um so it may be that we have something um so it may be that we have something um so it may be that we have something of a mosaic habitat here with suno is of a mosaic habitat here with suno is of a mosaic habitat here with suno is more biodiverse and other suppose in more biodiverse and other suppose in more biodiverse and other suppose in other species which certainly wouldn't other species which certainly wouldn't other species which certainly wouldn't be a bad thing but we also do see that be a bad thing but we also do see that be a bad thing but we also do see that the overall levels of P the overall levels of P the overall levels of P in the medium and high calculus declined in the medium and high calculus declined in the medium and high calculus declined over the course of three-month trials over the course of three-month trials over the course of three-month trials it'll be very interesting to see if this it'll be very interesting to see if this it'll be very interesting to see if this decline continues and if they also reach decline continues and if they also reach decline continues and if they also reach that ideal threshold open longer term that ideal threshold open longer term that ideal threshold open longer term files as more peers taken up by plants files as more peers taken up by plants files as more peers taken up by plants and in the longer term particularly and in the longer term particularly and in the longer term particularly potentially taken off-site potentially taken off-site potentially taken off-site I'll choose to for example raising and I'll choose to for example raising and I'll choose to for example raising and mowing or harvesting at a glass so in terms of nitrogen there's a lower so in terms of nitrogen there's a lower so in terms of nitrogen there's a lower threshold expected to be required for a threshold expected to be required for a threshold expected to be required for a healthy at least rapid Health healthy at least rapid Health healthy at least rapid Health discussions tell chaos classrooms around discussions tell chaos classrooms around discussions tell chaos classrooms around 0.15 or 0.2 percent 0.15 or 0.2 percent 0.15 or 0.2 percent with an ideal range height in that with an ideal range height in that with an ideal range height in that all the stores we looked at here fell all the stores we looked at here fell all the stores we looked at here fell below that range um and declined over the course of the um and declined over the course of the um and declined over the course of the trial it's unclear if this will be a trial it's unclear if this will be a trial it's unclear if this will be a problem in the longer term though problem in the longer term though problem in the longer term though quite a few of the species we have quite a few of the species we have quite a few of the species we have present are legumes who in partnership present are legumes who in partnership present are legumes who in partnership with rhizome with bacteria would be with rhizome with bacteria would be with rhizome with bacteria would be expected to fix nitrogen this doesn't expected to fix nitrogen this doesn't expected to fix nitrogen this doesn't appear to have a substantial effect over appear to have a substantial effect over appear to have a substantial effect over the three-month trials it's possible the three-month trials it's possible the three-month trials it's possible that the trials were simply not long that the trials were simply not long that the trials were simply not long enough to have a major effect in these enough to have a major effect in these enough to have a major effect in these soils it's also possible that this cells soils it's also possible that this cells soils it's also possible that this cells use which have been stockpiles and use which have been stockpiles and use which have been stockpiles and allows at least to partially drive from allows at least to partially drive from allows at least to partially drive from periods of months or years may have periods of months or years may have periods of months or years may have slightly deported microbial populations slightly deported microbial populations slightly deported microbial populations and their makeup in a lack of rhizobium and their makeup in a lack of rhizobium and their makeup in a lack of rhizobium to colonize the roots of the legumes to colonize the roots of the legumes to colonize the roots of the legumes this is something that we intend to look this is something that we intend to look this is something that we intend to look at in more detail in the lysimeter at in more detail in the lysimeter at in more detail in the lysimeter trials and we'll be able to see the trials and we'll be able to see the trials and we'll be able to see the longer term impact of this over two longer term impact of this over two longer term impact of this over two years in the field trials years in the field trials years in the field trials this is all biology there was initially this is all biology there was initially this is all biology there was initially low muscle biomass but this increased low muscle biomass but this increased low muscle biomass but this increased during the trial it remained during the trial it remained during the trial it remained significantly lower in the load calcium significantly lower in the load calcium significantly lower in the load calcium carbonates treatment this may be because carbonates treatment this may be because carbonates treatment this may be because I've seen that one is the lowest in soil I've seen that one is the lowest in soil I've seen that one is the lowest in soil organic matter and phosphorus so there organic matter and phosphorus so there organic matter and phosphorus so there may just be a latter substrates and may just be a latter substrates and may just be a latter substrates and nutrients for microbial growth nutrients for microbial growth nutrients for microbial growth we saw no increase in microbial we saw no increase in microbial we saw no increase in microbial respiration over the course of the trial respiration over the course of the trial respiration over the course of the trial but we did see a loss in soil organic but we did see a loss in soil organic but we did see a loss in soil organic matter matter matter now we wonder if that might be due to now we wonder if that might be due to now we wonder if that might be due to initial um initial um initial um increased access increased access increased access but I saw microphones to previously but I saw microphones to previously but I saw microphones to previously protect his solar organic matter which protect his solar organic matter which protect his solar organic matter which would have been exposed to microbial would have been exposed to microbial would have been exposed to microbial attack during the servants such as attack during the servants such as attack during the servants such as during the packing of the problems if so during the packing of the problems if so during the packing of the problems if so this may not swept into long-term this may not swept into long-term this may not swept into long-term trajectory and it may be that that was trajectory and it may be that that was trajectory and it may be that that was going back to the start of the trial but going back to the start of the trial but going back to the start of the trial but in longer term as Chris mentioned would in longer term as Chris mentioned would in longer term as Chris mentioned would be affected we'll see an increase in be affected we'll see an increase in be affected we'll see an increase in soil carbon soil carbon soil carbon this is some main things that have both this is some main things that have both this is some main things that have both in the long term over two years in the in the long term over two years in the in the long term over two years in the field trial but also the higher field trial but also the higher field trial but also the higher temperature resolution with monthly temperature resolution with monthly temperature resolution with monthly measurements measurements measurements of microphobia respiration and so it of microphobia respiration and so it of microphobia respiration and so it doesn't matter doesn't matter doesn't matter in the last timetable trials look at the sword hydrology we as look at the sword hydrology we as look at the sword hydrology we as expected saw expected saw expected saw um higher um higher um higher higher moisture levels in the chalk cake higher moisture levels in the chalk cake higher moisture levels in the chalk cake layers different we've seen that these layers different we've seen that these layers different we've seen that these are very slow to drain and do seem to are very slow to drain and do seem to are very slow to drain and do seem to attain moisture quite quite well attain moisture quite quite well attain moisture quite quite well we didn't see any differences between we didn't see any differences between we didn't see any differences between the moisture content at the end of the the moisture content at the end of the the moisture content at the end of the trial in the upper soft soil however trial in the upper soft soil however trial in the upper soft soil however this trial was take that was conducted this trial was take that was conducted this trial was take that was conducted in a glass house during quite a warm in a glass house during quite a warm in a glass house during quite a warm weather period this year and it may well weather period this year and it may well weather period this year and it may well be that during this period be that during this period be that during this period evaporation from the top of the surface evaporation from the top of the surface evaporation from the top of the surface was been quite high and therefore the was been quite high and therefore the was been quite high and therefore the effect of down profile changes may not effect of down profile changes may not effect of down profile changes may not be so important we'll be very interested be so important we'll be very interested be so important we'll be very interested to observing the field trials to observing the field trials to observing the field trials um whether there are substantial um whether there are substantial um whether there are substantial differences between other stuff soil differences between other stuff soil differences between other stuff soil wetness during the winter when this wetness during the winter when this wetness during the winter when this condition should obviously much colder condition should obviously much colder condition should obviously much colder and wetter and wetter and wetter well do you think we'll ever see that well do you think we'll ever see that well do you think we'll ever see that the so much content that how carers the so much content that how carers the so much content that how carers Advocate there was much lower now we Advocate there was much lower now we Advocate there was much lower now we weren't able to test the lateral flow weren't able to test the lateral flow weren't able to test the lateral flow through this layer subsurface that we through this layer subsurface that we through this layer subsurface that we would be expecting as hoping for in the would be expecting as hoping for in the would be expecting as hoping for in the field field field we did however we did however we did however um well these results do how I suggest um well these results do how I suggest um well these results do how I suggest that this layer is free draining and may that this layer is free draining and may that this layer is free draining and may well provide these um these entire well provide these um these entire well provide these um these entire properties and we've investigating it properties and we've investigating it properties and we've investigating it for the fields for the fields for the fields finally vegetation performance obviously finally vegetation performance obviously finally vegetation performance obviously there's a team metric and we did see there's a team metric and we did see there's a team metric and we did see that this was greater in the profile of that this was greater in the profile of that this was greater in the profile of lower subsoils lower subsoils lower subsoils in all the profiles we start to be able in all the profiles we start to be able in all the profiles we start to be able to Roots right down to the bottom even to Roots right down to the bottom even to Roots right down to the bottom even through the fairly thick and impermeable through the fairly thick and impermeable through the fairly thick and impermeable chalk cake and through the um the chalk cake and through the um the chalk cake and through the um the Cavaliers aggregate layers Cavaliers aggregate layers Cavaliers aggregate layers we speculate that the uh the plants May we speculate that the uh the plants May we speculate that the uh the plants May therefore in these profiles with lower therefore in these profiles with lower therefore in these profiles with lower substance be able to get more nutrients substance be able to get more nutrients substance be able to get more nutrients from those lower substoles in comparison from those lower substoles in comparison from those lower substoles in comparison to Shortcake layers this isn't to Shortcake layers this isn't to Shortcake layers this isn't necessarily a problem for the shortcake necessarily a problem for the shortcake necessarily a problem for the shortcake treatments though as Alpha was mentioned treatments though as Alpha was mentioned treatments though as Alpha was mentioned nutrients constraints are quite nutrients constraints are quite nutrients constraints are quite important in calculus grasslands as a important in calculus grasslands as a important in calculus grasslands as a species diversity species diversity species diversity it's unclear at the moment whether there it's unclear at the moment whether there it's unclear at the moment whether there may be a lack of nutrients sitting may be a lack of nutrients sitting may be a lack of nutrients sitting nitrogen in the profile of with nitrogen in the profile of with nitrogen in the profile of with Shortcake in particular the histamine Shortcake in particular the histamine Shortcake in particular the histamine that we'll be looking at very closely that we'll be looking at very closely that we'll be looking at very closely and of great interest during the field and of great interest during the field and of great interest during the field trials trials trials so next at frankfield's American Falls so next at frankfield's American Falls so next at frankfield's American Falls environmentalities we're then to use environmentalities we're then to use environmentalities we're then to use what we've learned from the uh the um what we've learned from the uh the um what we've learned from the uh the um pilot trials to move on to the right pilot trials to move on to the right pilot trials to move on to the right symmetry trials these are going to be symmetry trials these are going to be symmetry trials these are going to be larger scale and under termed studies larger scale and under termed studies larger scale and under termed studies with one meter cubes soul mesoposms and with one meter cubes soul mesoposms and with one meter cubes soul mesoposms and to run over six months with monthly to run over six months with monthly to run over six months with monthly measurements measurements measurements these are there for them to be a these are there for them to be a these are there for them to be a controlled in higher resolution tightly controlled in higher resolution tightly controlled in higher resolution tightly monitored complements to the field monitored complements to the field monitored complements to the field trials allowing us to observe particular trials allowing us to observe particular trials allowing us to observe particular processes in a controlled environment processes in a controlled environment processes in a controlled environment and much more closely than we would in and much more closely than we would in and much more closely than we would in the field the field the field we're going to the same things as in the we're going to the same things as in the we're going to the same things as in the uh pilot trials but had regular root and uh pilot trials but had regular root and uh pilot trials but had regular root and vegetation scans to monitor above and vegetation scans to monitor above and vegetation scans to monitor above and below round plant growth as well as below round plant growth as well as below round plant growth as well as x-ray CT stands to assess soil structure x-ray CT stands to assess soil structure x-ray CT stands to assess soil structure um both how it might be affected by the um both how it might be affected by the um both how it might be affected by the profile configurations and also how it profile configurations and also how it profile configurations and also how it might change during the first six months might change during the first six months might change during the first six months of grafted establishments of grafted establishments of grafted establishments the other trials which have been the other trials which have been the other trials which have been undertaken this year were the first undertaken this year were the first undertaken this year were the first stage of the field trials the field stage of the field trials the field stage of the field trials the field concept trials now these had a slightly concept trials now these had a slightly concept trials now these had a slightly different purpose they were designed to different purpose they were designed to different purpose they were designed to look at the importance of firstly look at the importance of firstly look at the importance of firstly subsoiling to decompat the upper layer subsoiling to decompat the upper layer subsoiling to decompat the upper layer of either the upper subsoil or the chalk of either the upper subsoil or the chalk of either the upper subsoil or the chalk cake and secondly cultivation depth cake and secondly cultivation depth cake and secondly cultivation depth whether it's important to cultivate to whether it's important to cultivate to whether it's important to cultivate to depth to depth to depth to um mix into an extent to key in the um mix into an extent to key in the um mix into an extent to key in the upper subsoil layer that's class 5 us upper subsoil layer that's class 5 us upper subsoil layer that's class 5 us here with the lower layers and these here with the lower layers and these here with the lower layers and these lower layers are on the right plus five lower layers are on the right plus five lower layers are on the right plus five LS that has lower subsoil and the last LS that has lower subsoil and the last LS that has lower subsoil and the last four treatments um four m4b four treatments um four m4b four treatments um four m4b are untreated and treated sugar cake are untreated and treated sugar cake are untreated and treated sugar cake the layers you see in the middle of the layers you see in the middle of the layers you see in the middle of these the class 5e are then using the these the class 5e are then using the these the class 5e are then using the calcareous advocate and these are calcareous advocate and these are calcareous advocate and these are drainage trenches to see if to drainage trenches to see if to drainage trenches to see if to investigate whether it's important to investigate whether it's important to investigate whether it's important to have these present to have that increase have these present to have that increase have these present to have that increase and a half lateral down sleep drainage and a half lateral down sleep drainage and a half lateral down sleep drainage um the calculus Advocate layers here um the calculus Advocate layers here um the calculus Advocate layers here were not tested as they would have um were not tested as they would have um were not tested as they would have um caused a problem for the deeper chisel caused a problem for the deeper chisel caused a problem for the deeper chisel plowing um keying in operation plowing um keying in operation plowing um keying in operation so as you can see here these were quite so as you can see here these were quite so as you can see here these were quite large scale trials with large Bays large scale trials with large Bays large scale trials with large Bays estimated estimated estimated the correct a depth about 80 centimeters the correct a depth about 80 centimeters the correct a depth about 80 centimeters and then the chill cake or lowest and then the chill cake or lowest and then the chill cake or lowest substole laid and on the right here you substole laid and on the right here you substole laid and on the right here you can see the subsidian operation in the can see the subsidian operation in the can see the subsidian operation in the chalk cake chalk cake chalk cake after the chill cake unless of soil were after the chill cake unless of soil were after the chill cake unless of soil were laid and stuff soiled laid and stuff soiled laid and stuff soiled the upper subsoil that was laid on top the upper subsoil that was laid on top the upper subsoil that was laid on top and this was then chisel plowed and and this was then chisel plowed and and this was then chisel plowed and cultivated with a power Harrow as you cultivated with a power Harrow as you cultivated with a power Harrow as you can see on the right here and then can see on the right here and then can see on the right here and then seizures seizures seizures now these were seeded in June or late now these were seeded in June or late now these were seeded in June or late June this year and as you may well June this year and as you may well June this year and as you may well remember there was a very hot and dry remember there was a very hot and dry remember there was a very hot and dry period in July and August in September period in July and August in September period in July and August in September this obviously is not ideal conditions this obviously is not ideal conditions this obviously is not ideal conditions for our calculator throughout the for our calculator throughout the for our calculator throughout the establishment and during the trials establishment and during the trials establishment and during the trials themselves we saw very um very little themselves we saw very um very little themselves we saw very um very little in terms of emergence in terms of emergence in terms of emergence as a result we didn't conduct any uh as a result we didn't conduct any uh as a result we didn't conduct any uh vegetation monetary during the trials a vegetation monetary during the trials a vegetation monetary during the trials a three-month trial period three-month trial period three-month trial period this photo has taken a couple of weeks this photo has taken a couple of weeks this photo has taken a couple of weeks ago though and you can now see that this ago though and you can now see that this ago though and you can now see that this grasslands um including both thrust the grasslands um including both thrust the grasslands um including both thrust the grass itself and the associative Forbes grass itself and the associative Forbes grass itself and the associative Forbes is really establishing quite well is really establishing quite well is really establishing quite well you can also see some arable weeds which you can also see some arable weeds which you can also see some arable weeds which are those are present in the seed bag are those are present in the seed bag are those are present in the seed bag we don't observe at this stage any clear we don't observe at this stage any clear we don't observe at this stage any clear differences differences differences between the cell profiles or the between the cell profiles or the between the cell profiles or the cultivation software and treatments cultivation software and treatments cultivation software and treatments this is something that we've had teams this is something that we've had teams this is something that we've had teams continue looking at over the next couple continue looking at over the next couple continue looking at over the next couple of years so in terms of the results we did so in terms of the results we did so in terms of the results we did measure we found no substantial measure we found no substantial measure we found no substantial differences between sub soil and differences between sub soil and differences between sub soil and cultivation treatments in terms of soft cultivation treatments in terms of soft cultivation treatments in terms of soft physical hydrological or chemical physical hydrological or chemical physical hydrological or chemical properties over the three-month trial properties over the three-month trial properties over the three-month trial period period period we did observe small declines the we did observe small declines the we did observe small declines the organic Harden over the course of the organic Harden over the course of the organic Harden over the course of the trial trial trial this is probably for the same reason this is probably for the same reason this is probably for the same reason Jews disturbance have mentioned in the Jews disturbance have mentioned in the Jews disturbance have mentioned in the pilot trials but to a lesser extent this pilot trials but to a lesser extent this pilot trials but to a lesser extent this would be because the soil was drier and would be because the soil was drier and would be because the soil was drier and without some plants receptivity to without some plants receptivity to without some plants receptivity to stimulate stimulate stimulate um um um microphobia activity at least that seems microphobia activity at least that seems microphobia activity at least that seems to be the the most likely answer both to be the the most likely answer both to be the the most likely answer both his complements have continued his complements have continued his complements have continued monitoring over longer term in the field monitoring over longer term in the field monitoring over longer term in the field trials trials trials one thing that we make money said so one thing that we make money said so one thing that we make money said so that we have found was a major decrease that we have found was a major decrease that we have found was a major decrease in infiltration rates following in infiltration rates following in infiltration rates following cultivation which is not what we would cultivation which is not what we would cultivation which is not what we would have expected have expected have expected we wonder if this is the effect of soil we wonder if this is the effect of soil we wonder if this is the effect of soil sealing or the developments for sealing or the developments for sealing or the developments for hydrophobic upper layer during drought hydrophobic upper layer during drought hydrophobic upper layer during drought overall though this seems to be a robust overall though this seems to be a robust overall though this seems to be a robust system with particular cultivation system with particular cultivation system with particular cultivation options not necessarily being critical options not necessarily being critical options not necessarily being critical to statistically achieving these soil to statistically achieving these soil to statistically achieving these soil properties or initial grasslands properties or initial grasslands properties or initial grasslands establishment that we're after establishment that we're after establishment that we're after we've been trying to take longer term we've been trying to take longer term we've been trying to take longer term observations of this and there's also observations of this and there's also observations of this and there's also going to be as Chris mentioned longer to going to be as Chris mentioned longer to going to be as Chris mentioned longer to have field less Timothy monitoring to have field less Timothy monitoring to have field less Timothy monitoring to shed fertilize on soil hydrology and shed fertilize on soil hydrology and shed fertilize on soil hydrology and what might be leaching out of the upper what might be leaching out of the upper what might be leaching out of the upper sorry the lower sub soil and Shortcake sorry the lower sub soil and Shortcake sorry the lower sub soil and Shortcake layers layers layers so the next phase in the field that the so the next phase in the field that the so the next phase in the field that the main trial phase in the field are the main trial phase in the field are the main trial phase in the field are the field trials these are larger scale both field trials these are larger scale both field trials these are larger scale both um in terms of having quite large plots um in terms of having quite large plots um in terms of having quite large plots and um long term running over two years and um long term running over two years and um long term running over two years and are going to be testing the four key and are going to be testing the four key and are going to be testing the four key plus I've looked at the start plus I've looked at the start plus I've looked at the start we have poorly monitoring during these we have poorly monitoring during these we have poorly monitoring during these trials to have a longer term trials to have a longer term trials to have a longer term establishment and to do that we're going establishment and to do that we're going establishment and to do that we're going to be looking at what we've looked at in to be looking at what we've looked at in to be looking at what we've looked at in the field files and pilot files in the field files and pilot files in the field files and pilot files in addition though we're going to be added addition though we're going to be added addition though we're going to be added in drone surveys to Monitor and observe in drone surveys to Monitor and observe in drone surveys to Monitor and observe the establishment growth in species the establishment growth in species the establishment growth in species diversity of the draft students diversity of the draft students diversity of the draft students so finally I'd like to turn to our so finally I'd like to turn to our so finally I'd like to turn to our commercial Partners a line working with commercial Partners a line working with commercial Partners a line working with hs2 Jacobs and timah hair Associates and hs2 Jacobs and timah hair Associates and hs2 Jacobs and timah hair Associates and Dick vanfield Professor Jane Rixton Dick vanfield Professor Jane Rixton Dick vanfield Professor Jane Rixton Wilfred Austin Rebecca Butler Terry Wilfred Austin Rebecca Butler Terry Wilfred Austin Rebecca Butler Terry Dawson Crystal Pew sneaker Lucy mascola Dawson Crystal Pew sneaker Lucy mascola Dawson Crystal Pew sneaker Lucy mascola and Christina van Mitten for their help and Christina van Mitten for their help and Christina van Mitten for their help and finally thank you all for listening and finally thank you all for listening and finally thank you all for listening thank you very much Chris another thank you very much Chris another thank you very much Chris another excellent presentation excellent presentation excellent presentation um and really brings those two together um and really brings those two together um and really brings those two together um so moving on to questions now I'm um so moving on to questions now I'm um so moving on to questions now I'm pleased to welcome Katie Faulkner who's pleased to welcome Katie Faulkner who's pleased to welcome Katie Faulkner who's one of our early career committee one of our early career committee one of our early career committee members who's been monitoring the members who's been monitoring the members who's been monitoring the questions questions questions um that you've been sending in for our um that you've been sending in for our um that you've been sending in for our panelists so just a reminder if you can panelists so just a reminder if you can panelists so just a reminder if you can got any more questions to come in get got any more questions to come in get got any more questions to come in get them coming in them coming in them coming in um until at 10 to enter one and um until at 10 to enter one and um until at 10 to enter one and hopefully then we'll have a chance to hopefully then we'll have a chance to hopefully then we'll have a chance to get through everything so um over to you get through everything so um over to you get through everything so um over to you Katie Katie Katie thank you Bruce and thank you again to thank you Bruce and thank you again to thank you Bruce and thank you again to both of the speakers for those really both of the speakers for those really both of the speakers for those really interesting presentations we've had some interesting presentations we've had some interesting presentations we've had some questions come through already questions come through already questions come through already um but as Bruce said please keep these um but as Bruce said please keep these um but as Bruce said please keep these coming please keep submitting these coming please keep submitting these coming please keep submitting these um so the first question that we've got um so the first question that we've got um so the first question that we've got is from is from is from um Anna and she has asked because of the um Anna and she has asked because of the um Anna and she has asked because of the impeded percolation properties of the impeded percolation properties of the impeded percolation properties of the shortcake our surface and substance shortcake our surface and substance shortcake our surface and substance our surface and subsurface Drainage our surface and subsurface Drainage our surface and subsurface Drainage Systems combined with natural flood Systems combined with natural flood Systems combined with natural flood management strategies like artificial management strategies like artificial management strategies like artificial levees needed levees needed levees needed it's like Chrissy do you want to um ask it's like Chrissy do you want to um ask it's like Chrissy do you want to um ask that respond to that one first that respond to that one first that respond to that one first yeah so in terms of the the drainage I yeah so in terms of the the drainage I yeah so in terms of the the drainage I mean the there's already a drainage plan mean the there's already a drainage plan mean the there's already a drainage plan um in place a permanent drainage plan um in place a permanent drainage plan um in place a permanent drainage plan which doesn't include the need for any which doesn't include the need for any which doesn't include the need for any additional interventions so the long additional interventions so the long additional interventions so the long term term term um drainage will all flow from the um drainage will all flow from the um drainage will all flow from the Landscaping quadrants out to an existing Landscaping quadrants out to an existing Landscaping quadrants out to an existing Culvert adjacent to Culvert adjacent to Culvert adjacent to um the highway which runs along the um the highway which runs along the um the highway which runs along the Eastern premature the site and and that Eastern premature the site and and that Eastern premature the site and and that that the drainage regime will control that the drainage regime will control that the drainage regime will control well run control conditions we expect well run control conditions we expect well run control conditions we expect the conditions to be similar to the conditions to be similar to the conditions to be similar to pre-construction in terms of that pre-construction in terms of that pre-construction in terms of that drainage outflow and that's the key drainage outflow and that's the key drainage outflow and that's the key assumption and something that's been um assumption and something that's been um assumption and something that's been um tested through the calculations so in tested through the calculations so in tested through the calculations so in terms of natural drainage then we don't terms of natural drainage then we don't terms of natural drainage then we don't anticipate any need for anything further anticipate any need for anything further anticipate any need for anything further um the focus on drainage within our um the focus on drainage within our um the focus on drainage within our trials and within the Landscaping is trials and within the Landscaping is trials and within the Landscaping is more about ensuring we've got suitable more about ensuring we've got suitable more about ensuring we've got suitable soil moisture conditions so that's about soil moisture conditions so that's about soil moisture conditions so that's about looking at the particularly the upper looking at the particularly the upper looking at the particularly the upper subsoil um and the soil moisture level subsoil um and the soil moisture level subsoil um and the soil moisture level within that so that's why we're looking within that so that's why we're looking within that so that's why we're looking at the likes of at the likes of at the likes of um this aggregate layer which should um this aggregate layer which should um this aggregate layer which should hopefully improve lateral subsurface hopefully improve lateral subsurface hopefully improve lateral subsurface flow together with um the potential for flow together with um the potential for flow together with um the potential for drainage trenches drainage trenches drainage trenches um which again are not needed from a um which again are not needed from a um which again are not needed from a drainage perspective but needed may be drainage perspective but needed may be drainage perspective but needed may be needed from a soil perspective needed from a soil perspective needed from a soil perspective um for the calcareous grass and they um for the calcareous grass and they um for the calcareous grass and they would only serve to increase the um rate would only serve to increase the um rate would only serve to increase the um rate of flow out of the upper subscill and of flow out of the upper subscill and of flow out of the upper subscill and through to the side drainage system brilliant thank you and sorry Chris brilliant thank you and sorry Chris brilliant thank you and sorry Chris Chris M do you want to add anything to Chris M do you want to add anything to Chris M do you want to add anything to that too so I've just interviewed that that too so I've just interviewed that that too so I've just interviewed that we had it fun for the really interesting we had it fun for the really interesting we had it fun for the really interesting Masters project Last Summer Masters project Last Summer Masters project Last Summer and our student there he looked at these and our student there he looked at these and our student there he looked at these profiles with the different layers chalk profiles with the different layers chalk profiles with the different layers chalk cake layers um or cake layers um or cake layers um or added to drainage layers or substable added to drainage layers or substable added to drainage layers or substable layers underneath the upper substor and layers underneath the upper substor and layers underneath the upper substor and we did find the um we did find the um we did find the um the presence of The Advocate layer the presence of The Advocate layer the presence of The Advocate layer really did improve drainage and really did improve drainage and really did improve drainage and substantially massively in fact reduced substantially massively in fact reduced substantially massively in fact reduced surface runoff and surface erosion so um surface runoff and surface erosion so um surface runoff and surface erosion so um obviously I think longer term erosion is obviously I think longer term erosion is obviously I think longer term erosion is not likely to be a huge problem a not likely to be a huge problem a not likely to be a huge problem a monthly establishes so that's not really monthly establishes so that's not really monthly establishes so that's not really a concern to be looked at that's that's a concern to be looked at that's that's a concern to be looked at that's that's a great deal as Chris said this isn't a great deal as Chris said this isn't a great deal as Chris said this isn't anticipated to be a problem but um anticipated to be a problem but um anticipated to be a problem but um that's how the layer does seem to have a that's how the layer does seem to have a that's how the layer does seem to have a really important effect in in allowing really important effect in in allowing really important effect in in allowing lateral drainage and preventing the lateral drainage and preventing the lateral drainage and preventing the surface runoff surface runoff surface runoff fantastic thank you and we've got a fantastic thank you and we've got a fantastic thank you and we've got a second question from Claudia who is also second question from Claudia who is also second question from Claudia who is also interested in infiltration so she asks interested in infiltration so she asks interested in infiltration so she asks was there some thinking about mixing the was there some thinking about mixing the was there some thinking about mixing the subsoil with the Aggregates to improve subsoil with the Aggregates to improve subsoil with the Aggregates to improve the infiltration rate the infiltration rate the infiltration rate so should we go to Chris M first for so should we go to Chris M first for so should we go to Chris M first for that question um I don't think that this is something um I don't think that this is something um I don't think that this is something which has been considered in the um in which has been considered in the um in which has been considered in the um in the design so I think it isn't really the design so I think it isn't really the design so I think it isn't really necessarily the the substance at least necessarily the the substance at least necessarily the the substance at least the vast majority of them that we've the vast majority of them that we've the vast majority of them that we've worked with at Clan field worked with at Clan field worked with at Clan field um um um both the up and lower sub so are very both the up and lower sub so are very both the up and lower sub so are very well drained and they're quite Stony well drained and they're quite Stony well drained and they're quite Stony soils soils soils um they they do retain so much they do um they they do retain so much they do um they they do retain so much they do have a fairly High um have a fairly High um have a fairly High um High clay contents but they are High clay contents but they are High clay contents but they are nonetheless quite free trading induced nonetheless quite free trading induced nonetheless quite free trading induced to their stoniness to their stoniness to their stoniness yeah that was adding I agree with that I yeah that was adding I agree with that I yeah that was adding I agree with that I agree with that Chris agree with that Chris agree with that Chris um inherently the the soils at the site um inherently the the soils at the site um inherently the the soils at the site reconstruction were quite freely reconstruction were quite freely reconstruction were quite freely draining as it was pre-construction draining as it was pre-construction draining as it was pre-construction um but the issue is with that uh you um but the issue is with that uh you um but the issue is with that uh you know the chalk cake particularly being a know the chalk cake particularly being a know the chalk cake particularly being a shallow depth shallow depth shallow depth um post-construction so that's why we're um post-construction so that's why we're um post-construction so that's why we're concerned with the range but I don't as concerned with the range but I don't as concerned with the range but I don't as I say as Chris said I don't think uh I say as Chris said I don't think uh I say as Chris said I don't think uh it's necessary to mix with the aggregate it's necessary to mix with the aggregate it's necessary to mix with the aggregate it would be more more appropriate to it would be more more appropriate to it would be more more appropriate to have and I can get layer beneath the have and I can get layer beneath the have and I can get layer beneath the subsoil from our perspective fantastic thank you and we've got fantastic thank you and we've got fantastic thank you and we've got another question from Anna who's another question from Anna who's another question from Anna who's interested about the Shortcake and she interested about the Shortcake and she interested about the Shortcake and she asks her does the chalk cake require asks her does the chalk cake require asks her does the chalk cake require maintenance due to losing some of its maintenance due to losing some of its maintenance due to losing some of its properties through leaching properties through leaching properties through leaching should we go to Chris C first for that should we go to Chris C first for that should we go to Chris C first for that one one one yeah so in terms of yeah so in terms of yeah so in terms of um um um maintenance be in the long term there'll maintenance be in the long term there'll maintenance be in the long term there'll be be be um of course vegetation um of course vegetation um of course vegetation um maintenance perhaps as part of the um maintenance perhaps as part of the um maintenance perhaps as part of the Landscaping scheme but there's no Landscaping scheme but there's no Landscaping scheme but there's no there's no plan for there's no plan for there's no plan for actual cake maintenance during in terms actual cake maintenance during in terms actual cake maintenance during in terms of the leachate so during construction of the leachate so during construction of the leachate so during construction um all the the drainage is controlled um all the the drainage is controlled um all the the drainage is controlled and there are water treatment plant and there are water treatment plant and there are water treatment plant facilities on site to to treat the the facilities on site to to treat the the facilities on site to to treat the the water that's running off from the chalk water that's running off from the chalk water that's running off from the chalk cake and so all of that's managed via cake and so all of that's managed via cake and so all of that's managed via site uh water treatment plant site uh water treatment plant site uh water treatment plant um and also we're monitoring um um and also we're monitoring um um and also we're monitoring um groundwater of course groundwater of course groundwater of course um and looking at other monitoring um and looking at other monitoring um and looking at other monitoring measurements to look at the measurements to look at the measurements to look at the um leaching of the soils for instance um leaching of the soils for instance um leaching of the soils for instance lysimators which were mentioned and so lysimators which were mentioned and so lysimators which were mentioned and so there's no anticipated need in the long there's no anticipated need in the long there's no anticipated need in the long term for for certainly for any term for for certainly for any term for for certainly for any maintenance of the system it's maintenance of the system it's maintenance of the system it's anticipated that post-construction anticipated that post-construction anticipated that post-construction um the leaching would have been reduced um the leaching would have been reduced um the leaching would have been reduced to acceptable levels and that's part of to acceptable levels and that's part of to acceptable levels and that's part of the the ground to risk assessment I the the ground to risk assessment I the the ground to risk assessment I mentioned that we completed and we mentioned that we completed and we mentioned that we completed and we showed a contaminant vein transport showed a contaminant vein transport showed a contaminant vein transport modeling so that that's all been modeling so that that's all been modeling so that that's all been assessed as not posing to risk in the assessed as not posing to risk in the assessed as not posing to risk in the long term great thank you is there anything you great thank you is there anything you great thank you is there anything you wanted to add to that Chris um uh no I I wanted to add to that Chris um uh no I I wanted to add to that Chris um uh no I I completely ago I think you've covered completely ago I think you've covered completely ago I think you've covered that all completely fantastic thank you fantastic thank you fantastic thank you um and there's quite a few more um and there's quite a few more um and there's quite a few more questions actually about the the chalk questions actually about the the chalk questions actually about the the chalk cake that seems to be an area of cake that seems to be an area of cake that seems to be an area of Interest today Interest today Interest today um so Paul asks it sounds like the um so Paul asks it sounds like the um so Paul asks it sounds like the slowly permeable nature of the shortcake slowly permeable nature of the shortcake slowly permeable nature of the shortcake may be a challenge are there any other may be a challenge are there any other may be a challenge are there any other chalky materials available kume one chalky materials available kume one chalky materials available kume one Association soils don't generally need Association soils don't generally need Association soils don't generally need drainage so drainage so drainage so um Chris M do you want to answer that um Chris M do you want to answer that um Chris M do you want to answer that one first one first one first um so I don't think it I I don't think um so I don't think it I I don't think um so I don't think it I I don't think either available here given that the purpose is really to here given that the purpose is really to here given that the purpose is really to a lot of sense to reuse this material a lot of sense to reuse this material a lot of sense to reuse this material being drilled out of the children being drilled out of the children being drilled out of the children tunnels and to find a useful purpose for tunnels and to find a useful purpose for tunnels and to find a useful purpose for that that that um um um I I think I don't think it's necessarily I I think I don't think it's necessarily I I think I don't think it's necessarily non-suitable material at all I think non-suitable material at all I think non-suitable material at all I think that we just need to have the right that we just need to have the right that we just need to have the right configuration of profile layers configuration of profile layers configuration of profile layers um and uh drainage layer drainage um and uh drainage layer drainage um and uh drainage layer drainage trenches and that's what we're going to trenches and that's what we're going to trenches and that's what we're going to be investigating be investigating be investigating um in the field trip I didn't mention um in the field trip I didn't mention um in the field trip I didn't mention but in the field trials forced them to but in the field trials forced them to but in the field trials forced them to be looking at be looking at be looking at the importance of the drainage trenches the importance of the drainage trenches the importance of the drainage trenches in much more detail looking at areas in much more detail looking at areas in much more detail looking at areas with and without them um present that with and without them um present that with and without them um present that should give us a a um special idea of should give us a a um special idea of should give us a a um special idea of how important they are and how how to how important they are and how how to how important they are and how how to use them to achieve the drainage use them to achieve the drainage use them to achieve the drainage properties we need and yes we wouldn't properties we need and yes we wouldn't properties we need and yes we wouldn't normally expect these sources with fire normally expect these sources with fire normally expect these sources with fire additional drains here's purely that additional drains here's purely that additional drains here's purely that Shortcake layer beneath them which would Shortcake layer beneath them which would Shortcake layer beneath them which would be facing that situation be facing that situation be facing that situation just to add to that thing I thought just to add to that thing I thought just to add to that thing I thought makes sense Chris makes sense Chris makes sense Chris um in terms of the clean one soil is not um in terms of the clean one soil is not um in terms of the clean one soil is not generally leading drainage naturally I generally leading drainage naturally I generally leading drainage naturally I agree with that agree with that agree with that um as that's kind of evidenced by the um as that's kind of evidenced by the um as that's kind of evidenced by the the pre-construction conditions the pre-construction conditions the pre-construction conditions of course part the the reason for aiming of course part the the reason for aiming of course part the the reason for aiming for a calcareous grassland over the for a calcareous grassland over the for a calcareous grassland over the soils is over the top cake is the fact soils is over the top cake is the fact soils is over the top cake is the fact we don't need to have a deep soil we don't need to have a deep soil we don't need to have a deep soil profile so in a sense that does profile so in a sense that does profile so in a sense that does um minimize the side haulage to an um minimize the side haulage to an um minimize the side haulage to an extent because obviously there's a huge extent because obviously there's a huge extent because obviously there's a huge amount of soil to strip store and then amount of soil to strip store and then amount of soil to strip store and then replace back over the the material once replace back over the the material once replace back over the the material once uh you know construction is complete and uh you know construction is complete and uh you know construction is complete and and there's not necessarily the room to and there's not necessarily the room to and there's not necessarily the room to to strip and store you know a meters to strip and store you know a meters to strip and store you know a meters worth of soil and put them back on top worth of soil and put them back on top worth of soil and put them back on top so that is one rationale for for having so that is one rationale for for having so that is one rationale for for having that that shallow soil depth that that shallow soil depth that that shallow soil depth um and the chill cake is is very um and the chill cake is is very um and the chill cake is is very different to the Natural different to the Natural different to the Natural um chalk soil that would naturally um chalk soil that would naturally um chalk soil that would naturally present there present there present there um in terms of what's available chalk um in terms of what's available chalk um in terms of what's available chalk wise wise wise um there are other chalk materials um there are other chalk materials um there are other chalk materials available at shallow depth that are available at shallow depth that are available at shallow depth that are being excavated during construction but being excavated during construction but being excavated during construction but these generally need to be used for these generally need to be used for these generally need to be used for engineering fill engineering fill engineering fill so around the railway Trace all the so around the railway Trace all the so around the railway Trace all the embankments because it's quite important embankments because it's quite important embankments because it's quite important for geosenical properties to use for geosenical properties to use for geosenical properties to use prioritize the material for for that use prioritize the material for for that use prioritize the material for for that use so there isn't really any so there isn't really any so there isn't really any um left over for our purpose to use on um left over for our purpose to use on um left over for our purpose to use on the Landscaping at a more shallow depth brilliant thank you and Claudia's asked brilliant thank you and Claudia's asked brilliant thank you and Claudia's asked another question uh species development another question uh species development another question uh species development on such sites will change over many on such sites will change over many on such sites will change over many years to come that is natural years to come that is natural years to come that is natural um so I wouldn't read into first year um so I wouldn't read into first year um so I wouldn't read into first year results results results um have you got anything just to comment um have you got anything just to comment um have you got anything just to comment on that at all Chris repeat up first yeah um okay sure Chris repeat up first yeah um okay sure Chris repeat up first yeah um okay sure uh so I think that's absolutely right um uh so I think that's absolutely right um uh so I think that's absolutely right um so other studies which I've looked at so other studies which I've looked at so other studies which I've looked at calculus inflation have no have seen calculus inflation have no have seen calculus inflation have no have seen that the the colonization typically by that the the colonization typically by that the the colonization typically by the rare the rare the rare um calcium um calcium um calcium Specialists like their orchid species Specialists like their orchid species Specialists like their orchid species that can take 5 10 or more years that can take 5 10 or more years that can take 5 10 or more years um and the soil profiles will uh the um and the soil profiles will uh the um and the soil profiles will uh the develop themselves and the community develop themselves and the community develop themselves and the community will develop over the course of some will develop over the course of some will develop over the course of some decades and this will require ongoing decades and this will require ongoing decades and this will require ongoing management to management to management to ensure his retained as calculus glass ensure his retained as calculus glass ensure his retained as calculus glass and succession doesn't and succession doesn't and succession doesn't um continue to announce tend to um continue to announce tend to um continue to announce tend to scrubland but yes we absolutely expect scrubland but yes we absolutely expect scrubland but yes we absolutely expect the initial species diversity not to the initial species diversity not to the initial species diversity not to reflect the longer term reflect the longer term reflect the longer term um aims or strategory of it I mean this um aims or strategory of it I mean this um aims or strategory of it I mean this is in an area with other relatively is in an area with other relatively is in an area with other relatively nearby calculus grasslands so we was nearby calculus grasslands so we was nearby calculus grasslands so we was expecting hope that species will expecting hope that species will expecting hope that species will colonize it over the coming years and colonize it over the coming years and colonize it over the coming years and decades to create the actual final decades to create the actual final decades to create the actual final vegetation vegetation vegetation yeah I agree with that Chris and say um yeah I agree with that Chris and say um yeah I agree with that Chris and say um as you say not necessarily expecting the as you say not necessarily expecting the as you say not necessarily expecting the the short term to reflect the long term the short term to reflect the long term the short term to reflect the long term and we've got a um a longer term and we've got a um a longer term and we've got a um a longer term maintenance and monitoring regime in maintenance and monitoring regime in maintenance and monitoring regime in place to look at that brilliant thank you both brilliant thank you both brilliant thank you both um we've got another question from uh um we've got another question from uh um we've got another question from uh David who has asked using a soil survey David who has asked using a soil survey David who has asked using a soil survey of this land I found Pete developed in of this land I found Pete developed in of this land I found Pete developed in the valley bottom any likely adverse the valley bottom any likely adverse the valley bottom any likely adverse impacts from construction and impacts from construction and impacts from construction and Landscaping conservation work Landscaping conservation work Landscaping conservation work um Chrissy do you want to answer that um Chrissy do you want to answer that um Chrissy do you want to answer that one first one first one first yeah sure yeah sure yeah sure um we didn't find any Pete on the site um we didn't find any Pete on the site um we didn't find any Pete on the site that we're speaking about the convolence that we're speaking about the convolence that we're speaking about the convolence and soaps however in the the valley and soaps however in the the valley and soaps however in the the valley bottom so in the cold valley bottom so in the cold valley bottom so in the cold valley um there were peat resources locally um there were peat resources locally um there were peat resources locally so so so um they're not being considered in um they're not being considered in um they're not being considered in today's presentation because the com today's presentation because the com today's presentation because the com Valley Valley Valley um Viaduct is a separate area for the um Viaduct is a separate area for the um Viaduct is a separate area for the purposes as a landscaping although there purposes as a landscaping although there purposes as a landscaping although there will be some um interchange of soils will be some um interchange of soils will be some um interchange of soils um we've obviously had to consider that um we've obviously had to consider that um we've obviously had to consider that the soils those heat soils carefully the soils those heat soils carefully the soils those heat soils carefully during construction during construction during construction um and manage them manage them um and manage them manage them um and manage them manage them separately separately separately um and the landscape proposals still um and the landscape proposals still um and the landscape proposals still being developed for the Cotton Valley so being developed for the Cotton Valley so being developed for the Cotton Valley so that is being considered for that is being considered for that is being considered for um yeah the nature of those Souls being um yeah the nature of those Souls being um yeah the nature of those Souls being considered for landscaping in that area anything to add to that Chris um at all anything to add to that Chris um at all anything to add to that Chris um at all um perfect thank you perfect thank you perfect thank you um and we've got a further comment from um and we've got a further comment from um and we've got a further comment from Claudia who has said very often organic Claudia who has said very often organic Claudia who has said very often organic matter content seems to be regarded as matter content seems to be regarded as matter content seems to be regarded as critical I would argue that organic critical I would argue that organic critical I would argue that organic matter levels are not as critical as matter levels are not as critical as matter levels are not as critical as long a minimum of nutrients are provided long a minimum of nutrients are provided long a minimum of nutrients are provided once the plants are established root once the plants are established root once the plants are established root exedate inputs will most likely increase exedate inputs will most likely increase exedate inputs will most likely increase the organic matter over time if you've the organic matter over time if you've the organic matter over time if you've got any thoughts on that at all got any thoughts on that at all got any thoughts on that at all um Chris M should we go to you first um Chris M should we go to you first um Chris M should we go to you first this time this time this time um I I just say I entirely agree with um I I just say I entirely agree with um I I just say I entirely agree with that that that an initiative amount of soil that matter an initiative amount of soil that matter an initiative amount of soil that matter is obviously required to provide those is obviously required to provide those is obviously required to provide those nutrients to get the grasslands nutrients to get the grasslands nutrients to get the grasslands kick-started nuns away kick-started nuns away kick-started nuns away um in the longer term we're expected to um in the longer term we're expected to um in the longer term we're expected to build up our soul carbon as I mentioned build up our soul carbon as I mentioned build up our soul carbon as I mentioned and additional nitrogen should build up and additional nitrogen should build up and additional nitrogen should build up in the system as well given the species in the system as well given the species in the system as well given the species we have present anything you'd like to add at all I anything you'd like to add at all I anything you'd like to add at all I agree with that yeah I mean the agree with that yeah I mean the agree with that yeah I mean the organometers looks at obviously as organometers looks at obviously as organometers looks at obviously as impacts on other soil properties impacts on other soil properties impacts on other soil properties um but it's not something we're we're um but it's not something we're we're um but it's not something we're we're super concerned with for the calcareous super concerned with for the calcareous super concerned with for the calcareous grass and grass and grass and um so yeah agree with what Chris said great thank you and we've got a further great thank you and we've got a further great thank you and we've got a further question on the shortcake uh from Alex question on the shortcake uh from Alex question on the shortcake uh from Alex he asks uh we're uses for the chalk cake he asks uh we're uses for the chalk cake he asks uh we're uses for the chalk cake considered off-site for different types considered off-site for different types considered off-site for different types of uses if so what were these of uses if so what were these of uses if so what were these should go to Chrissy first for that one should go to Chrissy first for that one should go to Chrissy first for that one yeah so I mean in short I I don't I yeah so I mean in short I I don't I yeah so I mean in short I I don't I don't know of any off-site users that don't know of any off-site users that don't know of any off-site users that are considered primary because you know are considered primary because you know are considered primary because you know that's always been a fundamental tenet that's always been a fundamental tenet that's always been a fundamental tenet of the of the designers that we need to of the of the designers that we need to of the of the designers that we need to keep material on site keep material on site keep material on site um it's two and a half you know two and um it's two and a half you know two and um it's two and a half you know two and a half millimeters cubed of the jewel a half millimeters cubed of the jewel a half millimeters cubed of the jewel cake is being activated cake is being activated cake is being activated um and retaining that on site is um and retaining that on site is um and retaining that on site is advantageous for a number of reasons advantageous for a number of reasons advantageous for a number of reasons um you know firstly um you know firstly um you know firstly um to keep it within a similar um to keep it within a similar um to keep it within a similar environment a similar receiving environment a similar receiving environment a similar receiving environment that which it came from environment that which it came from environment that which it came from um also minimizing off-site haulage um also minimizing off-site haulage um also minimizing off-site haulage um um um you know the carbon and and cost impacts you know the carbon and and cost impacts you know the carbon and and cost impacts of keeping on site are huge so I'm not of keeping on site are huge so I'm not of keeping on site are huge so I'm not aware of any off-site uses being aware of any off-site uses being aware of any off-site uses being considered I know when we picked up the considered I know when we picked up the considered I know when we picked up the picked up this project it was picked up this project it was picked up this project it was um posted you know environmental um posted you know environmental um posted you know environmental statements so uh the hybrid planning statements so uh the hybrid planning statements so uh the hybrid planning um horribility gone through and we um horribility gone through and we um horribility gone through and we picked up a scheme design developed it picked up a scheme design developed it picked up a scheme design developed it from there but that was always an from there but that was always an from there but that was always an assumption that the shortcake would be assumption that the shortcake would be assumption that the shortcake would be retained on site I agree with all of that fantastic well I think we've worked our fantastic well I think we've worked our fantastic well I think we've worked our way through all of the questions there way through all of the questions there way through all of the questions there so um I just want to thank you both so um I just want to thank you both so um I just want to thank you both again for the really interesting again for the really interesting again for the really interesting presentations and the really interesting presentations and the really interesting presentations and the really interesting q a session that we've had today and I'm q a session that we've had today and I'm q a session that we've had today and I'm going to hand back over to Bruce now yeah thank you yeah thank you yeah thank you thank you very sorry you're muted very sorry you're muted very sorry you're muted apologies there you go sorry uh so yeah apologies there you go sorry uh so yeah apologies there you go sorry uh so yeah so thanks Katie um we've come to the end so thanks Katie um we've come to the end so thanks Katie um we've come to the end of our webinar uh on behalf of the uh of our webinar uh on behalf of the uh of our webinar uh on behalf of the uh British Society of Soul science I'd like British Society of Soul science I'd like British Society of Soul science I'd like to thank to thank to thank um both Chris cantal and Chris McCoskey um both Chris cantal and Chris McCoskey um both Chris cantal and Chris McCoskey for coming along to present today two uh for coming along to present today two uh for coming along to present today two uh fantastic and very clearly very well fantastic and very clearly very well fantastic and very clearly very well joined uh presentations lots and lots of joined uh presentations lots and lots of joined uh presentations lots and lots of information in there for everyone to information in there for everyone to information in there for everyone to take away take away take away um and thanks also to yourself Katie for um and thanks also to yourself Katie for um and thanks also to yourself Katie for coordinating and running the Q a session coordinating and running the Q a session coordinating and running the Q a session um so yeah it just leaves me to say um so yeah it just leaves me to say um so yeah it just leaves me to say thank you all for attending for those of thank you all for attending for those of thank you all for attending for those of you who'd like to please do stay on you who'd like to please do stay on you who'd like to please do stay on um for our very short extraordinary um for our very short extraordinary um for our very short extraordinary general meeting which will take place in general meeting which will take place in general meeting which will take place in a moment a moment a moment um but if you are leaving us now uh um but if you are leaving us now uh um but if you are leaving us now uh you'll find a quick uh feedback survey you'll find a quick uh feedback survey you'll find a quick uh feedback survey when you leave the webinar which you when you leave the webinar which you when you leave the webinar which you hope we hope you'll find time to hope we hope you'll find time to hope we hope you'll find time to complete it's really useful for us to complete it's really useful for us to complete it's really useful for us to hear your feedback hear your feedback hear your feedback um so that we can we can build on that um so that we can we can build on that um so that we can we can build on that and and improve where needed and and improve where needed and and improve where needed um in subsequent uh webinars as well uh um in subsequent uh webinars as well uh um in subsequent uh webinars as well uh and I guess just finally the recording and I guess just finally the recording and I guess just finally the recording of the video will be available after the of the video will be available after the of the video will be available after the event on our YouTube channel uh so yeah event on our YouTube channel uh so yeah event on our YouTube channel uh so yeah thank you all very much<br /> }}</div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=The_carbon_store_of_anthropogenically_deepened_urban_soils_in_Scotland-Benneth_Esiana&diff=11776 2026-05-29T14:06:15Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Ajoute les transcriptions YouTube aux pages vidéo qui n&#039;en ont pas - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/435</p> <hr /> <div>{{vidéo<br /> | Titre = The carbon store of anthropogenically deepened urban soils in Scotland-Benneth Esiana<br /> | Producteur = British Society of Soil Science<br /> | Vignette = Thumbnail_youtube_kEaXh1V58tU.jpg<br /> | Date de mise en ligne = 2013-05-10<br /> | Durée = 5 minutes<br /> | Production = <br /> | Vidéo = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kEaXh1V58tU<br /> | Intervenants 0 = Benneth Esiana<br /> | Mots-clés = NBSOIL<br /> }}<br /> <br /> PhD student Benneth Esiana discusses his research into the carbon store of anthropogenically deepened urban soils in Scotland.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> The British Society of Soil Science is an established international membership organisation and charity committed to the study of soil in its widest aspects. It is funded primarily through subscriptions and income from publications. The Society acts as a forum for the exchange of ideas and provides a framework for representing the views of soil scientists to other organisations and decision making bodies. It promotes research by organising several conferences each year and by the publication of its two scientific journals, the European Journal of Soil Science, and Soil Use and Management. It promotes education through a number of initiatives aimed at schools, colleges and universities. The Society has a regular and varied programme of scientific conferences on a wide range of soil-related issues.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> The British Society of Soil Science encourages anyone with an interest in soil, whether this interest lies in the soil itself or its wider use within the environment, to join the society. There is a small membership fee, with discounts for students and those from low income countries.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{Pages liées}}<br /> <br /> {{Transcription<br /> | transcription = my name is Bennett hey Sienna I am the my name is Bennett hey Sienna I am the my name is Bennett hey Sienna I am the second year of my PhD at the university second year of my PhD at the university second year of my PhD at the university of stirling and my thesis a title is of stirling and my thesis a title is of stirling and my thesis a title is investigating the carbon store of investigating the carbon store of investigating the carbon store of anthropogenic lead deepened urban and anthropogenic lead deepened urban and anthropogenic lead deepened urban and results in scotland in relation to a results in scotland in relation to a results in scotland in relation to a carbon budgeting &amp;amp; thurs your own cycle so the environmental aspect of my so the environmental aspect of my so the environmental aspect of my research is basically trying to research is basically trying to research is basically trying to understand both trying to quantify the understand both trying to quantify the understand both trying to quantify the carbon content in historical urban soils carbon content in historical urban soils carbon content in historical urban soils so we want to understand how much carbon so we want to understand how much carbon so we want to understand how much carbon is present in this soil we also want to is present in this soil we also want to is present in this soil we also want to understand what composition that is understand what composition that is understand what composition that is going to be able to characterize the car going to be able to characterize the car going to be able to characterize the car wall into a reflect refractory carbon as wall into a reflect refractory carbon as wall into a reflect refractory carbon as well as easily metabolized carbon and we well as easily metabolized carbon and we well as easily metabolized carbon and we also want to be able to understand the also want to be able to understand the also want to be able to understand the relative stability of the carbon so how relative stability of the carbon so how relative stability of the carbon so how long have they been in the soil for and long have they been in the soil for and long have they been in the soil for and what mechanisms are responsible for the what mechanisms are responsible for the what mechanisms are responsible for the stabilization of the carbon and the stabilization of the carbon and the stabilization of the carbon and the historical aspect we we want to study a historical aspect we we want to study a historical aspect we we want to study a soil profile in urban entre souls in soil profile in urban entre souls in soil profile in urban entre souls in order for us to understand or to be able order for us to understand or to be able order for us to understand or to be able to deduce or to tell a story from a from to deduce or to tell a story from a from to deduce or to tell a story from a from the information that we obtain from the information that we obtain from the information that we obtain from detailed studies of soil profile so that detailed studies of soil profile so that detailed studies of soil profile so that we can be able to understand patterns of we can be able to understand patterns of we can be able to understand patterns of occupation past occupation settlements occupation past occupation settlements occupation past occupation settlements and activities over a space and time it and activities over a space and time it and activities over a space and time it is important to store carbon because as is important to store carbon because as is important to store carbon because as we know it is communism is a major we know it is communism is a major we know it is communism is a major greenhouse gas and we want to be able to greenhouse gas and we want to be able to greenhouse gas and we want to be able to keep them wherever they are so that they keep them wherever they are so that they keep them wherever they are so that they are not exposed to the atmosphere are not exposed to the atmosphere are not exposed to the atmosphere because the more carbon you have amongst because the more carbon you have amongst because the more carbon you have amongst other and representing air castles the other and representing air castles the other and representing air castles the more warming you get so we won't be able more warming you get so we won't be able more warming you get so we won't be able to reduce the transfer of carbon from to reduce the transfer of carbon from to reduce the transfer of carbon from the soil to the atmosphere and it is the soil to the atmosphere and it is the soil to the atmosphere and it is where my research comes in part of the where my research comes in part of the where my research comes in part of the my motivation is actually particle my motivation is actually particle my motivation is actually particle my research to know that I will be able my research to know that I will be able my research to know that I will be able to apply the outcome of my research into to apply the outcome of my research into to apply the outcome of my research into making policy changes so for example aim making policy changes so for example aim making policy changes so for example aim at the end of my research I hope to be at the end of my research I hope to be at the end of my research I hope to be able to provide data on a management of able to provide data on a management of able to provide data on a management of historical landscapes as of now we don't historical landscapes as of now we don't historical landscapes as of now we don't know how much carbon they contain or know how much carbon they contain or know how much carbon they contain or what proportion of carbon contained so what proportion of carbon contained so what proportion of carbon contained so by the end of my research I hope you to by the end of my research I hope you to by the end of my research I hope you to at least you did on that so 3 to say at least you did on that so 3 to say at least you did on that so 3 to say right historical landscape contain right historical landscape contain right historical landscape contain social amount of carbon as a result we social amount of carbon as a result we social amount of carbon as a result we needed prioritize them or we need to be needed prioritize them or we need to be needed prioritize them or we need to be 28 develop management strategies which 28 develop management strategies which 28 develop management strategies which in GC 2 particular soils or soil types in GC 2 particular soils or soil types in GC 2 particular soils or soil types in order to reduce the carbon in order to reduce the carbon in order to reduce the carbon mineralization from soil to the mineralization from soil to the mineralization from soil to the atmosphere and the historical aspects we atmosphere and the historical aspects we atmosphere and the historical aspects we want to be able to use soil as an want to be able to use soil as an want to be able to use soil as an alternative records so we have we do alternative records so we have we do alternative records so we have we do have historical records or a telegraphic have historical records or a telegraphic have historical records or a telegraphic records which tells history of a past records which tells history of a past records which tells history of a past events so we want to be able to combine events so we want to be able to combine events so we want to be able to combine those a new graphic data with soil those a new graphic data with soil those a new graphic data with soil records so want to know at what what records so want to know at what what records so want to know at what what level in soil records taking tale about level in soil records taking tale about level in soil records taking tale about the history of a particular in place so the history of a particular in place so the history of a particular in place so we have one also could be able to we have one also could be able to we have one also could be able to compare that data with historical compare that data with historical compare that data with historical records how accurate is all your records records how accurate is all your records records how accurate is all your records when combined with their compared to when combined with their compared to when combined with their compared to historical data and perhaps we might be historical data and perhaps we might be historical data and perhaps we might be able to one day use despair soil records able to one day use despair soil records able to one day use despair soil records we detail about history of you know of we detail about history of you know of we detail about history of you know of landscapes and past landscape or landscapes and past landscape or landscapes and past landscape or historical landscapes where historical historical landscapes where historical historical landscapes where historical records are not available I think a most records are not available I think a most records are not available I think a most research is often accompanied with research is often accompanied with research is often accompanied with policy changes and it is very important policy changes and it is very important policy changes and it is very important for the public to understand aim the for the public to understand aim the for the public to understand aim the source or the reason for why a sauce source or the reason for why a sauce source or the reason for why a sauce changes have been adopted because that changes have been adopted because that changes have been adopted because that its implementation and also in and also its implementation and also in and also its implementation and also in and also it helps to increase interest in what is it helps to increase interest in what is it helps to increase interest in what is being proposed my my goal is to be able being proposed my my goal is to be able being proposed my my goal is to be able to to to continue to work in science as a soil continue to work in science as a soil continue to work in science as a soil scientist until with you and provide scientist until with you and provide scientist until with you and provide policy informations on the management of policy informations on the management of policy informations on the management of historical landscapes and also future historical landscapes and also future historical landscapes and also future scheduling of monuments as well as we scheduling of monuments as well as we scheduling of monuments as well as we able to contribute towards em depositing able to contribute towards em depositing able to contribute towards em depositing of terrestrial carbon stock and comment of terrestrial carbon stock and comment of terrestrial carbon stock and comment climate models<br /> }}</div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Zoom_into_Soil:_Soil_Compaction&diff=11775 2026-05-29T14:06:11Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Ajoute les transcriptions YouTube aux pages vidéo qui n&#039;en ont pas - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/435</p> <hr /> <div>{{vidéo<br /> | Titre = Zoom into Soil: Soil Compaction<br /> | Producteur = British Society of Soil Science<br /> | Vignette = Thumbnail_youtube_ctFAA5PFk14.jpg<br /> | Date de mise en ligne = 2021-07-07<br /> | Durée = 63 minutes<br /> | Production = <br /> | Vidéo = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ctFAA5PFk14<br /> | Intervenants 0 = Lynda Deeks<br /> | Intervenants 1 = Bruce Lascelles<br /> | Mots-clés = NBSOIL<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Welcome to the Zoom into Soil: Soil Compaction video from the British Society of Soil Science.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 'Zoom into Soil: Soil Compaction' features Dr Lynda Deeks, a Research Fellow at Cranfield University, with her presentation, 'The effect of compaction on soil function'. Lynda looks at soil compaction from the perspective of how it affects soil function and will consider both negative and positive consequences of the compaction process.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Dr Bruce Lascelles, UK Director for Land Management and the current President of the British Society of Soil Science, joins Lynda as our second speaker with, 'Soil compaction in construction'. In his presentation, Bruce looks at how construction activities can affect soil structure and result in compaction. Some materials we would describe as soils become surplus and can be suitable for use as engineering or landscape fill and may be compacted deliberately to ensure stability. Those soils which need to support a defined end use, be that agricultural land, landscape planting, green infrastructure (such as SUDS) or habitat creation areas, need to have characteristics suitable for that end use, and this will include a requirement for structural units to be present in some form. Where soils are being handled, in particular by large plant, the potential for soil compaction to occur is high. Reference is made to the guidance relating to soil handling and to measures which can be incorporated where stability or erosion risk is a concern.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{Pages liées}}<br /> <br /> {{Transcription<br /> | transcription = good afternoon and welcome to the good afternoon and welcome to the good afternoon and welcome to the meeting i'm sarah gary the executive meeting i'm sarah gary the executive meeting i'm sarah gary the executive officer of the british society of soil officer of the british society of soil officer of the british society of soil science science science and i'm delighted to welcome you all to and i'm delighted to welcome you all to and i'm delighted to welcome you all to our eighth zoom into soil webinar our eighth zoom into soil webinar our eighth zoom into soil webinar today's event has been supported by one today's event has been supported by one today's event has been supported by one of our regional groups the south west of our regional groups the south west of our regional groups the south west soils discussion group which is chaired soils discussion group which is chaired soils discussion group which is chaired by linda deeks who will be presenting by linda deeks who will be presenting by linda deeks who will be presenting today today today and hannah bareilly one of the regional and hannah bareilly one of the regional and hannah bareilly one of the regional group committee members will be leading group committee members will be leading group committee members will be leading the q a session the q a session the q a session before i welcome our two speakers i'd before i welcome our two speakers i'd before i welcome our two speakers i'd like to introduce the british society of like to introduce the british society of like to introduce the british society of soil science as hosts of today's webinar soil science as hosts of today's webinar soil science as hosts of today's webinar we're an established international we're an established international we're an established international membership organization and charity membership organization and charity membership organization and charity committed to the study of soil in its committed to the study of soil in its committed to the study of soil in its widest aspects widest aspects widest aspects we bring together those working within we bring together those working within we bring together those working within academia and we have a growing academia and we have a growing academia and we have a growing membership amongst practitioners membership amongst practitioners membership amongst practitioners implementing soil science in implementing soil science in implementing soil science in industry and those with a keen interest industry and those with a keen interest industry and those with a keen interest in soils in soils in soils this year we'll be running 10 of our this year we'll be running 10 of our this year we'll be running 10 of our zoom into soil webinars zoom into soil webinars zoom into soil webinars and the next one in the series will be and the next one in the series will be and the next one in the series will be on wednesday the 4th of august on wednesday the 4th of august on wednesday the 4th of august and it will be on the topic art living and it will be on the topic art living and it will be on the topic art living soil it will be an opportunity to hear soil it will be an opportunity to hear soil it will be an opportunity to hear more about the art and science programme more about the art and science programme more about the art and science programme our living soil our living soil our living soil which links two major international which links two major international which links two major international conferences conferences conferences cop 26 and the world congress of soil cop 26 and the world congress of soil cop 26 and the world congress of soil science which we will be hosting in science which we will be hosting in science which we will be hosting in glasgow glasgow glasgow the webinar will be free to attend as the webinar will be free to attend as the webinar will be free to attend as usual and further information will be usual and further information will be usual and further information will be distributed distributed distributed after today's event before we begin after today's event before we begin after today's event before we begin just some basic housekeeping as there just some basic housekeeping as there just some basic housekeeping as there are so many of you here today are so many of you here today are so many of you here today all your microphones have been muted all your microphones have been muted all your microphones have been muted we'll be taking questions at the end of we'll be taking questions at the end of we'll be taking questions at the end of both presentations both presentations both presentations and my colleague hannah will monitor and my colleague hannah will monitor and my colleague hannah will monitor these for us please could you submit any these for us please could you submit any these for us please could you submit any questions that you have by 12 50 questions that you have by 12 50 questions that you have by 12 50 to allow us to get through as many as we to allow us to get through as many as we to allow us to get through as many as we can although there is a raise your hand can although there is a raise your hand can although there is a raise your hand button button button we won't be using this unless the we won't be using this unless the we won't be using this unless the presenter specifically asks you for a presenter specifically asks you for a presenter specifically asks you for a show of hands show of hands show of hands today's presentation has been awarded today's presentation has been awarded today's presentation has been awarded basis and nroso points basis and nroso points basis and nroso points and if you're registered with either and if you're registered with either and if you're registered with either body please contact us directly after body please contact us directly after body please contact us directly after the event the event the event finally please be aware that we are finally please be aware that we are finally please be aware that we are recording today's presentation recording today's presentation recording today's presentation and it will be available on our youtube and it will be available on our youtube and it will be available on our youtube channel after the event channel after the event channel after the event so i'd like to now start by introducing so i'd like to now start by introducing so i'd like to now start by introducing our first presenter our first presenter our first presenter dr linda deeks linda's interest in soil dr linda deeks linda's interest in soil dr linda deeks linda's interest in soil started while she was undertaking her started while she was undertaking her started while she was undertaking her undergraduate degree in physical undergraduate degree in physical undergraduate degree in physical geography at the university of plymouth geography at the university of plymouth geography at the university of plymouth and she went on to also do her doctorate and she went on to also do her doctorate and she went on to also do her doctorate in the same department in the same department in the same department after a six-year stint at the scottish after a six-year stint at the scottish after a six-year stint at the scottish crop research institute now james hutton crop research institute now james hutton crop research institute now james hutton linda joined a satellite office of linda joined a satellite office of linda joined a satellite office of cranfield university cranfield university cranfield university based at the former soil survey of based at the former soil survey of based at the former soil survey of england and wales office england and wales office england and wales office and hosted by northwick now rothenstead and hosted by northwick now rothenstead and hosted by northwick now rothenstead research research research linda's research interests focus on linda's research interests focus on linda's research interests focus on soil's physical properties soil's physical properties soil's physical properties primarily soil structure and management primarily soil structure and management primarily soil structure and management effects on structure effects on structure effects on structure including soil compaction soil water including soil compaction soil water including soil compaction soil water movement contaminant transfers and soil movement contaminant transfers and soil movement contaminant transfers and soil erosion erosion erosion she's been involved with a wide range of she's been involved with a wide range of she's been involved with a wide range of consultancy and research projects that consultancy and research projects that consultancy and research projects that are driving change in soil management are driving change in soil management are driving change in soil management through enhanced appreciation of the through enhanced appreciation of the through enhanced appreciation of the economic economic economic environmental and social benefits that environmental and social benefits that environmental and social benefits that soil affords soil affords soil affords in november 2020 linda officially became in november 2020 linda officially became in november 2020 linda officially became of the southwest soils discussion group of the southwest soils discussion group of the southwest soils discussion group and we're looking forward to and we're looking forward to and we're looking forward to a lively discussion on a rail range of a lively discussion on a rail range of a lively discussion on a rail range of soil topics soil topics soil topics over to you linda over to you linda over to you linda right let's see if technology works right let's see if technology works right let's see if technology works sharing screen and so can you actually see my screen i can so can you actually see my screen i can so can you actually see my screen i can see your screen so i can see your screen see your screen so i can see your screen see your screen so i can see your screen let's try this another way so um if you've got your powerpoint so um if you've got your powerpoint so um if you've got your powerpoint somewhere somewhere somewhere around it going on at the same time very popular going on at the same time very popular going on at the same time very popular lady lady lady um yes we can see your screen perfectly um yes we can see your screen perfectly um yes we can see your screen perfectly i did anyone if you want to make it i did anyone if you want to make it i did anyone if you want to make it bigger perfect thanks right trying to get rid of some of the windows right can you see my screen without the right can you see my screen without the right can you see my screen without the other box that i can see other box that i can see other box that i can see thanks india i can see just your screen thanks india i can see just your screen thanks india i can see just your screen that's perfect great that's perfect great that's perfect great right thank you for that technology right thank you for that technology right thank you for that technology wonderful uh so let's explore saw wonderful uh so let's explore saw wonderful uh so let's explore saw structure structure structure uh and in particular um soil compaction uh and in particular um soil compaction uh and in particular um soil compaction so what is compaction um so what is compaction um so what is compaction um to me my definition as i see it to me my definition as i see it to me my definition as i see it is a decrease in soil volume is a decrease in soil volume is a decrease in soil volume [Music] [Music] [Music] um the decrease in soil volume caused by um the decrease in soil volume caused by um the decrease in soil volume caused by a pressure a pressure a pressure or force exerted on the soil as a result or force exerted on the soil as a result or force exerted on the soil as a result of a pressure of a pressure of a pressure now within my my definition of soil now within my my definition of soil now within my my definition of soil compaction compaction compaction i include both densification i include both densification i include both densification and consolidation now i know some others and consolidation now i know some others and consolidation now i know some others don't include those so let's explore don't include those so let's explore don't include those so let's explore that a little bit more that a little bit more that a little bit more by identification i mean by identification i mean by identification i mean when poor space begins when when poor space begins when when poor space begins when particles begin to move together and particles begin to move together and particles begin to move together and expel expel expel air out of the system and we result air out of the system and we result air out of the system and we result in a a soil that has in a a soil that has in a a soil that has a greater proportion of particles and a a greater proportion of particles and a a greater proportion of particles and a smaller smaller smaller amount of space between those particles amount of space between those particles amount of space between those particles in addition to densification we have a in addition to densification we have a in addition to densification we have a process process process called consolidation and consolidation is focused more on the and consolidation is focused more on the and consolidation is focused more on the solid and liquid phase within the soil solid and liquid phase within the soil solid and liquid phase within the soil system system system now interestingly water itself as now interestingly water itself as now interestingly water itself as pressure is applied pressure is applied pressure is applied actually resists that pressure and actually resists that pressure and actually resists that pressure and doesn't change doesn't change doesn't change volume so in fact in a soil volume so in fact in a soil volume so in fact in a soil that is fully flooded or all poor space that is fully flooded or all poor space that is fully flooded or all poor space is occupied by water is occupied by water is occupied by water that core space we can apply a pressure that core space we can apply a pressure that core space we can apply a pressure to and the structure to and the structure to and the structure of that soil would not be affected now of that soil would not be affected now of that soil would not be affected now this seems a little bit this seems a little bit this seems a little bit counter-intuitive counter-intuitive counter-intuitive to what we're often told in that to what we're often told in that to what we're often told in that we we are told not to drive we we are told not to drive we we are told not to drive on soil when it's wet so let's unpack on soil when it's wet so let's unpack on soil when it's wet so let's unpack that a little bit that a little bit that a little bit well my my definition here of well my my definition here of well my my definition here of of the water being able to support the of the water being able to support the of the water being able to support the structure relies structure relies structure relies on it being within a confined space and on it being within a confined space and on it being within a confined space and in reality in reality in reality that that won't be the case that that won't be the case that that won't be the case it's often that water will be in an it's often that water will be in an it's often that water will be in an unconfined system unconfined system unconfined system and because of that as we apply pressure and because of that as we apply pressure and because of that as we apply pressure the water begins to squeeze out the water begins to squeeze out the water begins to squeeze out it also begins to drain naturally by it also begins to drain naturally by it also begins to drain naturally by gravity gravity gravity so consolidation is partly driven so consolidation is partly driven so consolidation is partly driven by this but also consolidation not only by this but also consolidation not only by this but also consolidation not only is about pressure being applied is about pressure being applied is about pressure being applied but suction and the suction might come but suction and the suction might come but suction and the suction might come from water being removed from water being removed from water being removed by by plants within the system as they by by plants within the system as they by by plants within the system as they extract it to be used extract it to be used extract it to be used and also through evapotranspiration or and also through evapotranspiration or and also through evapotranspiration or evaporation evaporation evaporation from the soil surface so both from the soil surface so both from the soil surface so both all of these processes of water draining all of these processes of water draining all of these processes of water draining and and and and suction within the system packed to and suction within the system packed to and suction within the system packed to bring bring bring salt aggregates and particles within salt aggregates and particles within salt aggregates and particles within aggregates aggregates aggregates much closer together so i think we can much closer together so i think we can much closer together so i think we can all agree all agree all agree that whether our definition of of that whether our definition of of that whether our definition of of compaction compaction compaction um includes both identification and um includes both identification and um includes both identification and consolidation consolidation consolidation or considers consolidation separately we or considers consolidation separately we or considers consolidation separately we can all agree that can all agree that can all agree that bulk density can be seen as a useful bulk density can be seen as a useful bulk density can be seen as a useful expression of perhaps compaction within expression of perhaps compaction within expression of perhaps compaction within soil soil soil let's explore bulk density a little bit let's explore bulk density a little bit let's explore bulk density a little bit so we have two soil samples here so we have two soil samples here so we have two soil samples here sample a and sample b our sample a sample a and sample b our sample a sample a and sample b our sample a is not compacted whereas our sample b is not compacted whereas our sample b is not compacted whereas our sample b is compacted but we are within the definition of but we are within the definition of but we are within the definition of volume volume volume within the same volume within the same volume within the same volume of soil so we have a similar area and a of soil so we have a similar area and a of soil so we have a similar area and a height height height in both our sample a and our sample b in both our sample a and our sample b in both our sample a and our sample b so thinking about bolt density within so thinking about bolt density within so thinking about bolt density within that definition that definition that definition of dry weight over volume the volume of dry weight over volume the volume of dry weight over volume the volume here is constant here is constant here is constant so the only thing that might be changing so the only thing that might be changing so the only thing that might be changing is the weight of particles is the weight of particles is the weight of particles now we already said by definition of now we already said by definition of now we already said by definition of compaction compaction compaction is that the particles are moving closer is that the particles are moving closer is that the particles are moving closer together together together so we can see that in the images the so we can see that in the images the so we can see that in the images the particles in image a particles in image a particles in image a are slightly more spread out than in are slightly more spread out than in are slightly more spread out than in image b image b image b so we have more particles therefore we so we have more particles therefore we so we have more particles therefore we have a higher weight of particles have a higher weight of particles have a higher weight of particles within a defined volume and that within a defined volume and that within a defined volume and that helps us understand why our bulk density helps us understand why our bulk density helps us understand why our bulk density for a in our less compacted soil for a in our less compacted soil for a in our less compacted soil is would be lower than our bulk density is would be lower than our bulk density is would be lower than our bulk density of our more compacted soil so why is so knowing that can we use so why is so knowing that can we use so why is so knowing that can we use bulk density to express now bulk density to express now bulk density to express now how compacted a soil is i'm going to use how compacted a soil is i'm going to use how compacted a soil is i'm going to use some data here from archer and smith they looked at four sore textures loamy they looked at four sore textures loamy they looked at four sore textures loamy sand sand sand sandy loam silty loam and a clay loan sandy loam silty loam and a clay loan sandy loam silty loam and a clay loan now i've just expressed where those now i've just expressed where those now i've just expressed where those four textures fit on the uk slow four textures fit on the uk slow four textures fit on the uk slow textural triangle here now within the example i'm giving here now within the example i'm giving here now within the example i'm giving here we're going to explore just one we're going to explore just one we're going to explore just one bolt density so for each of these soil bolt density so for each of these soil bolt density so for each of these soil textures textures textures at a density of 1.2 grams per centimeter at a density of 1.2 grams per centimeter at a density of 1.2 grams per centimeter cubed cubed cubed we're going to look at the difference in we're going to look at the difference in we're going to look at the difference in air capacity and available water air capacity and available water air capacity and available water now from their data what they found was now from their data what they found was now from their data what they found was the air capacity of our loamy sand the air capacity of our loamy sand the air capacity of our loamy sand was much higher than our was much higher than our was much higher than our clay loam soil for available water clay loam soil for available water clay loam soil for available water the silty loam had a much higher the silty loam had a much higher the silty loam had a much higher available water available water available water than the available water in the loamy than the available water in the loamy than the available water in the loamy sand sand sand so at the same bolt densities different so at the same bolt densities different so at the same bolt densities different soil textures soil textures soil textures have different properties as expressed have different properties as expressed have different properties as expressed by air capacity by air capacity by air capacity and available water and available water and available water so why is that well it's to do so why is that well it's to do so why is that well it's to do with pore size distribution if we think with pore size distribution if we think with pore size distribution if we think about the soil in its simplest form about the soil in its simplest form about the soil in its simplest form it consists of a solid phase and it consists of a solid phase and it consists of a solid phase and a space between that and that space may a space between that and that space may a space between that and that space may be filled by be filled by be filled by either air or water now usually when we look or consider now usually when we look or consider now usually when we look or consider pore size pore size pore size we often use volumetric water to look at we often use volumetric water to look at we often use volumetric water to look at this this this because we can not only look at total because we can not only look at total because we can not only look at total pore spaces pore spaces pore spaces as expressed by the total amount of as expressed by the total amount of as expressed by the total amount of water that the soil can hold water that the soil can hold water that the soil can hold but we can also break it down into but we can also break it down into but we can also break it down into functional groups functional groups functional groups based on key suction criteria of fill based on key suction criteria of fill based on key suction criteria of fill capacity capacity capacity and permanent welting point so if we begin to look at the total so if we begin to look at the total so if we begin to look at the total porosity to start with we have three porosity to start with we have three porosity to start with we have three textures here textures here textures here a clay soil clay loam and a sandy soil a clay soil clay loam and a sandy soil a clay soil clay loam and a sandy soil and of these three textural soils and of these three textural soils and of these three textural soils the clay soil has the largest proportion the clay soil has the largest proportion the clay soil has the largest proportion of total porosity of total porosity of total porosity as expressed by the blue side of this as expressed by the blue side of this as expressed by the blue side of this graph graph graph but the sandy soil has a lower porosity but the sandy soil has a lower porosity but the sandy soil has a lower porosity now this at first might not seem to make now this at first might not seem to make now this at first might not seem to make sense because we usually assume sense because we usually assume sense because we usually assume that the sandy soil would drain faster that the sandy soil would drain faster that the sandy soil would drain faster therefore we assume therefore we assume therefore we assume it has a larger porosity it has a larger porosity it has a larger porosity however to understand this better we however to understand this better we however to understand this better we have to understand the function have to understand the function have to understand the function of each of these groups so we have three functional groups that so we have three functional groups that so we have three functional groups that we can describe we can describe we can describe at the the larger pore space at the the larger pore space at the the larger pore space which we could define as macropores so which we could define as macropores so which we could define as macropores so this is this is this is from saturation down to fill capacity from saturation down to fill capacity from saturation down to fill capacity this is where drainage occurs this is where drainage occurs this is where drainage occurs so water in this lower suction end so water in this lower suction end so water in this lower suction end is what we describe as drainage water is what we describe as drainage water is what we describe as drainage water now we can see from these three grafts now we can see from these three grafts now we can see from these three grafts that the sandy texture saw has a much that the sandy texture saw has a much that the sandy texture saw has a much higher proportion of drainage pore space higher proportion of drainage pore space higher proportion of drainage pore space which helps to explain that while it which helps to explain that while it which helps to explain that while it doesn't have the largest total porosity doesn't have the largest total porosity doesn't have the largest total porosity in the functional groups of drainage it in the functional groups of drainage it in the functional groups of drainage it has the highest has the highest has the highest capacity to drain the soils if we look capacity to drain the soils if we look capacity to drain the soils if we look at the other extreme at the other extreme at the other extreme at the finer end so poor water space at the finer end so poor water space at the finer end so poor water space below the permanent wilting point which below the permanent wilting point which below the permanent wilting point which we define as unavailable water because we define as unavailable water because we define as unavailable water because it's below it's below it's below the suction at which plants can extract the suction at which plants can extract the suction at which plants can extract it we define this as the it we define this as the it we define this as the macro the micropore space macro the micropore space macro the micropore space and it's the clay soils that have the and it's the clay soils that have the and it's the clay soils that have the higher percentage higher percentage higher percentage of micropore space and this is of micropore space and this is of micropore space and this is this helps us to explain one why clay this helps us to explain one why clay this helps us to explain one why clay soils soils soils remain wetter for longer than any other remain wetter for longer than any other remain wetter for longer than any other soil texture soil texture soil texture but it also helps to explain why clay but it also helps to explain why clay but it also helps to explain why clay soils soils soils are slightly more susceptible to are slightly more susceptible to are slightly more susceptible to compaction as well compaction as well compaction as well because that water which is held tightly because that water which is held tightly because that water which is held tightly within the soil space acts as a within the soil space acts as a within the soil space acts as a lubricant and places these textures at lubricant and places these textures at lubricant and places these textures at higher risk higher risk higher risk of being compacted by a force so let's just go back to some data the so let's just go back to some data the so let's just go back to some data the data from archer and smith data from archer and smith data from archer and smith there was another observation that they there was another observation that they there was another observation that they made when they made when they made when they they set up their experiment their they set up their experiment their they set up their experiment their experiment was experiment was experiment was was meant to be set up at um defined was meant to be set up at um defined was meant to be set up at um defined across a defined range of bolt densities across a defined range of bolt densities across a defined range of bolt densities and what they found is that they and what they found is that they and what they found is that they couldn't for each of the soil textures couldn't for each of the soil textures couldn't for each of the soil textures achieve each of the defined ranges achieve each of the defined ranges achieve each of the defined ranges for example in the loamy sand the lowest for example in the loamy sand the lowest for example in the loamy sand the lowest bulk density that they could achieve bulk density that they could achieve bulk density that they could achieve was 1.04 grams per centimeter cubed whereas the clay loam soil a much lower whereas the clay loam soil a much lower whereas the clay loam soil a much lower bolt density bolt density bolt density of 0.7 could be achieved when they then applied compaction i to when they then applied compaction i to when they then applied compaction i to compact the soil as much as they could compact the soil as much as they could compact the soil as much as they could bulk density of the sandy soil was again bulk density of the sandy soil was again bulk density of the sandy soil was again the highest at 1.82 and the clay loam the highest at 1.82 and the clay loam the highest at 1.82 and the clay loam was again the lowest at 1.35 was again the lowest at 1.35 was again the lowest at 1.35 now i have heard it said before that now i have heard it said before that now i have heard it said before that sandy soils don't compact sandy soils don't compact sandy soils don't compact well this data clearly proves that they well this data clearly proves that they well this data clearly proves that they do compact do compact do compact and in fact if our definition of and in fact if our definition of and in fact if our definition of compaction is bolt density compaction is bolt density compaction is bolt density arguably the sandy source compact to a arguably the sandy source compact to a arguably the sandy source compact to a much much much higher level now why might that be higher level now why might that be higher level now why might that be well we explored in the last slide well we explored in the last slide well we explored in the last slide that there was more macropore space that there was more macropore space that there was more macropore space more of this larger pore space and this more of this larger pore space and this more of this larger pore space and this allows particles allows particles allows particles to move um to within that space to move um to within that space to move um to within that space so there's more capacity within a sandy so there's more capacity within a sandy so there's more capacity within a sandy saw for particles to move closer saw for particles to move closer saw for particles to move closer together together together at the other extreme our clay soils have at the other extreme our clay soils have at the other extreme our clay soils have finer particles finer particles finer particles that already are close together so that already are close together so that already are close together so there's less space there's less space there's less space for additional particles to be moved to for additional particles to be moved to for additional particles to be moved to move into that space move into that space move into that space and that explains why we can't compress and that explains why we can't compress and that explains why we can't compress or compact a clay soil to or compact a clay soil to or compact a clay soil to as higher bulk density as a sandy saw there's also differences again with air there's also differences again with air there's also differences again with air capacity capacity capacity and available water content from an air and available water content from an air and available water content from an air capacity capacity capacity perspective then our sandy loam at the perspective then our sandy loam at the perspective then our sandy loam at the lowest lowest lowest bolt density had the highest air bolt density had the highest air bolt density had the highest air capacity capacity capacity followed quite quickly by our sandy loan followed quite quickly by our sandy loan followed quite quickly by our sandy loan and then our clay loam and silty loan and then our clay loam and silty loan and then our clay loam and silty loan were much lower were much lower were much lower now we can explain that again by the now we can explain that again by the now we can explain that again by the fact that the loamy sands fact that the loamy sands fact that the loamy sands have this larger macropore space so the have this larger macropore space so the have this larger macropore space so the fact that it has fact that it has fact that it has a higher air capacity makes sense a higher air capacity makes sense a higher air capacity makes sense if we look at again at the the other if we look at again at the the other if we look at again at the the other extreme i.e where we've compacted the extreme i.e where we've compacted the extreme i.e where we've compacted the soils to its soils to its soils to its maximum bulk density again the sandy maximum bulk density again the sandy maximum bulk density again the sandy the loamy sand has the highest air the loamy sand has the highest air the loamy sand has the highest air capacity capacity capacity so again that is linked to so again that is linked to so again that is linked to the occurrence of larger core spaces the occurrence of larger core spaces the occurrence of larger core spaces although we've occupied although we've occupied although we've occupied more of that space by moving the more of that space by moving the more of that space by moving the particles closer together particles closer together particles closer together there's still a lot more capacity within there's still a lot more capacity within there's still a lot more capacity within that larger sport poor space that larger sport poor space that larger sport poor space to be available whereas at the other to be available whereas at the other to be available whereas at the other extreme extreme extreme where our clay thor's had the least where our clay thor's had the least where our clay thor's had the least amount of amount of amount of of larger pore space and a higher of larger pore space and a higher of larger pore space and a higher proportion of very proportion of very proportion of very small pore spaces it's not unsurprising small pore spaces it's not unsurprising small pore spaces it's not unsurprising that that that we lose that air capacity with respect to available water as well with respect to available water as well with respect to available water as well there are lower compaction levels silty there are lower compaction levels silty there are lower compaction levels silty loams loams loams are shown to have the higher available are shown to have the higher available are shown to have the higher available water water water followed by loamy sand and our sandy followed by loamy sand and our sandy followed by loamy sand and our sandy loam and clay loam loam and clay loam loam and clay loam have the lowest available water as we have the lowest available water as we have the lowest available water as we compact that water compact that water compact that water so compact that soil we can see that so compact that soil we can see that so compact that soil we can see that available water available water available water in our loamy sand and silty loam in our loamy sand and silty loam in our loamy sand and silty loam actually achieved a similar level actually achieved a similar level actually achieved a similar level of available water content by of available water content by of available water content by the end ie at our extreme compaction the end ie at our extreme compaction the end ie at our extreme compaction that we can achieve for that we can achieve for that we can achieve for either ends of either these soils either ends of either these soils either ends of either these soils and the lowest available water and the lowest available water and the lowest available water is achieved in our sandulome and clay is achieved in our sandulome and clay is achieved in our sandulome and clay loan loan loan now this is quite an interesting flat now this is quite an interesting flat now this is quite an interesting flat to understand because what it's saying to understand because what it's saying to understand because what it's saying here is that our loamy sands here is that our loamy sands here is that our loamy sands potentially which we see as droughty potentially which we see as droughty potentially which we see as droughty soils soils soils could actually be improved in its could actually be improved in its could actually be improved in its available water content available water content available water content by applying some compaction and in fact by applying some compaction and in fact by applying some compaction and in fact the lonely sand the lonely sand the lonely sand soil here at our maximum compaction that soil here at our maximum compaction that soil here at our maximum compaction that they could achieve they could achieve they could achieve was still continuing to increase but for was still continuing to increase but for was still continuing to increase but for the other three textures here the other three textures here the other three textures here the maximum available water content was the maximum available water content was the maximum available water content was actually achieved actually achieved actually achieved at lower bulk density levels so for at lower bulk density levels so for at lower bulk density levels so for example the silty example the silty example the silty loam had a maximum available water loam had a maximum available water loam had a maximum available water content content content of 23.6 at a bulk density of 1.37 of 23.6 at a bulk density of 1.37 of 23.6 at a bulk density of 1.37 so if we were able to to control so if we were able to to control so if we were able to to control amount of compaction on soil potentially amount of compaction on soil potentially amount of compaction on soil potentially we could manipulate it to our benefit we could manipulate it to our benefit we could manipulate it to our benefit to increase available water content to to increase available water content to to increase available water content to plants under droughty conditions plants under droughty conditions plants under droughty conditions the other thing i want to explore here the other thing i want to explore here the other thing i want to explore here is if is if is if compaction degrades soil structure compaction degrades soil structure compaction degrades soil structure i quite often hear people talk about old i quite often hear people talk about old i quite often hear people talk about old structures structures structures being degraded we've compacted it being degraded we've compacted it being degraded we've compacted it well what do we mean structure well what do we mean structure well what do we mean structure consists of a range of definitions from consists of a range of definitions from consists of a range of definitions from granular granular granular blocky pt through to massive at the granular end we can describe this at the granular end we can describe this at the granular end we can describe this as being less stable as being less stable as being less stable and as we move to and as we move to and as we move to towards the massive end structure towards the massive end structure towards the massive end structure becomes becomes becomes more stable so are we degrading soil more stable so are we degrading soil more stable so are we degrading soil by compaction because we're moving it by compaction because we're moving it by compaction because we're moving it from less stable from less stable from less stable to more stable well if our perspective to more stable well if our perspective to more stable well if our perspective is from is from is from an agricultural angle then perhaps we an agricultural angle then perhaps we an agricultural angle then perhaps we are are are so for agriculture we favor so for agriculture we favor so for agriculture we favor more granular soil although as we've more granular soil although as we've more granular soil although as we've seen from the previous slide seen from the previous slide seen from the previous slide if we compact it slightly more we might if we compact it slightly more we might if we compact it slightly more we might get benefit get benefit get benefit from improving available water content from improving available water content from improving available water content but if we compact it too much then we but if we compact it too much then we but if we compact it too much then we know yield begins to decrease however if our perspective is more from however if our perspective is more from however if our perspective is more from the construction the construction the construction side then our desirable source structure side then our desirable source structure side then our desirable source structure would be towards the more massive would be towards the more massive would be towards the more massive structural component which is more structural component which is more structural component which is more stable stable stable and our least desirable would be and our least desirable would be and our least desirable would be granular because of the fear of granular because of the fear of granular because of the fear of subsidence subsidence subsidence so i would argue that source structure so i would argue that source structure so i would argue that source structure itself itself itself isn't degraded by compaction it it is isn't degraded by compaction it it is isn't degraded by compaction it it is changed changed changed by compaction but it's actually actually by compaction but it's actually actually by compaction but it's actually actually the function the function the function that is changed but whether the function that is changed but whether the function that is changed but whether the function has degraded has degraded has degraded very much depends on your perspective on very much depends on your perspective on very much depends on your perspective on what you want to use the soil for the other aspect of soil compaction is the other aspect of soil compaction is the other aspect of soil compaction is its its its influence on infiltration and runoff influence on infiltration and runoff influence on infiltration and runoff look in a healthy soil profile look in a healthy soil profile look in a healthy soil profile we would expect with depth uh the soil we would expect with depth uh the soil we would expect with depth uh the soil to become to become to become slightly less permeable as we go down slightly less permeable as we go down slightly less permeable as we go down because of the overburden of the soil because of the overburden of the soil because of the overburden of the soil above compacting the soil layer below above compacting the soil layer below above compacting the soil layer below but generally in a healthy soil we have but generally in a healthy soil we have but generally in a healthy soil we have an expectation an expectation an expectation that water that's applied to the surface that water that's applied to the surface that water that's applied to the surface will infiltrate will infiltrate will infiltrate and then percolate down to depth down to depth down to depth and the saw is each saw has a capacity and the saw is each saw has a capacity and the saw is each saw has a capacity to absorb this water at a known rate to absorb this water at a known rate to absorb this water at a known rate however we also know we also know that management we also know that management we also know that management can create compacted zones we can have can create compacted zones we can have can create compacted zones we can have zones zones zones of subsoil compaction and we can also of subsoil compaction and we can also of subsoil compaction and we can also have zones that are at have zones that are at have zones that are at depth within the soil profile so these depth within the soil profile so these depth within the soil profile so these compacted zones at depth compacted zones at depth compacted zones at depth may be the result of us undertaking a may be the result of us undertaking a may be the result of us undertaking a particular process particular process particular process such as running a plow through the soil such as running a plow through the soil such as running a plow through the soil at a consistent depth at a consistent depth at a consistent depth for a repeated operation but they can for a repeated operation but they can for a repeated operation but they can also be caused also be caused also be caused by in the construction industry where by in the construction industry where by in the construction industry where soil is removed soil is removed soil is removed during the construction process and the during the construction process and the during the construction process and the layer below layer below layer below is trafficked with vehicles during the is trafficked with vehicles during the is trafficked with vehicles during the construction phase construction phase construction phase before the topsoil is replaced before the topsoil is replaced before the topsoil is replaced so what are the effects of having this so what are the effects of having this so what are the effects of having this subsurface compaction zone well firstly it can inhibit the amount well firstly it can inhibit the amount well firstly it can inhibit the amount of water of water of water that actually goes through the soil to that actually goes through the soil to that actually goes through the soil to depth depth depth so effectively limiting the actual capacity of the soil to store water and the higher up this compacted layer and the higher up this compacted layer and the higher up this compacted layer is is is the less capacity the saw has to store the less capacity the saw has to store the less capacity the saw has to store water water water before it reaches its before it reaches its before it reaches its its potential runoff so if we have a compacted layer right on so if we have a compacted layer right on so if we have a compacted layer right on the the the soil surface and this might be the soil surface and this might be the soil surface and this might be the result of us trafficking result of us trafficking result of us trafficking walking or driving across it or it can walking or driving across it or it can walking or driving across it or it can be as simple as as be as simple as as be as simple as as a raindrop or irrigation drop falling on a raindrop or irrigation drop falling on a raindrop or irrigation drop falling on a fine till soil a fine till soil a fine till soil causing compaction we can develop causing compaction we can develop causing compaction we can develop what we know as a seal or a cap and this what we know as a seal or a cap and this what we know as a seal or a cap and this silver cap can be silver cap can be silver cap can be just a few millimeters thick as shown in just a few millimeters thick as shown in just a few millimeters thick as shown in this figure here this figure here this figure here but the effects of that are to reduce but the effects of that are to reduce but the effects of that are to reduce infiltration limit infiltration limit infiltration limit the capacity of the soil at an even the capacity of the soil at an even the capacity of the soil at an even higher level higher level higher level and promote overland flow resulting and promote overland flow resulting and promote overland flow resulting in an image like we see on the left here in an image like we see on the left here in an image like we see on the left here so so so hardly any of the water has infiltrated hardly any of the water has infiltrated hardly any of the water has infiltrated into the soil profile into the soil profile into the soil profile and most of it is running off that and most of it is running off that and most of it is running off that parcel of land parcel of land parcel of land out through the gate and potentially out through the gate and potentially out through the gate and potentially increasing the risk of down down increasing the risk of down down increasing the risk of down down flow downflow flooding downflow flooding downflow flooding but is it all bad news well a bit like but is it all bad news well a bit like but is it all bad news well a bit like our water which resisted um the forces our water which resisted um the forces our water which resisted um the forces protecting the soil structure a protecting the soil structure a protecting the soil structure a compacted layer of depths compacted layer of depths compacted layer of depths can offer protection to the soil can offer protection to the soil can offer protection to the soil structure structure structure below and even below and even below and even at the surface it very much depends on at the surface it very much depends on at the surface it very much depends on whether a seal whether a seal whether a seal or a crust is being formed so a crust or a crust is being formed so a crust or a crust is being formed so a crust is where the the actual is where the the actual is where the the actual um surface has formed cement um surface has formed cement um surface has formed cement um so minerals within the soil um so minerals within the soil um so minerals within the soil on drying have cemented the soil on drying have cemented the soil on drying have cemented the soil particles together particles together particles together forming um a tough um forming um a tough um forming um a tough um surface through which it's hard for surface through which it's hard for surface through which it's hard for vegetation vegetation vegetation to penetrate however if only a seal is to penetrate however if only a seal is to penetrate however if only a seal is formed so we don't have that cementing formed so we don't have that cementing formed so we don't have that cementing then actually from an agronomic point of then actually from an agronomic point of then actually from an agronomic point of view we can use that to our advantage view we can use that to our advantage view we can use that to our advantage it can actually serve to it can actually serve to it can actually serve to maintain moisture and promote maintain moisture and promote maintain moisture and promote more production productive more production productive more production productive growth of seedlings by allowing an growth of seedlings by allowing an growth of seedlings by allowing an environment in which they environment in which they environment in which they maintain a moisture content that maintain a moisture content that maintain a moisture content that promotes growth promotes growth promotes growth and providing that seal isn't too hard and providing that seal isn't too hard and providing that seal isn't too hard then seedlings can easily burst through now i haven't got a lot of time but i now i haven't got a lot of time but i now i haven't got a lot of time but i think it's important that we do consider think it's important that we do consider think it's important that we do consider um how we might remediate compaction i'm um how we might remediate compaction i'm um how we might remediate compaction i'm simply going to look at two options here simply going to look at two options here simply going to look at two options here the mechanical option and bio bio the mechanical option and bio bio the mechanical option and bio bio engineering options so the mechanical engineering options so the mechanical engineering options so the mechanical option and by that i mean option and by that i mean option and by that i mean using plough or subsoiler is our more using plough or subsoiler is our more using plough or subsoiler is our more traditional approach traditional approach traditional approach to to remediating soil compaction to to remediating soil compaction to to remediating soil compaction certainly it's a quick solution and when certainly it's a quick solution and when certainly it's a quick solution and when done done done at appropriate times seems to be very at appropriate times seems to be very at appropriate times seems to be very successful successful successful and and is is well liked by most people and and is is well liked by most people and and is is well liked by most people i've put fine tilt here but what i i've put fine tilt here but what i i've put fine tilt here but what i really mean is really mean is really mean is that mechanically we can can produce that mechanically we can can produce that mechanically we can can produce a tilth so soil aggregate structure a tilth so soil aggregate structure a tilth so soil aggregate structure that meets our specific requirements be that meets our specific requirements be that meets our specific requirements be that a fine tilt that a fine tilt that a fine tilt for fine contact with seeds or a more for fine contact with seeds or a more for fine contact with seeds or a more rough tilt to prevent soil erosion rough tilt to prevent soil erosion rough tilt to prevent soil erosion however there's also some negative sides however there's also some negative sides however there's also some negative sides to mechanical to mechanical to mechanical um alleviation of cons of compaction um alleviation of cons of compaction um alleviation of cons of compaction although it breaks up the sword it although it breaks up the sword it although it breaks up the sword it leaves it in an unstable and vulnerable leaves it in an unstable and vulnerable leaves it in an unstable and vulnerable state state state compaction if we liken it to a building compaction if we liken it to a building compaction if we liken it to a building being built out of bricks but forgetting being built out of bricks but forgetting being built out of bricks but forgetting to add the cement to add the cement to add the cement then that's a similar to what i mean then that's a similar to what i mean then that's a similar to what i mean by the the mechanical break up of saw by the the mechanical break up of saw by the the mechanical break up of saw here here here we've created the structure but we we've created the structure but we we've created the structure but we haven't given it its resilience because haven't given it its resilience because haven't given it its resilience because we haven't given it we haven't given it we haven't given it any support if we do it at inappropriate times i.e if we do it at inappropriate times i.e if we do it at inappropriate times i.e when the soil's wet when the soil's wet when the soil's wet then the actual process itself can lead then the actual process itself can lead then the actual process itself can lead to to to further compaction it's also further compaction it's also further compaction it's also limited in the depth range of which over limited in the depth range of which over limited in the depth range of which over which it can be used by the depth we can which it can be used by the depth we can which it can be used by the depth we can pull the pull the pull the plow through both from a power plow through both from a power plow through both from a power perspective and perspective and perspective and economically and it's also very economically and it's also very economically and it's also very disruptive to habitat disruptive to habitat disruptive to habitat so an alternative might be so an alternative might be so an alternative might be bioengineering and by this i'm bioengineering and by this i'm bioengineering and by this i'm i simply mean here cover crops although i simply mean here cover crops although i simply mean here cover crops although there's other options there's other options there's other options so bioengineering can form a more stable so bioengineering can form a more stable so bioengineering can form a more stable more resilient more resilient more resilient structure because it forms um structure because it forms um structure because it forms um structures um by penetrating roots structures um by penetrating roots structures um by penetrating roots through the soil structure through the soil structure through the soil structure flaking off cells from the root system flaking off cells from the root system flaking off cells from the root system which acts which acts which acts as cement um forming a a stable as cement um forming a a stable as cement um forming a a stable structure structure structure the advantage of using root systems is the advantage of using root systems is the advantage of using root systems is that they can extend that they can extend that they can extend over much deeper depths so in excess of over much deeper depths so in excess of over much deeper depths so in excess of two meters has been recorded two meters has been recorded two meters has been recorded they definitely provide better they definitely provide better they definitely provide better connectivity from the surface connectivity from the surface connectivity from the surface through to depth to the soil profile through to depth to the soil profile through to depth to the soil profile and they also help support soil habitats and they also help support soil habitats and they also help support soil habitats by their nature but there are by their nature but there are by their nature but there are disadvantages disadvantages disadvantages certainly they take a much longer time certainly they take a much longer time certainly they take a much longer time to develop to develop to develop and there's been variable reports of and there's been variable reports of and there's been variable reports of success success success uh from different operators uh from different operators uh from different operators and there's also potential for and there's also potential for and there's also potential for competition with other vegetation so competition with other vegetation so competition with other vegetation so competition competition competition by access to water and nutrients so just to conclude is compaction good so just to conclude is compaction good so just to conclude is compaction good or bad or bad or bad well certainly it changes poor space and well certainly it changes poor space and well certainly it changes poor space and and also it does change source structure and also it does change source structure and also it does change source structure however while this might impacts or however while this might impacts or however while this might impacts or function function function it has both positive and negative it has both positive and negative it has both positive and negative implications implications implications the take home message here is that it the take home message here is that it the take home message here is that it very much very much very much depends on your perspective on the depends on your perspective on the depends on your perspective on the project on the problem so i hope you enjoyed that and thank you so i hope you enjoyed that and thank you so i hope you enjoyed that and thank you for your attention thank you so much linda that was super a thank you so much linda that was super a thank you so much linda that was super a really interesting presentation really interesting presentation really interesting presentation particularly particularly particularly um about perspective and and what um about perspective and and what um about perspective and and what you are looking at the soil function in you are looking at the soil function in you are looking at the soil function in regard to whether that's agricultural regard to whether that's agricultural regard to whether that's agricultural construction for example construction for example construction for example really interesting and we'll be taking really interesting and we'll be taking really interesting and we'll be taking questions for linda questions for linda questions for linda um after we have had bruce's um after we have had bruce's um after we have had bruce's presentation presentation presentation so i would now like to introduce dr so i would now like to introduce dr so i would now like to introduce dr bruce lasalle bruce lasalle bruce lasalle uh bruce is uk director for land uh bruce is uk director for land uh bruce is uk director for land management and the current president of management and the current president of management and the current president of the british the british the british society of soil science his background society of soil science his background society of soil science his background is in source science with a degree is in source science with a degree is in source science with a degree in forestry and soil science from the in forestry and soil science from the in forestry and soil science from the university of wales in bangor university of wales in bangor university of wales in bangor and he has a phd in the same from the and he has a phd in the same from the and he has a phd in the same from the same university same university same university studying the environmental history of an studying the environmental history of an studying the environmental history of an upland area of north wales upland area of north wales upland area of north wales bringing together an assessment of bringing together an assessment of bringing together an assessment of vegetation and climatic change vegetation and climatic change vegetation and climatic change soil development and human influences on soil development and human influences on soil development and human influences on the environment the environment the environment and following this bruce undertook and following this bruce undertook and following this bruce undertook various uh research on various aspects various uh research on various aspects various uh research on various aspects of soils particularly soil erosion of soils particularly soil erosion of soils particularly soil erosion before becoming a consultant where for before becoming a consultant where for before becoming a consultant where for the last 24 years the last 24 years the last 24 years he's worked on aspects of the he's worked on aspects of the he's worked on aspects of the interrelationships between the physical interrelationships between the physical interrelationships between the physical environment environment environment and plant and animal communities and plant and animal communities and plant and animal communities a key area of his expertise is in soil a key area of his expertise is in soil a key area of his expertise is in soil and hydrological assessments and hydrological assessments and hydrological assessments and the development of strategies for and the development of strategies for and the development of strategies for the creation restoration the creation restoration the creation restoration and translocation of valuable habitats and translocation of valuable habitats and translocation of valuable habitats this has included work on a this has included work on a this has included work on a wide range of habitats including lowland wide range of habitats including lowland wide range of habitats including lowland raised frogs raised frogs raised frogs blanketbog wet and dry heathland marshy blanketbog wet and dry heathland marshy blanketbog wet and dry heathland marshy and chalk grassland and woodlands and chalk grassland and woodlands and chalk grassland and woodlands bruce has also been involved in a wide bruce has also been involved in a wide bruce has also been involved in a wide range of major infrastructure projects range of major infrastructure projects range of major infrastructure projects assessing soil characteristics and land assessing soil characteristics and land assessing soil characteristics and land quality and developing soil handling quality and developing soil handling quality and developing soil handling strategies strategies strategies uh so with without further ado over to uh so with without further ado over to uh so with without further ado over to you bruce you bruce you bruce thanks very much sarah and thanks yeah thanks very much sarah and thanks yeah thanks very much sarah and thanks yeah it was an excellent presentation and it was an excellent presentation and it was an excellent presentation and i'll definitely touch on some of the i'll definitely touch on some of the i'll definitely touch on some of the um some of the points you raised the the um some of the points you raised the the um some of the points you raised the the is called compaction good or bad and is called compaction good or bad and is called compaction good or bad and that point around perspective um can that point around perspective um can that point around perspective um can everyone see everyone see everyone see my screen see the presentation yeah my screen see the presentation yeah my screen see the presentation yeah thanks bruce brilliant thanks bruce brilliant thanks bruce brilliant fantastic okay so what i want to do is fantastic okay so what i want to do is fantastic okay so what i want to do is perhaps pick up on on some of the perhaps pick up on on some of the perhaps pick up on on some of the um the points that have linda raised um the points that have linda raised um the points that have linda raised around uh around uh around uh soil structures or compaction but very soil structures or compaction but very soil structures or compaction but very much from a construction much from a construction much from a construction perspective and so i guess first of all perspective and so i guess first of all perspective and so i guess first of all um construction sites these will range um construction sites these will range um construction sites these will range in scale from perhaps you know small in scale from perhaps you know small in scale from perhaps you know small house extension to major schemes such as house extension to major schemes such as house extension to major schemes such as housing developments housing developments housing developments rose green road schemes and projects rose green road schemes and projects rose green road schemes and projects like hs2 like hs2 like hs2 but all of them are likely to involve a but all of them are likely to involve a but all of them are likely to involve a heavy plant of the sort you can see in heavy plant of the sort you can see in heavy plant of the sort you can see in the pictures the pictures the pictures on the screen from from some major on the screen from from some major on the screen from from some major infrastructure projects infrastructure projects infrastructure projects and the size of these machines and in and the size of these machines and in and the size of these machines and in particular the extent they work across particular the extent they work across particular the extent they work across the ground surface the ground surface the ground surface can result in and probably does result can result in and probably does result can result in and probably does result in in soil compaction in in soil compaction in in soil compaction they can have very high ground pressures they can have very high ground pressures they can have very high ground pressures um and i know there are good examples um and i know there are good examples um and i know there are good examples now of low ground pressure machinery now of low ground pressure machinery now of low ground pressure machinery where where the ground pressures even on where where the ground pressures even on where where the ground pressures even on a big a big a big machine can be as low as perhaps five machine can be as low as perhaps five machine can be as low as perhaps five pounds per square inch pounds per square inch pounds per square inch but it's perhaps more about the number but it's perhaps more about the number but it's perhaps more about the number of passes the machines of passes the machines of passes the machines make does the machine skew so where the make does the machine skew so where the make does the machine skew so where the tracks rotate in different directions so tracks rotate in different directions so tracks rotate in different directions so the the machine can change direction the the machine can change direction the the machine can change direction uh because that can scuff and and smear uh because that can scuff and and smear uh because that can scuff and and smear the ground and resolve the ground and resolve the ground and resolve an additional uh soil compaction an additional uh soil compaction an additional uh soil compaction and the type of machinery that's being and the type of machinery that's being and the type of machinery that's being used um where it's being used used um where it's being used used um where it's being used how it's going to handle soils etc those how it's going to handle soils etc those how it's going to handle soils etc those are all really important things are all really important things are all really important things to think about when designing a to think about when designing a to think about when designing a methodology for methodology for methodology for for soil handling and particularly what for soil handling and particularly what for soil handling and particularly what plant to use and in particular what sort plant to use and in particular what sort plant to use and in particular what sort of restrictions of restrictions of restrictions you want to put on how that plant you want to put on how that plant you want to put on how that plant operates and where they operates and where they operates and where they where they operate um but before i talk where they operate um but before i talk where they operate um but before i talk a bit more about a bit more about a bit more about salt compaction and construction sites salt compaction and construction sites salt compaction and construction sites it's important to recognize um it's important to recognize um it's important to recognize um this perhaps comes back to some of one this perhaps comes back to some of one this perhaps comes back to some of one of linda's slides that not all soils of linda's slides that not all soils of linda's slides that not all soils will end up being used for the creation will end up being used for the creation will end up being used for the creation of perhaps soil profiles to support of perhaps soil profiles to support of perhaps soil profiles to support agriculture or habitats or landscape agriculture or habitats or landscape agriculture or habitats or landscape planting planting planting and so on and and so on and and so on and some materials that that we might some materials that that we might some materials that that we might think of as soils or we do think of the think of as soils or we do think of the think of as soils or we do think of the soils may be deemed suitable for uses as soils may be deemed suitable for uses as soils may be deemed suitable for uses as film materials film materials film materials and those film materials will probably and those film materials will probably and those film materials will probably have an engineering requirement have an engineering requirement have an engineering requirement uh and need to be geotechnically stable uh and need to be geotechnically stable uh and need to be geotechnically stable and thus they'll need to be compacted so and thus they'll need to be compacted so and thus they'll need to be compacted so that linda slide there where that linda slide there where that linda slide there where showing show in the the housing showing show in the the housing showing show in the the housing development and agriculture development and agriculture development and agriculture at two ends of the of the continuum and at two ends of the of the continuum and at two ends of the of the continuum and so so so you know we need to be conscious and it you know we need to be conscious and it you know we need to be conscious and it comes at that point about perspective we comes at that point about perspective we comes at that point about perspective we may not wish to see saw materials may not wish to see saw materials may not wish to see saw materials compacted compacted compacted and we may write that they shouldn't be and we may write that they shouldn't be and we may write that they shouldn't be but actually that can be an essential but actually that can be an essential but actually that can be an essential part of what happens on construction part of what happens on construction part of what happens on construction sites to produce sites to produce sites to produce for example the final landforms on which for example the final landforms on which for example the final landforms on which landscape planting areas will be created landscape planting areas will be created landscape planting areas will be created or or or or platforms for um the um or platforms for um the um or platforms for um the um the building of structures of houses etc the building of structures of houses etc the building of structures of houses etc and i've just put on the screen there um and i've just put on the screen there um and i've just put on the screen there um just part of a table from a document just part of a table from a document just part of a table from a document known as siri 600 known as siri 600 known as siri 600 which is part of a series of highway which is part of a series of highway which is part of a series of highway specification documents but it's widely specification documents but it's widely specification documents but it's widely used on many construction sites to used on many construction sites to used on many construction sites to define define define the characteristics and uses of of the characteristics and uses of of the characteristics and uses of of excavated materials excavated materials excavated materials and it's a very large document so i've and it's a very large document so i've and it's a very large document so i've not uh i've just pulled out a couple of not uh i've just pulled out a couple of not uh i've just pulled out a couple of clips from it to give you a sense of clips from it to give you a sense of clips from it to give you a sense of where materials where materials where materials we we would define as soils could end up we we would define as soils could end up we we would define as soils could end up in an end use where they're requiring a in an end use where they're requiring a in an end use where they're requiring a certain level of of compaction so we've certain level of of compaction so we've certain level of of compaction so we've got descriptions here of wet cohesive got descriptions here of wet cohesive got descriptions here of wet cohesive material dry cohesive materials that material dry cohesive materials that material dry cohesive materials that that could be that could be that could be that could be subsoil uh material and in that could be subsoil uh material and in that could be subsoil uh material and in particular then we've got materials particular then we've got materials particular then we've got materials which are classed as class four which are classed as class four which are classed as class four and class five so landscape fill very and class five so landscape fill very and class five so landscape fill very often this will be often this will be often this will be uh subsoil material and then we've got a uh subsoil material and then we've got a uh subsoil material and then we've got a sort of a classification for our sort of a classification for our sort of a classification for our our top soils and and turf etc our top soils and and turf etc our top soils and and turf etc and i suppose the the point of of and i suppose the the point of of and i suppose the the point of of putting this on putting this on putting this on in the presentation is that a key part in the presentation is that a key part in the presentation is that a key part of of of perhaps designing a sort of handling perhaps designing a sort of handling perhaps designing a sort of handling strategy on a construction project strategy on a construction project strategy on a construction project is to maximize the reuse of the is to maximize the reuse of the is to maximize the reuse of the materials and to really minimize the materials and to really minimize the materials and to really minimize the the export of a surplus or that the need the export of a surplus or that the need the export of a surplus or that the need to import to import to import uh material so really sort of driving uh material so really sort of driving uh material so really sort of driving from a sustainability from a sustainability from a sustainability uh perspective so so ensuring that uh perspective so so ensuring that uh perspective so so ensuring that surface surface surface materials are used in the design even if materials are used in the design even if materials are used in the design even if it means that they're being compacted it means that they're being compacted it means that they're being compacted and compacted to a level which which and compacted to a level which which and compacted to a level which which you know we think is absolutely totally you know we think is absolutely totally you know we think is absolutely totally wrong for soils may be an absolute wrong for soils may be an absolute wrong for soils may be an absolute critical part of critical part of critical part of of the project the other point i wanted to raise was the other point i wanted to raise was the other point i wanted to raise was also that it's important to note that also that it's important to note that also that it's important to note that construction sites are not simply where construction sites are not simply where construction sites are not simply where soils are are stripped soils are are stripped soils are are stripped to make way for the construction of a to make way for the construction of a to make way for the construction of a hard engineering structure such as a hard engineering structure such as a hard engineering structure such as a road or railway or housing road or railway or housing road or railway or housing and across construction sites there'll and across construction sites there'll and across construction sites there'll be there'll be many very different be there'll be many very different be there'll be many very different elements of design elements of design elements of design which may include landscape planting which may include landscape planting which may include landscape planting suds or sustainable drainage systems suds or sustainable drainage systems suds or sustainable drainage systems habitat areas grasslands playing fields habitat areas grasslands playing fields habitat areas grasslands playing fields allotments and allotments and allotments and those sorts of things uh even cemeteries those sorts of things uh even cemeteries those sorts of things uh even cemeteries as well as well as well and this is a this is a master plan from and this is a this is a master plan from and this is a this is a master plan from a housing development on the edge of a housing development on the edge of a housing development on the edge of vista that that we've worked on and you vista that that we've worked on and you vista that that we've worked on and you can see some of those elements there and can see some of those elements there and can see some of those elements there and i can't remember the exact numbers for i can't remember the exact numbers for i can't remember the exact numbers for business but very often some of these business but very often some of these business but very often some of these large housing schemes can have up to 50 large housing schemes can have up to 50 large housing schemes can have up to 50 green infrastructure so 50 of the site green infrastructure so 50 of the site green infrastructure so 50 of the site is not is not is not a house or a school or a community area a house or a school or a community area a house or a school or a community area or shops etc or shops etc or shops etc and while some of those those features and while some of those those features and while some of those those features may need to be may need to be may need to be recreated once the site's been stripped recreated once the site's been stripped recreated once the site's been stripped um because um because um because obviously the the activity will move obviously the the activity will move obviously the the activity will move around the site around the site around the site on a project like this and thinking on a project like this and thinking on a project like this and thinking about construction activities and soil about construction activities and soil about construction activities and soil compaction click compaction click compaction click saw compactions right clearly there's a saw compactions right clearly there's a saw compactions right clearly there's a um a real um a real um a real need and desire to seek opportunities to need and desire to seek opportunities to need and desire to seek opportunities to not disturb not disturb not disturb the soils uh in these sorts of areas so the soils uh in these sorts of areas so the soils uh in these sorts of areas so that we avoid that risk of soil that we avoid that risk of soil that we avoid that risk of soil compaction and the risk that the soil compaction and the risk that the soil compaction and the risk that the soil function function function won't be suitable for for the desired won't be suitable for for the desired won't be suitable for for the desired end use and particularly where we've got end use and particularly where we've got end use and particularly where we've got large large large areas here so the slight sort of yellow areas here so the slight sort of yellow areas here so the slight sort of yellow coloring this these are particularly coloring this these are particularly coloring this these are particularly habitat-focused areas habitat-focused areas habitat-focused areas clearly not going in and tracking of the clearly not going in and tracking of the clearly not going in and tracking of the soils and causing compaction there is soils and causing compaction there is soils and causing compaction there is is a really positive step to to is a really positive step to to is a really positive step to to generating the the habitats generating the the habitats generating the the habitats and the green open space that that needs and the green open space that that needs and the green open space that that needs that's um needed as part of the design that's um needed as part of the design that's um needed as part of the design and and this is another example where and and this is another example where and and this is another example where where works um where works um where works um on on a major construction scheme so on on a major construction scheme so on on a major construction scheme so this is a a road project in north wales this is a a road project in north wales this is a a road project in north wales we're focused specifically on on habitat we're focused specifically on on habitat we're focused specifically on on habitat translocation in this case that the translocation in this case that the translocation in this case that the transformation of some valuable transformation of some valuable transformation of some valuable floodplain grassland um floodplain grassland um floodplain grassland um and on this project we came up with a and on this project we came up with a and on this project we came up with a very detailed design for how soils would very detailed design for how soils would very detailed design for how soils would be lifted be lifted be lifted uh what machinery would be used where uh what machinery would be used where uh what machinery would be used where they'd be placed and so on they'd be placed and so on they'd be placed and so on and a specialist contractor was brought and a specialist contractor was brought and a specialist contractor was brought in to to deliver those works in to to deliver those works in to to deliver those works um and the soil handling here was done um and the soil handling here was done um and the soil handling here was done by low ground pressure by low ground pressure by low ground pressure machines so we've got machines so we've got machines so we've got uh dump trucks with uh rubber tracks on uh dump trucks with uh rubber tracks on uh dump trucks with uh rubber tracks on them we've got wide tracks on on the them we've got wide tracks on on the them we've got wide tracks on on the excavators and so on excavators and so on excavators and so on and also again to minimize the risk of and also again to minimize the risk of and also again to minimize the risk of soil compaction soil compaction soil compaction that uh and on the basis of the valve of that uh and on the basis of the valve of that uh and on the basis of the valve of the nature of the habitats and how the nature of the habitats and how the nature of the habitats and how valuable they were they're perceived to valuable they were they're perceived to valuable they were they're perceived to be be be these soils weren't scraped up and these soils weren't scraped up and these soils weren't scraped up and stripped so so we're trying to minimize stripped so so we're trying to minimize stripped so so we're trying to minimize the the impact on the soils the the impact on the soils the the impact on the soils and in this case then this was done by and in this case then this was done by and in this case then this was done by macro turfing so this is taking a macro turfing so this is taking a macro turfing so this is taking a cutting a turf and these are about one cutting a turf and these are about one cutting a turf and these are about one meter by two meter in dimensions meter by two meter in dimensions meter by two meter in dimensions cut to the base of the routing zone so cut to the base of the routing zone so cut to the base of the routing zone so we're holding all that soil together we're holding all that soil together we're holding all that soil together um and those that those are moved to um and those that those are moved to um and those that those are moved to really really reduce the risk really really reduce the risk really really reduce the risk of soil compaction but actually of soil compaction but actually of soil compaction but actually when we think about saw compaction it's when we think about saw compaction it's when we think about saw compaction it's worth noting that on this site this worth noting that on this site this worth noting that on this site this comes back to perhaps on the earlier comes back to perhaps on the earlier comes back to perhaps on the earlier points you know points you know points you know is soil compaction good or bad we would is soil compaction good or bad we would is soil compaction good or bad we would normally normally normally make a very very clear statement that on make a very very clear statement that on make a very very clear statement that on on a site like this on a site like this on a site like this place soils should not be tracked over place soils should not be tracked over place soils should not be tracked over once they're placed they're placed once they're placed they're placed once they're placed they're placed and no more machinery should track over and no more machinery should track over and no more machinery should track over them but when we're looking at them but when we're looking at them but when we're looking at macroturfing and macroturfing and macroturfing and in this situation these terms once they in this situation these terms once they in this situation these terms once they replace were actually tracked over replace were actually tracked over replace were actually tracked over but in a very careful and very managed but in a very careful and very managed but in a very careful and very managed way but just to make sure that the turfs way but just to make sure that the turfs way but just to make sure that the turfs had bedded in properly we didn't have had bedded in properly we didn't have had bedded in properly we didn't have air pockets under the turves air pockets under the turves air pockets under the turves um and they really sort of buttered up um and they really sort of buttered up um and they really sort of buttered up against each other really well so there against each other really well so there against each other really well so there weren't any gaps weren't any gaps weren't any gaps so again that balance and that so again that balance and that so again that balance and that perspective that we don't want perspective that we don't want perspective that we don't want compaction but actually compaction but actually compaction but actually there's a level of compaction that the there's a level of compaction that the there's a level of compaction that the soils naturally have and we have to try soils naturally have and we have to try soils naturally have and we have to try to get back to that as well to get back to that as well to get back to that as well and uh i think i've got one more example and uh i think i've got one more example and uh i think i've got one more example this is an example of a this is an example of a this is an example of a uh a site another rose scheme sorry in uh a site another rose scheme sorry in uh a site another rose scheme sorry in south wales south wales south wales uh where um part of the part of the the uh where um part of the part of the the uh where um part of the part of the the project design was the project design was the project design was the uh the translocation and reuse of hedge uh the translocation and reuse of hedge uh the translocation and reuse of hedge materials that were in the way of the materials that were in the way of the materials that were in the way of the new scheme but we're being reused to new scheme but we're being reused to new scheme but we're being reused to create create create new hedgerows and you can see here where new hedgerows and you can see here where new hedgerows and you can see here where the the excavator that's placing the the the excavator that's placing the the the excavator that's placing the um the copper stools in the trench has um the copper stools in the trench has um the copper stools in the trench has been tracking back and forth been tracking back and forth been tracking back and forth and you can see here where it skewed a and you can see here where it skewed a and you can see here where it skewed a little bit and it's been sort of um little bit and it's been sort of um little bit and it's been sort of um starting to tear and smear the ground so starting to tear and smear the ground so starting to tear and smear the ground so the ground the ground the ground there will have suffered compaction but there will have suffered compaction but there will have suffered compaction but as that area was going to remain as as that area was going to remain as as that area was going to remain as grassland grassland grassland as part of a biodiversity mitigation as part of a biodiversity mitigation as part of a biodiversity mitigation strategy strategy strategy and the site had only been accessed and the site had only been accessed and the site had only been accessed during dry weather during dry weather during dry weather in all probability that the natural in all probability that the natural in all probability that the natural processes that processes that processes that the linda talked about will alleviate the linda talked about will alleviate the linda talked about will alleviate that compaction that compaction that compaction so actually trying to go back in and say so actually trying to go back in and say so actually trying to go back in and say we've compacted the soil we need to we've compacted the soil we need to we've compacted the soil we need to we need to deal with that potentially we need to deal with that potentially we need to deal with that potentially has the risk of causing has the risk of causing has the risk of causing more problems and i'll show you some of more problems and i'll show you some of more problems and i'll show you some of those sort of problems that can happen those sort of problems that can happen those sort of problems that can happen uh later on as well uh later on as well uh later on as well um so just taking all the time yeah so um so just taking all the time yeah so um so just taking all the time yeah so um um um there is uh sorry uh sorry i've got very sensitive mouse uh sorry i've got very sensitive mouse uh sorry i've got very sensitive mouse why is it not going back uh bear with me you're getting a preview of you're getting a preview of you're getting a preview of what's coming up right what's coming up right what's coming up right back on track okay here we go so um back on track okay here we go so um back on track okay here we go so um there is guidance to support decisions there is guidance to support decisions there is guidance to support decisions around soil handling around soil handling around soil handling uh approaches and and essentially uh approaches and and essentially uh approaches and and essentially they're designed to they're designed to they're designed to to minimize the risk that the soils are to minimize the risk that the soils are to minimize the risk that the soils are not in a state and won't not in a state and won't not in a state and won't function as required for the end user in function as required for the end user in function as required for the end user in particular there's the construction code particular there's the construction code particular there's the construction code of practice for of practice for of practice for sustainable use of soils on construction sustainable use of soils on construction sustainable use of soils on construction sites sites sites there's also a suite of math good there's also a suite of math good there's also a suite of math good practice practice practice guides for handling soils and notes such guides for handling soils and notes such guides for handling soils and notes such as the one that the british society of as the one that the british society of as the one that the british society of source science have recently published source science have recently published source science have recently published on saw management in development and on saw management in development and on saw management in development and construction and there are other construction and there are other construction and there are other documents documents documents available as well and these are really available as well and these are really available as well and these are really valuable valuable valuable documents in the absence of a primary documents in the absence of a primary documents in the absence of a primary legislation relating to soils legislation relating to soils legislation relating to soils we need published guidance to refer to we need published guidance to refer to we need published guidance to refer to and we also need to strengthen our and we also need to strengthen our and we also need to strengthen our collective voice collective voice collective voice around these and a good example is a few around these and a good example is a few around these and a good example is a few years ago i was working on a years ago i was working on a years ago i was working on a project in wales and i'd included a project in wales and i'd included a project in wales and i'd included a reference to the deaf reference to the deaf reference to the deaf code in my proposed uh and a review code in my proposed uh and a review code in my proposed uh and a review comment uh came back from the from the comment uh came back from the from the comment uh came back from the from the client team client team client team asking me to delete that reference asking me to delete that reference asking me to delete that reference because it was a defra document and because it was a defra document and because it was a defra document and therefore was only relevant to england therefore was only relevant to england therefore was only relevant to england and not relevant in wales so so we do and not relevant in wales so so we do and not relevant in wales so so we do need to to start need to to start need to to start um really increasing our voice around um really increasing our voice around um really increasing our voice around that the need for these these guidance that the need for these these guidance that the need for these these guidance documents to be documents to be documents to be to be followed um and if to be followed um and if to be followed um and if that guidance is followed sword handling that guidance is followed sword handling that guidance is followed sword handling can be done well and post construction can be done well and post construction can be done well and post construction issues around soil compaction issues around soil compaction issues around soil compaction can be avoided but as you'd expect um can be avoided but as you'd expect um can be avoided but as you'd expect um problems do happen and things do go problems do happen and things do go problems do happen and things do go wrong and wrong and wrong and this this grainy picture here is it's this this grainy picture here is it's this this grainy picture here is it's not a not a not a lot of my poor photography skills um but lot of my poor photography skills um but lot of my poor photography skills um but it's an image taken during torrential it's an image taken during torrential it's an image taken during torrential rainfall rainfall rainfall at a site in wales a few years ago and at a site in wales a few years ago and at a site in wales a few years ago and you can just about tell that the workers you can just about tell that the workers you can just about tell that the workers are uh are uh are uh ankle deep or deeper in silt laden ankle deep or deeper in silt laden ankle deep or deeper in silt laden runoff which is coming off the working runoff which is coming off the working runoff which is coming off the working width for a pipeline installation width for a pipeline installation width for a pipeline installation project project project and a number of things went wrong that and a number of things went wrong that and a number of things went wrong that day not least that works we're not day not least that works we're not day not least that works we're not stopped when the site and the site may stopped when the site and the site may stopped when the site and the site may secure secure secure in advance of the rainfall and you know in advance of the rainfall and you know in advance of the rainfall and you know unfortunately one of the results from unfortunately one of the results from unfortunately one of the results from this was that this was that this was that some of this still made its way into a some of this still made its way into a some of this still made its way into a reservoir with all the consequent reservoir with all the consequent reservoir with all the consequent financial and financial and financial and reputational damage uh that comes with reputational damage uh that comes with reputational damage uh that comes with that that that but also there was soil compaction uh but also there was soil compaction uh but also there was soil compaction uh because works continue so handling because works continue so handling because works continue so handling operations continue during some of that operations continue during some of that operations continue during some of that weather weather weather and this is the sort of thing we we get and this is the sort of thing we we get and this is the sort of thing we we get left with left with left with um you can see here this is a um you can see here this is a um you can see here this is a another rose game uh in kent where another rose game uh in kent where another rose game uh in kent where ancient woodland ancient woodland ancient woodland uh material so soils and stool materials uh material so soils and stool materials uh material so soils and stool materials were to be salvaged were to be salvaged were to be salvaged um through the uh the following of a um through the uh the following of a um through the uh the following of a very detailed method statement that we'd very detailed method statement that we'd very detailed method statement that we'd written written written however the vegetation clearance however the vegetation clearance however the vegetation clearance activities which which took activities which which took activities which which took place in advance of the source shipping place in advance of the source shipping place in advance of the source shipping were not controlled in line with that were not controlled in line with that were not controlled in line with that that sort of handling strategy that sort of handling strategy that sort of handling strategy meaning that those works continued meaning that those works continued meaning that those works continued during uh poor weather conditions during uh poor weather conditions during uh poor weather conditions leaving significant areas rutted leaving significant areas rutted leaving significant areas rutted with topsoil and subsoil mixed and water with topsoil and subsoil mixed and water with topsoil and subsoil mixed and water ponding as a result of the compaction ponding as a result of the compaction ponding as a result of the compaction and you know these soils were going to and you know these soils were going to and you know these soils were going to be stripped be stripped be stripped so essentially we would have had the we so essentially we would have had the we so essentially we would have had the we had the opportunity to remove the had the opportunity to remove the had the opportunity to remove the compaction compaction compaction through the process but a key problem through the process but a key problem through the process but a key problem here is that these soil supported highly here is that these soil supported highly here is that these soil supported highly sensitive habitats and are very very sensitive habitats and are very very sensitive habitats and are very very thin thin thin and the strategy involved the salvage and the strategy involved the salvage and the strategy involved the salvage and re-spreading and re-spreading and re-spreading of of the surface list layer which of of the surface list layer which of of the surface list layer which clearly uh in clearly uh in clearly uh in some areas of the site following the the some areas of the site following the the some areas of the site following the the vegetation clearance was not vegetation clearance was not vegetation clearance was not going to be possible and so some of the going to be possible and so some of the going to be possible and so some of the sort of handling strategy had to be sort of handling strategy had to be sort of handling strategy had to be adapted as a result adapted as a result adapted as a result of that and um of that and um of that and um when when looking at when or perhaps when when looking at when or perhaps when when looking at when or perhaps when source should be handled but also when source should be handled but also when source should be handled but also that it's important that it's important that it's important about the resilience of soils um to that about the resilience of soils um to that about the resilience of soils um to that handling and i've just um i've just handling and i've just um i've just handling and i've just um i've just pulled out this pulled out this pulled out this um from uh hs2 document um from uh hs2 document um from uh hs2 document which is their technical standard for which is their technical standard for which is their technical standard for soil handling and soil handling and soil handling and as i have you picked up from nina's as i have you picked up from nina's as i have you picked up from nina's presentation really it's you know that presentation really it's you know that presentation really it's you know that the texture of the soil is really really the texture of the soil is really really the texture of the soil is really really important but also the the amount of important but also the the amount of important but also the the amount of rainfall on that and that water holding rainfall on that and that water holding rainfall on that and that water holding uh capacity uh of the soil is important uh capacity uh of the soil is important uh capacity uh of the soil is important so so so uh this this table essentially defines uh this this table essentially defines uh this this table essentially defines much of the the sort of handling much of the the sort of handling much of the the sort of handling strategy on hs2 in terms of strategy on hs2 in terms of strategy on hs2 in terms of uh households were handled and also uh households were handled and also uh households were handled and also identifying their risk identifying their risk identifying their risk of structural damage due to handling and of structural damage due to handling and of structural damage due to handling and you can see here for example we've got you can see here for example we've got you can see here for example we've got the light textured soils the light textured soils the light textured soils uh in low rainfall areas have a high uh in low rainfall areas have a high uh in low rainfall areas have a high resilience structural damage resilience structural damage resilience structural damage whereas either our medium texture soils whereas either our medium texture soils whereas either our medium texture soils in in high rainfall areas or heavy in in high rainfall areas or heavy in in high rainfall areas or heavy texture soils texture soils texture soils have a low resilience to to structural have a low resilience to to structural have a low resilience to to structural damage and again i should say coming damage and again i should say coming damage and again i should say coming back to perhaps some linear points this back to perhaps some linear points this back to perhaps some linear points this is really focused on is really focused on is really focused on the reuse of these materials for the reuse of these materials for the reuse of these materials for agricultural purposes so agricultural purposes so agricultural purposes so the soils the integrity of the structure the soils the integrity of the structure the soils the integrity of the structure of the soil of the soil of the soil and it and his and his presence in the and it and his and his presence in the and it and his and his presence in the soil is really important for the soil is really important for the soil is really important for the successful reinstatement successful reinstatement successful reinstatement of those of those soils so of those of those soils so of those of those soils so to um just look at a couple of a couple to um just look at a couple of a couple to um just look at a couple of a couple of examples of examples of examples um this is a site um um this is a site um um this is a site um where uh an area of woodland uh needed where uh an area of woodland uh needed where uh an area of woodland uh needed to be created quite an extensive to be created quite an extensive to be created quite an extensive variable need to be created um as part variable need to be created um as part variable need to be created um as part of a guided busway scheme as part of of a guided busway scheme as part of of a guided busway scheme as part of mitigation for that scheme mitigation for that scheme mitigation for that scheme and the area was uh it's callery spoil and the area was uh it's callery spoil and the area was uh it's callery spoil they've been past phases of land they've been past phases of land they've been past phases of land restoration here which haven't been restoration here which haven't been restoration here which haven't been been hugely accessible so there's very been hugely accessible so there's very been hugely accessible so there's very little soil to work with but we did have little soil to work with but we did have little soil to work with but we did have soil forming materials from the main soil forming materials from the main soil forming materials from the main construction works construction works construction works and access to a locally sourced pass 100 and access to a locally sourced pass 100 and access to a locally sourced pass 100 compost compost compost the real challenge here was uh to create the real challenge here was uh to create the real challenge here was uh to create a slow a slow a slow profile that wasn't compact at scale profile that wasn't compact at scale profile that wasn't compact at scale against the tight program and you know against the tight program and you know against the tight program and you know moving into a difficult time of year so moving into a difficult time of year so moving into a difficult time of year so the works were planned to start early the works were planned to start early the works were planned to start early autumn autumn autumn they probably didn't really get going they probably didn't really get going they probably didn't really get going until until until early october i think at the earliest early october i think at the earliest early october i think at the earliest and you know on many projects i've and you know on many projects i've and you know on many projects i've worked on we've been very lucky with worked on we've been very lucky with worked on we've been very lucky with weather weather weather in that sort of autumn window with in that sort of autumn window with in that sort of autumn window with significant dry periods significant dry periods significant dry periods to allow works to progress rapidly but to allow works to progress rapidly but to allow works to progress rapidly but in this instance the forecast wasn't in this instance the forecast wasn't in this instance the forecast wasn't looking so kind so we had to come up looking so kind so we had to come up looking so kind so we had to come up with a methodology which would allow with a methodology which would allow with a methodology which would allow the very rapid progression of soil the very rapid progression of soil the very rapid progression of soil placement placement placement and this involved the the initial wind and this involved the the initial wind and this involved the the initial wind rowing of the of the soil materials and rowing of the of the soil materials and rowing of the of the soil materials and the sort of forming materials the sort of forming materials the sort of forming materials starting then to sequentially spread starting then to sequentially spread starting then to sequentially spread these in the these in the these in the defined and required layers um across defined and required layers um across defined and required layers um across the site the site the site um and actually what we allowed in this um and actually what we allowed in this um and actually what we allowed in this case was the creation of case was the creation of case was the creation of putting the subsoil in the creation of a putting the subsoil in the creation of a putting the subsoil in the creation of a compact surface to allow the machines to compact surface to allow the machines to compact surface to allow the machines to to continue to work over in particular to continue to work over in particular to continue to work over in particular allow bulldozers to work allow bulldozers to work allow bulldozers to work uh which allow the work to request as uh which allow the work to request as uh which allow the work to request as fast as possible fast as possible fast as possible but ensuring then that before the next but ensuring then that before the next but ensuring then that before the next layer is put on layer is put on layer is put on there's some decompaction and then there's some decompaction and then there's some decompaction and then there's full decompaction of the profile there's full decompaction of the profile there's full decompaction of the profile as you can see here through through deep as you can see here through through deep as you can see here through through deep ripping prior to the ripping prior to the ripping prior to the the spreading of the compost and then we the spreading of the compost and then we the spreading of the compost and then we start to move to just uh start to move to just uh start to move to just uh standard agricultural machinery so much standard agricultural machinery so much standard agricultural machinery so much lower ground pressure lower ground pressure lower ground pressure fewer passes and ending up with a very fewer passes and ending up with a very fewer passes and ending up with a very good good good um cultivated surface and this process um cultivated surface and this process um cultivated surface and this process was really really successful in creating was really really successful in creating was really really successful in creating a soil profile a soil profile a soil profile with good structural units and fissures with good structural units and fissures with good structural units and fissures um um um and i should say that's a good tool for and i should say that's a good tool for and i should say that's a good tool for at that point in time clearly then we at that point in time clearly then we at that point in time clearly then we need those um need those um need those um those those natural processes to to those those natural processes to to those those natural processes to to maintain that soil structure but also to maintain that soil structure but also to maintain that soil structure but also to make actual structure more resilient and make actual structure more resilient and make actual structure more resilient and stronger stronger stronger as well so it doesn't just degrade over as well so it doesn't just degrade over as well so it doesn't just degrade over time time time but nothing ever goes to plan so this is but nothing ever goes to plan so this is but nothing ever goes to plan so this is another example of another example of another example of a major construction site where the a major construction site where the a major construction site where the soils soils soils have been started to be placed without have been started to be placed without have been started to be placed without supervision supervision supervision and actually what had happened was and actually what had happened was and actually what had happened was topsoil have been placed immediately topsoil have been placed immediately topsoil have been placed immediately onto the overburden onto the overburden onto the overburden and then because we were the the the it and then because we were the the the it and then because we were the the the it was a slope was a slope was a slope a sloping area had been just run back a sloping area had been just run back a sloping area had been just run back and forth with uh with a bulldozer to and forth with uh with a bulldozer to and forth with uh with a bulldozer to to really compact it and actually it was to really compact it and actually it was to really compact it and actually it was pretty difficult to dig by hand pretty difficult to dig by hand pretty difficult to dig by hand and we were left with a it was a heavy and we were left with a it was a heavy and we were left with a it was a heavy soil anyway but a very very compact soil anyway but a very very compact soil anyway but a very very compact uh material so the solution here was uh material so the solution here was uh material so the solution here was that the that the that the uh the topsoil had to be removed and uh the topsoil had to be removed and uh the topsoil had to be removed and then the full then the full then the full process undertaken to place and loosen process undertaken to place and loosen process undertaken to place and loosen subsoil over the overburden in a subsoil over the overburden in a subsoil over the overburden in a sequential way and you can see the sequential way and you can see the sequential way and you can see the the way the the site team was starting the way the the site team was starting the way the the site team was starting to work the way out of the site to work the way out of the site to work the way out of the site and on this site absolutely no tracking and on this site absolutely no tracking and on this site absolutely no tracking over the over the over the uh the final uh prepared surface uh the final uh prepared surface uh the final uh prepared surface and then the use of aquacultural and then the use of aquacultural and then the use of aquacultural machinery to do that final cultivation machinery to do that final cultivation machinery to do that final cultivation and after the first winter going back in and after the first winter going back in and after the first winter going back in in the spring following in the spring following in the spring following the structure that had been created was the structure that had been created was the structure that had been created was still present it was still a loose soil still present it was still a loose soil still present it was still a loose soil easy to dig despite the heavy nature and easy to dig despite the heavy nature and easy to dig despite the heavy nature and actually the vegetation that was actually the vegetation that was actually the vegetation that was starting to establish starting to establish starting to establish you could see visibly that the roots you could see visibly that the roots you could see visibly that the roots were starting to bind structural units were starting to bind structural units were starting to bind structural units together together together and it was starting to get some of that and it was starting to get some of that and it was starting to get some of that strength it required so actually you strength it required so actually you strength it required so actually you know know know despite a a not so great start a really despite a a not so great start a really despite a a not so great start a really really good end result really good end result really good end result uh to that project um uh to that project um uh to that project um but i mentioned earlier about um but i mentioned earlier about um but i mentioned earlier about um uh uh sort of saw compaction and and uh uh sort of saw compaction and and uh uh sort of saw compaction and and whether we do do go back in and deal whether we do do go back in and deal whether we do do go back in and deal with it a key with it a key with it a key a key point of of these these sorts of a key point of of these these sorts of a key point of of these these sorts of programs is that a huge amount of money programs is that a huge amount of money programs is that a huge amount of money is invested in the right techniques the is invested in the right techniques the is invested in the right techniques the right plant the right personnel to right plant the right personnel to right plant the right personnel to ensure the works ensure the works ensure the works are done correctly and that can very are done correctly and that can very are done correctly and that can very very quickly very quickly very quickly be sort of thrown out the window if the be sort of thrown out the window if the be sort of thrown out the window if the post-construction activities are not post-construction activities are not post-construction activities are not regulated to also regulated to also regulated to also avoid compaction and so on on this site avoid compaction and so on on this site avoid compaction and so on on this site again successful placement of soils and again successful placement of soils and again successful placement of soils and the structure the the structure the the structure the the the trees were establishing the the the trees were establishing the the the trees were establishing the grass was growing grass was growing grass was growing but then post construction activities but then post construction activities but then post construction activities resulted in resulted in resulted in quite some significant um quite some significant um quite some significant um uh soil compaction you know rutting uh soil compaction you know rutting uh soil compaction you know rutting displacement of soil so this is this is displacement of soil so this is this is displacement of soil so this is this is just a soil that's been displaced from just a soil that's been displaced from just a soil that's been displaced from from a track that's been used into a from a track that's been used into a from a track that's been used into a large mound large mound large mound um and the compact soils visibly being um and the compact soils visibly being um and the compact soils visibly being waterlogged waterlogged waterlogged holding surface water and so on so we've holding surface water and so on so we've holding surface water and so on so we've produced a number of reports on there produced a number of reports on there produced a number of reports on there and and and and definitely for these two uh these and definitely for these two uh these and definitely for these two uh these two sort of made two sort of made two sort of made more major trackways they'll they'll be more major trackways they'll they'll be more major trackways they'll they'll be repaired repaired repaired but but for these two locations where but but for these two locations where but but for these two locations where the the damage has happened between the the the damage has happened between the the the damage has happened between the the planted trees we did pose the the planted trees we did pose the the planted trees we did pose the question should we go back in and and question should we go back in and and question should we go back in and and remediate that and actually in this in remediate that and actually in this in remediate that and actually in this in this case the the recommendation was this case the the recommendation was this case the the recommendation was that we that we that we we wouldn't to go back in you've got to we wouldn't to go back in you've got to we wouldn't to go back in you've got to get the contractor back in get the contractor back in get the contractor back in there's a risk of more damage happening there's a risk of more damage happening there's a risk of more damage happening works happening again during poor works happening again during poor works happening again during poor weather weather weather and actually as this site matures it's a and actually as this site matures it's a and actually as this site matures it's a landscape area so as it matures landscape area so as it matures landscape area so as it matures and as the natural processes um really and as the natural processes um really and as the natural processes um really start to kick in that compaction will be start to kick in that compaction will be start to kick in that compaction will be alleviated and possibly that will alleviated and possibly that will alleviated and possibly that will um add you know at least in the early um add you know at least in the early um add you know at least in the early stages of the development of the site so stages of the development of the site so stages of the development of the site so some some additional some some additional some some additional diversity to the to the um to the diversity to the to the um to the diversity to the to the um to the ecology ecology ecology of this location i'm very conscious time of this location i'm very conscious time of this location i'm very conscious time but i will just um but i will just um but i will just um quickly just show you this uh this quickly just show you this uh this quickly just show you this uh this example example example again construction related but not a again construction related but not a again construction related but not a result of um result of um result of um the activity of plant or soil handling the activity of plant or soil handling the activity of plant or soil handling activity so this is a activity so this is a activity so this is a location where we were working on a location where we were working on a location where we were working on a scheme scheme scheme uh for the development of underground uh for the development of underground uh for the development of underground storage caverns for natural gas storage caverns for natural gas storage caverns for natural gas but within the site there were existing but within the site there were existing but within the site there were existing disused saline disused saline disused saline solution mines which had all been capped solution mines which had all been capped solution mines which had all been capped and one of those failed and you can see and one of those failed and you can see and one of those failed and you can see that here and it's that here and it's that here and it's um it spewed out a significant volume of um it spewed out a significant volume of um it spewed out a significant volume of hyper saline liquid mud across a number hyper saline liquid mud across a number hyper saline liquid mud across a number of fields and roads of fields and roads of fields and roads which very very quickly and very which very very quickly and very which very very quickly and very significantly affected significantly affected significantly affected uh vegetation so hedgerows grass trees uh vegetation so hedgerows grass trees uh vegetation so hedgerows grass trees etc etc etc but we were also last look at the the but we were also last look at the the but we were also last look at the the longer term impacts of this on the soils longer term impacts of this on the soils longer term impacts of this on the soils and one of the effects and one of the effects and one of the effects um of that of that saline uh sort of um of that of that saline uh sort of um of that of that saline uh sort of intrusion into the soils is the intrusion into the soils is the intrusion into the soils is the breakdown of structural units breakdown of structural units breakdown of structural units and it's perhaps not too easy to see and it's perhaps not too easy to see and it's perhaps not too easy to see from from this side but this is a assad from from this side but this is a assad from from this side but this is a assad from from from an unaffected part of the field uh and an unaffected part of the field uh and an unaffected part of the field uh and this is assad from an affected part of this is assad from an affected part of this is assad from an affected part of the field and actually the field and actually the field and actually um the the analysis was that there was um the the analysis was that there was um the the analysis was that there was already quite a significant already quite a significant already quite a significant sort of change in the in the in the sort of change in the in the in the sort of change in the in the in the density of the soil and density of the soil and density of the soil and and as a result of that just natural and as a result of that just natural and as a result of that just natural breakdown because of the the breakdown because of the the breakdown because of the the the sodium input uh into that soil and the sodium input uh into that soil and the sodium input uh into that soil and those soils now will be much more those soils now will be much more those soils now will be much more vulnerable to further structural damage vulnerable to further structural damage vulnerable to further structural damage on handling or cultivation on handling or cultivation on handling or cultivation which had to be taken into account uh in which had to be taken into account uh in which had to be taken into account uh in in planning the remediation in planning the remediation in planning the remediation of that as a site so i yeah thank you of that as a site so i yeah thank you of that as a site so i yeah thank you i'll leave it there i'll just leave you i'll leave it there i'll just leave you i'll leave it there i'll just leave you with one just reminder of with one just reminder of with one just reminder of the world congress of saw science which the world congress of saw science which the world congress of saw science which has been mentioned already has been mentioned already has been mentioned already is coming up planning is going really is coming up planning is going really is coming up planning is going really well for it and we'll soon be opening up well for it and we'll soon be opening up well for it and we'll soon be opening up calls for abstraction registration calls for abstraction registration calls for abstraction registration and we will need a pool of volunteers so and we will need a pool of volunteers so and we will need a pool of volunteers so if you're interested you know do keep in if you're interested you know do keep in if you're interested you know do keep in touch touch touch and watch our website and email alerts and watch our website and email alerts and watch our website and email alerts um uh um uh um uh for for announcements and calls for for for for announcements and calls for for for for announcements and calls for for help on that help on that help on that thanks very much thanks bruce that was thanks very much thanks bruce that was thanks very much thanks bruce that was really interesting really interesting really interesting um particularly the solutions you you um particularly the solutions you you um particularly the solutions you you went through went through went through and how to minimize the impact um hannah and how to minimize the impact um hannah and how to minimize the impact um hannah has been monitoring the questions you've has been monitoring the questions you've has been monitoring the questions you've been sending in and she will ask your been sending in and she will ask your been sending in and she will ask your questions of the panelists i know we questions of the panelists i know we questions of the panelists i know we have a few have a few have a few waiting to go um so over to you hannah waiting to go um so over to you hannah waiting to go um so over to you hannah thank you um yeah so for linda there are thank you um yeah so for linda there are thank you um yeah so for linda there are a couple which i hope i can sort of put a couple which i hope i can sort of put a couple which i hope i can sort of put together one together one together one question was how do we mitigate animal question was how do we mitigate animal question was how do we mitigate animal impact whether that's grazing or impact whether that's grazing or impact whether that's grazing or trampling trampling trampling on compaction in the uk where the soren on compaction in the uk where the soren on compaction in the uk where the soren remains remains remains wet for the most part of the year wet for the most part of the year wet for the most part of the year and also the question about which crops and also the question about which crops and also the question about which crops could be used to alleviate deeper could be used to alleviate deeper could be used to alleviate deeper compaction compaction compaction and how long that might might that take and how long that might might that take and how long that might might that take i've put those together because i wonder i've put those together because i wonder i've put those together because i wonder if one might be the answer if one might be the answer if one might be the answer to the other um so we certainly have a lot of that down in we certainly have a lot of that down in we certainly have a lot of that down in this in the south west this in the south west this in the south west and it's possibly not going to be the and it's possibly not going to be the and it's possibly not going to be the most popular answer most popular answer most popular answer but what we definitely define with a but what we definitely define with a but what we definitely define with a little bit of research that we little bit of research that we little bit of research that we we did down in the boss castle area that we did down in the boss castle area that we did down in the boss castle area that we know we know we know that if you reduce the intensity of the that if you reduce the intensity of the that if you reduce the intensity of the farming i farming i farming i reduce the number of animals on that reduce the number of animals on that reduce the number of animals on that field that you field that you field that you very much do protect the the soil you very much do protect the the soil you very much do protect the the soil you get get get far less poaching of the soil surface far less poaching of the soil surface far less poaching of the soil surface the the grasp um the the grasp um the the grasp um is also in a better condition i guess is also in a better condition i guess is also in a better condition i guess why i hesitate slightly we were also why i hesitate slightly we were also why i hesitate slightly we were also looking at whether looking at whether looking at whether the grass had been in permanently the grass had been in permanently the grass had been in permanently or or lay grass so over five years or or or lay grass so over five years or or or lay grass so over five years or under five years under five years under five years it's definitely the combination of it's definitely the combination of it's definitely the combination of having a permanent grass cover that's having a permanent grass cover that's having a permanent grass cover that's helped helped helped um has been there and has developed um has been there and has developed um has been there and has developed a sound a soil structure so you've still a sound a soil structure so you've still a sound a soil structure so you've still got the sort of the got the sort of the got the sort of the the matting below below the the grass the matting below below the the grass the matting below below the the grass itself um that itself um that itself um that protected the the soil underneath it protected the the soil underneath it protected the the soil underneath it so one minimizing the amount of animals so one minimizing the amount of animals so one minimizing the amount of animals the new zealand system also seems to the new zealand system also seems to the new zealand system also seems to work work work well so applying that pressure for less well so applying that pressure for less well so applying that pressure for less amount of time amount of time amount of time and so you might um cordon off areas of and so you might um cordon off areas of and so you might um cordon off areas of a field a field a field and only allow the animals to graze for and only allow the animals to graze for and only allow the animals to graze for a day or two a day or two a day or two before moving them on to the next parcel before moving them on to the next parcel before moving them on to the next parcel providing you have sufficient amount of providing you have sufficient amount of providing you have sufficient amount of land to not have to return to that land to not have to return to that land to not have to return to that first parcel for a good few weeks first parcel for a good few weeks first parcel for a good few weeks then that can actually work well then that can actually work well then that can actually work well um as to which plants you use it very um as to which plants you use it very um as to which plants you use it very much depends on much depends on much depends on on the situation i either crop the cover on the situation i either crop the cover on the situation i either crop the cover crop has to be compatible if you're crop has to be compatible if you're crop has to be compatible if you're going to use it in an aggregate cultural going to use it in an aggregate cultural going to use it in an aggregate cultural system system system to be acceptable within the rotation to be acceptable within the rotation to be acceptable within the rotation sometimes it can be complementary i sometimes it can be complementary i sometimes it can be complementary i offer offer offer additional benefits through through um additional benefits through through um additional benefits through through um chemical suppression of the likes and chemical suppression of the likes and chemical suppression of the likes and nematodes nematodes nematodes uh and and other biological um uh and and other biological um uh and and other biological um benefits through um fungal associations benefits through um fungal associations benefits through um fungal associations as well as well as well um i'm desperately trying to remember um i'm desperately trying to remember um i'm desperately trying to remember the name of the taproot it's the name of the taproot it's the name of the taproot it's definitely a grass and it'll come to me definitely a grass and it'll come to me definitely a grass and it'll come to me um um um at some point but certainly um it's not at some point but certainly um it's not at some point but certainly um it's not necessarily about the lengths um necessarily about the lengths um necessarily about the lengths um hannah was a question specifically about hannah was a question specifically about hannah was a question specifically about the deepest roots the deepest roots the deepest roots the question was from leyla fraud who the question was from leyla fraud who the question was from leyla fraud who may be familiar to you may be familiar to you may be familiar to you uh about alleviating deeper compaction uh about alleviating deeper compaction uh about alleviating deeper compaction so i don't know if you want to talk to so i don't know if you want to talk to so i don't know if you want to talk to her later about it or get in touch her later about it or get in touch her later about it or get in touch perhaps perhaps perhaps yeah certainly um there are different yeah certainly um there are different yeah certainly um there are different species and it depends what fits into species and it depends what fits into species and it depends what fits into the actual program or you know what the actual program or you know what the actual program or you know what you're using that parcel or land for you're using that parcel or land for you're using that parcel or land for um and it depends what country and so um and it depends what country and so um and it depends what country and so the one i'm desperately trying to the one i'm desperately trying to the one i'm desperately trying to remember and it will come to me remember and it will come to me remember and it will come to me eventually eventually eventually but they started using it in the but they started using it in the but they started using it in the netherlands but it got it was so netherlands but it got it was so netherlands but it got it was so prolific the root system that they prolific the root system that they prolific the root system that they actually had to stop using it because it actually had to stop using it because it actually had to stop using it because it got into the drainage got into the drainage got into the drainage not listen that is one of the deeper rooting um that is one of the deeper rooting um that is one of the deeper rooting um plants that has shown some benefit to plants that has shown some benefit to plants that has shown some benefit to to alleviating compaction at depth so um we have also got a variety um we have also got a variety um we have also got a variety of slightly more technical questions i'm of slightly more technical questions i'm of slightly more technical questions i'm gonna i can see that there is one minute gonna i can see that there is one minute gonna i can see that there is one minute left until one o'clock so i'm going to left until one o'clock so i'm going to left until one o'clock so i'm going to say say say to bruce i wonder what um to bruce i wonder what um to bruce i wonder what um how these companies the construction how these companies the construction how these companies the construction companies how keen they are and actually companies how keen they are and actually companies how keen they are and actually taking care of the soil and you're taking care of the soil and you're taking care of the soil and you're talking about taking off layers of turf talking about taking off layers of turf talking about taking off layers of turf or what have you or what have you or what have you do does that all that tend to happen do does that all that tend to happen do does that all that tend to happen under duress under duress under duress or is there some kind of awareness among or is there some kind of awareness among or is there some kind of awareness among construction companies that this construction companies that this construction companies that this actually is an important thing to be actually is an important thing to be actually is an important thing to be doing doing doing uh there is and and i probably this is uh there is and and i probably this is uh there is and and i probably this is important to recognize that important to recognize that important to recognize that some many of the requirements of of what some many of the requirements of of what some many of the requirements of of what happens on construction i've driven happens on construction i've driven happens on construction i've driven through the planning through the planning through the planning process so it's local planning authority process so it's local planning authority process so it's local planning authority or the planning inspectorate if it's a or the planning inspectorate if it's a or the planning inspectorate if it's a major infrastructure project major infrastructure project major infrastructure project um and so yeah so you know macro turfing um and so yeah so you know macro turfing um and so yeah so you know macro turfing is is a great technique for for is is a great technique for for is is a great technique for for minimizing the disturbance to the soil minimizing the disturbance to the soil minimizing the disturbance to the soil but it comes at a price in terms of time but it comes at a price in terms of time but it comes at a price in terms of time uh how long it takes and cost in terms uh how long it takes and cost in terms uh how long it takes and cost in terms of uh you know of uh you know of uh you know taking longer but also the machinery etc taking longer but also the machinery etc taking longer but also the machinery etc and bringing a specialist and bringing a specialist and bringing a specialist so you know we do we do need to be so you know we do we do need to be so you know we do we do need to be measured with how that's used but measured with how that's used but measured with how that's used but it is a it is a technique that can be it is a it is a technique that can be it is a it is a technique that can be used used used very very successfully but that will very very successfully but that will very very successfully but that will probably be driven probably be driven probably be driven through the planning process as a through the planning process as a through the planning process as a commitment and requirement from commitment and requirement from commitment and requirement from uh the planning application or the uh the planning application or the uh the planning application or the development order development order development order but i definitely over my my career the but i definitely over my my career the but i definitely over my my career the um the recognition of soils as a um the recognition of soils as a um the recognition of soils as a material that's not material that's not material that's not um uh not just shifted you know and um uh not just shifted you know and um uh not just shifted you know and there's this there's this there's this this phrase uh muck shift you know soil this phrase uh muck shift you know soil this phrase uh muck shift you know soil is not muck is not muck is not muck but if you talk to a lot of contractors but if you talk to a lot of contractors but if you talk to a lot of contractors they'll say oh it's a muck shift they'll say oh it's a muck shift they'll say oh it's a muck shift operation operation operation we'll just get a big big digger in and a we'll just get a big big digger in and a we'll just get a big big digger in and a big a big uh big a big uh big a big uh um hall truck and and move it but we're um hall truck and and move it but we're um hall truck and and move it but we're definitely moving away from that definitely moving away from that definitely moving away from that and and i think particularly hopefully and and i think particularly hopefully and and i think particularly hopefully later this year we'll have a very sort later this year we'll have a very sort later this year we'll have a very sort of um focus hs2 of um focus hs2 of um focus hs2 um discussion in one of these sessions um discussion in one of these sessions um discussion in one of these sessions the the the the recognition and perhaps some of the the recognition and perhaps some of the the recognition and perhaps some of the scale of the projects that are going on scale of the projects that are going on scale of the projects that are going on at the moment at the moment at the moment is really drawing everyone's eyes to it is really drawing everyone's eyes to it is really drawing everyone's eyes to it and absolutely contractors have and absolutely contractors have and absolutely contractors have to get it right and are trying to and to get it right and are trying to and to get it right and are trying to and and really there is the will is there and really there is the will is there and really there is the will is there definitely well that's good to hear definitely well that's good to hear definitely well that's good to hear there are lots of other there are lots of other there are lots of other questions but i've seen sarah has questions but i've seen sarah has questions but i've seen sarah has appeared so good appeared so good appeared so good i don't think we're thank you so much i don't think we're thank you so much i don't think we're thank you so much to our speakers and we will take those to our speakers and we will take those to our speakers and we will take those questions away and where possible we questions away and where possible we questions away and where possible we will try to answer them will try to answer them will try to answer them um i i'd just like to express my thanks um i i'd just like to express my thanks um i i'd just like to express my thanks to both linda and to bruce for coming to both linda and to bruce for coming to both linda and to bruce for coming along to present today and to of course along to present today and to of course along to present today and to of course hannah for hannah for hannah for taking questions here at the end and taking questions here at the end and taking questions here at the end and thank you all for attending thank you all for attending thank you all for attending though you will find a quick feedback though you will find a quick feedback though you will find a quick feedback survey at the very end uh when you leave survey at the very end uh when you leave survey at the very end uh when you leave this webinar which you we hope you will this webinar which you we hope you will this webinar which you we hope you will take the time to complete take the time to complete take the time to complete um as i said at the beginning a um as i said at the beginning a um as i said at the beginning a recording of this video will also be recording of this video will also be recording of this video will also be available on our youtube available on our youtube available on our youtube channel from tomorrow um our next zoom channel from tomorrow um our next zoom channel from tomorrow um our next zoom into soil session will take place on into soil session will take place on into soil session will take place on wednesday the 4th of august as i said wednesday the 4th of august as i said wednesday the 4th of august as i said earlier and there won't be a zoom earlier and there won't be a zoom earlier and there won't be a zoom webinar in september as we'll be hosting webinar in september as we'll be hosting webinar in september as we'll be hosting our annual conference in agm our annual conference in agm our annual conference in agm on tuesday the 7th of september the on tuesday the 7th of september the on tuesday the 7th of september the annual conference theme is soil health annual conference theme is soil health annual conference theme is soil health and the half day session will include a and the half day session will include a and the half day session will include a number of invited speakers and panelists number of invited speakers and panelists number of invited speakers and panelists on the topic on the topic on the topic the conference is completely free of the conference is completely free of the conference is completely free of charge for members of the society charge for members of the society charge for members of the society and if you're a non-member and the event and if you're a non-member and the event and if you're a non-member and the event sounds interesting you can become a sounds interesting you can become a sounds interesting you can become a member via our website for 31 pounds and member via our website for 31 pounds and member via our website for 31 pounds and access that conference for free access that conference for free access that conference for free and i hope to see you all at future and i hope to see you all at future and i hope to see you all at future events and in the meantime events and in the meantime events and in the meantime thank you once again and goodbye you<br /> }}</div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Rhizobia_diversity_in_farm_soils-Rachel_Roberts&diff=11774 2026-05-29T14:06:07Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Ajoute les transcriptions YouTube aux pages vidéo qui n&#039;en ont pas - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/435</p> <hr /> <div>{{vidéo<br /> | Titre = Rhizobia diversity in farm soils-Rachel Roberts<br /> | Producteur = British Society of Soil Science<br /> | Vignette = Thumbnail_youtube_Ypj5uLbhtHU.jpg<br /> | Date de mise en ligne = 2013-04-19<br /> | Durée = 4 minutes<br /> | Production = <br /> | Vidéo = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ypj5uLbhtHU<br /> | Intervenants 0 = Rachel Roberts<br /> | Mots-clés = NBSOIL<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Society Member Rachel Roberts talks about her PhD research on rhizobia diversity in farm soils and what soil science means to her.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> The British Society of Soil Science is an established international membership organisation and charity committed to the study of soil in its widest aspects. It is funded primarily through subscriptions and income from publications. The Society acts as a forum for the exchange of ideas and provides a framework for representing the views of soil scientists to other organisations and decision making bodies. It promotes research by organising several conferences each year and by the publication of its two scientific journals, the European Journal of Soil Science, and Soil Use and Management. It promotes education through a number of initiatives aimed at schools, colleges and universities. The Society has a regular and varied programme of scientific conferences on a wide range of soil-related issues.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> The British Society of Soil Science encourages anyone with an interest in soil, whether this interest lies in the soil itself or its wider use within the environment, to join the society. There is a small membership fee, with discounts for students and those from low income countries.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{Pages liées}}<br /> <br /> {{Transcription<br /> | transcription = [Music] [Music] [Music] my name is Rachel Roberts I'm a my name is Rachel Roberts I'm a my name is Rachel Roberts I'm a third-year PhD student at the University third-year PhD student at the University third-year PhD student at the University of reading and rothamstead research and of reading and rothamstead research and of reading and rothamstead research and I'm looking at the diversity of ryia in I'm looking at the diversity of ryia in I'm looking at the diversity of ryia in farm farm farm soils ryia bacteria are um a rather soils ryia bacteria are um a rather soils ryia bacteria are um a rather special bacteria in my mind because they special bacteria in my mind because they special bacteria in my mind because they are able to fix nitrogen um through a are able to fix nitrogen um through a are able to fix nitrogen um through a symbiosis with legumes and legumes are symbiosis with legumes and legumes are symbiosis with legumes and legumes are things like Clover peas beans um and and things like Clover peas beans um and and things like Clover peas beans um and and a wide variety of other plants that a wide variety of other plants that a wide variety of other plants that farmers grow in order to um feed their farmers grow in order to um feed their farmers grow in order to um feed their cattle for example fix nitrogen in the cattle for example fix nitrogen in the cattle for example fix nitrogen in the soil they're especially important in soil they're especially important in soil they're especially important in organic farming systems because they organic farming systems because they organic farming systems because they replace to a certain extent the need to replace to a certain extent the need to replace to a certain extent the need to use nitrogen use nitrogen use nitrogen fertilizers to grow food you need to fertilizers to grow food you need to fertilizers to grow food you need to have the right nutrients in the soil have the right nutrients in the soil have the right nutrients in the soil nitrogen is the most important nut nitrogen is the most important nut nitrogen is the most important nut nutrient that plants need to grow and nutrient that plants need to grow and nutrient that plants need to grow and it's the nutrient that farmers spend the it's the nutrient that farmers spend the it's the nutrient that farmers spend the most on applying to their land and the most on applying to their land and the most on applying to their land and the cost of nitrogen fertilizer is directly cost of nitrogen fertilizer is directly cost of nitrogen fertilizer is directly linked to the price of oil which is linked to the price of oil which is linked to the price of oil which is going up so my research provides new um going up so my research provides new um going up so my research provides new um information on how to grow information on how to grow information on how to grow legumes um which can fix nitrogen and legumes um which can fix nitrogen and legumes um which can fix nitrogen and thus reduce the cost of farmer um reduce thus reduce the cost of farmer um reduce thus reduce the cost of farmer um reduce the costs to Farmers and reduce the cost the costs to Farmers and reduce the cost the costs to Farmers and reduce the cost of food uh for the general of food uh for the general of food uh for the general public and also to enable it the food to public and also to enable it the food to public and also to enable it the food to be you know continue to be produced into be you know continue to be produced into be you know continue to be produced into the the the future I I like the variety of work that future I I like the variety of work that future I I like the variety of work that um a PhD gives you I I enjoy going out um a PhD gives you I I enjoy going out um a PhD gives you I I enjoy going out in the field and sampling I enjoy doing in the field and sampling I enjoy doing in the field and sampling I enjoy doing the mular side of my project um I enjoy the mular side of my project um I enjoy the mular side of my project um I enjoy talking to both farmers and scientists s talking to both farmers and scientists s talking to both farmers and scientists s and the general public about what I'm and the general public about what I'm and the general public about what I'm doing doing doing um and I I I really like the fact that um and I I I really like the fact that um and I I I really like the fact that my project is very applied I have a very my project is very applied I have a very my project is very applied I have a very simple question that I keep coming back simple question that I keep coming back simple question that I keep coming back to whenever I start going why am I doing to whenever I start going why am I doing to whenever I start going why am I doing this and the question is do farmers need this and the question is do farmers need this and the question is do farmers need to inoculate their seed um and that is to inoculate their seed um and that is to inoculate their seed um and that is linked into organic farming systems linked into organic farming systems linked into organic farming systems which um and sustainable food production which um and sustainable food production which um and sustainable food production which is something I'm quite passionate which is something I'm quite passionate which is something I'm quite passionate about soil underpins everything um from about soil underpins everything um from about soil underpins everything um from the food we eat to the weather uh we the food we eat to the weather uh we the food we eat to the weather uh we have you think of all the flooding that have you think of all the flooding that have you think of all the flooding that we've been having recently that's down we've been having recently that's down we've been having recently that's down to to soil um and it's in the in some to to soil um and it's in the in some to to soil um and it's in the in some cases it's in ability to drain the water cases it's in ability to drain the water cases it's in ability to drain the water through the through the through the soil um soil is any any kind of system soil um soil is any any kind of system soil um soil is any any kind of system you look at you go back and back and you look at you go back and back and you look at you go back and back and back and it will always come back down back and it will always come back down back and it will always come back down to the soil it get to plants and and to the soil it get to plants and and to the soil it get to plants and and then you get to the soil and I think then you get to the soil and I think then you get to the soil and I think that everyone everything else to relies that everyone everything else to relies that everyone everything else to relies on it but then I'm biased because I'm a on it but then I'm biased because I'm a on it but then I'm biased because I'm a soil scientist and soil is soil scientist and soil is soil scientist and soil is [Laughter] [Laughter] [Laughter] great I think the Public's perception as great I think the Public's perception as great I think the Public's perception as summed up by my brother is that I work summed up by my brother is that I work summed up by my brother is that I work with with with soil and that doesn't really mean soil and that doesn't really mean soil and that doesn't really mean anything it's just mud it's just anything it's just mud it's just anything it's just mud it's just something that you you know you make mud something that you you know you make mud something that you you know you make mud pies when you're little and um when pies when you're little and um when pies when you're little and um when you're grown up you complain when it you're grown up you complain when it you're grown up you complain when it gets all over your clothes gets all over your clothes gets all over your clothes um but actually it's really fundamental um but actually it's really fundamental um but actually it's really fundamental to Growing food it's you know there's we to Growing food it's you know there's we to Growing food it's you know there's we couldn't produce food without soil and couldn't produce food without soil and couldn't produce food without soil and it's such a complex and it's such a complex and it's such a complex and complicated substance I I I find it complicated substance I I I find it complicated substance I I I find it fascinating so when I finish my PhD I fascinating so when I finish my PhD I fascinating so when I finish my PhD I want to go into science communication um want to go into science communication um want to go into science communication um I want to be able to be a bridge between I want to be able to be a bridge between I want to be able to be a bridge between the scientific community and the general the scientific community and the general the scientific community and the general public I really enjoy writing I really public I really enjoy writing I really public I really enjoy writing I really enjoy doing podcasts and and videos and enjoy doing podcasts and and videos and enjoy doing podcasts and and videos and infographics and that sort of thing um I infographics and that sort of thing um I infographics and that sort of thing um I really really want to be involved in really really want to be involved in really really want to be involved in Making Science accessible to the General [Music] Public<br /> }}</div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Zoom_into_Soil:_Soils_and_Water&diff=11773 2026-05-29T14:06:03Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Ajoute les transcriptions YouTube aux pages vidéo qui n&#039;en ont pas - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/435</p> <hr /> <div>{{vidéo<br /> | Titre = Zoom into Soil: Soils and Water<br /> | Producteur = British Society of Soil Science<br /> | Vignette = Thumbnail_youtube_vVluY7GTles.jpg<br /> | Date de mise en ligne = 2024-07-11<br /> | Durée = 50 minutes<br /> | Production = <br /> | Vidéo = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vVluY7GTles<br /> | Intervenants 0 = Lisa Donovan<br /> | Intervenants 1 = James Dowers<br /> | Mots-clés = NBSOIL<br /> }}<br /> <br /> In this webinar, hear from Lisa Donovan, PhD Researcher at Cranfield University, and James Dowers, Catchment Scientist at Severn Trent Water Ltd., as they discuss soils and water.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Lisa Donovan is passionate about managing water resources in a sustainable way. She has an engineering degree in geosciences and hydrogeology from UniLaSalle (France), and she completed the Master’s degree in Advanced Water Management from Cranfield University with honours. Lisa is currently undertaking a PhD at Cranfield University investigating the impact of minimum tillage and cover crops on soil erosion risk on-farm and on river water quality in English surface water catchments. The Morgan-Morgan-Finney soil erosion model is applied and she is also focused on improving the model’s functionality.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> James Dowers will be speaking on 'Severn Trent Environmental Protection Scheme (STEPS) : Protecting water by supporting farmers'.<br /> <br /> James is a Catchment Management Scientist at Severn Trent, before this he was a Soil Scientist at ADAS. James completed an MSc in Crop Improvement at the University of Nottingham in 2019. James is a member of the BSSS early careers committee. James’ current work involves supporting farmers and land managers to reduce their impact on the environment with a focus on water; which is achieved primarily by funding evidence based schemes in priority catchments.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> The British Society of Soil Science is an established international membership organisation and charity committed to the study of soil in its widest aspects. https://soils.org.uk/<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{Pages liées}}<br /> <br /> {{Transcription<br /> | transcription = hello everyone and welcome to uh this hello everyone and welcome to uh this hello everyone and welcome to uh this zoom into soil uh webinar I'm Danny zoom into soil uh webinar I'm Danny zoom into soil uh webinar I'm Danny roach the chair of the British Society roach the chair of the British Society roach the chair of the British Society of soil science early careers committee of soil science early careers committee of soil science early careers committee and I'm delighted to welcome you all to and I'm delighted to welcome you all to and I'm delighted to welcome you all to our uh seventh our uh seventh our uh seventh webinar uh so we're an established uh webinar uh so we're an established uh webinar uh so we're an established uh International membership organization International membership organization International membership organization and charity committed to the study of and charity committed to the study of and charity committed to the study of soil in its widest aspects and we bring soil in its widest aspects and we bring soil in its widest aspects and we bring together those working within Academia together those working within Academia together those working within Academia and have a growing membership amongst and have a growing membership amongst and have a growing membership amongst practitioners implementing soil science practitioners implementing soil science practitioners implementing soil science in industry and those with a keen in industry and those with a keen in industry and those with a keen interest excuse me in interest excuse me in interest excuse me in soils um we plan to host 10 webinars soils um we plan to host 10 webinars soils um we plan to host 10 webinars during 2024 so do keep an eye out for during 2024 so do keep an eye out for during 2024 so do keep an eye out for our future uh webinars on the website our future uh webinars on the website our future uh webinars on the website and just before we get started a few uh and just before we get started a few uh and just before we get started a few uh basic housekeeping uh as there so many basic housekeeping uh as there so many basic housekeeping uh as there so many of you to here today all your of you to here today all your of you to here today all your microphones have been muted and we'll be microphones have been muted and we'll be microphones have been muted and we'll be taking questions at the end of both taking questions at the end of both taking questions at the end of both presentations uh and which will monitor presentations uh and which will monitor presentations uh and which will monitor these throughout the webinar um so if these throughout the webinar um so if these throughout the webinar um so if you could submit any questions you have you could submit any questions you have you could submit any questions you have by 10 to one to allow us to get through by 10 to one to allow us to get through by 10 to one to allow us to get through as many as we can before the end of the as many as we can before the end of the as many as we can before the end of the webinar uh there's a raise your hand webinar uh there's a raise your hand webinar uh there's a raise your hand button but we won't be using this unless button but we won't be using this unless button but we won't be using this unless um the presenters specifically ask uh um the presenters specifically ask uh um the presenters specifically ask uh and today's presentation has been and today's presentation has been and today's presentation has been awarded basis and Moc CBD points so if awarded basis and Moc CBD points so if awarded basis and Moc CBD points so if you're registered with either body you're registered with either body you're registered with either body please contact us directly after the please contact us directly after the please contact us directly after the event uh and finally Please be aware event uh and finally Please be aware event uh and finally Please be aware that we are recording today's that we are recording today's that we are recording today's presentation so I'd like to now presentation so I'd like to now presentation so I'd like to now introduce our first Speaker Lisa Donovan introduce our first Speaker Lisa Donovan introduce our first Speaker Lisa Donovan a fellow crownfield PhD student uh and a fellow crownfield PhD student uh and a fellow crownfield PhD student uh and bsq Dy career member uh Lisa's pish uh bsq Dy career member uh Lisa's pish uh bsq Dy career member uh Lisa's pish uh passionate about managing Water passionate about managing Water passionate about managing Water Resources in a sustainable way she has Resources in a sustainable way she has Resources in a sustainable way she has an engineering degree in geosciences um an engineering degree in geosciences um an engineering degree in geosciences um and hydrology and she's completed her and hydrology and she's completed her and hydrology and she's completed her master's degree in advanced Water master's degree in advanced Water master's degree in advanced Water Management from crownfield Lisa is Management from crownfield Lisa is Management from crownfield Lisa is currently undertaking a PhD um currently undertaking a PhD um currently undertaking a PhD um investigating the impact of minimum investigating the impact of minimum investigating the impact of minimum tillage and cover crops on soil erosion tillage and cover crops on soil erosion tillage and cover crops on soil erosion risk on farm and on river water quality risk on farm and on river water quality risk on farm and on river water quality in English surface water catchments the in English surface water catchments the in English surface water catchments the Morgan Morgan fny sord erosion model is Morgan Morgan fny sord erosion model is Morgan Morgan fny sord erosion model is applied and she has also focused on applied and she has also focused on applied and she has also focused on improving the model functionality so improving the model functionality so improving the model functionality so over to you Lisa thank you thank you very much you thank you very much you thank you very much Danny Danny Danny um thank you again everyone for uh um thank you again everyone for uh um thank you again everyone for uh joining this webinar I will be talking joining this webinar I will be talking joining this webinar I will be talking to you about um the work I've been doing to you about um the work I've been doing to you about um the work I've been doing for my PhD during the first year and uh for my PhD during the first year and uh for my PhD during the first year and uh my PhD is entitled improving the my PhD is entitled improving the my PhD is entitled improving the functionality of a so erosion sediment functionality of a so erosion sediment functionality of a so erosion sediment delivery decision support tool and its delivery decision support tool and its delivery decision support tool and its application to Priority surface water application to Priority surface water application to Priority surface water catchments in uh catchments in uh catchments in uh England um my PhD is sponsored by uh England um my PhD is sponsored by uh England um my PhD is sponsored by uh water companies uh Anan water 7even water companies uh Anan water 7even water companies uh Anan water 7even Trent and Southern water so a so erosion from agricultural water so a so erosion from agricultural water so a so erosion from agricultural land is a natural Hazard that is caused land is a natural Hazard that is caused land is a natural Hazard that is caused by multiple factors including uh the by multiple factors including uh the by multiple factors including uh the presence of bare soil after Harvest and presence of bare soil after Harvest and presence of bare soil after Harvest and the application of intensive tillage and the application of intensive tillage and the application of intensive tillage and it uh causes damages both uh in the it uh causes damages both uh in the it uh causes damages both uh in the field and offsite in uh River waterer field and offsite in uh River waterer field and offsite in uh River waterer including the reduction of crop yields including the reduction of crop yields including the reduction of crop yields and um uh pollution to River water and and um uh pollution to River water and and um uh pollution to River water and the reduction uh of Life of in the reduction uh of Life of in the reduction uh of Life of in infrastructure and Roads however for my infrastructure and Roads however for my infrastructure and Roads however for my PhD I will be uh specifically focused on PhD I will be uh specifically focused on PhD I will be uh specifically focused on the impacts of so erosion from the impacts of so erosion from the impacts of so erosion from agricultural land on a raw river water agricultural land on a raw river water agricultural land on a raw river water quality for drinking water now uh to address this problem uh water now uh to address this problem uh water now uh to address this problem uh multiple uh stakeholders are involved so multiple uh stakeholders are involved so multiple uh stakeholders are involved so the government with its policies water the government with its policies water the government with its policies water companies and land managers on the companies and land managers on the companies and land managers on the government's uh side they are they've government's uh side they are they've government's uh side they are they've continued uh to apply the European water continued uh to apply the European water continued uh to apply the European water framework uh directive and uh they have framework uh directive and uh they have framework uh directive and uh they have established the 25y year environment established the 25y year environment established the 25y year environment plan to encourage water companies to uh plan to encourage water companies to uh plan to encourage water companies to uh maintain and improve uh river water maintain and improve uh river water maintain and improve uh river water quality and uh recently they've also put quality and uh recently they've also put quality and uh recently they've also put in place the environmental Land in place the environmental Land in place the environmental Land Management uh schemes to incentivize uh Management uh schemes to incentivize uh Management uh schemes to incentivize uh land managers to apply sustainable and land managers to apply sustainable and land managers to apply sustainable and regenerative Farm farming uh farming regenerative Farm farming uh farming regenerative Farm farming uh farming practices and uh to support uh land practices and uh to support uh land practices and uh to support uh land managers uh water companies also have uh managers uh water companies also have uh managers uh water companies also have uh certain schemes in place to encourage uh certain schemes in place to encourage uh certain schemes in place to encourage uh that Soil and Water Quality that Soil and Water Quality that Soil and Water Quality conservation so um amongst uh this conservation so um amongst uh this conservation so um amongst uh this interaction my PhD sits in the middle interaction my PhD sits in the middle interaction my PhD sits in the middle and uh there's an opportunity for and uh there's an opportunity for and uh there's an opportunity for decision support tools to be used to decision support tools to be used to decision support tools to be used to both identif if y the areas of high both identif if y the areas of high both identif if y the areas of high erosion risk and uh to quantify to what erosion risk and uh to quantify to what erosion risk and uh to quantify to what extent mitigation options such as cover extent mitigation options such as cover extent mitigation options such as cover crops and minimum tillage uh can well to crops and minimum tillage uh can well to crops and minimum tillage uh can well to what extent uh those options can improve what extent uh those options can improve what extent uh those options can improve water quality for drinking water there are well amongst the uh water there are well amongst the uh water there are well amongst the uh multiple solion prediction um models multiple solion prediction um models multiple solion prediction um models that exist the modified Morgan Morgan FY that exist the modified Morgan Morgan FY that exist the modified Morgan Morgan FY model has been chosen as uh it's the model has been chosen as uh it's the model has been chosen as uh it's the most adapted for my case it's a semi most adapted for my case it's a semi most adapted for my case it's a semi it's a semiempirical model that it's a semiempirical model that it's a semiempirical model that calculates soil loss from um uh climate calculates soil loss from um uh climate calculates soil loss from um uh climate uh plant cover and soil parameters so uh plant cover and soil parameters so uh plant cover and soil parameters so its strengths are that um this model its strengths are that um this model its strengths are that um this model uses detailed uh crop parameters uses detailed uh crop parameters uses detailed uh crop parameters and it uses uh few but easily sourced uh and it uses uh few but easily sourced uh and it uses uh few but easily sourced uh parameters so the this is important if parameters so the this is important if parameters so the this is important if we want to we want to we want to incorporate um the cover crops uh into incorporate um the cover crops uh into incorporate um the cover crops uh into the Sol erosion modeling and uh if this the Sol erosion modeling and uh if this the Sol erosion modeling and uh if this model is going to be used by water model is going to be used by water model is going to be used by water companies and land managers for companies and land managers for companies and land managers for example uh this uh model also calculates example uh this uh model also calculates example uh this uh model also calculates the solar the solar the solar erosion uh on a continuous uh temporal erosion uh on a continuous uh temporal erosion uh on a continuous uh temporal scale and a distributed spatial scale scale and a distributed spatial scale scale and a distributed spatial scale which allows the applic which allows the which allows the applic which allows the which allows the applic which allows the application of geographic uh Information application of geographic uh Information application of geographic uh Information Systems Systems Systems so this is important uh since um the Sol so this is important uh since um the Sol so this is important uh since um the Sol solar erosion risk isn't calculated on solar erosion risk isn't calculated on solar erosion risk isn't calculated on um well based on the extreme rainfall um well based on the extreme rainfall um well based on the extreme rainfall events events events um and and it allows me to do uh any um and and it allows me to do uh any um and and it allows me to do uh any spatial analysis of the input parameters spatial analysis of the input parameters spatial analysis of the input parameters of the model as well as the outputs uh of the model as well as the outputs uh of the model as well as the outputs uh of the model uh regardless of these of the model uh regardless of these of the model uh regardless of these different points there are still um different points there are still um different points there are still um elements to improve such as the elements to improve such as the elements to improve such as the incorporation of parameters for catch incorporation of parameters for catch incorporation of parameters for catch crops cover crops uh minimum tillage crops cover crops uh minimum tillage crops cover crops uh minimum tillage this model uh currently runs on an this model uh currently runs on an this model uh currently runs on an annual basis um so so its temporal scale annual basis um so so its temporal scale annual basis um so so its temporal scale needs to be improved uh to look at the needs to be improved uh to look at the needs to be improved uh to look at the intraannual variability of solar erosion intraannual variability of solar erosion intraannual variability of solar erosion risk uh it is currently lacking risk uh it is currently lacking risk uh it is currently lacking the uh the determination of sedent flow the uh the determination of sedent flow the uh the determination of sedent flow paths and uh discharge points and it paths and uh discharge points and it paths and uh discharge points and it needs to be validated against uh water needs to be validated against uh water needs to be validated against uh water quality quality quality data so the points I've just mentioned data so the points I've just mentioned data so the points I've just mentioned are actually the gaps in knowledge for are actually the gaps in knowledge for are actually the gaps in knowledge for my PhD and so the aim uh of my project my PhD and so the aim uh of my project my PhD and so the aim uh of my project is to further develop and improve the is to further develop and improve the is to further develop and improve the functionality with this uh MMF model as functionality with this uh MMF model as functionality with this uh MMF model as a decision support tool for water a decision support tool for water a decision support tool for water companies and land managers to Target companies and land managers to Target companies and land managers to Target management options to both reduce runoff management options to both reduce runoff management options to both reduce runoff and control Sol erosion on Farm in order and control Sol erosion on Farm in order and control Sol erosion on Farm in order to improve water quality to improve water quality to improve water quality Downstream and from this aim um Downstream and from this aim um Downstream and from this aim um five objectives have been defined which five objectives have been defined which five objectives have been defined which are to measure the key cover crop catch are to measure the key cover crop catch are to measure the key cover crop catch crop and so surface roughness parameters crop and so surface roughness parameters crop and so surface roughness parameters to modify the temporal scale of the to modify the temporal scale of the to modify the temporal scale of the model um to include and optimize the model um to include and optimize the model um to include and optimize the connectivity uh module of the model yes connectivity uh module of the model yes connectivity uh module of the model yes of the um of the model to uh evaluate of the um of the model to uh evaluate of the um of the model to uh evaluate the model's improvements and finally to the model's improvements and finally to the model's improvements and finally to um to evaluate uh to what extent water um to evaluate uh to what extent water um to evaluate uh to what extent water quality data can be used to validate the quality data can be used to validate the quality data can be used to validate the models outputs now uh for my outputs now uh for my outputs now uh for my PhD uh six priority surface water PhD uh six priority surface water PhD uh six priority surface water catchments have been chosen uh as a catchments have been chosen uh as a catchments have been chosen uh as a study area so two catchments per uh study area so two catchments per uh study area so two catchments per uh water quality uh water company water quality uh water company water quality uh water company management area and these PRI catchments management area and these PRI catchments management area and these PRI catchments were selected because the uh turbidity were selected because the uh turbidity were selected because the uh turbidity targets were uh not met by the water targets were uh not met by the water targets were uh not met by the water companies and because uh River companies and because uh River companies and because uh River abstraction points are located within abstraction points are located within abstraction points are located within those those those catchments um but at the same time the catchments um but at the same time the catchments um but at the same time the rivers in those catchments are uh rivers in those catchments are uh rivers in those catchments are uh designated as special sites of designated as special sites of designated as special sites of scientific interest and uh those rivers scientific interest and uh those rivers scientific interest and uh those rivers are either partially or fully within are either partially or fully within are either partially or fully within drinking water protect drinking water protect drinking water protect areas and uh finally the so textures of areas and uh finally the so textures of areas and uh finally the so textures of those catchments um are vulnerable to so those catchments um are vulnerable to so those catchments um are vulnerable to so erosion and uh we can see that um with erosion and uh we can see that um with erosion and uh we can see that um with the graph on the right those catchments the graph on the right those catchments the graph on the right those catchments are composed of mainly light and medium soils now to identify the cat crop cover soils now to identify the cat crop cover soils now to identify the cat crop cover cropping wind cropping wind cropping wind Windows uh I first uh um I first had to Windows uh I first uh um I first had to Windows uh I first uh um I first had to look at the main uh crop rotations that look at the main uh crop rotations that look at the main uh crop rotations that are within the priority surface water are within the priority surface water are within the priority surface water catchments and this was done thanks to catchments and this was done thanks to catchments and this was done thanks to the crop map of England data set so with the crop map of England data set so with the crop map of England data set so with the seven years of data I was able to the seven years of data I was able to the seven years of data I was able to access uh I extracted the crop access uh I extracted the crop access uh I extracted the crop information within the study areas and information within the study areas and information within the study areas and using a python script re classified the using a python script re classified the using a python script re classified the uh Chrome crop codes into the models um uh Chrome crop codes into the models um uh Chrome crop codes into the models um crop uh codes and uh to calculate the crop uh codes and uh to calculate the crop uh codes and uh to calculate the three-year crop rotations in the end a three-year crop rotations in the end a three-year crop rotations in the end a python script inspired by bioinformatics python script inspired by bioinformatics python script inspired by bioinformatics approaches was uh used so this process approaches was uh used so this process approaches was uh used so this process was applied for all the all the priority was applied for all the all the priority was applied for all the all the priority catchments and as a result the most frequent uh and as a result the most frequent uh and as a result the most frequent uh threeyear crop rotations were threeyear crop rotations were threeyear crop rotations were shortlisted and um these uh crop shortlisted and um these uh crop shortlisted and um these uh crop rotations include uh seven uh different rotations include uh seven uh different rotations include uh seven uh different cash crops uh including sugar beet cash crops uh including sugar beet cash crops uh including sugar beet potatoes and Maze which are uh well potatoes and Maze which are uh well potatoes and Maze which are uh well known which are well known uh to known which are well known uh to known which are well known uh to generate High erosion risk and I've generate High erosion risk and I've generate High erosion risk and I've plotted out out on a calendar the crop plotted out out on a calendar the crop plotted out out on a calendar the crop growth and uh Baro periods Associated to growth and uh Baro periods Associated to growth and uh Baro periods Associated to these crop these crop these crop rotations rotations rotations um so we can observe uh from this um so we can observe uh from this um so we can observe uh from this calendar that there are two main barol calendar that there are two main barol calendar that there are two main barol periods one is rather short between July periods one is rather short between July periods one is rather short between July and October which is an opportunity for and October which is an opportunity for and October which is an opportunity for cat crops while another one is much cat crops while another one is much cat crops while another one is much longer between July until March April longer between July until March April longer between July until March April which uh is an opportunity for cover crops and um so for the selection of the crops and um so for the selection of the crops and um so for the selection of the cover crop mixes that would address cover crop mixes that would address cover crop mixes that would address those uh barasa those uh barasa those uh barasa periods uh I discussed with different periods uh I discussed with different periods uh I discussed with different cover crop suppliers such as kings tenen cover crop suppliers such as kings tenen cover crop suppliers such as kings tenen and Suns and oakbank as well as and Suns and oakbank as well as and Suns and oakbank as well as catchment advisers from the the water catchment advisers from the the water catchment advisers from the the water companies to decide on um typical uh companies to decide on um typical uh companies to decide on um typical uh catch crop cover crop mixes land catch crop cover crop mixes land catch crop cover crop mixes land managers would use for that managers would use for that managers would use for that context and uh in the end four uh context and uh in the end four uh context and uh in the end four uh different mixes were different mixes were different mixes were chosen uh so two winter mixes and two chosen uh so two winter mixes and two chosen uh so two winter mixes and two summer uh mixes that would um also summer uh mixes that would um also summer uh mixes that would um also include the include the include the key um the key cover crop species that key um the key cover crop species that key um the key cover crop species that are present uh amongst many other mixes are present uh amongst many other mixes are present uh amongst many other mixes farmers can uh farmers can farmers can uh farmers can farmers can uh farmers can find and uh those species uh cover a find and uh those species uh cover a find and uh those species uh cover a wide a wide range of um de cover crop families and uh families and uh families and uh finally with those mixes uh SEL finally with those mixes uh SEL finally with those mixes uh SEL Ed um I will be conducting uh field Ed um I will be conducting uh field Ed um I will be conducting uh field trials and experiments uh on campus to trials and experiments uh on campus to trials and experiments uh on campus to try and uh grow those mixes and measure try and uh grow those mixes and measure try and uh grow those mixes and measure the parameters that will be used in the the parameters that will be used in the the parameters that will be used in the model later um so these parameters model later um so these parameters model later um so these parameters include the S surface roughness uh but include the S surface roughness uh but include the S surface roughness uh but also um plant also um plant also um plant cover uh plant cover parameters that are cover uh plant cover parameters that are cover uh plant cover parameters that are that the model is sensitive to for that the model is sensitive to for that the model is sensitive to for example the canopy cover ground cover uh example the canopy cover ground cover uh example the canopy cover ground cover uh plant height plant density for plant height plant density for plant height plant density for example and um well how will I be example and um well how will I be example and um well how will I be measuring them uh that will be a mix uh measuring them uh that will be a mix uh measuring them uh that will be a mix uh between um a field uh measurements uh between um a field uh measurements uh between um a field uh measurements uh that are based that are um based on that are based that are um based on that are based that are um based on photographies photographies photographies uh but also manually manually uh taking uh but also manually manually uh taking uh but also manually manually uh taking those measurements use using a those measurements use using a those measurements use using a quadrat and as for two of the parameters quadrat and as for two of the parameters quadrat and as for two of the parameters who uh in who uh in who uh in who two of those parameters that who two of those parameters that who two of those parameters that influence the model Les uh I will be influence the model Les uh I will be influence the model Les uh I will be using literature uh values for those and for the upcoming steps in my those and for the upcoming steps in my those and for the upcoming steps in my PhD um well I will soon be uh starting PhD um well I will soon be uh starting PhD um well I will soon be uh starting the experiments to measure the cover the experiments to measure the cover the experiments to measure the cover crop and minimum tillage parameters and crop and minimum tillage parameters and crop and minimum tillage parameters and this will be followed by the this will be followed by the this will be followed by the modification of the temporal resolution modification of the temporal resolution modification of the temporal resolution of the model as well as the the of the model as well as the the of the model as well as the the incorporation of the incorporation of the incorporation of the connectivity aspect into the model and connectivity aspect into the model and connectivity aspect into the model and finally I will uh I will uh end with the finally I will uh I will uh end with the finally I will uh I will uh end with the validation phase of the model so um I validation phase of the model so um I validation phase of the model so um I will be using water quality data and will be using water quality data and will be using water quality data and probably also remote sensing data sets probably also remote sensing data sets probably also remote sensing data sets for this for this for this step thank you very much for your step thank you very much for your step thank you very much for your attention uh I'd like to acknowledge my attention uh I'd like to acknowledge my attention uh I'd like to acknowledge my supervisors the catchment advisers from supervisors the catchment advisers from supervisors the catchment advisers from the water companies the cover crop the water companies the cover crop the water companies the cover crop suppliers and many other people who were suppliers and many other people who were suppliers and many other people who were able to support me during this this able to support me during this this able to support me during this this first year of first year of first year of PhD thank you thank you Lisa that was great um you thank you Lisa that was great um you thank you Lisa that was great um just a reminder that we'll keep just a reminder that we'll keep just a reminder that we'll keep questions for both speakers at the end questions for both speakers at the end questions for both speakers at the end of the session so feel free to add your of the session so feel free to add your of the session so feel free to add your questions as I've seen some of them come questions as I've seen some of them come questions as I've seen some of them come in um and we'll go through them at the in um and we'll go through them at the in um and we'll go through them at the end our next speaker is James STS end our next speaker is James STS end our next speaker is James STS another um early career Committee Member another um early career Committee Member another um early career Committee Member um James is a c a catchment management um James is a c a catchment management um James is a c a catchment management scientist at 7even Trent and before this scientist at 7even Trent and before this scientist at 7even Trent and before this he was a sour scientist at Adas James he was a sour scientist at Adas James he was a sour scientist at Adas James completed a MERS in crop Improvement at completed a MERS in crop Improvement at completed a MERS in crop Improvement at the University of Nottingham in the University of Nottingham in the University of Nottingham in 2019 uh he's as I said an outgoing 2019 uh he's as I said an outgoing 2019 uh he's as I said an outgoing member now of the early careers member now of the early careers member now of the early careers committee uh and his current work committee uh and his current work committee uh and his current work involves supporting farmers and land involves supporting farmers and land involves supporting farmers and land managers to reduce their impact on the managers to reduce their impact on the managers to reduce their impact on the environment with a focus on water which environment with a focus on water which environment with a focus on water which achieved primarily by funding evidence achieved primarily by funding evidence achieved primarily by funding evidence uh funding evidence-based schemes in uh funding evidence-based schemes in uh funding evidence-based schemes in priority catchments so over to you James thank you very much thank you very much thank you very much um right yes so good afternoon everybody um right yes so good afternoon everybody um right yes so good afternoon everybody my name is James DS and I'm a catchment my name is James DS and I'm a catchment my name is James DS and I'm a catchment man management scientist at 7even Trent man management scientist at 7even Trent man management scientist at 7even Trent and as Danny said I'm also on the early and as Danny said I'm also on the early and as Danny said I'm also on the early careers committee for the brid soci S careers committee for the brid soci S careers committee for the brid soci S science but not for much longer I'm du science but not for much longer I'm du science but not for much longer I'm du to be booted off any day now and so my to be booted off any day now and so my to be booted off any day now and so my swans song I have been kindly invited to swans song I have been kindly invited to swans song I have been kindly invited to share with you what I do um today I'm share with you what I do um today I'm share with you what I do um today I'm going to talk to you about what is going to talk to you about what is going to talk to you about what is catchment management try to focus on catchment management try to focus on catchment management try to focus on some of the soily bits and um talk about some of the soily bits and um talk about some of the soily bits and um talk about why I think it's important it's an why I think it's important it's an why I think it's important it's an important approach for creating benefits important approach for creating benefits important approach for creating benefits on farm and in the on farm and in the on farm and in the environment but firstly a little bit environment but firstly a little bit environment but firstly a little bit about um seven about um seven about um seven Tren we are a water company in based in Tren we are a water company in based in Tren we are a water company in based in the Midlands or and we extend into Wales the Midlands or and we extend into Wales the Midlands or and we extend into Wales a little bit there um you can see the a little bit there um you can see the a little bit there um you can see the white splodge on the map of the UK which white splodge on the map of the UK which white splodge on the map of the UK which is the area that the company serves is the area that the company serves is the area that the company serves within that we serve 4.6 million within that we serve 4.6 million within that we serve 4.6 million households and businesses uh delivering households and businesses uh delivering households and businesses uh delivering two billion liters of drinking water two billion liters of drinking water two billion liters of drinking water every day and treating 3.2 billion every day and treating 3.2 billion every day and treating 3.2 billion liters of waste water so why are we interested in water so why are we interested in water so why are we interested in protecting water and why um I interested protecting water and why um I interested protecting water and why um I interested in the cas management point of view in the cas management point of view in the cas management point of view there are two options when it comes to there are two options when it comes to there are two options when it comes to providing clean water you've got your providing clean water you've got your providing clean water you've got your treatment um so filtration BL um treatment um so filtration BL um treatment um so filtration BL um blending and this requires you know a blending and this requires you know a blending and this requires you know a lot infrastructure a lot of engineering lot infrastructure a lot of engineering lot infrastructure a lot of engineering a lot of investment there's also the a lot of investment there's also the a lot of investment there's also the prevention approach which is kind of cat prevention approach which is kind of cat prevention approach which is kind of cat management where we try to ensure that management where we try to ensure that management where we try to ensure that the water is clean as clean as it can be the water is clean as clean as it can be the water is clean as clean as it can be before it reaches the intake so you kind before it reaches the intake so you kind before it reaches the intake so you kind of minimize the requirement for all the of minimize the requirement for all the of minimize the requirement for all the filtration and filtration and filtration and blending in reality obviously we use blending in reality obviously we use blending in reality obviously we use both of these approaches cat management both of these approaches cat management both of these approaches cat management is a bit cheaper um let you say that for is a bit cheaper um let you say that for is a bit cheaper um let you say that for I've been told that for every pound we I've been told that for every pound we I've been told that for every pound we spend in capture management we um we spend in capture management we um we spend in capture management we um we save two between two and 20 pounds in save two between two and 20 pounds in save two between two and 20 pounds in you know all this kind of Technology you know all this kind of Technology you know all this kind of Technology filtration um treatments and I think filtration um treatments and I think filtration um treatments and I think there's more environmental benefit than there's more environmental benefit than there's more environmental benefit than filtration alone because if you're filtration alone because if you're filtration alone because if you're managing the catchment you can and managing the catchment you can and managing the catchment you can and you're trying to generate clean water you're trying to generate clean water you're trying to generate clean water before it even reaches the intake then before it even reaches the intake then before it even reaches the intake then that has wider environmental benefits if that has wider environmental benefits if that has wider environmental benefits if the if the if you invest only in the if the if you invest only in the if the if you invest only in treatment and filtration and you get treatment and filtration and you get treatment and filtration and you get loads of by pesticides and nitrate loads of by pesticides and nitrate loads of by pesticides and nitrate stability coming in down the river stability coming in down the river stability coming in down the river that's going to Knack of the ecosystem that's going to Knack of the ecosystem that's going to Knack of the ecosystem before you know it gets to you and you before you know it gets to you and you before you know it gets to you and you can clean it up and deliver it to can clean it up and deliver it to can clean it up and deliver it to customers but then there's still loads customers but then there's still loads customers but then there's still loads of those associate negatives so that's of those associate negatives so that's of those associate negatives so that's why I think Capal management is important and um why do we do this or important and um why do we do this or important and um why do we do this or how do we do this um the last 10 years seven Trent um the last 10 years seven Trent um the last 10 years seven Trent has has run the seven Trent has has run the seven Trent has has run the seven Trent Environmental Protection scheme or steps Environmental Protection scheme or steps Environmental Protection scheme or steps as we call it and through steps we work as we call it and through steps we work as we call it and through steps we work with Farmers to understand and minimize with Farmers to understand and minimize with Farmers to understand and minimize their impact on the environment this is their impact on the environment this is their impact on the environment this is achieved by in grant achieved by in grant achieved by in grant funding the scheme is entirely voluntary funding the scheme is entirely voluntary funding the scheme is entirely voluntary and is only available in priority and is only available in priority and is only available in priority catchments our priority catchments are catchments our priority catchments are catchments our priority catchments are typically surrounding an intake or bore typically surrounding an intake or bore typically surrounding an intake or bore hole which is where the water that ends hole which is where the water that ends hole which is where the water that ends up in consumer Taps is originally up in consumer Taps is originally up in consumer Taps is originally sourced our priority catchments are sourced our priority catchments are sourced our priority catchments are generally categorized based on the generally categorized based on the generally categorized based on the priority pollutant in the area so we priority pollutant in the area so we priority pollutant in the area so we have three groupings we have nitrate or have three groupings we have nitrate or have three groupings we have nitrate or nutrient priority catchments we have nutrient priority catchments we have nutrient priority catchments we have pesticide priority catchments and we pesticide priority catchments and we pesticide priority catchments and we have crypto peridian prior catchments have crypto peridian prior catchments have crypto peridian prior catchments the catchment can also be classified as the catchment can also be classified as the catchment can also be classified as a surface water or a groundw catchment a surface water or a groundw catchment a surface water or a groundw catchment and of course we'd love to support all and of course we'd love to support all and of course we'd love to support all the farmers throughout the whole s the farmers throughout the whole s the farmers throughout the whole s region but it's just not feasible which region but it's just not feasible which region but it's just not feasible which is why we have this targeted catchment is why we have this targeted catchment is why we have this targeted catchment management management management approach many farmers want to um you approach many farmers want to um you approach many farmers want to um you know help improve the environment but um know help improve the environment but um know help improve the environment but um often measures required can be costly often measures required can be costly often measures required can be costly with no clear benefit to business with no clear benefit to business with no clear benefit to business profits if we want to eat I think we profits if we want to eat I think we profits if we want to eat I think we have to accept that agriculture needs to have to accept that agriculture needs to have to accept that agriculture needs to exist and is in general a leaky is a exist and is in general a leaky is a exist and is in general a leaky is a leaky Endeavor it's out there in the leaky Endeavor it's out there in the leaky Endeavor it's out there in the environment you're putting inputs on and environment you're putting inputs on and environment you're putting inputs on and some of it going to end up as diffused some of it going to end up as diffused some of it going to end up as diffused pollution and I think Farmers should be pollution and I think Farmers should be pollution and I think Farmers should be paid fairly for Min for their efforts in paid fairly for Min for their efforts in paid fairly for Min for their efforts in minimizing minimizing minimizing this so This focused approach which I'm this so This focused approach which I'm this so This focused approach which I'm going to talk you going to talk you going to talk you through is is is more focused than some through is is is more focused than some through is is is more focused than some of the gr schemes you see like SFI um it of the gr schemes you see like SFI um it of the gr schemes you see like SFI um it allows us to Target our funds allows us to Target our funds allows us to Target our funds specifically in areas where we think specifically in areas where we think specifically in areas where we think we'll see the biggest impact on water we'll see the biggest impact on water we'll see the biggest impact on water quality and this is generally supported quality and this is generally supported quality and this is generally supported by agricultural advisers in the area by agricultural advisers in the area by agricultural advisers in the area which know the regions inside out and which know the regions inside out and which know the regions inside out and often have a personal relationship with often have a personal relationship with often have a personal relationship with the farmers so we currently offer 47 water farmers so we currently offer 47 water farmers so we currently offer 47 water quality scheme uh water quality options quality scheme uh water quality options quality scheme uh water quality options which farmers can apply to and I'm going which farmers can apply to and I'm going which farmers can apply to and I'm going to try and highlight a few on the coming to try and highlight a few on the coming to try and highlight a few on the coming slides focus on some of the soily ones slides focus on some of the soily ones slides focus on some of the soily ones um today the level of um today the level of um today the level of financing depends on the item and some financing depends on the item and some financing depends on the item and some items we might not fund depending on the items we might not fund depending on the items we might not fund depending on the what it tackles and the area it's in so what it tackles and the area it's in so what it tackles and the area it's in so for example we will only fund pesticide for example we will only fund pesticide for example we will only fund pesticide washdown areas in pesticide priority washdown areas in pesticide priority washdown areas in pesticide priority catchments and our agricultural advisors catchments and our agricultural advisors catchments and our agricultural advisors go out to farm they chat through what go out to farm they chat through what go out to farm they chat through what are the options what options might be are the options what options might be are the options what options might be best in that area and they support best in that area and they support best in that area and they support farmers in delivering their applications behind the scenes once applications behind the scenes once applications behind the scenes once we've issued an agreement um we have the we've issued an agreement um we have the we've issued an agreement um we have the impact modeled uh currently in farm impact modeled uh currently in farm impact modeled uh currently in farm scoper so we can understand exactly what scoper so we can understand exactly what scoper so we can understand exactly what we're achieving Farm scoper is a we're achieving Farm scoper is a we're achieving Farm scoper is a decision support tool um it's decision support tool um it's decision support tool um it's development was initially funded by development was initially funded by development was initially funded by defra um and it was developed by Adas to defra um and it was developed by Adas to defra um and it was developed by Adas to model diffus pollution so it's pretty model diffus pollution so it's pretty model diffus pollution so it's pretty industry standard at this point most of industry standard at this point most of industry standard at this point most of the steps items we the steps items we the steps items we offer are within the mitigation methods offer are within the mitigation methods offer are within the mitigation methods user guide um and therefore are able to user guide um and therefore are able to user guide um and therefore are able to be modeled in Pharm be modeled in Pharm be modeled in Pharm scopa and it also means we can be scopa and it also means we can be scopa and it also means we can be confident that the the items with confident that the the items with confident that the the items with funding have a robust evidence base funding have a robust evidence base funding have a robust evidence base behind them and we're not overstating behind them and we're not overstating behind them and we're not overstating the benefits they provide for instance so one of the one of the steps instance so one of the one of the steps instance so one of the one of the steps items that we fund is cover crops and I items that we fund is cover crops and I items that we fund is cover crops and I want to talk through this one to kind of want to talk through this one to kind of want to talk through this one to kind of illustrate the points I'm trying to make illustrate the points I'm trying to make illustrate the points I'm trying to make We Know cover crops are really good for We Know cover crops are really good for We Know cover crops are really good for reducing nitrate leeching that's well reducing nitrate leeching that's well reducing nitrate leeching that's well established science But ultimately the established science But ultimately the established science But ultimately the farmer cannot Harvest them to make um to farmer cannot Harvest them to make um to farmer cannot Harvest them to make um to make money and they have cost associated make money and they have cost associated make money and they have cost associated with their establishment and management with their establishment and management with their establishment and management so it makes it tricky to justify doing so it makes it tricky to justify doing so it makes it tricky to justify doing these without some support I think this these without some support I think this these without some support I think this is evidenced recently in this report is evidenced recently in this report is evidenced recently in this report that I was reading the other day um the that I was reading the other day um the that I was reading the other day um the nitrogen release from cover crops report nitrogen release from cover crops report nitrogen release from cover crops report which was funded by our friends in the which was funded by our friends in the which was funded by our friends in the water industry at Portsmouth water and water industry at Portsmouth water and water industry at Portsmouth water and Affinity water and it's an independent Affinity water and it's an independent Affinity water and it's an independent study that was delivered by Adas on the study that was delivered by Adas on the study that was delivered by Adas on the final um kind of in the conclusion wrap final um kind of in the conclusion wrap final um kind of in the conclusion wrap up the final page of the report I think up the final page of the report I think up the final page of the report I think highlights really kind of what I'm highlights really kind of what I'm highlights really kind of what I'm trying to get out which is it says the trying to get out which is it says the trying to get out which is it says the study showed that um there was it was study showed that um there was it was study showed that um there was it was more cost effective to not grow a cover more cost effective to not grow a cover more cost effective to not grow a cover crop and Destroy any Wheats chemically crop and Destroy any Wheats chemically crop and Destroy any Wheats chemically which is not what we want we we don't which is not what we want we we don't which is not what we want we we don't want extra chemicals going on the land want extra chemicals going on the land want extra chemicals going on the land or any more than is necessary and the or any more than is necessary and the or any more than is necessary and the study um also showed the importance of study um also showed the importance of study um also showed the importance of incentive schemes to support harder to incentive schemes to support harder to incentive schemes to support harder to monetize benefits such as improved um monetize benefits such as improved um monetize benefits such as improved um water water water quality I think this demonstrates why quality I think this demonstrates why quality I think this demonstrates why targeted management based approach is targeted management based approach is targeted management based approach is can be successful because it provides can be successful because it provides can be successful because it provides support for these items where they'll support for these items where they'll support for these items where they'll have the most impact and on the screen have the most impact and on the screen have the most impact and on the screen on the left I put kind of our rates what on the left I put kind of our rates what on the left I put kind of our rates what we pay cover screen um cover crops at we pay cover screen um cover crops at we pay cover screen um cover crops at and you'll see that there is a and you'll see that there is a and you'll see that there is a difference between groundwater difference between groundwater difference between groundwater catchments and surface water catchments catchments and surface water catchments catchments and surface water catchments so we can fund them in surface water so we can fund them in surface water so we can fund them in surface water catchments but we kind of appreciate catchments but we kind of appreciate catchments but we kind of appreciate that there there will be more benefit in that there there will be more benefit in that there there will be more benefit in terms of reducing nitrate leeching in terms of reducing nitrate leeching in terms of reducing nitrate leeching in these ground B catchments so we pay them these ground B catchments so we pay them these ground B catchments so we pay them at a slightly higher rate um there and at a slightly higher rate um there and at a slightly higher rate um there and this is some examples of what we Fund in this is some examples of what we Fund in this is some examples of what we Fund in the real world providing you know real the real world providing you know real the real world providing you know real world benefits on the left there's world benefits on the left there's world benefits on the left there's there's an arable field you know winter there's an arable field you know winter there's an arable field you know winter barley I think and then on the right is barley I think and then on the right is barley I think and then on the right is one of the cover crop Fields same field one of the cover crop Fields same field one of the cover crop Fields same field but cover crop that we funded and here's another cover crop uh funded and here's another cover crop uh funded and here's another cover crop uh kind of before and after on the left you kind of before and after on the left you kind of before and after on the left you can see the stubbles of some seral can see the stubbles of some seral can see the stubbles of some seral production and then on the right there production and then on the right there production and then on the right there is is is a cover crop that has been well a cover crop that has been well a cover crop that has been well established and I was looking at the mix established and I was looking at the mix established and I was looking at the mix for this one and it includes uh I think for this one and it includes uh I think for this one and it includes uh I think interval K some St turnip some something interval K some St turnip some something interval K some St turnip some something other else and some mustard and then you other else and some mustard and then you other else and some mustard and then you know mustard has popped up in the know mustard has popped up in the know mustard has popped up in the literature as having one of the highest literature as having one of the highest literature as having one of the highest root length root length root length densities um so again this is kind of an densities um so again this is kind of an densities um so again this is kind of an example of example of example of how the evidencebased supports kind of how the evidencebased supports kind of how the evidencebased supports kind of what we use to support what we want to what we use to support what we want to what we use to support what we want to do and you know extensive living routs do and you know extensive living routs do and you know extensive living routs is is one of the key principles of cover is is one of the key principles of cover is is one of the key principles of cover cropping and regenerative agriculture in cropping and regenerative agriculture in cropping and regenerative agriculture in the first place so it's good to see that the first place so it's good to see that the first place so it's good to see that the mus was in there for the mus was in there for the mus was in there for instance some of the um other items that instance some of the um other items that instance some of the um other items that we fund are we F we fund this kind of we fund are we F we fund this kind of we fund are we F we fund this kind of farmer Innovation Grant which offers farmer Innovation Grant which offers farmer Innovation Grant which offers Farmers the ability to pitch something Farmers the ability to pitch something Farmers the ability to pitch something um with up to £1,000 on offer we see a um with up to £1,000 on offer we see a um with up to £1,000 on offer we see a lot of these um applications coming in lot of these um applications coming in lot of these um applications coming in for GPS uh actually so GPS guided for GPS uh actually so GPS guided for GPS uh actually so GPS guided equipment which shows Farms are thinking equipment which shows Farms are thinking equipment which shows Farms are thinking carefully about the inputs they carefully about the inputs they carefully about the inputs they apply um and applying them in the right apply um and applying them in the right apply um and applying them in the right place at the right rate and we're all place at the right rate and we're all place at the right rate and we're all too happy to support that it will also too happy to support that it will also too happy to support that it will also enable you know control traffic farming enable you know control traffic farming enable you know control traffic farming which reduces the impact of soil which reduces the impact of soil which reduces the impact of soil compaction we asked for before and after compaction we asked for before and after compaction we asked for before and after photos when we fund something like this photos when we fund something like this photos when we fund something like this to just try and ensure that it's not to just try and ensure that it's not to just try and ensure that it's not something that already exists or something that already exists or something that already exists or somebody else has already paid for somebody else has already paid for somebody else has already paid for and another item that we fund is arable and another item that we fund is arable and another item that we fund is arable Rion Rion Rion which is taking kind of the land out of which is taking kind of the land out of which is taking kind of the land out of arable production and putting it down to arable production and putting it down to arable production and putting it down to Grass it can be graced so it's still you Grass it can be graced so it's still you Grass it can be graced so it's still you know being farmed if you like and this know being farmed if you like and this know being farmed if you like and this is um a picture from one of the is um a picture from one of the is um a picture from one of the applications that come in from one of applications that come in from one of applications that come in from one of our farmers who has applied for this our farmers who has applied for this our farmers who has applied for this it's in progress at the moment so that it's in progress at the moment so that it's in progress at the moment so that have an after photo but as soon as the have an after photo but as soon as the have an after photo but as soon as the grass is put down and we can see that grass is put down and we can see that grass is put down and we can see that it's well established will be able to it's well established will be able to it's well established will be able to pay out and you can see that kind of the pay out and you can see that kind of the pay out and you can see that kind of the soil erosion was going on in this field soil erosion was going on in this field soil erosion was going on in this field the farmer was trying to do everything the farmer was trying to do everything the farmer was trying to do everything right kind of the drilling has gone right kind of the drilling has gone right kind of the drilling has gone across the slope here but the the water across the slope here but the the water across the slope here but the the water has cut through it and that's just like has cut through it and that's just like has cut through it and that's just like Testament to the the weather we had it's Testament to the the weather we had it's Testament to the the weather we had it's probably a highrisk field so the farmers probably a highrisk field so the farmers probably a highrisk field so the farmers decided to apply for this arable version decided to apply for this arable version decided to apply for this arable version which we currently fund at 326 pound per which we currently fund at 326 pound per which we currently fund at 326 pound per hect per hect per hect per year and we do we do specify that has to year and we do we do specify that has to year and we do we do specify that has to be low input so be low input so be low input so this this grass field that's going to be this this grass field that's going to be this this grass field that's going to be established here will have lower inputs established here will have lower inputs established here will have lower inputs going on and also hopefully reduce some going on and also hopefully reduce some going on and also hopefully reduce some of this runoff some of this sediment of this runoff some of this sediment of this runoff some of this sediment loss um in in an area that is been loss um in in an area that is been loss um in in an area that is been identified as high identified as high identified as high risk and finally a non kind of soily risk and finally a non kind of soily risk and finally a non kind of soily nutrient option which I hope you'll nutrient option which I hope you'll nutrient option which I hope you'll allow me to talk about briefly because allow me to talk about briefly because allow me to talk about briefly because it's one of our highest value and it's one of our highest value and it's one of our highest value and highest impact items which is the highest impact items which is the highest impact items which is the pesticide washdown area these are pesticide washdown area these are pesticide washdown area these are dedicated spaces which are bunded the dedicated spaces which are bunded the dedicated spaces which are bunded the floor slopes to a drain which is not floor slopes to a drain which is not floor slopes to a drain which is not connected to the outside world and kind connected to the outside world and kind connected to the outside world and kind of that any drippings or Washings or of that any drippings or Washings or of that any drippings or Washings or spillages are collected and put through spillages are collected and put through spillages are collected and put through a biofilter which deactivates the a biofilter which deactivates the a biofilter which deactivates the pesticide before it can be diluted and pesticide before it can be diluted and pesticide before it can be diluted and spread so so if farmer was filling up spread so so if farmer was filling up spread so so if farmer was filling up without one of these areas and spil um without one of these areas and spil um without one of these areas and spil um by accident the the chemical and it by accident the the chemical and it by accident the the chemical and it trickle down into a drain it ends up trickle down into a drain it ends up trickle down into a drain it ends up straight into a water C so this is kind straight into a water C so this is kind straight into a water C so this is kind of what of what of what this this prevents and we only because this this prevents and we only because this this prevents and we only because these are so expensive we only fund these are so expensive we only fund these are so expensive we only fund these in the pesticide PRI these in the pesticide PRI these in the pesticide PRI cment so I've spoken a lot about kind of cment so I've spoken a lot about kind of cment so I've spoken a lot about kind of what we do what we what we do what we what we do what we fund um but I know there's a lot of fund um but I know there's a lot of fund um but I know there's a lot of scientists on the call and they'll be scientists on the call and they'll be scientists on the call and they'll be they'll be saying okay you model the they'll be saying okay you model the they'll be saying okay you model the impact but do you actually see it impact but do you actually see it impact but do you actually see it happening in the real in the real world happening in the real in the real world happening in the real in the real world um so I'd like to introduce you to the um so I'd like to introduce you to the um so I'd like to introduce you to the born and bl catchment which sits between born and bl catchment which sits between born and bl catchment which sits between Birmingham and centry there is is a Birmingham and centry there is is a Birmingham and centry there is is a seven TR intake on each River and I did um look up some soil River and I did um look up some soil River and I did um look up some soil information before the call about this information before the call about this information before the call about this catchment the the BL intake I think is catchment the the BL intake I think is catchment the the BL intake I think is sits on an Al aluminum can't say the sits on an Al aluminum can't say the sits on an Al aluminum can't say the word aluminum band um which perhaps word aluminum band um which perhaps word aluminum band um which perhaps unsurprising there's the rivers that are unsurprising there's the rivers that are unsurprising there's the rivers that are running through this catchment is a running through this catchment is a running through this catchment is a surface water surface water surface water catchment um there are some glacial catchment um there are some glacial catchment um there are some glacial Sands and gravels that extend throughout Sands and gravels that extend throughout Sands and gravels that extend throughout the catchment but that you know working the catchment but that you know working the catchment but that you know working over over over an area of this size there is going to an area of this size there is going to an area of this size there is going to be some variability in terms of soil be some variability in terms of soil be some variability in terms of soil type and also um the kind of risk areas type and also um the kind of risk areas type and also um the kind of risk areas when you look at start to look at relief when you look at start to look at relief when you look at start to look at relief and slopes and that sort of and slopes and that sort of and slopes and that sort of thing over the past five years we've um thing over the past five years we've um thing over the past five years we've um delivered Just sh 200,000 worth of delivered Just sh 200,000 worth of delivered Just sh 200,000 worth of funding um this includes you know six funding um this includes you know six funding um this includes you know six margin grants so that's six separate margin grants so that's six separate margin grants so that's six separate grants not just six margins but a farmer grants not just six margins but a farmer grants not just six margins but a farmer might put in a multiple amount of might put in a multiple amount of might put in a multiple amount of margins under one Grant and this will be margins under one Grant and this will be margins under one Grant and this will be protect you know lengths of ditches and protect you know lengths of ditches and protect you know lengths of ditches and streams to capture runoff we've got six streams to capture runoff we've got six streams to capture runoff we've got six cover crop grants um in specific areas cover crop grants um in specific areas cover crop grants um in specific areas covering 360 hectar and then nine grants covering 360 hectar and then nine grants covering 360 hectar and then nine grants for precision equipment such as the GPS for precision equipment such as the GPS for precision equipment such as the GPS that I spoke about that I spoke about that I spoke about earlier and you can see that over those earlier and you can see that over those earlier and you can see that over those um kind of over the last few years we've um kind of over the last few years we've um kind of over the last few years we've certainly seen a downward Trend even to certainly seen a downward Trend even to certainly seen a downward Trend even to to the point where it's now you know to the point where it's now you know to the point where it's now you know below the nitrate drinking water below the nitrate drinking water below the nitrate drinking water standard of 50 milligrams per liter so standard of 50 milligrams per liter so standard of 50 milligrams per liter so it's and what I should say is these are it's and what I should say is these are it's and what I should say is these are samples that are taken from the river samples that are taken from the river samples that are taken from the river every month we have seven sampling every month we have seven sampling every month we have seven sampling points in this cap and each data point points in this cap and each data point points in this cap and each data point you see here is the maximum from any one you see here is the maximum from any one you see here is the maximum from any one of those points on the S date so these of those points on the S date so these of those points on the S date so these are maximum levels you're seeing and we are maximum levels you're seeing and we are maximum levels you're seeing and we we we do see a downward Trend um now we we do see a downward Trend um now we we do see a downward Trend um now obviously we can't say we contributed obviously we can't say we contributed obviously we can't say we contributed entirely to this we hope that we had a entirely to this we hope that we had a entirely to this we hope that we had a small part to play in the midst of that small part to play in the midst of that small part to play in the midst of that there was you know a fertilizer price there was you know a fertilizer price there was you know a fertilizer price crisis which kind of focused the mind on crisis which kind of focused the mind on crisis which kind of focused the mind on how much should be going on you know how much should be going on you know how much should be going on you know people are becoming more interested in people are becoming more interested in people are becoming more interested in regen farming with that with our support regen farming with that with our support regen farming with that with our support or not but um it's good to see the or not but um it's good to see the or not but um it's good to see the impact in the real world and one more catchment I'd like to world and one more catchment I'd like to world and one more catchment I'd like to talk to you about is Hilton catchment talk to you about is Hilton catchment talk to you about is Hilton catchment which is just to the west of wolver which is just to the west of wolver which is just to the west of wolver Hampton this is a groundwater catchment Hampton this is a groundwater catchment Hampton this is a groundwater catchment and is a nutrient priority this and is a nutrient priority this and is a nutrient priority this groundwater catchment is generally groundwater catchment is generally groundwater catchment is generally ground wall catchments in general are ground wall catchments in general are ground wall catchments in general are much smaller which means you have much smaller which means you have much smaller which means you have limited opportunity but you can look at limited opportunity but you can look at limited opportunity but you can look at things in a bit of find detail so we've things in a bit of find detail so we've things in a bit of find detail so we've been able to talk to more or less all been able to talk to more or less all been able to talk to more or less all the farms in this region we've we've the farms in this region we've we've the farms in this region we've we've essentially mapped what's going on and essentially mapped what's going on and essentially mapped what's going on and where to try and understand the where to try and understand the where to try and understand the opportunity we have in approaching opportunity we have in approaching opportunity we have in approaching people offering them some people offering them some people offering them some funding the soils here predominantly funding the soils here predominantly funding the soils here predominantly lomy and Sandy there's a kind of a high lomy and Sandy there's a kind of a high lomy and Sandy there's a kind of a high to moderate leeching to moderate leeching to moderate leeching potential but groundwater does move a potential but groundwater does move a potential but groundwater does move a bit slow slower than surface water and bit slow slower than surface water and bit slow slower than surface water and it can be more difficult to see the it can be more difficult to see the it can be more difficult to see the impacts um because the groundw could impacts um because the groundw could impacts um because the groundw could still be exhibiting some older still be exhibiting some older still be exhibiting some older signatures nevertheless um we we fund signatures nevertheless um we we fund signatures nevertheless um we we fund practicing this we fund a changes in practicing this we fund a changes in practicing this we fund a changes in practice in this area we have a similar practice in this area we have a similar practice in this area we have a similar amount of money gone into uh a much amount of money gone into uh a much amount of money gone into uh a much smaller area to be fair um with nine smaller area to be fair um with nine smaller area to be fair um with nine cover crop Grant applications covering cover crop Grant applications covering cover crop Grant applications covering 130 hectares five Precision equipment 130 hectares five Precision equipment 130 hectares five Precision equipment grants covering 780 hectares not all of grants covering 780 hectares not all of grants covering 780 hectares not all of that hectarage is within this catchment that hectarage is within this catchment that hectarage is within this catchment because some Farms will have Fields because some Farms will have Fields because some Farms will have Fields inside and some out but that's kind of inside and some out but that's kind of inside and some out but that's kind of the total area that that Precision the total area that that Precision the total area that that Precision equipment is going to be used equipment is going to be used equipment is going to be used on and that includes you know GPS on and that includes you know GPS on and that includes you know GPS variable rate nitrogen that sort of variable rate nitrogen that sort of variable rate nitrogen that sort of thing and then somewhere there there is thing and then somewhere there there is thing and then somewhere there there is an arable version so one of these arable an arable version so one of these arable an arable version so one of these arable Fields has become Fields has become Fields has become grassland um that's s 8.3 Hector field grassland um that's s 8.3 Hector field grassland um that's s 8.3 Hector field and kind of all these things start to and kind of all these things start to and kind of all these things start to add up and then the graph at the bottom add up and then the graph at the bottom add up and then the graph at the bottom you what you're looking at there is you what you're looking at there is you what you're looking at there is sampling for nitrate at the B hole as it sampling for nitrate at the B hole as it sampling for nitrate at the B hole as it comes out of the ground before any comes out of the ground before any comes out of the ground before any treatment lending or whatever and over treatment lending or whatever and over treatment lending or whatever and over the 20 years ago maybe further there was the 20 years ago maybe further there was the 20 years ago maybe further there was like the beginnings of of a worrying like the beginnings of of a worrying like the beginnings of of a worrying increase and within the last five years increase and within the last five years increase and within the last five years after we've kind of gone out and started after we've kind of gone out and started after we've kind of gone out and started to fund these evidence-based you know to fund these evidence-based you know to fund these evidence-based you know things that we know will make a things that we know will make a things that we know will make a difference and we start to see a difference and we start to see a difference and we start to see a downward Trend which I hope is going to continue so continue so continue so um I've tried to talk about what we do um I've tried to talk about what we do um I've tried to talk about what we do now which is you know we rely on on an now which is you know we rely on on an now which is you know we rely on on an on a robust evidence base we are only on a robust evidence base we are only on a robust evidence base we are only interested in funding things which we interested in funding things which we interested in funding things which we believe are you know been proved to believe are you know been proved to believe are you know been proved to work and but also you know we look work and but also you know we look work and but also you know we look forwards and it was it was great to see forwards and it was it was great to see forwards and it was it was great to see Lisa's presentation just now we 7 are Lisa's presentation just now we 7 are Lisa's presentation just now we 7 are supporting that I'm not involved supporting that I'm not involved supporting that I'm not involved directly but it just shows that you know directly but it just shows that you know directly but it just shows that you know we're we're we're interested in building we're we're we're interested in building we're we're we're interested in building that evidence base as well and that evidence base as well and that evidence base as well and supporting scientists in in doing supporting scientists in in doing supporting scientists in in doing so as as we look forward into the future so as as we look forward into the future so as as we look forward into the future new catchments and risks are always new catchments and risks are always new catchments and risks are always being being being identified previously we focused a lot identified previously we focused a lot identified previously we focused a lot on nitrate um looking forward it looks on nitrate um looking forward it looks on nitrate um looking forward it looks like we're going to have a a more a like we're going to have a a more a like we're going to have a a more a closer look at phosphorus in in some closer look at phosphorus in in some closer look at phosphorus in in some areas we've also primarily focused on areas we've also primarily focused on areas we've also primarily focused on reducing losses from farms so putting reducing losses from farms so putting reducing losses from farms so putting that field down to arable aversion to that field down to arable aversion to that field down to arable aversion to stop the soil being washed off it stop the soil being washed off it stop the soil being washed off it putting in margins to stop anything putting in margins to stop anything putting in margins to stop anything being washed off that way we're also being washed off that way we're also being washed off that way we're also considering putting additional focus on considering putting additional focus on considering putting additional focus on supporting a reduction in supporting a reduction in supporting a reduction in inputs um in in in specifically risky inputs um in in in specifically risky inputs um in in in specifically risky areas not not necessarily a reduction in areas not not necessarily a reduction in areas not not necessarily a reduction in you know down to zero but a sensible you know down to zero but a sensible you know down to zero but a sensible reduction down to you know where the reduction down to you know where the reduction down to you know where the right amount is going on at the right right amount is going on at the right right amount is going on at the right time essentially and we want to support time essentially and we want to support time essentially and we want to support that further and in doing that new steps that further and in doing that new steps that further and in doing that new steps items are being considered all the time items are being considered all the time items are being considered all the time but like I say we only prepared to fund but like I say we only prepared to fund but like I say we only prepared to fund things that we know have um the science things that we know have um the science things that we know have um the science behind them behind them behind them and of course we're keeping tabs on the and of course we're keeping tabs on the and of course we're keeping tabs on the funding landscape and how it funding landscape and how it funding landscape and how it develops um SFI obviously supports develops um SFI obviously supports develops um SFI obviously supports Farmers from every corner of the country Farmers from every corner of the country Farmers from every corner of the country but we only work with farmers in but we only work with farmers in but we only work with farmers in specific priority catchments so how can specific priority catchments so how can specific priority catchments so how can we we we complement um the different streams of complement um the different streams of complement um the different streams of funding they have available to funding they have available to funding they have available to them so that that is the end of my them so that that is the end of my them so that that is the end of my presentation I appreciate I rattled presentation I appreciate I rattled presentation I appreciate I rattled through it quite quickly um so I'll be through it quite quickly um so I'll be through it quite quickly um so I'll be happy to take any questions thanks James that was great um questions thanks James that was great um questions thanks James that was great um so yeah as James says we'll move to um so yeah as James says we'll move to um so yeah as James says we'll move to um the Q&amp;amp;A uh session now led by our other the Q&amp;amp;A uh session now led by our other the Q&amp;amp;A uh session now led by our other early career Committee Member Jess early career Committee Member Jess early career Committee Member Jess Brooks um so it continue sending in your Brooks um so it continue sending in your Brooks um so it continue sending in your questions but Jess will start on the questions but Jess will start on the questions but Jess will start on the ones that have already been sent in now ones that have already been sent in now ones that have already been sent in now thank you thank you thank you Jess okay thanks Danny um thank you both Jess okay thanks Danny um thank you both Jess okay thanks Danny um thank you both for your presentations there um first for your presentations there um first for your presentations there um first question here is for James question here is for James question here is for James and it is how is the farmer Innovation and it is how is the farmer Innovation and it is how is the farmer Innovation fund distributed and what do you look fund distributed and what do you look fund distributed and what do you look for especially in applications applications applications um yeah so it's um yeah so it's um yeah so it's distributed it's distributed kind distributed it's distributed kind distributed it's distributed kind of farmers in priority catchments will of farmers in priority catchments will of farmers in priority catchments will apply for it and they will say what they apply for it and they will say what they apply for it and they will say what they want to do and we will kind of have a want to do and we will kind of have a want to do and we will kind of have a chat within the team to say do we think chat within the team to say do we think chat within the team to say do we think this thing and we'll also kind of look this thing and we'll also kind of look this thing and we'll also kind of look at what we can compare it to in farm at what we can compare it to in farm at what we can compare it to in farm scop to see if we can model a scop to see if we can model a scop to see if we can model a benefit um and then if we decide yeah benefit um and then if we decide yeah benefit um and then if we decide yeah this is going to have a benefit in this this is going to have a benefit in this this is going to have a benefit in this context we'll also talk to the context we'll also talk to the context we'll also talk to the agriculture advisor in that area they agriculture advisor in that area they agriculture advisor in that area they will have a better idea of what's what's will have a better idea of what's what's will have a better idea of what's what's going to happen in terms of changing going to happen in terms of changing going to happen in terms of changing practice and once we decide that yeah practice and once we decide that yeah practice and once we decide that yeah that's that's that's going to go ahead that's that's that's going to go ahead that's that's that's going to go ahead we can issue an we can issue an we can issue an agreement and I think agreement and I think agreement and I think thatly long short the question was there thatly long short the question was there thatly long short the question was there it um yeah is there it um yeah is there it um yeah is there anything you look for in particular in anything you look for in particular in anything you look for in particular in applications like especially in the applications like especially in the applications like especially in the applications yeah especially um kind of applications yeah especially um kind of applications yeah especially um kind of look at the area that it's being applied look at the area that it's being applied look at the area that it's being applied to so if someone comes and asks for a to so if someone comes and asks for a to so if someone comes and asks for a GPS but they only Farm you know a GPS but they only Farm you know a GPS but they only Farm you know a handful of hectars it's not going to be handful of hectars it's not going to be handful of hectars it's not going to be great value for money so that's one of great value for money so that's one of great value for money so that's one of the key things that we look for when the key things that we look for when the key things that we look for when we're looking at Farm renovation um yeah we're looking at Farm renovation um yeah we're looking at Farm renovation um yeah kind of the breadth of effect that it's kind of the breadth of effect that it's kind of the breadth of effect that it's going to have cool um next one is for Leisa it have cool um next one is for Leisa it have cool um next one is for Leisa it starts with a little bit of a statement starts with a little bit of a statement starts with a little bit of a statement and then I'll come to the question so and then I'll come to the question so and then I'll come to the question so it's saying here soil management is it's saying here soil management is it's saying here soil management is directly influencing soil erosion risks directly influencing soil erosion risks directly influencing soil erosion risks for example A Min till on sandy soil has for example A Min till on sandy soil has for example A Min till on sandy soil has the potential to compact the soil and the potential to compact the soil and the potential to compact the soil and increase the risks of erosion and run increase the risks of erosion and run increase the risks of erosion and run off to the water courses but a noil off to the water courses but a noil off to the water courses but a noil management on clay soil can increase the management on clay soil can increase the management on clay soil can increase the risk of compaction too is the model risk of compaction too is the model risk of compaction too is the model taking into consideration the soil type taking into consideration the soil type taking into consideration the soil type and water and moisture and water and moisture and water and moisture content yeah so very good Point uh about content yeah so very good Point uh about content yeah so very good Point uh about how these practices can have different how these practices can have different how these practices can have different effects on the Sol textures um so the effects on the Sol textures um so the effects on the Sol textures um so the model does include the different Sol model does include the different Sol model does include the different Sol textures textures textures and um the so moisture and um the so moisture and um the so moisture content uh as content uh as content uh as well um so the so moisture cont uh well um so the so moisture cont uh well um so the so moisture cont uh content um yes so in the model it's content um yes so in the model it's content um yes so in the model it's actually the one that uh field Field actually the one that uh field Field actually the one that uh field Field capacity capacity capacity um um um and um in and um in and um in terms well I think it's later on with terms well I think it's later on with terms well I think it's later on with the results of the model that is where the results of the model that is where the results of the model that is where um I will be um I will be um I will be interpreting um like B based on the interpreting um like B based on the interpreting um like B based on the model results the the S erosion that is model results the the S erosion that is model results the the S erosion that is calculated uh that is where I will be calculated uh that is where I will be calculated uh that is where I will be able to able to able to um add this aspect of like okay well um add this aspect of like okay well um add this aspect of like okay well certain practices uh seem to affect the certain practices uh seem to affect the certain practices uh seem to affect the so erosion risk but in so erosion risk but in so erosion risk but in reality uh on a farming point of view it reality uh on a farming point of view it reality uh on a farming point of view it isn't um it isn't realistic uh actually isn't um it isn't realistic uh actually isn't um it isn't realistic uh actually but yeah a good point that's good thank you Lisa um back to that's good thank you Lisa um back to that's good thank you Lisa um back to James are you aware of other water James are you aware of other water James are you aware of other water authorities with similar programs to steps yes um I'm pretty certain there steps yes um I'm pretty certain there steps yes um I'm pretty certain there plenty of other water to companies that plenty of other water to companies that plenty of other water to companies that offer grants gr kind of a grant funding offer grants gr kind of a grant funding offer grants gr kind of a grant funding scheme I don't know if it's managed in scheme I don't know if it's managed in scheme I don't know if it's managed in exactly the same way but I'm yeah if if exactly the same way but I'm yeah if if exactly the same way but I'm yeah if if the question has been asked by you know the question has been asked by you know the question has been asked by you know a farmer who's seeing if they can get a farmer who's seeing if they can get a farmer who's seeing if they can get some funding to improve the improve um some funding to improve the improve um some funding to improve the improve um on Farm practices then I would suggest on Farm practices then I would suggest on Farm practices then I would suggest you know kind of contacting the local you know kind of contacting the local you know kind of contacting the local bort company and asking if they have any bort company and asking if they have any bort company and asking if they have any agricultural advisers um and and start agricultural advisers um and and start agricultural advisers um and and start from there because I know that yeah from there because I know that yeah from there because I know that yeah there are certainly other grant funding schemes um I don't think we got to this schemes um I don't think we got to this schemes um I don't think we got to this one so um another one for James can one so um another one for James can one so um another one for James can Farmers receive step payments on top of Farmers receive step payments on top of Farmers receive step payments on top of sustainable farming incentive payments sustainable farming incentive payments sustainable farming incentive payments for the same option or action for for the same option or action for for the same option or action for example when to cover crops um at present yes we've spoken to um at present yes we've spoken to um at present yes we've spoken to Def quite a lot about this um and we Def quite a lot about this um and we Def quite a lot about this um and we think they can it's not something we've think they can it's not something we've think they can it's not something we've um kind um kind um kind of actively kind of promoted yet and I of actively kind of promoted yet and I of actively kind of promoted yet and I don't know if there's any agreements don't know if there's any agreements don't know if there's any agreements that exist that are accessing that exist that are accessing that exist that are accessing both the um at the end of the day it's both the um at the end of the day it's both the um at the end of the day it's we can't check who's got SFI um I don't we can't check who's got SFI um I don't we can't check who's got SFI um I don't think SFI can check who's applied to think SFI can check who's applied to think SFI can check who's applied to steps steps steps so uh I understand that you know there's so uh I understand that you know there's so uh I understand that you know there's kind of like a double funding question kind of like a double funding question kind of like a double funding question going going going on so but we've spoken to Def and we're on so but we've spoken to Def and we're on so but we've spoken to Def and we're confident there won't be any sanctions confident there won't be any sanctions confident there won't be any sanctions to Farmers that have applied to them and to Farmers that have applied to them and to Farmers that have applied to them and then apply to us but you know these then apply to us but you know these then apply to us but you know these things change all the time and I'm not things change all the time and I'm not things change all the time and I'm not aware of any kind of current application aware of any kind of current application aware of any kind of current application so it's under review I guess Thanks James um and another one guess Thanks James um and another one guess Thanks James um and another one for you about um do you have catchment for you about um do you have catchment for you about um do you have catchment advisers who advise Farms of correct s advisers who advise Farms of correct s advisers who advise Farms of correct s Management or tailored advice based on Management or tailored advice based on Management or tailored advice based on their S typen Series our yeah Series our yeah Series our yeah our agriculture advisers can certainly our agriculture advisers can certainly our agriculture advisers can certainly do that and we can also fund Specialists do that and we can also fund Specialists do that and we can also fund Specialists on Farm advice where we get independent on Farm advice where we get independent on Farm advice where we get independent people kind of come in under a contract people kind of come in under a contract people kind of come in under a contract and deliver kind of produce a report and and deliver kind of produce a report and and deliver kind of produce a report and say this is what you should do say this is what you should do say this is what you should do um and then often times those um and then often times those um and then often times those recommendations you can translate into a recommendations you can translate into a recommendations you can translate into a steps application but yeah certainly steps application but yeah certainly steps application but yeah certainly agriculture advisers can um can make agriculture advisers can um can make agriculture advisers can um can make such such recommendations such such recommendations such such recommendations here and another one um following on here and another one um following on here and another one um following on from that are the applications open to from that are the applications open to from that are the applications open to um applicants uh across sea so somebody um applicants uh across sea so somebody um applicants uh across sea so somebody asked about from asked about from asked about from Africa um afraid not it's only if you Africa um afraid not it's only if you Africa um afraid not it's only if you are in C region in the UK and sorry James another one for you UK and sorry James another one for you UK and sorry James another one for you will the fund improvements in will the fund improvements in will the fund improvements in biodiversity kpis do we fund improvements in kpis do we fund improvements in kpis do we fund improvements in biodiversity yes we do yeah there is a biodiversity yes we do yeah there is a biodiversity yes we do yeah there is a kind of a biodiversity kind of a biodiversity kind of a biodiversity steps which is step to this and I didn't steps which is step to this and I didn't steps which is step to this and I didn't want to like go into it load because I want to like go into it load because I want to like go into it load because I want to try and focus on our soily want to try and focus on our soily want to try and focus on our soily options but yeah there is there is a options but yeah there is there is a options but yeah there is there is a biodiversity options available which biodiversity options available which biodiversity options available which includes stuff like feeding Farmland includes stuff like feeding Farmland includes stuff like feeding Farmland Birds um mini Meadows flowering strips Birds um mini Meadows flowering strips Birds um mini Meadows flowering strips you know this this sort of thing you know this this sort of thing you know this this sort of thing yeah thank yeah thank yeah thank you um and one from myself and Lisa if I you um and one from myself and Lisa if I you um and one from myself and Lisa if I may um you were speaking about your may um you were speaking about your may um you were speaking about your field data um your next steps of your field data um your next steps of your field data um your next steps of your field data um will you be collecting field data um will you be collecting field data um will you be collecting these at each of your priority these at each of your priority these at each of your priority sites yes so uh the idea at this point sites yes so uh the idea at this point sites yes so uh the idea at this point is um ideally it would be is um ideally it would be is um ideally it would be to uh collect uh to take those to uh collect uh to take those to uh collect uh to take those measurements within the different measurements within the different measurements within the different priority catchments um so I'm actually priority catchments um so I'm actually priority catchments um so I'm actually currently uh contacting uh Farmers to currently uh contacting uh Farmers to currently uh contacting uh Farmers to see if they're available for um see if they're available for um see if they're available for um collaboration for this for these uh collaboration for this for these uh collaboration for this for these uh field field field trials um but so depending on the trials um but so depending on the trials um but so depending on the farmers who respond and in terms of uh farmers who respond and in terms of uh farmers who respond and in terms of uh Logistics and transport Logistics and transport Logistics and transport um uh um uh um uh maybe well maybe I'll be able to do maybe well maybe I'll be able to do maybe well maybe I'll be able to do those uh measurements within the those uh measurements within the those uh measurements within the priority catchments that would be ideal priority catchments that would be ideal priority catchments that would be ideal or uh I will focus on uh Farms where or uh I will focus on uh Farms where or uh I will focus on uh Farms where they at least cover the uh crop they at least cover the uh crop they at least cover the uh crop rotations I'm interested in and uh the rotations I'm interested in and uh the rotations I'm interested in and uh the sword types thank types thank types thank you uh another questions come in you uh another questions come in you uh another questions come in um uh so what are the influences and um uh so what are the influences and um uh so what are the influences and relations of uh diffused pollution on relations of uh diffused pollution on relations of uh diffused pollution on water quality parameters and toxic water quality parameters and toxic water quality parameters and toxic elements in suspended sediments in a elements in suspended sediments in a elements in suspended sediments in a river especially in agricultural river especially in agricultural river especially in agricultural catchments perhaps one for James what was the thought what was the James what was the thought what was the James what was the thought what was the influence yeah influence relations what is the influence and relations what is the influence and relations what is the influence and relations of these things on water relations of these things on water relations of these things on water quality in in PRI quality in in PRI quality in in PRI catchments and toxic elements in catchments and toxic elements in catchments and toxic elements in suspended sediments in a river suspended sediments in a river suspended sediments in a river especially in agricultural especially in agricultural especially in agricultural catchments right yeah catchments right yeah catchments right yeah so um well that's kind of a big question so um well that's kind of a big question so um well that's kind of a big question um what's the influence not not quite um what's the influence not not quite um what's the influence not not quite sure how to phrase my answer but sure how to phrase my answer but sure how to phrase my answer but um our our intakes whether that be a um our our intakes whether that be a um our our intakes whether that be a bore hole or a surface water intake bore hole or a surface water intake bore hole or a surface water intake abstracting from a river we will always abstracting from a river we will always abstracting from a river we will always monitor kind of what's going on and if monitor kind of what's going on and if monitor kind of what's going on and if there is what's called an exceedence so there is what's called an exceedence so there is what's called an exceedence so one of these things is higher than we one of these things is higher than we one of these things is higher than we would like um that will kind of trigger would like um that will kind of trigger would like um that will kind of trigger all sorts of alarm bells and then we'll all sorts of alarm bells and then we'll all sorts of alarm bells and then we'll go and do an investigation and try and go and do an investigation and try and go and do an investigation and try and try and do some extra sampling try and try and do some extra sampling try and try and do some extra sampling try and narrow down where it's coming from um narrow down where it's coming from um narrow down where it's coming from um and work with the land owners if we and work with the land owners if we and work with the land owners if we already know them you know bring them up already know them you know bring them up already know them you know bring them up if we don't try and make contact and say if we don't try and make contact and say if we don't try and make contact and say we we've noticed this is going on we we we've noticed this is going on we we we've noticed this is going on we think it might be to do with this um and think it might be to do with this um and think it might be to do with this um and then if you can identify the source then if you can identify the source then if you can identify the source entirely we can and they're in a entirely we can and they're in a entirely we can and they're in a priority catchment so funding you know priority catchment so funding you know priority catchment so funding you know we can direct them to you know you can we can direct them to you know you can we can direct them to you know you can change this and we'll pay you to do it change this and we'll pay you to do it change this and we'll pay you to do it so I think I hope that answer this so I think I hope that answer this so I think I hope that answer this question thank you and there's another question thank you and there's another question thank you and there's another one that came in that perhaps you've one that came in that perhaps you've one that came in that perhaps you've answered mostly to as well it was about answered mostly to as well it was about answered mostly to as well it was about mitigations of nutrients and pesticides mitigations of nutrients and pesticides mitigations of nutrients and pesticides in particular reducing crypto peridium in particular reducing crypto peridium in particular reducing crypto peridium risks I'm not sure if that's too risks I'm not sure if that's too risks I'm not sure if that's too specific for you um the we we we certainly so we have um the we we we certainly so we have um the we we we certainly so we have three priority catchment types nutrients three priority catchment types nutrients three priority catchment types nutrients pesticides and crypto peridium um pesticides and crypto peridium um pesticides and crypto peridium um nutrient and the steps handbook which nutrient and the steps handbook which nutrient and the steps handbook which you can see on the website kind of says you can see on the website kind of says you can see on the website kind of says what will Fund in each prior catchment what will Fund in each prior catchment what will Fund in each prior catchment or what we prefer to fund obviously in or what we prefer to fund obviously in or what we prefer to fund obviously in the nutrient kind of priorities it's the nutrient kind of priorities it's the nutrient kind of priorities it's cover crops AR version some some GPS to cover crops AR version some some GPS to cover crops AR version some some GPS to a variable rate some some margins a variable rate some some margins a variable rate some some margins margins are also great for you know margins are also great for you know margins are also great for you know pesticide reduction pesticide reduction pesticide reduction and we'll do a pesticide wash down area and we'll do a pesticide wash down area and we'll do a pesticide wash down area as well we fund those and then when it as well we fund those and then when it as well we fund those and then when it comes to cryptos peridium we think the comes to cryptos peridium we think the comes to cryptos peridium we think the biggest source is kind of from well well biggest source is kind of from well well biggest source is kind of from well well a big Source I think according to Farms a big Source I think according to Farms a big Source I think according to Farms scoper is you know animals making their scoper is you know animals making their scoper is you know animals making their way into the water courses so we'll find way into the water courses so we'll find way into the water courses so we'll find fencing in those capss and troughs so fencing in those capss and troughs so fencing in those capss and troughs so Farms can still you know get water to Farms can still you know get water to Farms can still you know get water to their animals without um traing to the their animals without um traing to the their animals without um traing to the river causing poaching and defecating river causing poaching and defecating river causing poaching and defecating into to the water thank thank thank you um so it doesn't look like there's you um so it doesn't look like there's you um so it doesn't look like there's any more any more any more [Music] [Music] [Music] questions um no no more have come in so questions um no no more have come in so questions um no no more have come in so um we'll we'll pause there then thank um we'll we'll pause there then thank um we'll we'll pause there then thank you so much to both of you um and Jess you so much to both of you um and Jess you so much to both of you um and Jess for uh keeping an eye on the questions for uh keeping an eye on the questions for uh keeping an eye on the questions um oh there's one more question that I um oh there's one more question that I um oh there's one more question that I think I think we can get in uh from Mar think I think we can get in uh from Mar think I think we can get in uh from Mar so some of these Solutions already so some of these Solutions already so some of these Solutions already written in more of a more of a comment I written in more of a more of a comment I written in more of a more of a comment I suppose some of these Solutions are suppose some of these Solutions are suppose some of these Solutions are already written in the farming rules for already written in the farming rules for already written in the farming rules for water um so yeah thank you thank you all water um so yeah thank you thank you all water um so yeah thank you thank you all so much for um submitting your so much for um submitting your so much for um submitting your questions um and behalf of uh the questions um and behalf of uh the questions um and behalf of uh the British dtive of s science and British dtive of s science and British dtive of s science and especially our early career members who especially our early career members who especially our early career members who have contributed um contributed today have contributed um contributed today have contributed um contributed today I'd like to express my thank you um and I'd like to express my thank you um and I'd like to express my thank you um and thank you all for attending you'll find thank you all for attending you'll find thank you all for attending you'll find a quick feedback survey when you leave a quick feedback survey when you leave a quick feedback survey when you leave the webinar which we hope you'll take the webinar which we hope you'll take the webinar which we hope you'll take the time to complete and the recording the time to complete and the recording the time to complete and the recording of this web webinar will be available um of this web webinar will be available um of this web webinar will be available um after the event on our YouTube channel after the event on our YouTube channel after the event on our YouTube channel um I want to take this time just to uh um I want to take this time just to uh um I want to take this time just to uh remind you of our upcoming annual remind you of our upcoming annual remind you of our upcoming annual conference which will be taking place in conference which will be taking place in conference which will be taking place in Cardiff in December the theme is Cardiff in December the theme is Cardiff in December the theme is sustainable SES for people and Planet sustainable SES for people and Planet sustainable SES for people and Planet ticket tickets are on sale now and ticket tickets are on sale now and ticket tickets are on sale now and submissions for abstracts is also open submissions for abstracts is also open submissions for abstracts is also open so it' be fantastic to see you all get so it' be fantastic to see you all get so it' be fantastic to see you all get involved uh our next zoom into s webinar involved uh our next zoom into s webinar involved uh our next zoom into s webinar is scheduled to be on Wednesday 14th of is scheduled to be on Wednesday 14th of is scheduled to be on Wednesday 14th of August from 4: to 5:00 p.m. on August from 4: to 5:00 p.m. on August from 4: to 5:00 p.m. on International governance of soils so International governance of soils so International governance of soils so keep an eye are on our website for how keep an eye are on our website for how keep an eye are on our website for how to register for that one um we hope to to register for that one um we hope to to register for that one um we hope to see you at future events um and in the see you at future events um and in the see you at future events um and in the meantime thank you all so much and meantime thank you all so much and meantime thank you all so much and especially to our speakers<br /> }}</div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Using_compost_to_reduce_crude_oil_contamination_in_soils-Chindo_Nwankwo&diff=11772 2026-05-29T14:05:58Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Ajoute les transcriptions YouTube aux pages vidéo qui n&#039;en ont pas - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/435</p> <hr /> <div>{{vidéo<br /> | Titre = Using compost to reduce crude oil contamination in soils-Chindo Nwankwo<br /> | Producteur = British Society of Soil Science<br /> | Vignette = Thumbnail_youtube_BUOUOVo_zCY.jpg<br /> | Date de mise en ligne = 2013-05-02<br /> | Durée = 4 minutes<br /> | Production = <br /> | Vidéo = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BUOUOVo_zCY<br /> | Intervenants 0 = Chindo Nwankwo<br /> | Mots-clés = NBSOIL<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Student Member Chindo Nwankwo from the University of Leeds talks about her research using compost to reduce crude oil contamination in soils.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> The British Society of Soil Science is an established international membership organisation and charity committed to the study of soil in its widest aspects. It is funded primarily through subscriptions and income from publications. The Society acts as a forum for the exchange of ideas and provides a framework for representing the views of soil scientists to other organisations and decision making bodies. It promotes research by organising several conferences each year and by the publication of its two scientific journals, the European Journal of Soil Science, and Soil Use and Management. It promotes education through a number of initiatives aimed at schools, colleges and universities. The Society has a regular and varied programme of scientific conferences on a wide range of soil-related issues.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> The British Society of Soil Science encourages anyone with an interest in soil, whether this interest lies in the soil itself or its wider use within the environment, to join the society. There is a small membership fee, with discounts for students and those from low income countries.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{Pages liées}}<br /> <br /> {{Transcription<br /> | transcription = [Music] [Music] [Music] my name is my name is my name is chin um I'm studying at University of chin um I'm studying at University of chin um I'm studying at University of lit and I'm a third year PhD research lit and I'm a third year PhD research lit and I'm a third year PhD research student and my research is on using student and my research is on using student and my research is on using compost to reduce U crude oil compost to reduce U crude oil compost to reduce U crude oil contamination in contamination in contamination in soils um actually my passion for soil soils um actually my passion for soil soils um actually my passion for soil developed a couple of years back um I developed a couple of years back um I developed a couple of years back um I was volunteering with a um a women's was volunteering with a um a women's was volunteering with a um a women's group and then we outre in a rur area group and then we outre in a rur area group and then we outre in a rur area the Niger Delta region of Nigeria and the Niger Delta region of Nigeria and the Niger Delta region of Nigeria and then we drove past um a field and it was then we drove past um a field and it was then we drove past um a field and it was just waxy and then I asked one of the just waxy and then I asked one of the just waxy and then I asked one of the women um why is that F work it what women um why is that F work it what women um why is that F work it what happened and she said oh is O pillage happened and she said oh is O pillage happened and she said oh is O pillage and I said what has been done about she and I said what has been done about she and I said what has been done about she said no nothing and I said about the oil said no nothing and I said about the oil said no nothing and I said about the oil polluters she said nothing this is part polluters she said nothing this is part polluters she said nothing this is part of our living and I said well some has of our living and I said well some has of our living and I said well some has to be done and that was how I develop my to be done and that was how I develop my to be done and that was how I develop my research interest TR um about soil and research interest TR um about soil and research interest TR um about soil and trying to see what we can do to help the trying to see what we can do to help the trying to see what we can do to help the locals to um get their soil restored so locals to um get their soil restored so locals to um get their soil restored so they could use it for they could use it for they could use it for agriculture basically um the Delta agriculture basically um the Delta agriculture basically um the Delta region of Nigeria um the West stream region of Nigeria um the West stream region of Nigeria um the West stream from that region um comprises basically from that region um comprises basically from that region um comprises basically um organic material which is from food um organic material which is from food um organic material which is from food waste uh because uh during um harvesting waste uh because uh during um harvesting waste uh because uh during um harvesting period they have a lot of food waste period they have a lot of food waste period they have a lot of food waste because they don't have any standard because they don't have any standard because they don't have any standard preservation facility and so my in my my preservation facility and so my in my my preservation facility and so my in my my concern is if this um waste could be um concern is if this um waste could be um concern is if this um waste could be um converted to compost and then it could converted to compost and then it could converted to compost and then it could be used as a bior remediation material be used as a bior remediation material be used as a bior remediation material on soil that is contaminated with crude on soil that is contaminated with crude on soil that is contaminated with crude oil uh because research in the past have oil uh because research in the past have oil uh because research in the past have shown that you can actually use mineral shown that you can actually use mineral shown that you can actually use mineral fertilizer to treat contaminated soil fertilizer to treat contaminated soil fertilizer to treat contaminated soil but the challenge in the Delta but the challenge in the Delta but the challenge in the Delta region of Nigeria is that an average region of Nigeria is that an average region of Nigeria is that an average farmer struggles to get a share Supply farmer struggles to get a share Supply farmer struggles to get a share Supply his own supply of mineral fertilizer for his own supply of mineral fertilizer for his own supply of mineral fertilizer for reaching farming so asking him to use reaching farming so asking him to use reaching farming so asking him to use mineral fertilizer to treat contaminated mineral fertilizer to treat contaminated mineral fertilizer to treat contaminated soil is is a is is a big Challenge and soil is is a is is a big Challenge and soil is is a is is a big Challenge and is a cost on him but if we're able to um is a cost on him but if we're able to um is a cost on him but if we're able to um get compost from this um organic get compost from this um organic get compost from this um organic material then it can be used as bi material then it can be used as bi material then it can be used as bi remediation material for the remediation material for the remediation material for the contaminated so it's going to reduce contaminated so it's going to reduce contaminated so it's going to reduce cost and again it's going to get the cost and again it's going to get the cost and again it's going to get the locals involved in cleaning their own um locals involved in cleaning their own um locals involved in cleaning their own um land which they can recover for land which they can recover for land which they can recover for agriculture the results from my research agriculture the results from my research agriculture the results from my research is going to build on collaboration is going to build on collaboration is going to build on collaboration between the oil communities the between the oil communities the between the oil communities the government and the oil polluter and so government and the oil polluter and so government and the oil polluter and so it's going to build on existing it's going to build on existing it's going to build on existing collaboration and so um well my home collaboration and so um well my home collaboration and so um well my home institution is interested in the results institution is interested in the results institution is interested in the results from this research because it will be from this research because it will be from this research because it will be applied in the field and so hopefully um applied in the field and so hopefully um applied in the field and so hopefully um it's going to affect uh policy making um it's going to affect uh policy making um it's going to affect uh policy making um because we like the ministry of Ed uh because we like the ministry of Ed uh because we like the ministry of Ed uh Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of environment to work together to environment to work together to environment to work together to understand the effects of oil pollution understand the effects of oil pollution understand the effects of oil pollution yeah on um people's livelihood I would like if people would livelihood I would like if people would livelihood I would like if people would treat her uh more uh more uh more friendly and not just think it's maybe a friendly and not just think it's maybe a friendly and not just think it's maybe a Dumping Ground or you can just do Dumping Ground or you can just do Dumping Ground or you can just do anything to the soil because it's really anything to the soil because it's really anything to the soil because it's really our culture our way of living affects our culture our way of living affects our culture our way of living affects the quality of the soil and without the the quality of the soil and without the the quality of the soil and without the so we can't exist because we produce our so we can't exist because we produce our so we can't exist because we produce our food the buildings infrastructure food the buildings infrastructure food the buildings infrastructure they're all they're all they're all there so the soil is a very important there so the soil is a very important there so the soil is a very important component of our living here component of our living here component of our living here my long-term goal will be to build a my long-term goal will be to build a my long-term goal will be to build a research team that will research team that will research team that will actually make impact on people's life actually make impact on people's life actually make impact on people's life especially the Ordinary People the local especially the Ordinary People the local especially the Ordinary People the local people here in Niger Delta Region that's people here in Niger Delta Region that's people here in Niger Delta Region that's my long-term my long-term my long-term goal and helping them solve the problem goal and helping them solve the problem goal and helping them solve the problem of oil pollution on their land [Music] [Music]<br /> }}</div>

Bertrand Gorge https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Zoom_into_Soil:_The_Peatlands_of_Wales&diff=11771 2026-05-29T14:05:54Z

<p>Bertrand Gorge: Maintenance script update: Ajoute les transcriptions YouTube aux pages vidéo qui n&#039;en ont pas - See https://github.com/neayi/tripleperformance/issues/435</p> <hr /> <div>{{vidéo<br /> | Titre = Zoom into Soil: The Peatlands of Wales<br /> | Producteur = British Society of Soil Science<br /> | Vignette = Thumbnail_youtube_jhi7Gg_N3sI.jpg<br /> | Date de mise en ligne = 2023-07-06<br /> | Durée = 59 minutes<br /> | Production = <br /> | Vidéo = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jhi7Gg_N3sI<br /> | Intervenants 0 = James Cooke<br /> | Intervenants 1 = Peter Jones<br /> | Mots-clés = NBSOIL<br /> }}<br /> <br /> In this Zoom into Soil webinar, James Cooke from the Welsh Government and Dr. Peter Jones, the Lead Specialist Advisor at Natural Resources Wales, discuss the Peatlands of Wales.<br /> <br /> https://soils.org.uk/videos/zoom-into-soil-the-peatlands-of-wales/<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Over the course of the webinar, they cover:<br /> <br /> * A Brief overview of the National Peatland Action Programme and its expansion<br /> <br /> * Character of the peat resource<br /> <br /> * Ecosystems services approach to peat<br /> <br /> * Drivers for peatland delivery, evidence and questions<br /> <br /> .<br /> <br /> James Cooke leads the Peatland, Soil and Agricultural land Use Planning team within the Environmental Sustainability Directorate of Welsh Government. James has led on the development of the National Peatland Action Programme since 2019. His wider team covers a wide range of evidence, policy and technical advice including the Soil Policy Evidence Programme, development of a Soil Policy Statement for Wales, and representing soils through the planning systems in Developments of National Significance and mineral extraction cases.<br /> <br /> .<br /> <br /> Peter Jones is the Lead Technical Specialist for peatland ecosystems across Wales for Natural Resources Wales. Peter has worked on peatlands in Wales for over 25 years and covers a wide range of evidence, policy support, technical advice and strategic restoration topics, including the Welsh Government funded National Peatland Action Programme.<br /> <br /> .<br /> <br /> The British Society of Soil Science is an established international membership organisation and charity committed to the study of soil in its widest aspects. https://soils.org.uk/<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> #peatlands #wales #soils #soilhealth #bsss #britishsocietyofsoilscience #zoomintosoil<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{Pages liées}}<br /> <br /> {{Transcription<br /> | transcription = welcome everybody to the British Society welcome everybody to the British Society welcome everybody to the British Society of soil science webinar of soil science webinar of soil science webinar I'm Jack canham and I'm current I'm Jack canham and I'm current I'm Jack canham and I'm current president of the society and I'm really president of the society and I'm really president of the society and I'm really delighted to welcome you to our fifth delighted to welcome you to our fifth delighted to welcome you to our fifth webinar of this year webinar of this year webinar of this year uh so before uh so before uh so before um I welcome our presenters I'd just um I welcome our presenters I'd just um I welcome our presenters I'd just like to introduce the British Society of like to introduce the British Society of like to introduce the British Society of Soul science as host of today's webinar Soul science as host of today's webinar Soul science as host of today's webinar um we're an established membership um we're an established membership um we're an established membership organization with members across the organization with members across the organization with members across the globe as well as within Britain globe as well as within Britain globe as well as within Britain and we're a charity that's committed to and we're a charity that's committed to and we're a charity that's committed to the study of soil in its widest aspect the study of soil in its widest aspect the study of soil in its widest aspect so we bring together people working in so we bring together people working in so we bring together people working in Academia Academia Academia and we have a growing membership amongst and we have a growing membership amongst and we have a growing membership amongst all practitioners who are implementing all practitioners who are implementing all practitioners who are implementing soil science in industry and consultancy soil science in industry and consultancy soil science in industry and consultancy and of course we welcome anybody who has and of course we welcome anybody who has and of course we welcome anybody who has a keen interest in soils to join our a keen interest in soils to join our a keen interest in soils to join our membership as well um we'll be hosting eight webinars in um we'll be hosting eight webinars in um we'll be hosting eight webinars in total in 2023 so do keep an eye out on total in 2023 so do keep an eye out on total in 2023 so do keep an eye out on our website for further details of our website for further details of our website for further details of upcoming webinars during the rest of the upcoming webinars during the rest of the upcoming webinars during the rest of the year year year um just before we begin a little bit of um just before we begin a little bit of um just before we begin a little bit of housekeeping housekeeping housekeeping um there are lots of you here today so um there are lots of you here today so um there are lots of you here today so we've just muted your microphones we've just muted your microphones we've just muted your microphones and we'll be taking questions right at and we'll be taking questions right at and we'll be taking questions right at the end of the presentation so our the end of the presentation so our the end of the presentation so our presenters are giving a joint presenters are giving a joint presenters are giving a joint presentation today presentation today presentation today so please add your questions to the so please add your questions to the so please add your questions to the question tab as we go along through the question tab as we go along through the question tab as we go along through the webinar webinar webinar and make sure you submit those by 1250 and make sure you submit those by 1250 and make sure you submit those by 1250 just to make sure that we have enough just to make sure that we have enough just to make sure that we have enough time to get through as many as we can time to get through as many as we can time to get through as many as we can although there is a raise your hand although there is a raise your hand although there is a raise your hand button we won't be using that if you've button we won't be using that if you've button we won't be using that if you've got a question like I said just put it got a question like I said just put it got a question like I said just put it in the question Tab and we'll come back in the question Tab and we'll come back in the question Tab and we'll come back to those at the end of the presentation um just to let you know today's um just to let you know today's um just to let you know today's presentation also has presentation also has presentation also has um CPD points so there's some um CPD points so there's some um CPD points so there's some information on the screen there for information on the screen there for information on the screen there for basis and and also CPD points please basis and and also CPD points please basis and and also CPD points please email the admin at source.org.uk if you email the admin at source.org.uk if you email the admin at source.org.uk if you want to register your CBD points with want to register your CBD points with want to register your CBD points with either of those organizations either of those organizations either of those organizations and then finally as you're probably and then finally as you're probably and then finally as you're probably aware we are recording today's aware we are recording today's aware we are recording today's presentation presentation presentation um and it will be available on our um and it will be available on our um and it will be available on our YouTube channel soon after the webinar YouTube channel soon after the webinar YouTube channel soon after the webinar so it's great thanks everybody for so it's great thanks everybody for so it's great thanks everybody for joining us and I'd like to now introduce joining us and I'd like to now introduce joining us and I'd like to now introduce our presenters our presenters our presenters and these are James Cook and these are James Cook and these are James Cook and Dr Peter Jones so really excited to and Dr Peter Jones so really excited to and Dr Peter Jones so really excited to have representation from Wales um at the have representation from Wales um at the have representation from Wales um at the webinar here today so James leads the webinar here today so James leads the webinar here today so James leads the peak and Son agricultural planning team peak and Son agricultural planning team peak and Son agricultural planning team in the Welsh government in the Welsh government in the Welsh government and he's been leading on the development and he's been leading on the development and he's been leading on the development of the national patent Action Program so of the national patent Action Program so of the national patent Action Program so this is one of the activities that um this is one of the activities that um this is one of the activities that um his team is leading within the Welsh his team is leading within the Welsh his team is leading within the Welsh government soils team but he has wider government soils team but he has wider government soils team but he has wider coverage of coverage of coverage of um Source evidence policy and also um Source evidence policy and also um Source evidence policy and also technical advice technical advice technical advice including running the sole policy including running the sole policy including running the sole policy evidence program within the Welsh evidence program within the Welsh evidence program within the Welsh government government government um he's currently involved in developing um he's currently involved in developing um he's currently involved in developing a sole policy statement for Wales so I a sole policy statement for Wales so I a sole policy statement for Wales so I have my conflict here in my interest to have my conflict here in my interest to have my conflict here in my interest to be declared so I've been developing be declared so I've been developing be declared so I've been developing hubbington team to develop that hubbington team to develop that hubbington team to develop that um along with James and they also have um along with James and they also have um along with James and they also have quite a large remit of representing quite a large remit of representing quite a large remit of representing soils in the planning systems so in soils in the planning systems so in soils in the planning systems so in particular in terms of developments of particular in terms of developments of particular in terms of developments of national significance and also national significance and also national significance and also um in Mineral extraction Paces as well um in Mineral extraction Paces as well um in Mineral extraction Paces as well it's a really big remit for quite a it's a really big remit for quite a it's a really big remit for quite a compact team in the in the Welsh girl compact team in the in the Welsh girl compact team in the in the Welsh girl and uh onto Peter Jones Dr Peter Jones and uh onto Peter Jones Dr Peter Jones and uh onto Peter Jones Dr Peter Jones is Leeds technical specialist for people is Leeds technical specialist for people is Leeds technical specialist for people and ecosystem so he's a specialist in and ecosystem so he's a specialist in and ecosystem so he's a specialist in Pete's and habitats and Pete's and habitats and Pete's and habitats and um he has particular expertise across um he has particular expertise across um he has particular expertise across Wales the naked people's ecosystems in Wales the naked people's ecosystems in Wales the naked people's ecosystems in Wales and he works for natural resources Wales and he works for natural resources Wales and he works for natural resources Wales Wales Wales so as I said so as I said so as I said um Peter Peter has significantly um Peter Peter has significantly um Peter Peter has significantly experienced over 25 years working in experienced over 25 years working in experienced over 25 years working in peatlands in Wales peatlands in Wales peatlands in Wales and this kind of remit covers range of and this kind of remit covers range of and this kind of remit covers range of evidence evidence evidence um within nrw which includes policy um within nrw which includes policy um within nrw which includes policy support for the Welsh government and so support for the Welsh government and so support for the Welsh government and so policy teams but more specifically policy teams but more specifically policy teams but more specifically things specifically on technical advice things specifically on technical advice things specifically on technical advice utilizing that experience vast um wealth utilizing that experience vast um wealth utilizing that experience vast um wealth of experience that Peter has in of experience that Peter has in of experience that Peter has in peatlands in Wales particularly through peatlands in Wales particularly through peatlands in Wales particularly through developing strategic restoration topics developing strategic restoration topics developing strategic restoration topics and of course he's obviously Fading Into and of course he's obviously Fading Into and of course he's obviously Fading Into The Welsh government The Welsh government The Welsh government um National people induction program um National people induction program um National people induction program so I've really uh really delighted to so I've really uh really delighted to so I've really uh really delighted to welcome you both and really excited to welcome you both and really excited to welcome you both and really excited to hear about hear about hear about um all of the work that's happening in um all of the work that's happening in um all of the work that's happening in Wales we know about the importance of Wales we know about the importance of Wales we know about the importance of peatlands not just as terrestrial carbon peatlands not just as terrestrial carbon peatlands not just as terrestrial carbon stalls but a significant habitat so stalls but a significant habitat so stalls but a significant habitat so um really excited to hear what you have um really excited to hear what you have um really excited to hear what you have to say about the program so over to you to say about the program so over to you to say about the program so over to you well thank you very much for that well thank you very much for that well thank you very much for that introduction Jack introduction Jack introduction Jack um uh and it's wonderful to be here to um uh and it's wonderful to be here to um uh and it's wonderful to be here to share the work that we're doing in Wales share the work that we're doing in Wales share the work that we're doing in Wales so um so um so um um good morning everybody good afternoon um good morning everybody good afternoon um good morning everybody good afternoon maybe I managed as Jack said I managed maybe I managed as Jack said I managed maybe I managed as Jack said I managed the uh people and saw that cultural land the uh people and saw that cultural land the uh people and saw that cultural land use planning unit within the department use planning unit within the department use planning unit within the department for climate change at Welsh government for climate change at Welsh government for climate change at Welsh government we're a small team of 2.6 full-time we're a small team of 2.6 full-time we're a small team of 2.6 full-time equivalents covering all the work that equivalents covering all the work that equivalents covering all the work that Jack said so the national Pete and Jack said so the national Pete and Jack said so the national Pete and Action Program uh Action Program uh Action Program uh um development and delivery the soil um development and delivery the soil um development and delivery the soil policy statement saw handling advice and policy statement saw handling advice and policy statement saw handling advice and representing peatlands in the uh representing peatlands in the uh representing peatlands in the uh planning system and soils in the planning system and soils in the planning system and soils in the planning system so we have a large planning system so we have a large planning system so we have a large casework element for everything from casework element for everything from casework element for everything from quarries to quarries to quarries to um wind farms and everything in between um wind farms and everything in between um wind farms and everything in between we also have a rolling program of three we also have a rolling program of three we also have a rolling program of three to six month PhD to six month PhD to six month PhD placements and funding for um research placements and funding for um research placements and funding for um research Fellowship position which I'm proud to Fellowship position which I'm proud to Fellowship position which I'm proud to say Jack joined us on to develop the say Jack joined us on to develop the say Jack joined us on to develop the soil policy statement and we're about to soil policy statement and we're about to soil policy statement and we're about to advertise for our second Fellowship advertise for our second Fellowship advertise for our second Fellowship position position position um uh over the next month or so um uh over the next month or so um uh over the next month or so uh responsibility for people's transfer uh responsibility for people's transfer uh responsibility for people's transfer to my team in 2018 where I met to my team in 2018 where I met to my team in 2018 where I met um uh Peter Jones and we began on the um uh Peter Jones and we began on the um uh Peter Jones and we began on the Journey of developing the national Peak Journey of developing the national Peak Journey of developing the national Peak production program across Wales and production program across Wales and production program across Wales and before I introduce Pete uh I'll ask Pete before I introduce Pete uh I'll ask Pete before I introduce Pete uh I'll ask Pete to introduce himself I just wanted to go to introduce himself I just wanted to go to introduce himself I just wanted to go over the format for the session so we've over the format for the session so we've over the format for the session so we've decided to do a double act decided to do a double act decided to do a double act um rather than two separate um rather than two separate um rather than two separate presentations and we'll begin with an presentations and we'll begin with an presentations and we'll begin with an overview of peatlands in Wales their overview of peatlands in Wales their overview of peatlands in Wales their characteristics and distribution before characteristics and distribution before characteristics and distribution before moving on to introduce the national moving on to introduce the national moving on to introduce the national pigment action program policy pigment action program policy pigment action program policy development and some of the challenges development and some of the challenges development and some of the challenges which we think we hope May stimulate which we think we hope May stimulate which we think we hope May stimulate some of the discussion of questions some of the discussion of questions some of the discussion of questions towards the end of these slides so um if towards the end of these slides so um if towards the end of these slides so um if I can hand over to you Pete to begin the I can hand over to you Pete to begin the I can hand over to you Pete to begin the presentation presentation presentation many Thanks James and can I just check many Thanks James and can I just check many Thanks James and can I just check I'm coming across okay sound great you I'm coming across okay sound great you I'm coming across okay sound great you are yes are yes are yes thank you yeah uh well good afternoon thank you yeah uh well good afternoon thank you yeah uh well good afternoon and uh many thanks to James and to jack and uh many thanks to James and to jack and uh many thanks to James and to jack for the introduction there I think for the introduction there I think for the introduction there I think you've actually covered all the you've actually covered all the you've actually covered all the essential uh details uh about me uh but essential uh details uh about me uh but essential uh details uh about me uh but for those who don't know natural for those who don't know natural for those who don't know natural resources Wales is the uh is the single resources Wales is the uh is the single resources Wales is the uh is the single the integrated body responsible for the integrated body responsible for the integrated body responsible for Environmental Management and protection Environmental Management and protection Environmental Management and protection in Wales and is Welsh government's in Wales and is Welsh government's in Wales and is Welsh government's largest uh sponsored body so uh we work largest uh sponsored body so uh we work largest uh sponsored body so uh we work very closely with the Welsh government very closely with the Welsh government very closely with the Welsh government and it's been a particular pleasure to and it's been a particular pleasure to and it's been a particular pleasure to work uh closely with James really over work uh closely with James really over work uh closely with James really over the last three to four years in getting the last three to four years in getting the last three to four years in getting this getting this program running this getting this program running this getting this program running um so to start with really how do we um so to start with really how do we um so to start with really how do we Define Define Define um Peak soils um Peak soils um Peak soils um in whales and we use in fact the um in whales and we use in fact the um in whales and we use in fact the original soil survey of England and original soil survey of England and original soil survey of England and Wales the the Avery 1980 Wales the the Avery 1980 Wales the the Avery 1980 um definition uh which is shown here so um definition uh which is shown here so um definition uh which is shown here so more than 40 centimeters of organic more than 40 centimeters of organic more than 40 centimeters of organic material within the upper uh 0.8 meters material within the upper uh 0.8 meters material within the upper uh 0.8 meters or where the profile is sitting directly or where the profile is sitting directly or where the profile is sitting directly on on Bedrock more than 30 centimeters on on Bedrock more than 30 centimeters on on Bedrock more than 30 centimeters of organic material if you could just of organic material if you could just of organic material if you could just click sorry James just once and this is click sorry James just once and this is click sorry James just once and this is all nicely explained actually in um a all nicely explained actually in um a all nicely explained actually in um a piece of work which which James funded piece of work which which James funded piece of work which which James funded and uh commissioned of Jack and of and uh commissioned of Jack and of and uh commissioned of Jack and of Caroline key at Cranfield Caroline key at Cranfield Caroline key at Cranfield um in their work to produce on updated um in their work to produce on updated um in their work to produce on updated um map of the peatlands of Wales to um map of the peatlands of Wales to um map of the peatlands of Wales to support the development of the of the support the development of the of the support the development of the of the national people and Action Program national people and Action Program national people and Action Program but I think it's fair to say but I think it's fair to say but I think it's fair to say increasingly we try not to be overly uh increasingly we try not to be overly uh increasingly we try not to be overly uh influenced or limited by depth influenced or limited by depth influenced or limited by depth thresholds thresholds thresholds and of course these had a very pragmatic and of course these had a very pragmatic and of course these had a very pragmatic origin origin origin um reflecting the need ready for Clear um reflecting the need ready for Clear um reflecting the need ready for Clear rules uh when it came to soil type rules uh when it came to soil type rules uh when it came to soil type characterization and and mapping and uh characterization and and mapping and uh characterization and and mapping and uh that though those are important that though those are important that though those are important principles but increasingly principles but increasingly principles but increasingly um in Wales because we have some very um in Wales because we have some very um in Wales because we have some very powerful legislation which I think James powerful legislation which I think James powerful legislation which I think James will probably just run through in a will probably just run through in a will probably just run through in a moment we try and take a kind of moment we try and take a kind of moment we try and take a kind of ecosystem orientated ecosystem orientated ecosystem orientated um view of the uh conservation of our um view of the uh conservation of our um view of the uh conservation of our natural resources and increasingly we natural resources and increasingly we natural resources and increasingly we appreciate the significance of thinner appreciate the significance of thinner appreciate the significance of thinner Peaks particularly where these are Peaks particularly where these are Peaks particularly where these are contiguous with deeper profiles um and uh we'll talk a little bit more um and uh we'll talk a little bit more um and uh we'll talk a little bit more about that as we as we go on uh next about that as we as we go on uh next about that as we as we go on uh next slide please James slide please James slide please James um so uh so defined uh peateland's um so uh so defined uh peateland's um so uh so defined uh peateland's amount to an area around about 82 200 amount to an area around about 82 200 amount to an area around about 82 200 hectares or just under four percent of hectares or just under four percent of hectares or just under four percent of the terrestrial land area of Wales and the terrestrial land area of Wales and the terrestrial land area of Wales and this is a a fairly uh sort of this is a a fairly uh sort of this is a a fairly uh sort of conservative assessment based on a set conservative assessment based on a set conservative assessment based on a set of decision rules that are laid out in of decision rules that are laid out in of decision rules that are laid out in um Caroline and Jack's report which was um Caroline and Jack's report which was um Caroline and Jack's report which was on the previous slide which were set up on the previous slide which were set up on the previous slide which were set up to ensure we only regarded an area as to ensure we only regarded an area as to ensure we only regarded an area as being peace if the underlying evidence being peace if the underlying evidence being peace if the underlying evidence met certain quality uh criteria met certain quality uh criteria met certain quality uh criteria um and looking at the distribution of um and looking at the distribution of um and looking at the distribution of soils not surprisingly the major soils not surprisingly the major soils not surprisingly the major concentration of pizza is around about concentration of pizza is around about concentration of pizza is around about three quarters of the resource occurs three quarters of the resource occurs three quarters of the resource occurs along the Upland spine of Wales all the along the Upland spine of Wales all the along the Upland spine of Wales all the way from uh the Ronda Valley and just way from uh the Ronda Valley and just way from uh the Ronda Valley and just south of that in South Wales south of that in South Wales south of that in South Wales approximately around the heads of The approximately around the heads of The approximately around the heads of The Valleys Road right North up to almost Valleys Road right North up to almost Valleys Road right North up to almost the North Wales coast and the con the North Wales coast and the con the North Wales coast and the con carnevi mountains carnevi mountains carnevi mountains but either side of that resource are but either side of that resource are but either side of that resource are very many expanses of uh predominantly very many expanses of uh predominantly very many expanses of uh predominantly lowland Pete and this is really very lowland Pete and this is really very lowland Pete and this is really very important from a biodiversity and a important from a biodiversity and a important from a biodiversity and a carbon storage point of view carbon storage point of view carbon storage point of view really wherever you are in Wales you're really wherever you are in Wales you're really wherever you are in Wales you're never going to be terribly uh far away never going to be terribly uh far away never going to be terribly uh far away um from a from a peak site next slide um from a from a peak site next slide um from a from a peak site next slide please James please James please James but um reflecting what I just said but um reflecting what I just said but um reflecting what I just said um these deeper pizzas do of course sit um these deeper pizzas do of course sit um these deeper pizzas do of course sit within a a much wider resource of within a a much wider resource of within a a much wider resource of shallow peat shown here in in various shallow peat shown here in in various shallow peat shown here in in various kind of shades of greeny kind of shades of greeny kind of shades of greeny um gray uh uh and that's a very much um gray uh uh and that's a very much um gray uh uh and that's a very much more more more um extensive resource and increasingly um extensive resource and increasingly um extensive resource and increasingly we think that some of this some at least we think that some of this some at least we think that some of this some at least of this organic mineral resource of this organic mineral resource of this organic mineral resource um is a is a the product of degradation um is a is a the product of degradation um is a is a the product of degradation of originally deeper of originally deeper of originally deeper deposits uh that have been affected by deposits uh that have been affected by deposits uh that have been affected by past land use or even peat cutting and past land use or even peat cutting and past land use or even peat cutting and again we'll come on to that in a little again we'll come on to that in a little again we'll come on to that in a little bit more uh next slide please bit more uh next slide please bit more uh next slide please in in fact in this slide in in fact in this slide in in fact in this slide um which uh as far as we can tell um which uh as far as we can tell um which uh as far as we can tell um Peak cutting for domestic fuel usage um Peak cutting for domestic fuel usage um Peak cutting for domestic fuel usage was more or less a ubiquitous activity was more or less a ubiquitous activity was more or less a ubiquitous activity um in Wales the more we look for um in Wales the more we look for um in Wales the more we look for evidence of peak cutting them all we evidence of peak cutting them all we evidence of peak cutting them all we find we by and large escaped uh the kind find we by and large escaped uh the kind find we by and large escaped uh the kind of mechanical uh uh stripping of Pete of mechanical uh uh stripping of Pete of mechanical uh uh stripping of Pete which has affected many peatlands which has affected many peatlands which has affected many peatlands elsewhere elsewhere elsewhere um in the UK and in in Europe so most of um in the UK and in in Europe so most of um in the UK and in in Europe so most of the of the impact that we saw here was the of the impact that we saw here was the of the impact that we saw here was um um um was pretty much hand cutting and it the was pretty much hand cutting and it the was pretty much hand cutting and it the the kind of prevalence of of peak the kind of prevalence of of peak the kind of prevalence of of peak cutting may explain why the coverage of cutting may explain why the coverage of cutting may explain why the coverage of uh uh uh of Pete is perhaps rather Less in Wales of Pete is perhaps rather Less in Wales of Pete is perhaps rather Less in Wales than we might expect based on our than we might expect based on our than we might expect based on our generally you know fairly wet climate generally you know fairly wet climate generally you know fairly wet climate and and and um the widespread distribution of um the widespread distribution of um the widespread distribution of suitable topography for Peak suitable topography for Peak suitable topography for Peak accumulation in the first place and and accumulation in the first place and and accumulation in the first place and and of course much of the Welsh landscape of course much of the Welsh landscape of course much of the Welsh landscape was was was um influenced by by glaciation and um influenced by by glaciation and um influenced by by glaciation and there's a lot of glycergenic clay Rich there's a lot of glycergenic clay Rich there's a lot of glycergenic clay Rich material smeared across the Welsh material smeared across the Welsh material smeared across the Welsh landscape upon which uh you know Pete landscape upon which uh you know Pete landscape upon which uh you know Pete really really really ought to be there but um apparently as a ought to be there but um apparently as a ought to be there but um apparently as a deeper deposit isn't nowadays next slide deeper deposit isn't nowadays next slide deeper deposit isn't nowadays next slide please James and next slide again thank you so and next slide again thank you so and next slide again thank you so um that's covered a little bit about um that's covered a little bit about um that's covered a little bit about what Pete is and where it occurs in what Pete is and where it occurs in what Pete is and where it occurs in Wales but what if it's what if its Wales but what if it's what if its Wales but what if it's what if its ecological condition and uh a sort of uh ecological condition and uh a sort of uh ecological condition and uh a sort of uh sort of efficient way really of of sort of efficient way really of of sort of efficient way really of of considering this is in viewing it as considering this is in viewing it as considering this is in viewing it as comprising uh four main elements and uh comprising uh four main elements and uh comprising uh four main elements and uh the first of which are shown here in the the first of which are shown here in the the first of which are shown here in the top left this is uh what we regard as top left this is uh what we regard as top left this is uh what we regard as the near natural Peak resource this is the near natural Peak resource this is the near natural Peak resource this is the least modified component of our the least modified component of our the least modified component of our peatlands peatlands peatlands um it comprises no more than a third of um it comprises no more than a third of um it comprises no more than a third of the Welsh resource and is the closest the Welsh resource and is the closest the Welsh resource and is the closest approximation we have to naturally approximation we have to naturally approximation we have to naturally functioning uh Myers functioning uh Myers functioning uh Myers and it's Associated and the the numbers and it's Associated and the the numbers and it's Associated and the the numbers are shown here in the left hand side are shown here in the left hand side are shown here in the left hand side with either weak net with either weak net with either weak net um emissions or indeed net sequestration um emissions or indeed net sequestration um emissions or indeed net sequestration based on values published in the um UK based on values published in the um UK based on values published in the um UK peakland's emissions inventory the peakland's emissions inventory the peakland's emissions inventory the reference of which uh is is shown there reference of which uh is is shown there reference of which uh is is shown there and I think it's important to emphasize and I think it's important to emphasize and I think it's important to emphasize that that even with the near natural that that even with the near natural that that even with the near natural resource not all of that is in is in resource not all of that is in is in resource not all of that is in is in what we would regard as good what we would regard as good what we would regard as good ecological condition uh next click ecological condition uh next click ecological condition uh next click please James please James please James then we have uh thank you then we have then we have uh thank you then we have then we have uh thank you then we have the modified component the modified component the modified component um that's been damaged by drainage or um that's been damaged by drainage or um that's been damaged by drainage or historical peat cutting or wide range of historical peat cutting or wide range of historical peat cutting or wide range of other factors and straight away we can other factors and straight away we can other factors and straight away we can see that the greenhouse gas emissions see that the greenhouse gas emissions see that the greenhouse gas emissions from these surfaces shoots up so these from these surfaces shoots up so these from these surfaces shoots up so these are a definite kind of net emitters next are a definite kind of net emitters next are a definite kind of net emitters next click please James click please James click please James then we have Woodland of which then we have Woodland of which then we have Woodland of which um the uh an awful lot is is is um the uh an awful lot is is is um the uh an awful lot is is is Plantation uh forestry on uh deep peat Plantation uh forestry on uh deep peat Plantation uh forestry on uh deep peat um which is is a missing more again and um which is is a missing more again and um which is is a missing more again and then finally uh next click we have our then finally uh next click we have our then finally uh next click we have our most heavily modified uh peatlands uh by most heavily modified uh peatlands uh by most heavily modified uh peatlands uh by and large these are no longer supporting and large these are no longer supporting and large these are no longer supporting semi-natural habitat and are often very semi-natural habitat and are often very semi-natural habitat and are often very deep drained and these are kicking out deep drained and these are kicking out deep drained and these are kicking out really quite significant amounts of a really quite significant amounts of a really quite significant amounts of a greenhouse gas equivalence greenhouse gas equivalence greenhouse gas equivalence so I think from this slide we can see so I think from this slide we can see so I think from this slide we can see overall our peakland resource is not in overall our peakland resource is not in overall our peakland resource is not in the state we need it to be to support the state we need it to be to support the state we need it to be to support the characteristic biodiversity of the characteristic biodiversity of the characteristic biodiversity of peaklands which includes many threatened peaklands which includes many threatened peaklands which includes many threatened habitats and species uh nor indeed to habitats and species uh nor indeed to habitats and species uh nor indeed to perform the ecosystem Services we now perform the ecosystem Services we now perform the ecosystem Services we now associate with with healthy patents associate with with healthy patents associate with with healthy patents notably the regulation of greenhouse gas notably the regulation of greenhouse gas notably the regulation of greenhouse gas emissions and of course carbon storage emissions and of course carbon storage emissions and of course carbon storage as well as flood risk management and as well as flood risk management and as well as flood risk management and water quality benefits water quality benefits water quality benefits um so we had absolutely got to a point um so we had absolutely got to a point um so we had absolutely got to a point where we needed to address that and I'll where we needed to address that and I'll where we needed to address that and I'll now um hand back to James to give a bit now um hand back to James to give a bit now um hand back to James to give a bit of the context of that thank you of the context of that thank you of the context of that thank you thanks Pete and as as Peter mentioned thanks Pete and as as Peter mentioned thanks Pete and as as Peter mentioned there are two there are two there are two um uh principle underpinning uh acts in um uh principle underpinning uh acts in um uh principle underpinning uh acts in Wales which Drive pretty much everything Wales which Drive pretty much everything Wales which Drive pretty much everything we do and those are the well-being of we do and those are the well-being of we do and those are the well-being of future Generations Act and the future Generations Act and the future Generations Act and the environment act the environment act environment act the environment act environment act the environment act places an enhanced Duty in all public places an enhanced Duty in all public places an enhanced Duty in all public bodies to seek to maintain an enhance bodies to seek to maintain an enhance bodies to seek to maintain an enhance biodiversity in the exercise of their biodiversity in the exercise of their biodiversity in the exercise of their functions so this provides the basis for functions so this provides the basis for functions so this provides the basis for how we consider the use of Natural how we consider the use of Natural how we consider the use of Natural Resources in Wales the well-being act Resources in Wales the well-being act Resources in Wales the well-being act pushes the public sector to take a more pushes the public sector to take a more pushes the public sector to take a more joined up long-term approach that our joined up long-term approach that our joined up long-term approach that our decisions have a positive impact on the decisions have a positive impact on the decisions have a positive impact on the people living in the future as well as people living in the future as well as people living in the future as well as those living today those living today those living today as the policy as policy and delivery as the policy as policy and delivery as the policy as policy and delivery teams we must consider how each of the teams we must consider how each of the teams we must consider how each of the principles of these acts apply to the principles of these acts apply to the principles of these acts apply to the work that we're taking forward so if we work that we're taking forward so if we work that we're taking forward so if we take here a resilient Wales we need to take here a resilient Wales we need to take here a resilient Wales we need to ask how do Welsh peaklands contribute to ask how do Welsh peaklands contribute to ask how do Welsh peaklands contribute to the resilience of the natural the resilience of the natural the resilience of the natural environment and the service functions environment and the service functions environment and the service functions that we rely on our Wales peakland's that we rely on our Wales peakland's that we rely on our Wales peakland's resilient to climate change and can they resilient to climate change and can they resilient to climate change and can they provide the reputation services and provide the reputation services and provide the reputation services and functions into the future for Wales and functions into the future for Wales and functions into the future for Wales and The Wider UK and we'll touch on this a The Wider UK and we'll touch on this a The Wider UK and we'll touch on this a little more in the challenges section little more in the challenges section little more in the challenges section as Pete has already mentioned we have as Pete has already mentioned we have as Pete has already mentioned we have perhaps 80 to 90 000 hectares of deep perhaps 80 to 90 000 hectares of deep perhaps 80 to 90 000 hectares of deep peats a Circa four percent of our land peats a Circa four percent of our land peats a Circa four percent of our land area and a further 16 of organic mineral area and a further 16 of organic mineral area and a further 16 of organic mineral soils but we have a role to play soils but we have a role to play soils but we have a role to play globally in terms of protection of globally in terms of protection of globally in terms of protection of wetland habitats Water Resources wetland habitats Water Resources wetland habitats Water Resources management climate change and the management climate change and the management climate change and the sustainable management of our fire night sustainable management of our fire night sustainable management of our fire night soil resources in general we're also soil resources in general we're also soil resources in general we're also thinking about how to use peat and many thinking about how to use peat and many thinking about how to use peat and many of you will have seen the much trailed of you will have seen the much trailed of you will have seen the much trailed joint Horticultural Peak ban that's been joint Horticultural Peak ban that's been joint Horticultural Peak ban that's been taken with defra so taken with defra so taken with defra so despite its time not having appealand despite its time not having appealand despite its time not having appealand extraction in Wales is it responsible to extraction in Wales is it responsible to extraction in Wales is it responsible to be importing people from elsewhere in be importing people from elsewhere in be importing people from elsewhere in Europe Europe Europe we also have the ministerial ambition we also have the ministerial ambition we also have the ministerial ambition for peatlands for peatlands for peatlands which is helping shape the thinking as which is helping shape the thinking as which is helping shape the thinking as part of our cap or common agricultural part of our cap or common agricultural part of our cap or common agricultural policy replacement once restored how do policy replacement once restored how do policy replacement once restored how do we rehabilitate and manage these we rehabilitate and manage these we rehabilitate and manage these pigments into the long term pigments into the long term pigments into the long term the declared climate and nature the declared climate and nature the declared climate and nature emergencies in Wales informed program emergencies in Wales informed program emergencies in Wales informed program development but importantly budget development but importantly budget development but importantly budget allocations operational delivery and allocations operational delivery and allocations operational delivery and Reporting peatlands is perhaps unique Reporting peatlands is perhaps unique Reporting peatlands is perhaps unique and IT addresses both the climate and and IT addresses both the climate and and IT addresses both the climate and nature emergencies with little nature emergencies with little nature emergencies with little controversy controversy controversy ghd admissions is our current driver for ghd admissions is our current driver for ghd admissions is our current driver for targets but the focus is broadening to targets but the focus is broadening to targets but the focus is broadening to think about how adaptation carbon stocks think about how adaptation carbon stocks think about how adaptation carbon stocks and the dust transition to jobs and and the dust transition to jobs and and the dust transition to jobs and communities are formally embedded in communities are formally embedded in communities are formally embedded in delivery and Reporting delivery and Reporting delivery and Reporting this side although complex shows this side although complex shows this side although complex shows the web of strategies plans and policies the web of strategies plans and policies the web of strategies plans and policies a touch on peatland delivery the sheer a touch on peatland delivery the sheer a touch on peatland delivery the sheer number and their critical mass allow the number and their critical mass allow the number and their critical mass allow the focus and priority for people and focus and priority for people and focus and priority for people and restoration to be maintained hopefully restoration to be maintained hopefully restoration to be maintained hopefully over the long term the Strategic over the long term the Strategic over the long term the Strategic coordination of heat and delivery policy coordination of heat and delivery policy coordination of heat and delivery policy and Reporting across government is a and Reporting across government is a and Reporting across government is a significant challenge again something significant challenge again something significant challenge again something that we'll look at as the slides move that we'll look at as the slides move that we'll look at as the slides move forward so Pete if I can hand back over forward so Pete if I can hand back over forward so Pete if I can hand back over to you to you to you uh very many Thanks James yeah uh just uh very many Thanks James yeah uh just uh very many Thanks James yeah uh just to check you can hear me okay yeah yeah to check you can hear me okay yeah yeah to check you can hear me okay yeah yeah very good yeah great uh if you could very good yeah great uh if you could very good yeah great uh if you could just click again please that would be just click again please that would be just click again please that would be great great thank you that's perfect so great great thank you that's perfect so great great thank you that's perfect so um yeah the Fantastic platform of policy um yeah the Fantastic platform of policy um yeah the Fantastic platform of policy which James has just reviewed uh really which James has just reviewed uh really which James has just reviewed uh really gave us the ability to go forward in uh gave us the ability to go forward in uh gave us the ability to go forward in uh 2019 to 2020 developing a national 2019 to 2020 developing a national 2019 to 2020 developing a national action program for our people in Wales action program for our people in Wales action program for our people in Wales and this was published in 2020 and you and this was published in 2020 and you and this was published in 2020 and you can download it from nrw's uh website can download it from nrw's uh website can download it from nrw's uh website uh the plan uh in short uh the plan uh in short uh the plan uh in short um the two main components to it first um the two main components to it first um the two main components to it first of all it identifies of all it identifies of all it identifies um the six priority action themes which um the six priority action themes which um the six priority action themes which represent the main context of people and represent the main context of people and represent the main context of people and degradation in Wales and where degradation in Wales and where degradation in Wales and where intervention is needed most urgently uh intervention is needed most urgently uh intervention is needed most urgently uh to restore people in biodiversity and to restore people in biodiversity and to restore people in biodiversity and the functionality that then results in the functionality that then results in the functionality that then results in terms of the provision of ecosystem terms of the provision of ecosystem terms of the provision of ecosystem services services services and um these include you know there are and um these include you know there are and um these include you know there are no huge uh surprises uh here Peter and no huge uh surprises uh here Peter and no huge uh surprises uh here Peter and erosion is of a relatively limited erosion is of a relatively limited erosion is of a relatively limited extent in Wales but can be very severe extent in Wales but can be very severe extent in Wales but can be very severe where it occurs we're we're fortunate in where it occurs we're we're fortunate in where it occurs we're we're fortunate in um not having the kind of erosion we see um not having the kind of erosion we see um not having the kind of erosion we see in in some parts of the Peak District in in some parts of the Peak District in in some parts of the Peak District for example but uh nonetheless uh it is for example but uh nonetheless uh it is for example but uh nonetheless uh it is locally severe and of course is is locally severe and of course is is locally severe and of course is is predicted to predicted to predicted to um intensify under climate change unless um intensify under climate change unless um intensify under climate change unless we we're kind of at now and then there's we we're kind of at now and then there's we we're kind of at now and then there's uh peatland drainage uh which is is uh peatland drainage uh which is is uh peatland drainage uh which is is pretty extensive uh in Wales there was a pretty extensive uh in Wales there was a pretty extensive uh in Wales there was a lot of uh of um Capital funded drainage lot of uh of um Capital funded drainage lot of uh of um Capital funded drainage schemes uh post-war schemes uh post-war schemes uh post-war as well as some earlier drainage then we as well as some earlier drainage then we as well as some earlier drainage then we have topics around achieving the have topics around achieving the have topics around achieving the sustainable management of degraded sustainable management of degraded sustainable management of degraded lowland and Upland peatlands often lowland and Upland peatlands often lowland and Upland peatlands often including getting uh the right grazing including getting uh the right grazing including getting uh the right grazing onto sites and then our last two project onto sites and then our last two project onto sites and then our last two project action themes uh uh focus on the more action themes uh uh focus on the more action themes uh uh focus on the more heavily modified uh resource the heavily modified uh resource the heavily modified uh resource the afforested peaklands uh and then what we afforested peaklands uh and then what we afforested peaklands uh and then what we refer to as the hyper modified resource refer to as the hyper modified resource refer to as the hyper modified resource this is people that's really got pretty this is people that's really got pretty this is people that's really got pretty much no semi-natural habitat cover much no semi-natural habitat cover much no semi-natural habitat cover remaining remaining remaining and we set the program up and we set the program up and we set the program up um for an initial five-year period to to um for an initial five-year period to to um for an initial five-year period to to to kind of grow the program organically to kind of grow the program organically to kind of grow the program organically um as an nrw LED um as an nrw LED um as an nrw LED um initiative but with uh with huge uh um initiative but with uh with huge uh um initiative but with uh with huge uh support from a wide range of uh Partners support from a wide range of uh Partners support from a wide range of uh Partners um across Wales um across Wales um across Wales um and as we move forward with the um and as we move forward with the um and as we move forward with the program we're program we're program we're um we are gonna well Our intention is to um we are gonna well Our intention is to um we are gonna well Our intention is to pick up on the on the hyper modified pick up on the on the hyper modified pick up on the on the hyper modified um resource once we have the the the um resource once we have the the the um resource once we have the the the kind of tools really and resources to to kind of tools really and resources to to kind of tools really and resources to to work collaboratively with land managers work collaboratively with land managers work collaboratively with land managers of those areas to identify the of those areas to identify the of those areas to identify the opportunities and challenges associated opportunities and challenges associated opportunities and challenges associated with restoring these sites and in with restoring these sites and in with restoring these sites and in parallel with the on the groundwork parallel with the on the groundwork parallel with the on the groundwork we've then got these three big we've then got these three big we've then got these three big cross-cutting themes which cross-cutting themes which cross-cutting themes which involved investing in the leadership involved investing in the leadership involved investing in the leadership role of the national uh program in role of the national uh program in role of the national uh program in supporting and coordinating the supporting and coordinating the supporting and coordinating the collective efforts of our very many collective efforts of our very many collective efforts of our very many partners in Wales including through partners in Wales including through partners in Wales including through Grant aid but also Grant aid but also Grant aid but also um training in the use of um best um training in the use of um best um training in the use of um best practice uh we're also looking at practice uh we're also looking at practice uh we're also looking at building our uh a sort of National building our uh a sort of National building our uh a sort of National Monitoring and and restoration activity Monitoring and and restoration activity Monitoring and and restoration activity capture work and we've we've gone most capture work and we've we've gone most capture work and we've we've gone most strongly so far in developing the strongly so far in developing the strongly so far in developing the activity capture element of this with activity capture element of this with activity capture element of this with the monitoring element planned for the the monitoring element planned for the the monitoring element planned for the coming year or or so and then a major coming year or or so and then a major coming year or or so and then a major effort in increasing stakeholder and effort in increasing stakeholder and effort in increasing stakeholder and wider engagement in wider engagement in wider engagement in um people in restoration and of course um people in restoration and of course um people in restoration and of course uh just one more clip please James this uh just one more clip please James this uh just one more clip please James this is all being supported through the is all being supported through the is all being supported through the Fantastic work of James and colleagues Fantastic work of James and colleagues Fantastic work of James and colleagues in government in uh securing uh base in government in uh securing uh base in government in uh securing uh base funding of at least a million um a year funding of at least a million um a year funding of at least a million um a year so this is coming in as additional grant so this is coming in as additional grant so this is coming in as additional grant and aid to Natural Resources Wales to to and aid to Natural Resources Wales to to and aid to Natural Resources Wales to to deliver this work deliver this work deliver this work in collaboration with Partners next in collaboration with Partners next in collaboration with Partners next slide please James slide please James slide please James so this is a little um if you could just so this is a little um if you could just so this is a little um if you could just click on through uh to get all the rest click on through uh to get all the rest click on through uh to get all the rest of it thank you very much of it thank you very much of it thank you very much um so impacts to date well we've been um so impacts to date well we've been um so impacts to date well we've been running for full three full years now running for full three full years now running for full three full years now the program uh started in uh 2020 right the program uh started in uh 2020 right the program uh started in uh 2020 right at the heart at the height if you at the heart at the height if you at the heart at the height if you remember of the covert SARS 19 remember of the covert SARS 19 remember of the covert SARS 19 pandemic and our very first appointed uh pandemic and our very first appointed uh pandemic and our very first appointed uh colleague was Dr Roswell Leonard who's colleague was Dr Roswell Leonard who's colleague was Dr Roswell Leonard who's currently on maternity leave but is our currently on maternity leave but is our currently on maternity leave but is our project manager project manager project manager and um and then we've gone forward with and um and then we've gone forward with and um and then we've gone forward with appointing another five uh staff appointing another five uh staff appointing another five uh staff um so at the moment it's a it's a fairly um so at the moment it's a it's a fairly um so at the moment it's a it's a fairly discreet discrete team of of six core discreet discrete team of of six core discreet discrete team of of six core nrw staff with me supporting plus a wide nrw staff with me supporting plus a wide nrw staff with me supporting plus a wide range of other nrw staff and of course range of other nrw staff and of course range of other nrw staff and of course the support of James and colleagues um the support of James and colleagues um the support of James and colleagues um in government and during this uh period in government and during this uh period in government and during this uh period and the subsequent years of the program and the subsequent years of the program and the subsequent years of the program we've been uh succeeded in delivering uh we've been uh succeeded in delivering uh we've been uh succeeded in delivering uh over 600 hectares of restoration uh over 600 hectares of restoration uh over 600 hectares of restoration uh activity per year and the little activity per year and the little activity per year and the little um icon in the top right hand picture um icon in the top right hand picture um icon in the top right hand picture shows the distribution of of effort in shows the distribution of of effort in shows the distribution of of effort in the first the first the first um year to do this we've had to set up a um year to do this we've had to set up a um year to do this we've had to set up a whole series of whole series of whole series of um uh groundworks uh procurement um uh groundworks uh procurement um uh groundworks uh procurement mechanisms including a Direct Delivery mechanisms including a Direct Delivery mechanisms including a Direct Delivery component that we do ourselves plus the component that we do ourselves plus the component that we do ourselves plus the Land Management agreements with partners Land Management agreements with partners Land Management agreements with partners and a large Grant Aid component with and a large Grant Aid component with and a large Grant Aid component with with uh with Partners in Wales in fact with uh with Partners in Wales in fact with uh with Partners in Wales in fact sixty percent of our restoration sixty percent of our restoration sixty percent of our restoration activities delivered in collaboration activities delivered in collaboration activities delivered in collaboration with um with with Partners so there's with um with with Partners so there's with um with with Partners so there's been a sort of great sort of exponential been a sort of great sort of exponential been a sort of great sort of exponential rise and effort really to get us to this rise and effort really to get us to this rise and effort really to get us to this um 600 hectare delivery uh point and as um 600 hectare delivery uh point and as um 600 hectare delivery uh point and as we look to the Future we're hoping to to we look to the Future we're hoping to to we look to the Future we're hoping to to expand expand on that uh next slide expand expand on that uh next slide expand expand on that uh next slide please James so just to give you a please James so just to give you a please James so just to give you a flavor really of what this practically flavor really of what this practically flavor really of what this practically looks like this is an example of a of a looks like this is an example of a of a looks like this is an example of a of a heavily eroded uh heating site within heavily eroded uh heating site within heavily eroded uh heating site within the Welsh government Woodland the Welsh government Woodland the Welsh government Woodland um estate so this is this is owned by by um estate so this is this is owned by by um estate so this is this is owned by by government and managed on government's government and managed on government's government and managed on government's behalf by nrw and it's a a before and behalf by nrw and it's a a before and behalf by nrw and it's a a before and after comparison of a piece of work to after comparison of a piece of work to after comparison of a piece of work to re-wet this eroded beaten by installing re-wet this eroded beaten by installing re-wet this eroded beaten by installing a wide range of peak dams and low a wide range of peak dams and low a wide range of peak dams and low Contour buns and there's a blue dip well Contour buns and there's a blue dip well Contour buns and there's a blue dip well in the center of the image on the left in the center of the image on the left in the center of the image on the left and that's and that's and that's now nicely flooded as a result of the of now nicely flooded as a result of the of now nicely flooded as a result of the of the um of all the hydrological the um of all the hydrological the um of all the hydrological restoration on the right and we expect restoration on the right and we expect restoration on the right and we expect based on published emissions values for based on published emissions values for based on published emissions values for that to be accompanied by um by a that to be accompanied by um by a that to be accompanied by um by a decrease decrease decrease um um um in um in a CO2 emissions from the from in um in a CO2 emissions from the from in um in a CO2 emissions from the from the surface and if you just click again the surface and if you just click again the surface and if you just click again please James on a landscape scale this please James on a landscape scale this please James on a landscape scale this is really quite spectacular so that was is really quite spectacular so that was is really quite spectacular so that was a a scene on the left uh with upstanding a a scene on the left uh with upstanding a a scene on the left uh with upstanding Pete haggs covered with wooly hair Moss Pete haggs covered with wooly hair Moss Pete haggs covered with wooly hair Moss that's the gray color that you can see that's the gray color that you can see that's the gray color that you can see with a lot of bear peak in between with a lot of bear peak in between with a lot of bear peak in between looking to the right we've now looking to the right we've now looking to the right we've now substantially uh raised the overall substantially uh raised the overall substantially uh raised the overall water table across the site and water table across the site and water table across the site and hopefully stabilized it and we would hopefully stabilized it and we would hopefully stabilized it and we would expect that now to colonize up with uh expect that now to colonize up with uh expect that now to colonize up with uh swagner and with cotton grass species swagner and with cotton grass species swagner and with cotton grass species and obviously within the landscape that and obviously within the landscape that and obviously within the landscape that is holding a great deal more is holding a great deal more is holding a great deal more um uh you know water than the previous um uh you know water than the previous um uh you know water than the previous condition and will have effectively shut condition and will have effectively shut condition and will have effectively shut off a lot of the a lot of the loss of off a lot of the a lot of the loss of off a lot of the a lot of the loss of particulate particulate particulate um peaked to receiving to receiving um peaked to receiving to receiving um peaked to receiving to receiving water watercourses water watercourses water watercourses uh I think I now hand back to James uh I think I now hand back to James uh I think I now hand back to James thank you James thank you James thank you James thank you Pete um thank you Pete um thank you Pete um and that that pitchfired a very good and that that pitchfired a very good and that that pitchfired a very good overview of of the program so overview of of the program so overview of of the program so we've gone from we've gone from we've gone from policy commitments and drivers to the policy commitments and drivers to the policy commitments and drivers to the National program National program National program to a point now where we have to look at to a point now where we have to look at to a point now where we have to look at that again and work out that again and work out that again and work out what do we need to deliver what do we need to deliver what do we need to deliver in order to hit on Net Zero commitment in order to hit on Net Zero commitment in order to hit on Net Zero commitment so Pete and the team in that north of so Pete and the team in that north of so Pete and the team in that north of Wales have led a piece of work Wales have led a piece of work Wales have led a piece of work to look at the range of condition types to look at the range of condition types to look at the range of condition types we have in Wales against the various we have in Wales against the various we have in Wales against the various emissions factors for those condition emissions factors for those condition emissions factors for those condition types types types whether we had enough land in each of whether we had enough land in each of whether we had enough land in each of those condition types to achieve a net those condition types to achieve a net those condition types to achieve a net zero pathway for peatlands and zero pathway for peatlands and zero pathway for peatlands and um as part of that review um as part of that review um as part of that review Pete and the team worked out they needed Pete and the team worked out they needed Pete and the team worked out they needed to increase delivery from something like to increase delivery from something like to increase delivery from something like 600 hectares per annum to 1800 hectares 600 hectares per annum to 1800 hectares 600 hectares per annum to 1800 hectares per annum by about 2031. per annum by about 2031. per annum by about 2031. so so so in Wales a piece of work in Wales a piece of work in Wales a piece of work um um um or review came into place called The or review came into place called The or review came into place called The biodiversity deep dive and as part of biodiversity deep dive and as part of biodiversity deep dive and as part of that policy picture and embedding that policy picture and embedding that policy picture and embedding peateland's in strategic policy peateland's in strategic policy peateland's in strategic policy the biodiversity I've provided the the biodiversity I've provided the the biodiversity I've provided the perfect opportunity to review how our perfect opportunity to review how our perfect opportunity to review how our peatland delivery Ambitions peatland delivery Ambitions peatland delivery Ambitions um need to change for the future so the um need to change for the future so the um need to change for the future so the biodiversity deep dive itself provided a biodiversity deep dive itself provided a biodiversity deep dive itself provided a set of collective actions that we can set of collective actions that we can set of collective actions that we can take to support nature recovery and it take to support nature recovery and it take to support nature recovery and it was set around the 30 by 30 Target where was set around the 30 by 30 Target where was set around the 30 by 30 Target where we need to protect and effectively we need to protect and effectively we need to protect and effectively manage at least 30 percent of our land manage at least 30 percent of our land manage at least 30 percent of our land fresh water and sea for nature by 30 30 fresh water and sea for nature by 30 30 fresh water and sea for nature by 30 30 and it's one of the number of targets and it's one of the number of targets and it's one of the number of targets that have formed part of the global that have formed part of the global that have formed part of the global biodiversity framework um so in numbers um so in numbers um so in numbers by 2030-31 we need to move from 600 to by 2030-31 we need to move from 600 to by 2030-31 we need to move from 600 to 1800 hectares of restored people in this 1800 hectares of restored people in this 1800 hectares of restored people in this program and this takes us from a budget program and this takes us from a budget program and this takes us from a budget of Circa around two million pounds per of Circa around two million pounds per of Circa around two million pounds per annum at the moment to 11 million pounds annum at the moment to 11 million pounds annum at the moment to 11 million pounds per annum by that point and from a core per annum by that point and from a core per annum by that point and from a core team of six well seven staff including team of six well seven staff including team of six well seven staff including Pete Pete Pete to a staff of between 60 and 70 by that to a staff of between 60 and 70 by that to a staff of between 60 and 70 by that point and I'm very much of the view that point and I'm very much of the view that point and I'm very much of the view that post-war landscape scale change was not post-war landscape scale change was not post-war landscape scale change was not achieved by just policy and commitments achieved by just policy and commitments achieved by just policy and commitments alone alone alone but by the significant amount of but by the significant amount of but by the significant amount of government advisory services and government advisory services and government advisory services and Technical officers Technical officers Technical officers that shaped that landscape scale change that shaped that landscape scale change that shaped that landscape scale change and this is why the additional circus 60 and this is why the additional circus 60 and this is why the additional circus 60 staff are needed in Wales to drive the staff are needed in Wales to drive the staff are needed in Wales to drive the restoration and sustainable management restoration and sustainable management restoration and sustainable management at the pace we need to to meet our at the pace we need to to meet our at the pace we need to to meet our nature and climate targets however this nature and climate targets however this nature and climate targets however this is a long-term plan through the 2050 and is a long-term plan through the 2050 and is a long-term plan through the 2050 and the first and probably most significant the first and probably most significant the first and probably most significant challenge for me is managing our funding challenge for me is managing our funding challenge for me is managing our funding within short-term budget settlements and within short-term budget settlements and within short-term budget settlements and against shocks and wider competing set against shocks and wider competing set against shocks and wider competing set of government priorities so this is why of government priorities so this is why of government priorities so this is why it goes back to it goes back to it goes back to embedding people's within that wider embedding people's within that wider embedding people's within that wider underpinning policy environment is so underpinning policy environment is so underpinning policy environment is so important to Galvanize that long-term important to Galvanize that long-term important to Galvanize that long-term thinking priority and funding thinking priority and funding thinking priority and funding opportunity opportunity opportunity one of those underpinning policies I one of those underpinning policies I one of those underpinning policies I just wanted to touch on and it goes back just wanted to touch on and it goes back just wanted to touch on and it goes back to to to um one of Pete's points about looking at um one of Pete's points about looking at um one of Pete's points about looking at peatlands as an ecosystem rather than peatlands as an ecosystem rather than peatlands as an ecosystem rather than just just just um by a depth definition um by a depth definition um by a depth definition is in future Wales Wales is National is in future Wales Wales is National is in future Wales Wales is National development plan that sets out our our development plan that sets out our our development plan that sets out our our strategic uh priorities and all strategic uh priorities and all strategic uh priorities and all planning and local government bodies planning and local government bodies planning and local government bodies need to take regard of and this document need to take regard of and this document need to take regard of and this document is heavily influenced also by the is heavily influenced also by the is heavily influenced also by the well-being of future Generations Act and well-being of future Generations Act and well-being of future Generations Act and the plan considers the plan considers the plan considers under policy nine under policy nine under policy nine what are national natural resources and what are national natural resources and what are national natural resources and some of those include biodiversity some of those include biodiversity some of those include biodiversity carbon natural flood management habitat carbon natural flood management habitat carbon natural flood management habitat all of which are underpinned by the all of which are underpinned by the all of which are underpinned by the presence of peak soils and it goes presence of peak soils and it goes presence of peak soils and it goes further to require the consideration of further to require the consideration of further to require the consideration of the resilience of that ecosystem in the resilience of that ecosystem in the resilience of that ecosystem in development management decisions so it's development management decisions so it's development management decisions so it's an extremely powerful document that an extremely powerful document that an extremely powerful document that shows peatlands are giving Fair shows peatlands are giving Fair shows peatlands are giving Fair consideration not only is the soil consideration not only is the soil consideration not only is the soil resource in their own right but also as resource in their own right but also as resource in their own right but also as an ecosystem however whilst all that sounds very good however whilst all that sounds very good however whilst all that sounds very good land use pressures remain and I land use pressures remain and I land use pressures remain and I certainly over my short career have not certainly over my short career have not certainly over my short career have not known such intensity or pressure for known such intensity or pressure for known such intensity or pressure for land in Wales many of my colleagues feel land in Wales many of my colleagues feel land in Wales many of my colleagues feel the same way the same way the same way and it's one thing to have peatlands and it's one thing to have peatlands and it's one thing to have peatlands embedded in policy but it still requires embedded in policy but it still requires embedded in policy but it still requires that policy to be represented that policy to be represented that policy to be represented by government and this forms a by government and this forms a by government and this forms a significant part of our role significant part of our role significant part of our role so this really takes us to our Second so this really takes us to our Second so this really takes us to our Second Challenge is how do we balance competing Challenge is how do we balance competing Challenge is how do we balance competing land use pressures and distributed land use pressures and distributed land use pressures and distributed evidence how do we develop our evidence evidence how do we develop our evidence evidence how do we develop our evidence base and how do we avoid the salami base and how do we avoid the salami base and how do we avoid the salami slicing of the resource in arguments slicing of the resource in arguments slicing of the resource in arguments over significance and carbon uh balances over significance and carbon uh balances over significance and carbon uh balances um when we talk about competing land use um when we talk about competing land use um when we talk about competing land use pressures um part of that answer is we hope in the um part of that answer is we hope in the um part of that answer is we hope in the development of assault policy statement development of assault policy statement development of assault policy statement for Wales which Jack mentioned at the for Wales which Jack mentioned at the for Wales which Jack mentioned at the start of this start of this start of this to help ensure not just Pete's but to help ensure not just Pete's but to help ensure not just Pete's but alsoils are take into account of at the alsoils are take into account of at the alsoils are take into account of at the earliest possible point in the earliest possible point in the earliest possible point in the decision-making process for government decision-making process for government decision-making process for government and its agencies and the other and its agencies and the other and its agencies and the other is access to information how do we make is access to information how do we make is access to information how do we make peat and soil information as accessible peat and soil information as accessible peat and soil information as accessible as possible part of that response is the as possible part of that response is the as possible part of that response is the development of a peatland data portal development of a peatland data portal development of a peatland data portal which has been published and we can we which has been published and we can we which has been published and we can we can share the links with you for that can share the links with you for that can share the links with you for that I'll bring in Pete a little later to I'll bring in Pete a little later to I'll bring in Pete a little later to talk more about the the port on its talk more about the the port on its talk more about the the port on its development and um development and um development and um how it's moving forward but the first how it's moving forward but the first how it's moving forward but the first step for us was in collating all the step for us was in collating all the step for us was in collating all the available peatland data and creating an available peatland data and creating an available peatland data and creating an openly available petalum base map for openly available petalum base map for openly available petalum base map for um for the country it's not perfect by um for the country it's not perfect by um for the country it's not perfect by any means but it is a living map with any means but it is a living map with any means but it is a living map with the intention to be periodically updated the intention to be periodically updated the intention to be periodically updated as restoration takes place in Wales and as restoration takes place in Wales and as restoration takes place in Wales and our our knowledge of our our knowledge of our our knowledge of um uh individual people and bodies uh um uh individual people and bodies uh um uh individual people and bodies uh improves Cranford University develops improves Cranford University develops improves Cranford University develops the peatlands of Wales map series uh for the peatlands of Wales map series uh for the peatlands of Wales map series uh for us and it takes us and it takes us and it takes available in previous young published available in previous young published available in previous young published soil survey WG nlw bgs and other partner soil survey WG nlw bgs and other partner soil survey WG nlw bgs and other partner data to create a basic 3D map of wales's data to create a basic 3D map of wales's data to create a basic 3D map of wales's peatlands on a 50 meter grid approach peatlands on a 50 meter grid approach peatlands on a 50 meter grid approach based on the Avery definition that Peter based on the Avery definition that Peter based on the Avery definition that Peter went over earlier went over earlier went over earlier and and Pete's already shown you the and and Pete's already shown you the and and Pete's already shown you the extent map but there's also this extent map but there's also this extent map but there's also this evidence layer which you mentioned and evidence layer which you mentioned and evidence layer which you mentioned and it shows the maximum possible area it shows the maximum possible area it shows the maximum possible area according to all data sources according to all data sources according to all data sources but unless it scores two or more it but unless it scores two or more it but unless it scores two or more it won't appear and draw through into that won't appear and draw through into that won't appear and draw through into that extent map and what I mean by this is extent map and what I mean by this is extent map and what I mean by this is that Pete may well be on for example The that Pete may well be on for example The that Pete may well be on for example The bgs Superficial geology Maps but unless bgs Superficial geology Maps but unless bgs Superficial geology Maps but unless there is another data source such as there is another data source such as there is another data source such as Point survey data that doesn't pull Point survey data that doesn't pull Point survey data that doesn't pull through through through however it does allow for the however it does allow for the however it does allow for the prioritization of site investigations prioritization of site investigations prioritization of site investigations and targeting and this base map is also and targeting and this base map is also and targeting and this base map is also available so that the tan image on your available so that the tan image on your available so that the tan image on your on your map in front of you that scores on your map in front of you that scores on your map in front of you that scores one one one that is where we think people's might be that is where we think people's might be that is where we think people's might be but we have no evidence to support but we have no evidence to support but we have no evidence to support peatland is actually there but with an peatland is actually there but with an peatland is actually there but with an Evidence score of two to nine so your Evidence score of two to nine so your Evidence score of two to nine so your pinks and reds we have got supporting pinks and reds we have got supporting pinks and reds we have got supporting evidence that Pete has been found was evidence that Pete has been found was evidence that Pete has been found was known to be in that particular location the map also provides either an the map also provides either an the map also provides either an estimated or actual depth for that 50 estimated or actual depth for that 50 estimated or actual depth for that 50 meter peak cell so you can see here the meter peak cell so you can see here the meter peak cell so you can see here the shadow areas in yellow to the deeper shadow areas in yellow to the deeper shadow areas in yellow to the deeper areas up to nearly 10 meters deep in areas up to nearly 10 meters deep in areas up to nearly 10 meters deep in purple purple purple and the blocky squares in the purple and and the blocky squares in the purple and and the blocky squares in the purple and black black black they represent where we've got actual they represent where we've got actual they represent where we've got actual survey data but where you've got the survey data but where you've got the survey data but where you've got the yellow and orangey colors those show yellow and orangey colors those show yellow and orangey colors those show standard profile descriptions which standard profile descriptions which standard profile descriptions which we'll come back onto we'll come back onto we'll come back onto and then we go through into emissions and then we go through into emissions and then we go through into emissions this is important because part of the this is important because part of the this is important because part of the funding and policy reporting we need to funding and policy reporting we need to funding and policy reporting we need to be able to report not just on hectors be able to report not just on hectors be able to report not just on hectors restored but also on other outcomes restored but also on other outcomes restored but also on other outcomes we're hoping to achieve for we're hoping to achieve for we're hoping to achieve for decarbonization biodiversity and water decarbonization biodiversity and water decarbonization biodiversity and water and these Maps provide the starting and these Maps provide the starting and these Maps provide the starting point for doing that it's also important point for doing that it's also important point for doing that it's also important so we can assess that we're restoring so we can assess that we're restoring so we can assess that we're restoring the correct areas we may meet our per the correct areas we may meet our per the correct areas we may meet our per annum annum annum Hector Target but are we actually manage Hector Target but are we actually manage Hector Target but are we actually manage meeting our emissions targets that we've meeting our emissions targets that we've meeting our emissions targets that we've been set been set been set so before I bring Pete in to say a so before I bring Pete in to say a so before I bring Pete in to say a little bit more about the activity little bit more about the activity little bit more about the activity reporting developments through the reporting developments through the reporting developments through the appealand data portal I just wanted to appealand data portal I just wanted to appealand data portal I just wanted to mention the challenges in in mapping mention the challenges in in mapping mention the challenges in in mapping to the form informal restoration outcome to the form informal restoration outcome to the form informal restoration outcome reporting planning advice and management reporting planning advice and management reporting planning advice and management decisions we need to know where our Peak decisions we need to know where our Peak decisions we need to know where our Peak resource is is condition resource is is condition resource is is condition and how much of it we have and how much of it we have and how much of it we have we're not we're not we're not convinced entirely by some of the depth convinced entirely by some of the depth convinced entirely by some of the depth slope model calculations to estimate slope model calculations to estimate slope model calculations to estimate Peak depths so we've all opted for Peak depths so we've all opted for Peak depths so we've all opted for actual depths where we have observed actual depths where we have observed actual depths where we have observed measurements measurements measurements and where we don't have observed and where we don't have observed and where we don't have observed measurements as I said we use standard measurements as I said we use standard measurements as I said we use standard Source series descriptions so just bring up the depth map again so just bring up the depth map again so just bring up the depth map again you've got these intense pockets in the you've got these intense pockets in the you've got these intense pockets in the purples where purples where purples where we've got actual measurements recorded we've got actual measurements recorded we've got actual measurements recorded where actual depths recorded but then where actual depths recorded but then where actual depths recorded but then we've got these larger bands of yellow we've got these larger bands of yellow we've got these larger bands of yellow and orange or ready orange and orange or ready orange and orange or ready orange that really show the profile standard that really show the profile standard that really show the profile standard profile description so 40 centimeters profile description so 40 centimeters profile description so 40 centimeters for the yellow and one centimeter sorry for the yellow and one centimeter sorry for the yellow and one centimeter sorry one one meter for the ready orange and one one meter for the ready orange and one one meter for the ready orange and in hindsight in hindsight in hindsight I'd wish we'd included these less than I'd wish we'd included these less than I'd wish we'd included these less than 40 centimeter transitioning 40 centimeter transitioning 40 centimeter transitioning um uh peats to represent that wider um uh peats to represent that wider um uh peats to represent that wider people and body and ecosystem that Pete people and body and ecosystem that Pete people and body and ecosystem that Pete mentioned earlier on in this mentioned earlier on in this mentioned earlier on in this conversation because the artificial cut conversation because the artificial cut conversation because the artificial cut off is not helpful in actual delivery off is not helpful in actual delivery off is not helpful in actual delivery terms and representing peatlands in uh terms and representing peatlands in uh terms and representing peatlands in uh on the ground in development managed on the ground in development managed on the ground in development managed decisions or other land use competition decisions or other land use competition decisions or other land use competition contexts contexts contexts so you know an open question as part of so you know an open question as part of so you know an open question as part of this challenge is are there other ways this challenge is are there other ways this challenge is are there other ways or new techniques to estimate extent and or new techniques to estimate extent and or new techniques to estimate extent and depth across people embodies without the depth across people embodies without the depth across people embodies without the need for systematic surveys and also how need for systematic surveys and also how need for systematic surveys and also how do we report on wider outcomes for water do we report on wider outcomes for water do we report on wider outcomes for water and biodiversity within this mapping and biodiversity within this mapping and biodiversity within this mapping framework framework framework ons estimate that seven percent of the ons estimate that seven percent of the ons estimate that seven percent of the UK's drinking water comes from Upland UK's drinking water comes from Upland UK's drinking water comes from Upland areas for example so how do we represent areas for example so how do we represent areas for example so how do we represent these services these services these services for Welsh peatlands for Welsh peatlands for Welsh peatlands um um um so I think I'll just leave that there so I think I'll just leave that there so I think I'll just leave that there and perhaps P can come in now and talk a and perhaps P can come in now and talk a and perhaps P can come in now and talk a little bit about the people and data little bit about the people and data little bit about the people and data portal uh and some of the reporting that portal uh and some of the reporting that portal uh and some of the reporting that we hope to take forward we hope to take forward we hope to take forward thank you very much James yeah uh now thank you very much James yeah uh now thank you very much James yeah uh now that's uh that's uh that's uh yeah some fantastic fantastic mapping yeah some fantastic fantastic mapping yeah some fantastic fantastic mapping there and there and there and um I mean just in terms of reporting um I mean just in terms of reporting um I mean just in terms of reporting it's obviously very important that we it's obviously very important that we it's obviously very important that we are able to um feedback to to James on are able to um feedback to to James on are able to um feedback to to James on the the outcome really of Welsh the the outcome really of Welsh the the outcome really of Welsh government's uh you know massive government's uh you know massive government's uh you know massive investment in Peak investoration and our investment in Peak investoration and our investment in Peak investoration and our approach to this is divided into two approach to this is divided into two approach to this is divided into two main strands uh firstly reporting on the main strands uh firstly reporting on the main strands uh firstly reporting on the restoration activity actually delivered restoration activity actually delivered restoration activity actually delivered in terms of hectares of land in terms of hectares of land in terms of hectares of land hectares of people are now placed on a hectares of people are now placed on a hectares of people are now placed on a recovery pathway and then there's the recovery pathway and then there's the recovery pathway and then there's the reporting on the actual outcome of reporting on the actual outcome of reporting on the actual outcome of restoration in relation to our two main restoration in relation to our two main restoration in relation to our two main program drivers and uh these are really program drivers and uh these are really program drivers and uh these are really biodiversity recovery and then the biodiversity recovery and then the biodiversity recovery and then the better adaptation of the uh Welsh better adaptation of the uh Welsh better adaptation of the uh Welsh resource to the pressures of climate resource to the pressures of climate resource to the pressures of climate change then of course reductions in change then of course reductions in change then of course reductions in greenhouse gas emissions that we expect greenhouse gas emissions that we expect greenhouse gas emissions that we expect to be associated with this restoration to be associated with this restoration to be associated with this restoration work work work um in terms of the latter we're still uh um in terms of the latter we're still uh um in terms of the latter we're still uh we're still working on uh on a we're still working on uh on a we're still working on uh on a um a kind of ecological and ecosystem um a kind of ecological and ecosystem um a kind of ecological and ecosystem service outcome monitoring service outcome monitoring service outcome monitoring um methodology we've got parts of it in um methodology we've got parts of it in um methodology we've got parts of it in place parts of it being uh trialled in place parts of it being uh trialled in place parts of it being uh trialled in terms of the former in terms of the terms of the former in terms of the terms of the former in terms of the activity activity activity um reporting we we're more or less there um reporting we we're more or less there um reporting we we're more or less there with that now I think um so a colleague with that now I think um so a colleague with that now I think um so a colleague of ours on the peanut program Dr Esther of ours on the peanut program Dr Esther of ours on the peanut program Dr Esther Clues has led on the development of a Clues has led on the development of a Clues has led on the development of a standardized GIS based system for standardized GIS based system for standardized GIS based system for recording a wide range of different recording a wide range of different recording a wide range of different restoration activity types and we have restoration activity types and we have restoration activity types and we have getting off a hundred of these in our getting off a hundred of these in our getting off a hundred of these in our kind of restoration activity library for kind of restoration activity library for kind of restoration activity library for one of a better word and for each of one of a better word and for each of one of a better word and for each of these we've assigned a standard uh these we've assigned a standard uh these we've assigned a standard uh buffer which reflects the Zone over buffer which reflects the Zone over buffer which reflects the Zone over which beneficial change mostly which beneficial change mostly which beneficial change mostly hydrological change is expected to occur hydrological change is expected to occur hydrological change is expected to occur as a result of the restoration activity as a result of the restoration activity as a result of the restoration activity so taking the top left-hand image here so taking the top left-hand image here so taking the top left-hand image here as an example in the case of Gully as an example in the case of Gully as an example in the case of Gully blocking on an eroded peatland where blocking on an eroded peatland where blocking on an eroded peatland where taking a radius of re-wetting of 30 taking a radius of re-wetting of 30 taking a radius of re-wetting of 30 meters and we've adopted existing meters and we've adopted existing meters and we've adopted existing metrics where these exist for example in metrics where these exist for example in metrics where these exist for example in the peatland code and we will in time be the peatland code and we will in time be the peatland code and we will in time be able to change the buffer values as the able to change the buffer values as the able to change the buffer values as the evidence base develops evidence base develops evidence base develops without actually affecting the without actually affecting the without actually affecting the underlying digitized data concerning underlying digitized data concerning underlying digitized data concerning where restoration has been done where restoration has been done where restoration has been done and so we're asking all our funded and so we're asking all our funded and so we're asking all our funded Partners to to submit their restoration Partners to to submit their restoration Partners to to submit their restoration activity information in a form activity information in a form activity information in a form compatible with this so that we can compatible with this so that we can compatible with this so that we can report in a kind of coherent um you know report in a kind of coherent um you know report in a kind of coherent um you know sensible way and back to government and sensible way and back to government and sensible way and back to government and back uh to all our uh all our other back uh to all our uh all our other back uh to all our uh all our other partners on a kind of annual basis and partners on a kind of annual basis and partners on a kind of annual basis and that will all be through uh Pete portal that will all be through uh Pete portal that will all be through uh Pete portal which is an online resource accessible which is an online resource accessible which is an online resource accessible through nrw's website through nrw's website through nrw's website next slide please James so just to next slide please James so just to next slide please James so just to continue really on the theme of uh of of continue really on the theme of uh of of continue really on the theme of uh of of challenges which James was talking about challenges which James was talking about challenges which James was talking about and um there have been some really quite and um there have been some really quite and um there have been some really quite amazing advances in our evidence space amazing advances in our evidence space amazing advances in our evidence space when my career in in peakland when my career in in peakland when my career in in peakland conservation science began you know 25 conservation science began you know 25 conservation science began you know 25 odd years ago the primary motivation for odd years ago the primary motivation for odd years ago the primary motivation for people restoration was to uh as as a people restoration was to uh as as a people restoration was to uh as as a biodiversity recovery measure but in biodiversity recovery measure but in biodiversity recovery measure but in those 25 years if one plotted a graph of those 25 years if one plotted a graph of those 25 years if one plotted a graph of published papers there were three huge published papers there were three huge published papers there were three huge influences that have driven a vast influences that have driven a vast influences that have driven a vast increase in in um in in in studies the increase in in um in in in studies the increase in in um in in in studies the biggest of which is the significance of biggest of which is the significance of biggest of which is the significance of petons for uh in terms of climate change petons for uh in terms of climate change petons for uh in terms of climate change mitigation and the whole literature mitigation and the whole literature mitigation and the whole literature around the carbon and greenhouse gas around the carbon and greenhouse gas around the carbon and greenhouse gas benefits to peetlands is now uh you know benefits to peetlands is now uh you know benefits to peetlands is now uh you know enormous and actually quite difficult enormous and actually quite difficult enormous and actually quite difficult for any individual to keep track of for any individual to keep track of for any individual to keep track of um but despite all that there are some um but despite all that there are some um but despite all that there are some quite significant gaps and we've just quite significant gaps and we've just quite significant gaps and we've just popped up two here are some examples popped up two here are some examples popped up two here are some examples that are really quite relevant in a that are really quite relevant in a that are really quite relevant in a Welsh context the first being developing Welsh context the first being developing Welsh context the first being developing a better understanding a better understanding a better understanding of the greenhouse gas and carbon balance of the greenhouse gas and carbon balance of the greenhouse gas and carbon balance benefits of restoring a forested benefits of restoring a forested benefits of restoring a forested peatlands in higher yield contexts I peatlands in higher yield contexts I peatlands in higher yield contexts I think there's probably broad consensus think there's probably broad consensus think there's probably broad consensus that restoring peatland in lower yield that restoring peatland in lower yield that restoring peatland in lower yield class contexts is a very sensible thing class contexts is a very sensible thing class contexts is a very sensible thing to do for people in restoration and for to do for people in restoration and for to do for people in restoration and for greenhouse gas mitigation benefits the greenhouse gas mitigation benefits the greenhouse gas mitigation benefits the science seems to be a little less clear science seems to be a little less clear science seems to be a little less clear in uh in areas of really high productive in uh in areas of really high productive in uh in areas of really high productive forestry and that is an area where we forestry and that is an area where we forestry and that is an area where we urgently need better information I would urgently need better information I would urgently need better information I would argue and then the other area is is argue and then the other area is is argue and then the other area is is where we could really do with much where we could really do with much where we could really do with much better tier two or even tier three better tier two or even tier three better tier two or even tier three emissions factors for gas flux from emissions factors for gas flux from emissions factors for gas flux from other peat and surfaces which are very other peat and surfaces which are very other peat and surfaces which are very prevalent in a Welsh context and in our prevalent in a Welsh context and in our prevalent in a Welsh context and in our particular case that would be particular case that would be particular case that would be millennia-dominated peatlands in the millennia-dominated peatlands in the millennia-dominated peatlands in the bottom right we think we've got 25 odd bottom right we think we've got 25 odd bottom right we think we've got 25 odd thousand hectares of this all together thousand hectares of this all together thousand hectares of this all together in Wales and we really do need a much in Wales and we really do need a much in Wales and we really do need a much better handle on on better handle on on better handle on on how that might be influenced by how that might be influenced by how that might be influenced by re-wetting and by other surface re-wetting and by other surface re-wetting and by other surface management next slide please James management next slide please James management next slide please James uh then in terms of of other challenges uh then in terms of of other challenges uh then in terms of of other challenges we of course have we of course have we of course have um the the the the change which climate um the the the the change which climate um the the the the change which climate change uh which is already underway and change uh which is already underway and change uh which is already underway and which is uh and that which is predicted which is uh and that which is predicted which is uh and that which is predicted will have on the restorability of people will have on the restorability of people will have on the restorability of people and surfaces and this is a very neat uh and surfaces and this is a very neat uh and surfaces and this is a very neat uh piece of uh modeling that Dr Gemma Bell piece of uh modeling that Dr Gemma Bell piece of uh modeling that Dr Gemma Bell did under um another contract that uh did under um another contract that uh did under um another contract that uh James and colleagues around in Welsh James and colleagues around in Welsh James and colleagues around in Welsh government which looked at the overall government which looked at the overall government which looked at the overall suitability of of degraded precursors suitability of of degraded precursors suitability of of degraded precursors for restoration back to blanket bog and for restoration back to blanket bog and for restoration back to blanket bog and as the colors as the colors as the colors um go yellow or or or even worse gray um go yellow or or or even worse gray um go yellow or or or even worse gray that's a measure of how much that's a measure of how much that's a measure of how much progressively harder it is expected to progressively harder it is expected to progressively harder it is expected to become to restore blanket bulk in this become to restore blanket bulk in this become to restore blanket bulk in this particular case and there are some quite particular case and there are some quite particular case and there are some quite obvious changes between the two maps and obvious changes between the two maps and obvious changes between the two maps and it it kind of underlines that there is a it it kind of underlines that there is a it it kind of underlines that there is a Time imperative associated with all this Time imperative associated with all this Time imperative associated with all this restoration uh uh activity we really restoration uh uh activity we really restoration uh uh activity we really cannot afford to kind of hang around uh cannot afford to kind of hang around uh cannot afford to kind of hang around uh next slide please next slide please next slide please uh then there are the the challenges of uh then there are the the challenges of uh then there are the the challenges of of us rising to the to the sort of uh of us rising to the to the sort of uh of us rising to the to the sort of uh well to the to the challenge of the well to the to the challenge of the well to the to the challenge of the global biodiversity framework and James global biodiversity framework and James global biodiversity framework and James mentioned the 30 by 30 targets and the mentioned the 30 by 30 targets and the mentioned the 30 by 30 targets and the they are articulated here in in full uh they are articulated here in in full uh they are articulated here in in full uh that by uh 2030 in in just seven years that by uh 2030 in in just seven years that by uh 2030 in in just seven years time uh we need to be aiming to get you time uh we need to be aiming to get you time uh we need to be aiming to get you know a third of our degraded ecosystems know a third of our degraded ecosystems know a third of our degraded ecosystems under arrest effective restoration I under arrest effective restoration I under arrest effective restoration I think we'll be getting pretty close to think we'll be getting pretty close to think we'll be getting pretty close to that for the peatland uh resource by that for the peatland uh resource by that for the peatland uh resource by that time uh the the gbf3 target we're that time uh the the gbf3 target we're that time uh the the gbf3 target we're actually already actually already actually already um uh somewhat in in excess of that um uh somewhat in in excess of that um uh somewhat in in excess of that because the uh protected sites Network because the uh protected sites Network because the uh protected sites Network in Wales covers almost 52 of the people in Wales covers almost 52 of the people in Wales covers almost 52 of the people resource and interesting to note that resource and interesting to note that resource and interesting to note that this is entirely on biological uh this is entirely on biological uh this is entirely on biological uh biodiversity uh biodiversity criteria uh biodiversity uh biodiversity criteria uh biodiversity uh biodiversity criteria uh next slide please James next slide please James next slide please James uh then there were the very practical uh then there were the very practical uh then there were the very practical challenges posed by the availability of challenges posed by the availability of challenges posed by the availability of uh suitably uh skilled contractors with uh suitably uh skilled contractors with uh suitably uh skilled contractors with the right equipment to undertake Peak the right equipment to undertake Peak the right equipment to undertake Peak restoration and uh this may well have restoration and uh this may well have restoration and uh this may well have been our main uh on the ground challenge been our main uh on the ground challenge been our main uh on the ground challenge at the beginning of the peak restoration at the beginning of the peak restoration at the beginning of the peak restoration program in the contractor availability program in the contractor availability program in the contractor availability is already rate limiting in this in this is already rate limiting in this in this is already rate limiting in this in this field we and our partners in Wales are field we and our partners in Wales are field we and our partners in Wales are finding that and our partners elsewhere finding that and our partners elsewhere finding that and our partners elsewhere in the UK are also finding that so as we in the UK are also finding that so as we in the UK are also finding that so as we look forward to an expanded program of look forward to an expanded program of look forward to an expanded program of restoration we have in mind various restoration we have in mind various restoration we have in mind various measures to try and promote measures to try and promote measures to try and promote the capacity and capability of the capacity and capability of the capacity and capability of contractors in this in this uh in this contractors in this in this uh in this contractors in this in this uh in this sector uh next slide please sector uh next slide please sector uh next slide please and then of course once uh peatland and then of course once uh peatland and then of course once uh peatland surfaces surfaces surfaces um have been restored once we've done um have been restored once we've done um have been restored once we've done all the obvious kind of capital if I can all the obvious kind of capital if I can all the obvious kind of capital if I can put it restoration activities how do we put it restoration activities how do we put it restoration activities how do we then ensure that investment is retained then ensure that investment is retained then ensure that investment is retained um in future decades and in doing that um in future decades and in doing that um in future decades and in doing that it's vital we work closely it's vital we work closely it's vital we work closely um with our Land Management Partners um with our Land Management Partners um with our Land Management Partners obviously the farming community at the obviously the farming community at the obviously the farming community at the very top of that in achieving that and very top of that in achieving that and very top of that in achieving that and in so doing ensure we both understand in so doing ensure we both understand in so doing ensure we both understand and respond to the challenges they face and respond to the challenges they face and respond to the challenges they face in uh grazing what are often quite in uh grazing what are often quite in uh grazing what are often quite challenging sites to restore and so in challenging sites to restore and so in challenging sites to restore and so in doing that we're working hard to as part doing that we're working hard to as part doing that we're working hard to as part of that I should say we're working hard of that I should say we're working hard of that I should say we're working hard to ensure that future Agri environment to ensure that future Agri environment to ensure that future Agri environment support in Wales is closely integrated support in Wales is closely integrated support in Wales is closely integrated with the work that the national Penguins with the work that the national Penguins with the work that the national Penguins Action Program is doing Action Program is doing Action Program is doing and I think I hand back to James at this and I think I hand back to James at this and I think I hand back to James at this point thank you James thank you Pete thank you Pete thank you Pete so um I thought we'd just quickly before so um I thought we'd just quickly before so um I thought we'd just quickly before we draw to a close uh just summarize the we draw to a close uh just summarize the we draw to a close uh just summarize the challenges that we've identified here challenges that we've identified here challenges that we've identified here um um um for me from a delivery policy for me from a delivery policy for me from a delivery policy perspective perspective perspective mapping reporting emissions and the mapping reporting emissions and the mapping reporting emissions and the driver for delivery are are driver for delivery are are driver for delivery are are um um um really important because they underpin really important because they underpin really important because they underpin our ability to respond to the challenges our ability to respond to the challenges our ability to respond to the challenges relating to funding policy integration relating to funding policy integration relating to funding policy integration and delivery I think that they're and delivery I think that they're and delivery I think that they're probably probably probably um there's one challenge that's not on um there's one challenge that's not on um there's one challenge that's not on here potentially which is managing here potentially which is managing here potentially which is managing expectations around the Practical expectations around the Practical expectations around the Practical reality of delivery on the ground reality of delivery on the ground reality of delivery on the ground um against some of the targets and um against some of the targets and um against some of the targets and ambitions ambitions ambitions that we're committed to or that we're committed to or that we're committed to or various interests want us to be various interests want us to be various interests want us to be committed to so there's always that that committed to so there's always that that committed to so there's always that that element of of element of of element of of um delivery realism or uh practicability um delivery realism or uh practicability um delivery realism or uh practicability around this around this around this um but also just in terms of what is the um but also just in terms of what is the um but also just in terms of what is the main driver I've talked about main driver I've talked about main driver I've talked about decarbonization decarbonization decarbonization quite a bit around as being our main quite a bit around as being our main quite a bit around as being our main delivery driver through to net50 but delivery driver through to net50 but delivery driver through to net50 but Pete showed in his slides a piece of Pete showed in his slides a piece of Pete showed in his slides a piece of work by Dr Gemma Bell around work by Dr Gemma Bell around work by Dr Gemma Bell around um um um can these ecosystems function in a can these ecosystems function in a can these ecosystems function in a change in climate moving forward given change in climate moving forward given change in climate moving forward given that they're they're on a pretty that they're they're on a pretty that they're they're on a pretty degraded State at the moment what should degraded State at the moment what should degraded State at the moment what should our our our um driver be should that driver be um driver be should that driver be um driver be should that driver be decarbonization or adaptation because decarbonization or adaptation because decarbonization or adaptation because adaptation adaptation adaptation um potentially looks a lot different to um potentially looks a lot different to um potentially looks a lot different to the decarbonization the decarbonization the decarbonization pathway pathway pathway and just to finish and just to finish and just to finish um none of this can be achieved without um none of this can be achieved without um none of this can be achieved without all our partners Pete said that an awful all our partners Pete said that an awful all our partners Pete said that an awful lot of the national program is actually lot of the national program is actually lot of the national program is actually delivered by Partners if administered by delivered by Partners if administered by delivered by Partners if administered by nrw so all these wonderful partners nrw so all these wonderful partners nrw so all these wonderful partners a part of that practical reality of a part of that practical reality of a part of that practical reality of delivery because of you know land is delivery because of you know land is delivery because of you know land is managed and owned by private party and managed and owned by private party and managed and owned by private party and interests across the country the Welsh interests across the country the Welsh interests across the country the Welsh government public estate only government public estate only government public estate only encompasses perhaps 10 or maybe even 15 encompasses perhaps 10 or maybe even 15 encompasses perhaps 10 or maybe even 15 percent of the total peatland area so we percent of the total peatland area so we percent of the total peatland area so we need our partners to come with us on need our partners to come with us on need our partners to come with us on this journey to be able to deliver this journey to be able to deliver this journey to be able to deliver um at the scale and Pace that we need um at the scale and Pace that we need um at the scale and Pace that we need and thank you very much uh to Pete and and thank you very much uh to Pete and and thank you very much uh to Pete and thank you very much to all of you for thank you very much to all of you for thank you very much to all of you for listening that's brilliant uh thank you both to that's brilliant uh thank you both to that's brilliant uh thank you both to James and Peter for really fascinating James and Peter for really fascinating James and Peter for really fascinating talk there just how complicated it is talk there just how complicated it is talk there just how complicated it is sort of integrating setting policy sort of integrating setting policy sort of integrating setting policy ambition and actually delivering your ambition and actually delivering your ambition and actually delivering your really impressive actually an ambitious really impressive actually an ambitious really impressive actually an ambitious program on the on the ground so it's program on the on the ground so it's program on the on the ground so it's really good to see some of those really good to see some of those really good to see some of those outcomes being uh you know realized outcomes being uh you know realized outcomes being uh you know realized already already already and also always really good to finish on and also always really good to finish on and also always really good to finish on the challenges there there are many of the challenges there there are many of the challenges there there are many of them as well you know competing land them as well you know competing land them as well you know competing land uses and biodiversity targets as well as uses and biodiversity targets as well as uses and biodiversity targets as well as you know making sure that we're at the you know making sure that we're at the you know making sure that we're at the adapting for climate change so yeah adapting for climate change so yeah adapting for climate change so yeah that's great and we've got um a few that's great and we've got um a few that's great and we've got um a few minutes just for some questions so we've minutes just for some questions so we've minutes just for some questions so we've got some through so got some through so got some through so um I'm just gonna field those so feel um I'm just gonna field those so feel um I'm just gonna field those so feel free to decide who wants to answer these free to decide who wants to answer these free to decide who wants to answer these there's a some on forestry there's a some on forestry there's a some on forestry um one person picking up on um one person picking up on um one person picking up on um which is quite an interesting issue um which is quite an interesting issue um which is quite an interesting issue because you talked about these these because you talked about these these because you talked about these these shallow peat soils so shallow peat soils so shallow peat soils so um how how do you plan this is another um how how do you plan this is another um how how do you plan this is another challenge I guess to overcome the issue challenge I guess to overcome the issue challenge I guess to overcome the issue of sort of a forested peatlands of sort of a forested peatlands of sort of a forested peatlands um when the Woodland carbon code still um when the Woodland carbon code still um when the Woodland carbon code still allows for carbon credits to be allows for carbon credits to be allows for carbon credits to be generated on plantations on Pete that's generated on plantations on Pete that's generated on plantations on Pete that's shallower than the cut off that you shallower than the cut off that you shallower than the cut off that you talked about talked about talked about I don't know who wants to answer that I don't know who wants to answer that I don't know who wants to answer that one maybe Peter or First and James if one maybe Peter or First and James if one maybe Peter or First and James if you vote yeah yeah no very happy to yeah you vote yeah yeah no very happy to yeah you vote yeah yeah no very happy to yeah and so um we're in a in a in a very and so um we're in a in a in a very and so um we're in a in a in a very fortunate position really in uh natural fortunate position really in uh natural fortunate position really in uh natural resources Wales and that we resources Wales and that we resources Wales and that we uh you know we obviously perform all the uh you know we obviously perform all the uh you know we obviously perform all the functions of the form of Forestry functions of the form of Forestry functions of the form of Forestry um commissions so in um commissions so in um commissions so in um setting up this National program we um setting up this National program we um setting up this National program we were able to work very closely with were able to work very closely with were able to work very closely with forestry colleagues and uh and uh agree forestry colleagues and uh and uh agree forestry colleagues and uh and uh agree what's proved to be a very successful what's proved to be a very successful what's proved to be a very successful approach really which is uh working approach really which is uh working approach really which is uh working through the forest resource planning uh through the forest resource planning uh through the forest resource planning uh process we're identifying uh uh uh both process we're identifying uh uh uh both process we're identifying uh uh uh both open ground and formally a forested open ground and formally a forested open ground and formally a forested peakland sites to restore and what we've peakland sites to restore and what we've peakland sites to restore and what we've opted to do in that opted to do in that opted to do in that um is the focus on the lower yield class um is the focus on the lower yield class um is the focus on the lower yield class contexts where contexts where contexts where um uh you know tree growth hasn't been um uh you know tree growth hasn't been um uh you know tree growth hasn't been that good so uh well certainly the that good so uh well certainly the that good so uh well certainly the chances of restoring a functional chances of restoring a functional chances of restoring a functional treatment surface uh uh uh you know treatment surface uh uh uh you know treatment surface uh uh uh you know obviously a bit more immediate and obviously a bit more immediate and obviously a bit more immediate and promising and that's where we're that's promising and that's where we're that's promising and that's where we're that's where we're going and that's that's where we're going and that's that's where we're going and that's that's opening up a lot of formally a forested opening up a lot of formally a forested opening up a lot of formally a forested land for restoration as we go as we go land for restoration as we go as we go land for restoration as we go as we go forward forward forward yeah and just just to add to that um yeah and just just to add to that um yeah and just just to add to that um we do have the Ia forestry regs which we do have the Ia forestry regs which we do have the Ia forestry regs which nrw nrw nrw administer as well which need to administer as well which need to administer as well which need to consider the use of soils consider the use of soils consider the use of soils um uh as part of that Administration but um uh as part of that Administration but um uh as part of that Administration but in terms of government in terms of government in terms of government my team sit in the same division as the my team sit in the same division as the my team sit in the same division as the forest policy division as well so forest policy division as well so forest policy division as well so um um um we also sit in the same division as the we also sit in the same division as the we also sit in the same division as the eia agriculture regulation team a number eia agriculture regulation team a number eia agriculture regulation team a number of other landscape scale delivery teams of other landscape scale delivery teams of other landscape scale delivery teams so we have a very good working so we have a very good working so we have a very good working relationship in trying to resolve some relationship in trying to resolve some relationship in trying to resolve some of these issues the the of these issues the the of these issues the the um sustainable we have um national uh um sustainable we have um national uh um sustainable we have um national uh national resources uh policy statement national resources uh policy statement national resources uh policy statement for Wales that helped shape it and we've for Wales that helped shape it and we've for Wales that helped shape it and we've also got also got also got the sustainable of management of Natural the sustainable of management of Natural the sustainable of management of Natural Resources which the way you approach Resources which the way you approach Resources which the way you approach natural resources is specified I think natural resources is specified I think natural resources is specified I think it's in the environment act as well so it's in the environment act as well so it's in the environment act as well so there's a policy framework around trying there's a policy framework around trying there's a policy framework around trying to think about some of these competing to think about some of these competing to think about some of these competing issues land use pressures which I talked issues land use pressures which I talked issues land use pressures which I talked about quite a bit about quite a bit about quite a bit um but it does take it does mean that um but it does take it does mean that um but it does take it does mean that you've got to maintain and develop those you've got to maintain and develop those you've got to maintain and develop those um relationships with each of those um relationships with each of those um relationships with each of those teams to ensure that there aren't teams to ensure that there aren't teams to ensure that there aren't um policy surprises uh or delivery um policy surprises uh or delivery um policy surprises uh or delivery surprises as a result of a decision surprises as a result of a decision surprises as a result of a decision taken in isolation taken in isolation taken in isolation yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah that's it's just making sure there's no that's it's just making sure there's no that's it's just making sure there's no unintended consequence isn't there about unintended consequence isn't there about unintended consequence isn't there about across that across that across that um I guess there's a hopefully a short um I guess there's a hopefully a short um I guess there's a hopefully a short sort of follow-up question on the sort of follow-up question on the sort of follow-up question on the forestry which is about you know talking forestry which is about you know talking forestry which is about you know talking about about about um the potential for restoration there um the potential for restoration there um the potential for restoration there Peter I guess is that you know are are Peter I guess is that you know are are Peter I guess is that you know are are there do you this may be an Evidence there do you this may be an Evidence there do you this may be an Evidence question I think you probably covered it question I think you probably covered it question I think you probably covered it in the in the talk you know so what is in the in the talk you know so what is in the in the talk you know so what is the the the the the the um potential for restoration on those um potential for restoration on those um potential for restoration on those sites where they've been significant sites where they've been significant sites where they've been significant disturbance through the um you know disturbance through the um you know disturbance through the um you know forestry operations for example forestry operations for example forestry operations for example do you know or do you or is that an do you know or do you or is that an do you know or do you or is that an Evidence question I guess is the is the Evidence question I guess is the is the Evidence question I guess is the is the question it is you know there is a definite it is you know there is a definite it is you know there is a definite evidence uh element to that and and you evidence uh element to that and and you evidence uh element to that and and you know we are in contact with colleagues know we are in contact with colleagues know we are in contact with colleagues elsewhere in the UK particularly Forest elsewhere in the UK particularly Forest elsewhere in the UK particularly Forest land Scotland land Scotland land Scotland uh to to you know to kind of uh to to you know to kind of uh to to you know to kind of um you know understand some of the some um you know understand some of the some um you know understand some of the some of the factors that that ultimately of the factors that that ultimately of the factors that that ultimately influence the success of restoration I influence the success of restoration I influence the success of restoration I mean we're we're applying quite a wide mean we're we're applying quite a wide mean we're we're applying quite a wide range of of techniques and the the the range of of techniques and the the the range of of techniques and the the the the the range of techniques has um you the the range of techniques has um you the the range of techniques has um you know there's been quite a lot of know there's been quite a lot of know there's been quite a lot of development of this really even in the development of this really even in the development of this really even in the last uh five years so last uh five years so last uh five years so um you know and we've tackled some um you know and we've tackled some um you know and we've tackled some pretty initially unpromising uh sites in pretty initially unpromising uh sites in pretty initially unpromising uh sites in terms of restoration and that the signs terms of restoration and that the signs terms of restoration and that the signs are are you know initially good are are you know initially good are are you know initially good um an issue comes with uh the extent to um an issue comes with uh the extent to um an issue comes with uh the extent to which these surfaces are prone to kind which these surfaces are prone to kind which these surfaces are prone to kind of uh then you know uh seeding up with of uh then you know uh seeding up with of uh then you know uh seeding up with with Conifer seats around the edge so I with Conifer seats around the edge so I with Conifer seats around the edge so I think yeah I think our feeling is on a think yeah I think our feeling is on a think yeah I think our feeling is on a large scale in the future large scale in the future large scale in the future um you know this idea of of wholly um you know this idea of of wholly um you know this idea of of wholly removing all tree cover before you start removing all tree cover before you start removing all tree cover before you start restoration we're going to have to be a restoration we're going to have to be a restoration we're going to have to be a bit more pragmatic than that uh and and bit more pragmatic than that uh and and bit more pragmatic than that uh and and maybe certainly tolerate You Know maybe certainly tolerate You Know maybe certainly tolerate You Know broad-leaved cover broad-leaved cover broad-leaved cover um within the context of a re-wetted um within the context of a re-wetted um within the context of a re-wetted peatland peateland surface on these peatland peateland surface on these peatland peateland surface on these Upland and Upland margins so some Upland and Upland margins so some Upland and Upland margins so some interesting questions there actually and interesting questions there actually and interesting questions there actually and uh uh uh um there are you know there were groups um there are you know there were groups um there are you know there were groups of researchers around the country who of researchers around the country who of researchers around the country who are really quite interested in looking are really quite interested in looking are really quite interested in looking at looking at that yeah I think I think at looking at that yeah I think I think at looking at that yeah I think I think for uh for us it's it for uh for us it's it for uh for us it's it it it's quite it's quite an exciting it it's quite it's quite an exciting it it's quite it's quite an exciting time because we've got this upscale plan time because we've got this upscale plan time because we've got this upscale plan that we are now putting into place with that we are now putting into place with that we are now putting into place with increasing staff formerly that would increasing staff formerly that would increasing staff formerly that would just rest on Pete's shoulders as well as just rest on Pete's shoulders as well as just rest on Pete's shoulders as well as all the work you have to do on all the work you have to do on all the work you have to do on day-to-day delivery as well but as the day-to-day delivery as well but as the day-to-day delivery as well but as the team get bigger there is more team get bigger there is more team get bigger there is more opportunity opportunity opportunity um as we've proved already with um as we've proved already with um as we've proved already with engagement with engagement with engagement with um our forestry colleagues our forest um our forestry colleagues our forest um our forestry colleagues our forest research colleagues uh as well as research colleagues uh as well as research colleagues uh as well as um you know your members um you know your members um you know your members um and The Wider academic community on um and The Wider academic community on um and The Wider academic community on addressing some of these evidence uh addressing some of these evidence uh addressing some of these evidence uh questions and for longer term research questions and for longer term research questions and for longer term research um moving forward so um um moving forward so um um moving forward so um yeah so it's quite enticing time because yeah so it's quite enticing time because yeah so it's quite enticing time because we just haven't had the capacity in we just haven't had the capacity in we just haven't had the capacity in Welsh government to do that to date Welsh government to do that to date Welsh government to do that to date now I think that's a really important now I think that's a really important now I think that's a really important Point actually to think about you know Point actually to think about you know Point actually to think about you know our members provide quite a lot you know our members provide quite a lot you know our members provide quite a lot you know not not just through directed programs not not just through directed programs not not just through directed programs from you but through you know other from you but through you know other from you but through you know other research programs that they're research programs that they're research programs that they're undertaking and that you know really undertaking and that you know really undertaking and that you know really good to get that evidence into into good to get that evidence into into good to get that evidence into into policy so we have loads of more policy so we have loads of more policy so we have loads of more questions questions questions um but we do have to um but we do have to um but we do have to um unfortunately um unfortunately um unfortunately um wind up the webinar there was a few um wind up the webinar there was a few um wind up the webinar there was a few about lowland Pete's as well but um about lowland Pete's as well but um about lowland Pete's as well but um unfortunately we don't have time to unfortunately we don't have time to unfortunately we don't have time to answer those but um again just to answer those but um again just to answer those but um again just to express our thanks thank you very much express our thanks thank you very much express our thanks thank you very much um to James and Peter for your um to James and Peter for your um to James and Peter for your presentation today really fascinating presentation today really fascinating presentation today really fascinating spot lots of discussion spot lots of discussion spot lots of discussion um and thank you um and thank you um and thank you um everybody else for attending um everybody else for attending um everybody else for attending um and for those of you that are able to um and for those of you that are able to um and for those of you that are able to stay on stay on stay on um for the next um for the next um for the next um session we have our annual general um session we have our annual general um session we have our annual general meeting and this will start shortly meeting and this will start shortly meeting and this will start shortly uh if you're not staying for the AGM uh if you're not staying for the AGM uh if you're not staying for the AGM um and leaving us you'll find a quick um and leaving us you'll find a quick um and leaving us you'll find a quick feedback survey when you leave the feedback survey when you leave the feedback survey when you leave the webinar so please do take time to webinar so please do take time to webinar so please do take 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to go over anything um if you want to go over anything um if you want to go over anything um we're going to have a short break in um we're going to have a short break in um we're going to have a short break in the summer for our webinar series and so the summer for our webinar series and so the summer for our webinar series and so the next one will be scheduled for the next one will be scheduled for the next one will be scheduled for Wednesday the 6th of September so do put Wednesday the 6th of September so do put Wednesday the 6th of September so do put that date in your diary and just do that date in your diary and just do that date in your diary and just do check the bscued website for further check the bscued website for further check the bscued website for further information in due course information in due course information in due course so I'd like to thank you and so I'd like to thank you and so I'd like to thank you and um there we go there's the the website um there we go there's the the website um there we go there's the the website link at the bottom there you can check link at the bottom there you can check link at the bottom there you can check the events for the next topic of our of the events for the next topic of our of the events for the next topic of our of our zoom into soil<br /> }}</div>

Bertrand Gorge