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		<id>https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Longueil%27s_Farm&amp;diff=4375</id>
		<title>Longueil&#039;s Farm</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Longueil%27s_Farm&amp;diff=4375"/>
		<updated>2024-05-15T13:09:38Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Angeline Almeida (2044552287): &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Portrait de ferme&lt;br /&gt;
| Nom de l&#039;exploitation = Ferme de Longueil &lt;br /&gt;
| Sous-titre = Living soil and industrial crops&lt;br /&gt;
| Bannière = Bannière Ferme de Longueuil.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| Logo = &lt;br /&gt;
| Photo de l&#039;agriculteur = Guillaume et Antoine Chedru 2023.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| URL = &lt;br /&gt;
| Nom de l&#039;agriculteur = Guillaume and Antoine Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
| Organisme = Ver de Terre Production&lt;br /&gt;
| Date de mise en œuvre = 1995&lt;br /&gt;
| Département = Seine-Maritime (département)&lt;br /&gt;
| Adresse = Goderville, 76110&lt;br /&gt;
| Latitude = 49.650236&lt;br /&gt;
| Longitude = 0.362893&lt;br /&gt;
| Objectif = Agronomie des sols vivants&lt;br /&gt;
| Type de production = Grandes cultures&lt;br /&gt;
| SAU = 160&lt;br /&gt;
| UTH = 1,25&lt;br /&gt;
| Cahier des charges = HVE3&lt;br /&gt;
| pH = Neutral soil&lt;br /&gt;
| Texture du sol = Silty-clay&lt;br /&gt;
| Description de sol = Loamy loam&lt;br /&gt;
| Cultures = Linen@ Beet@ Wheat@ Rapeseed@ &lt;br /&gt;
| Autres caractéristiques = Activité biologique des sols&lt;br /&gt;
| Photo d&#039;illustration = Inondation route gouville.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| ImageCaption = Road flooding in Goderville&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 1 = Sols vivants&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 2 = Semis direct&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 3 = TCS&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 4 = Couverts végétaux&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 5 = Sol en Caux&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1988, Antoine Chedru set up the family farm in the Pays de Caux region with his brother and father, as partners in a mixed farming (dairy) system that has since evolved considerably.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The very wet winters of 1993 and 1994 triggered a great deal of erosion in their conventional plots of loamy soil. Following this, Jean-François Ouvry (AREAS) raised awareness of the problem, noting that tillage amplified the erosion phenomenon. This prompted the farm team to completely revise their technical itinerary and even build their own equipment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since setting up, Antoine, and now his son Guillaume, &#039;&#039;are fully committed to an agroecological approach&#039;&#039; in the sense that they work on a system-wide scale, actively seeking to work with and not against natural ecosystems.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, the system change did not happen with a snap of the fingers, but in an incremental way, punctuated by mistakes and uncertainties, supported by a dynamic of experimentation and local working groups.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Special features of the farm==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Reduced tillage with [[Direct seeding|SD]] (direct seeding) + [[Simplified cultivation techniques (TCS)|TCS]] (simplified cultivation techniques) + [[Plant cover crops]] and [[Field crop associations|companion plants]].&lt;br /&gt;
*Beet using [[strip-till]] without insecticides.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Self-build strip-till for successful rapeseed establishment|Self-build]].&lt;br /&gt;
*Development of [[biocontrol]] solutions such as [[Stimulation of plants&#039; natural defenses with fermented nettle extracts|fermented nettle extracts]], [[comfrey]], [[Garlic and garlic-based products for sustainable agriculture|garlic maceration]] and development of [[Effective microorganisms (EM)|effective microorganisms (EM)]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Contextual data==&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Farm name&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Ferme de Longueil&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Location&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Goderville, Seine-Maritime (76)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;SAU&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|160 ha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;UTH&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|1.25 (Antoine Chedru full-time and Guillaume 25%)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Crops&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Beet, wheat, flax, rapeseed&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Labels&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|[[High environmental value|HVE 3]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Groups&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Sol en Caux&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Land context ===&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;Soil texture&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Silt|Loam]] loam, 60% loam&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;OM content at planting (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|1,7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Last MO rate&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
lab test (year n)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|2.8 (2023 analysis)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Soil PH 2020 (year n)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Bearing capacity, structure...&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| No rotary tillage, no plough tillage&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Good bearing capacity, improved by plant cover crops&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Earthworms per m²&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|110 &lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Local climate data===&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
!&#039;&#039;&#039;Local data&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
!&#039;&#039;&#039;National data&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Annual rainfall&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;average&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;Around 1200 mm per year&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
(average 161 mm/month)&lt;br /&gt;
|155 mm/month&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;T°max moyenne&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|38&lt;br /&gt;
|29&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;T°min moyenne&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;-4.7&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2,7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;First frost&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;usually&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;December when there is&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Type of climate&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Oceanic&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Source: Météo France&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transition stages==&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;1995 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Stopped ploughing and switched to simplified tillage (TCS) with the farm&#039;s existing equipment. &#039;&#039;&#039;From this date on&#039;&#039;&#039;, with significant rainfall of 1000 to 1200 mm per year, &#039;&#039;&#039;Antoine no longer observed any erosion in his plots&#039;&#039;&#039;. He explains that the reason they switched to TCS was that the soil was not yet ready to &amp;quot;take care of itself&amp;quot;. So they made a few deep passes with a stubble cultivator to &amp;quot;build up a structure conducive to root development&amp;quot;. As the level of [[Organic Matter|Organic Matter (OM)]] increased, the working depth decreased (first from 20 to 15 cm, then 10 cm).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;2000:&#039;&#039;&#039; Antoine&#039;s brother leaves the farm, and an employee is hired to replace him.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2010 :&#039;&#039;&#039; They test strip-till beets.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2012 :&#039;&#039;&#039; End of dairy herd.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Winter 2012-2013:&#039;&#039;&#039; Warning from the water agency following major mudslides on the roads and turbidity problems in the area. This is when most of the crops are planted using [[direct seeding]].&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2013&#039;&#039;&#039;: Creation of &amp;quot;[https://agriculture.gouv.fr/produire-autrement-sol-en-caux-lutte-contre-lerosion-des-sols Sol en Caux]&amp;quot;: emergence at last of a welded group at department level (15 farmers in the area).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2015 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Beginning of the implementation of [[Macerations: principles &amp;amp; recipes, by Stéphane Billotte|plant macerations]] as an alternative to fungicides and the spreading of [[Bois raméal fragmenté|BRF]] (Bois Raméal Fragmenté).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2016 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Stop using insecticides.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2019 :&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; 800mm of water in autumn, beginning of cracking trials due to crop loss caused by the fact that in Seine-Maritime, soils are generally made up of fine silts with a little [[clay]] (12% clay and 70% silts) which naturally take up mass. This phenomenon induces water stagnation, despite the fact that the farm was already in SD for rapeseed and wheat, and that tillage was very shallow for spring crops (which partly solved hydromorphic problems).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Effects of new practices===&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;Stop mudflows and floods&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;&#039;Hydromorphic management&#039;&#039; and more &#039;&#039;&#039;microporosity&#039;&#039;&#039; in the soil.&lt;br /&gt;
*Growing potatoes by direct seeding, with Sol en Caux |&#039;&#039;&#039;Gain in soil fertility&#039;&#039;&#039;]] (OM has improved by 1 percentage point since the change in practices): &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;I find that since we&#039;ve been working with a simplified seeding system, or even direct seeding, the soil&#039;s bearing capacity has improved considerably and, despite the rain, we&#039;re able to plant in excellent conditions because the organic matter level has risen and the soil is in much better health.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Cost savings:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; Today, the farm&#039;s biggest expense is the harvester.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;SD practices are favorable to the development of [[:Category:Slug|slugs]] and [[:Category:Vole|voles]]&#039;&#039;&#039;. Antoine therefore uses a [[[straw harrow]]&#039;&#039; after harvest, to expose slug eggs to the sun. He also uses [https://ephy.anses.fr/ppp/sluxx-hp &#039;&#039;&#039;Sluxx&#039;&#039;&#039;] (Molluscicide) as a preventive measure, up to 15 days before sowing. For voles, he relies on &#039;&#039;natural predators&#039;&#039;, which he encourages with perches in the plots, as well as on the &#039;&#039;tillage&#039;&#039; he has maintained for certain crops (beet and flax).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Effect of trials with companion plants / maceration, cumulated with the cessation of insecticides on pest pressure:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; A Berlèse test was carried out in December 2021 to see the effect of stopping insecticides in rapeseed associated with [[faba bean]]. The result was &#039;&#039;&#039;0.6 [[:Category:Flea beetle| flea beetle]]/foot larvae&#039;&#039;&#039;, on a plot with 2.8 to 3% OM. A robust rapeseed that emerges more quickly from winter means that flea beetle larvae stay in the petiole and don&#039;t do as much damage to the stems.&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;quot;&#039;Since we&#039;ve been working with a semi-simplified system, or even direct seeding, the soil&#039;s &#039;&#039;bearing capacity&#039;&#039; has improved considerably, and despite the rain, we&#039;re able to sow in excellent conditions, as the organic matter level has risen and the soil is in much better health.&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;gallery mode=&amp;quot;slideshow&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
File:Analyse Celasta lab chedru 2015 page-0002.jpg|Celestalab 2015 soil analysis at Longeuil farm. Total OM = 2.27. There is a high proportion of stable OM (1.97) but little rapid OM (0.33).&lt;br /&gt;
File:Analyse Celestalab 2020 à la ferme de Longeuil.jpg|Celestalab 2020 soil analysis. OM rises to 2.8 and free OM has increased significantly since RCW was added.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Objectives===&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;The objective is to continue doing a good job. To develop organic matter and have a self-fertilizing system, we need to &#039;&#039;&#039;perpetuate&#039;&#039;&#039; it because it can change overnight.&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*Develop other crops like [[hemp]] at the same time as flax. It&#039;s complicated because of the vagaries of the weather.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Crop monitoring: rotation and technical itineraries==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Crop rotation ===&lt;br /&gt;
On installation: wheat, rapeseed, fibre flax (peas or corn could also be grown, but at an additional cost).  Since then, there has been a &#039;&#039;lengthening&#039;&#039; of the rotations and a diversification of crops, which has the merit of improving [[rye grass]] and [[Vulpin des champs|vulpin]] concerns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The reasons for this choice of crop rotation combine agronomy, management and economics (flax, the region&#039;s leading crop, faba beans, economically profitable beet).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Assolement 2022 Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
=== Rotation features ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts: title=Rotation type Chedru | width=100% | height=400px  | json = Ferme de Longueil/Rotation type Chedru.json }}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Use of companion plants ====&lt;br /&gt;
* Bean for rapeseed (lure effect against flea beetles).&lt;br /&gt;
* Barley for wheat and beet.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== External OM input ====&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to crop cover and straw residues, there is a &#039;&#039;&#039;contribution of [[Rameal fragmented wood|BRF]] without incorporation&#039;&#039;&#039; (this conserves surface oxygen) after flax, &#039;&#039;&#039;about 10t/ha.&#039;&#039;&#039; This input will take between &#039;&#039;2 and 3 years to be completely decomposed&#039;&#039; (RCW must not be found in the flax slicks). They then sow the wheat directly into the RCW. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This contribution does not have a direct impact on the crop, but it increases the stable OM content with C/N levels below 50, so that it can be degraded into humus. ([[Ferme de Longueil#Effet constaté des nouvelles pratiques|cf. analyses de sol Celesta lab]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Use of starter fertilizers ====&lt;br /&gt;
Use of starter fertilizer&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; at sowing to anticipate the lack of mineralization that can occur in SD.&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Use of fermented extracts ====&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Use [[Stimulation of plants&#039; natural defenses with fermented nettle extracts|fermented nettle extracts]], [[comfrey]], [[Garlic and garlic products for sustainable agriculture|garlic maceration]].&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4LzgFBkjS-8}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Nettle is a silica-rich plant that thickens the cuticle of wheat and beet leaves, making them more resistant to bio-aggressors. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Garlic is an excellent insect repellent. Flax is a crop often attacked by flea beetles, so after sowing, when the flax is 2-3 cm tall, Antoine and Guillaume apply garlic maceration. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This allows them to stop using insecticides on the farm&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Cover crops ====&lt;br /&gt;
Plant cover crops are used in rotation for several reasons:&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Important nitrogen contribution&#039;&#039;&#039; to the crops that follow (between 20 and 40 units of nitrogen/ha, for example, for the cover crop preceding beet. Faba bean as a rapeseed companion plant can also fix 20 U of nitrogen resituated to the rapeseed at the end of winter, and can even be beneficial to the wheat crop that follows, thanks to the mineralization process), also generating fertilizer savings.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Substantial addition of biomass&#039;&#039;&#039; (minimum 250 plants per hectare, calculated using the MERCI method in December) after a frost and a pass through the Rolofaca, when the canopy is theoretically in flower. . &amp;quot;Except that in our region, the canopy is quickly in flower and it&#039;s still too early to destroy it. The aim is for it to decompose before the spring crop. Herbicides are not normally needed for its destruction&amp;quot; (just for the following crop, to manage [[Ray-grass|ray grass]]/[[Vulpin des champs|vulpin]]).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Soil drainage&#039;&#039;&#039; thanks to their root structure.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Break the grass cycle&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Their cost:&#039;&#039;&#039; Approximately 70€ per ha.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Reducing tillage on industrial crops ====&lt;br /&gt;
Although Guillaume and Antoine are adepts of direct seeding, they recognize that it is a system with its limits: &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;we can hardly do without tillage for crops such as [[potato]], beet, flax&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; in particular to warm up the soil, level out boar holes, mounds created by moles, and so on. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The guiding principle was to ask what they could do, during the long rotation, to &#039;&#039;build up the soil more than we deconstruct it&#039;&#039; after a penalizing crop like beet.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For beet, a few days before planting, &amp;quot;they work the soil to a depth of 3 cm&amp;quot; with a &amp;quot;rolling spade&amp;quot; tool, then &amp;quot;they restructure the soil with a strip-till which allows them to work a 10 cm row every 50 cm, to a depth of 12 cm&amp;quot;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A few days later, they refine the line with a &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Strawberry - animated harrow|strawberry]]&#039;&#039;&#039;, which &#039;&#039;&#039;precedes the beet drill&#039;&#039;&#039;. {{Image centered | ITK beet chedru 2022.png | ITK beet 2022}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Fiber flax, which is very sensitive to compaction and requires particularly well-levelled soil, also benefits from shallow tillage. Knowing that these two crops are the ones that destructure the soil the most, Guillaume and Antoine try to space them further apart and lengthen the rotation to give the soil time to rest.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Couvert végétal chedru.jpg|vignette|Green cover at the Longeuil farm.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Focus on a culture : Beets ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Here we will develop an example of a reduced-tillage technical itinerary for beets.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the record, the simplified itinerary for beet culture (the lead of the rotation) used by the Chedru family is : &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Pre-seeding :&#039;&#039;&#039; Possibility of multi-species cover in August the year before&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Ground work:&#039;&#039;&#039; stubble cultivation to level the land and hoeing in June at 1cm &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Type of seeder:&#039;&#039;&#039; three passages of strip-till &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Sowing date:&#039;&#039;&#039; 03/22 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Seeding density:&#039;&#039;&#039; 125 thousand seeds/ha Companion plants: oats/farm barley, 20kg/ha&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For beet, a few days before planting, they work the soil to a depth of 3 cm with a rolling spade tool, then restructure the soil with a strip-till, which allows them to work a line of 10 cm every 50 cm, at a depth of 12 cm.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A few days later, they refine the line with a self-built localized tiller, which precedes the beet drill.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Schéma de décisionITK betterave chedru.png|left|thumb|Beet Itinerary (to be translated)|624x624px]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Biodiversity focus on the farm==&lt;br /&gt;
There are twelve beehives on the farm (belonging to the President of the Seine-Maritime Departmental Council), so they want to avoid mortality, a parameter that has motivated the reduction in phytosanitary products and zero insecticides.    &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;You have to feed them all the time. They feed in spring, when faba beans, peas and colza blossom. Cover crops based on peas, sunflowers and faba beans help them get through the winter&amp;quot;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Focus on autonomy==&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Seed self-sufficient crops&#039;&#039;&#039;: Wheat, fababeans (also exchange seeds, e.g. fababeans for sunflower).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Crops with purchased seed&#039;&#039;&#039;: Beetroot, rapeseed.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Overall self-sufficiency&#039;&#039;&#039;: Self-build workshop for machinery (especially seeders), straw/manure exchange, dryer and storage area on the farm, branches and green waste brought in by the waste disposal center and neighbors.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Equipment: disc seed drill AND tine seed drill==&lt;br /&gt;
The farm is well equipped in terms of equipment, because in a very rainy region, the window of opportunity for seeding is quite short. Guillaume and Antoine alternate between two seed drills: one with discs and one with tines: &lt;br /&gt;
{{Article détaillé|Choisir son semoir de semis direct à dents ou à disques}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The tine seeder ===&lt;br /&gt;
Self-built. Total investment is €30,000. Commercially available equipment would cost around €100,000.&lt;br /&gt;
* The tool is &#039;&#039;6 m wide&#039;&#039; and has &#039;&#039;&#039;20 elements spaced 30cm apart&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;3 depth levels&#039;&#039;: A single pass can perform 3 different operations (in particular, they have added a micro fertilizer for localized fertilization in the furrow).&lt;br /&gt;
* Sowing: Suitable for large and small seeds (cover crops, rapeseed).&lt;br /&gt;
* With the aim of &amp;quot;disturbing the soil as little as possible&amp;quot;, the tool runs at a maximum speed of 7 km/h.&lt;br /&gt;
* Particular attention is also paid to low tire pressure.&lt;br /&gt;
* The work rate is &#039;&#039;4 ha/h&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* The seed drill is mounted, and weighs 3.5 tons, which means that it requires more power and lift than a semi-mounted machine.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The disc seeder ===&lt;br /&gt;
[Fichier:Semoir à disques chedru.jpg|vignette|Semoir à disques des Chedru]]&lt;br /&gt;
*It was purchased secondhand for €25,000.&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
*It is used for &#039;&#039;&#039;sowing wheat and flax under plant cover&#039;&#039; ([[Clover|clover]] or [[legumes]]).&lt;br /&gt;
*The tractor is equipped with a ballasted Rolofaca (2.8 T for 4.5 m width) to lay down the canopy.&lt;br /&gt;
*The discs have a 12 mm opening. They are positioned 15 cm apart, which is &#039;&#039;ideal for sowing flax&#039;&#039;, the region&#039;s flagship crop.&lt;br /&gt;
*Pinches the straw at the bottom of the furrow, greatly disrupting emergence.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== RTK self-guidance system - working comfort ===&lt;br /&gt;
*The [[RTK]] system costs €15,000 per tractor for plot mapping. It can then be used &#039;&#039;&#039;for all tractors&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Other equipment ===&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Beet drill&#039;&#039;&#039; shared with a neighbor.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;CUMA harvesting equipment&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Strip-till&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Economics==&lt;br /&gt;
Antoine and Guillaume are lucid about their system: &amp;quot;With ploughing, we might have better yields. But it&#039;s the margin and not the turnover that we&#039;re looking for&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
!Rapeseed&lt;br /&gt;
Durum wheat&lt;br /&gt;
!Beetroot&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Product&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;2 812 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;2 915 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;3 960 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Seeds&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|161 €&lt;br /&gt;
|378 €&lt;br /&gt;
|288 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Fertilizers&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|717 €&lt;br /&gt;
|424 €&lt;br /&gt;
|382 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Oligos&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|15 €&lt;br /&gt;
|36 €&lt;br /&gt;
|32 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Phytos&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|67 €&lt;br /&gt;
|99 €&lt;br /&gt;
|183 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Mechanization&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|53 €&lt;br /&gt;
|50 €&lt;br /&gt;
|75 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Irrigation&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Gross margin 2022&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;1 800 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;1 927 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;3 000 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#economic_charts:&lt;br /&gt;
 title=Accounting Antoine Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
 | Semences et plants 2022 = 27200&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fertilisation 2022 = 44480&lt;br /&gt;
 | Produits de traitements 2022 = 37440&lt;br /&gt;
 | Travaux par tiers 2022 = 9600&lt;br /&gt;
 | Carburant 2022 = 10560&lt;br /&gt;
 | Entretien matériel 2022 = 19200&lt;br /&gt;
 | Eau, gaz, électricité 2022 = 9000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Frais de gestion 2022 = 98000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fermage 2022 = 39680&lt;br /&gt;
 | Assurances 2022 = 17920&lt;br /&gt;
 | Autres 2022 = 85000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Salariés 2022 = 20000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Vente de produits végétaux 2022 = 598000&lt;br /&gt;
 | DPU, DPB 2022 = 60000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Aide à la certification 2022 = 3000&lt;br /&gt;
 | EBE total 2022 = 242920}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Inputs have increased enormously: nitrogen, phosphorus, potash and all the trace elements and phyto products.&lt;br /&gt;
* The dryer consumes a lot of energy.&lt;br /&gt;
* For fuel: in the accounting documents, you need to know that the services provided by other farmers, Guillaume and Antoine, do not exceed 50 and 60L/ha.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Marketing==&lt;br /&gt;
Guillaume and Antoine used to deliver everything to storage organizations. Now they &amp;quot;alternate between a few forward sales cooperatives&amp;quot; and a little direct selling. They keep a constant eye on market prices. The most important thing is to &#039;&#039;&#039;know your production costs, and then you can define a sales strategy&#039;&#039;.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!Culture&lt;br /&gt;
! Customer&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Lin&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Agylin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Beans&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Cover + trader&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Peas&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Covered + dealer&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Corn&lt;br /&gt;
|Direct sale to a farmer&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Bâtiment de stockage Chedru.png|thumb|Bâtiment de stockage des Chedru.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Storage==&lt;br /&gt;
They &#039;&#039;&#039;store 100% of their crops&#039;&#039;&#039; thanks to the&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;adaptation of former livestock buildings&#039;&#039;&#039; present on the farm with :&lt;br /&gt;
* Adapted ventilation.&lt;br /&gt;
* Flat storage on level platforms.&lt;br /&gt;
* A dryer to dry crops that are too wet.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== 2022 Economic, social and environmental report ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Economical review &lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;EBE/UTH&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:250000},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;EBE/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Subventions/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Annuités/EBE (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Charges/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[194336,41,10,34,70],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[159000,43,13,3,84],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Moyenne&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true},&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Social Review&lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Comfort at work&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Economical satisfaction&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Social satisfaction &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cooperation&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Quality of life &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[8,10,10,7,10],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Environmental review &lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Tx de MO &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:3},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Couverture du sol (j/an)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:365},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Tillage index (tilled area x aggressiveness coefficient x depth)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:5},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;SIE/SAU&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:1},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Crop diversity (number of crops in rotation)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:15}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[2.8,340,1.18425,0.0375,6],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[2.46,0,0,0,0],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Moyenne&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true},&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Level of comfort at work, taking into account physical or mental hardship&#039;&#039;: 8/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Economic satisfaction&#039;&#039;: 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Daily work satisfaction, feeling of being surrounded in one&#039;s work&#039;&#039;: 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Cooperation with other local players, mutual aid&#039;&#039;: 7/10&lt;br /&gt;
* Living environment: 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
* Percentage of Organic matter: 2.8&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Soil coverage (days/year)&#039;&#039;&#039; :340 days&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Tillage index (tilled area x aggressiveness coefficient x depth)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 1.2 i(l was calculated on two technical itineraries, rapeseed and beet)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;SIE/SAU &#039;&#039;&#039;: 0.04&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Crop diversity (number of crops in the rotation, excluding cover crops)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 6&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039; EBE/UTH&#039;&#039;&#039;: 194,336 (e)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;EBE/CA (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 41&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Subsidies/Sales (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Annuities/EBIT (%)&#039;&#039;: 34&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Expenses/Sales (%)&#039;&#039;: 70 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Working hours are difficult to estimate. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Source: Moyennes régionales Agreste/Rica (Réseau d&#039;Information Comptable Agricole) 2021&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Tips for getting started==&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Start with simplified seeding and gradually increase OM levels:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;If you don&#039;t have good natural porosity and a good level of organic matter, you won&#039;t be able to do without tillage. You have to start by creating a soil in the first years of transition. It&#039;s a long-term job.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Surround yourself:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; Antoine felt isolated in the experimental approach he embarked upon (at the start there were five of them in the department, and all the organizations in the sector were telling them they were heading straight for disaster). They got a lot of help from Jean-François Aubry and through exchanges on internet forums, but above all through group work. It was very hard to get off the beaten track, to face up to the scrutiny and pressure exerted by other farmers who don&#039;t question their model. Antoine is therefore grateful to be part of a group of 15 somewhat original farmers, for whom any idea has the merit of being tried out, and who are constantly open-minded.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Integrating the agricultural sector into the transition:&#039;&#039;&#039; A group can&#039;t change everything on its own either: Sol en Caux has therefore integrated the entire upstream and downstream agricultural sector (cooperatives, storage organizations, technicians, management bodies, etc.).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* When you have a &#039;&#039;global approach&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;take care of the soil&#039;&#039;, you open up &#039;&#039;exceptional horizons&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vidéo==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mr7myhuhRYQ}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Sources==&lt;br /&gt;
* Visit to the Ferme de Longueuil on 07/11/2023.&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Decompacting a no-till soil, Guillaume Chedru|Decompacting a no-till soil, Guillaume Chedru]].&lt;br /&gt;
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7P-yJtKCLDM Tour de plaine #5: Gestion d&#039;un système grandes cultures pour réduire les charges et protéger le sol] (Youtube - AgroLeague).&lt;br /&gt;
* Regional averages Agreste/Rica (Réseau d&#039;Information Comptable Agricole) 2021.&lt;br /&gt;
* GisSol.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Angeline Almeida (2044552287)</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Longueil%27s_Farm&amp;diff=4374</id>
		<title>Longueil&#039;s Farm</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Longueil%27s_Farm&amp;diff=4374"/>
		<updated>2024-05-15T13:08:53Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Angeline Almeida (2044552287): &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Portrait de ferme&lt;br /&gt;
| Nom de l&#039;exploitation = Ferme de Longueil &lt;br /&gt;
| Sous-titre = Living soil and industrial crops&lt;br /&gt;
| Bannière = Bannière Ferme de Longueuil.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| Logo = &lt;br /&gt;
| Photo de l&#039;agriculteur = Guillaume et Antoine Chedru 2023.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| URL = &lt;br /&gt;
| Nom de l&#039;agriculteur = Guillaume and Antoine Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
| Organisme = Ver de Terre Production&lt;br /&gt;
| Date de mise en œuvre = 1995&lt;br /&gt;
| Département = Seine-Maritime (département)&lt;br /&gt;
| Adresse = Goderville, 76110&lt;br /&gt;
| Latitude = 49.650236&lt;br /&gt;
| Longitude = 0.362893&lt;br /&gt;
| Objectif = Agronomie des sols vivants&lt;br /&gt;
| Type de production = Grandes cultures&lt;br /&gt;
| SAU = 160&lt;br /&gt;
| UTH = 1,25&lt;br /&gt;
| Cahier des charges = HVE3&lt;br /&gt;
| pH = Neutral soil&lt;br /&gt;
| Texture du sol = Silty-clay&lt;br /&gt;
| Description de sol = Loamy loam&lt;br /&gt;
| Cultures = Linen@ Beet@ Wheat@ Rapeseed@ &lt;br /&gt;
| Autres caractéristiques = Activité biologique des sols&lt;br /&gt;
| Photo d&#039;illustration = Inondation route gouville.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| ImageCaption = Road flooding in Goderville&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 1 = Sols vivants&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 2 = Semis direct&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 3 = TCS&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 4 = Couverts végétaux&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 5 = Sol en Caux&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1988, Antoine Chedru set up the family farm in the Pays de Caux region with his brother and father, as partners in a mixed farming (dairy) system that has since evolved considerably.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The very wet winters of 1993 and 1994 triggered a great deal of erosion in their conventional plots of loamy soil. Following this, Jean-François Ouvry (AREAS) raised awareness of the problem, noting that tillage amplified the erosion phenomenon. This prompted the farm team to completely revise their technical itinerary and even build their own equipment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since setting up, Antoine, and now his son Guillaume, &#039;&#039;are fully committed to an agroecological approach&#039;&#039; in the sense that they work on a system-wide scale, actively seeking to work with and not against natural ecosystems.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, the system change did not happen with a snap of the fingers, but in an incremental way, punctuated by mistakes and uncertainties, supported by a dynamic of experimentation and local working groups.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Special features of the farm==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Reduced tillage with [[Direct seeding|SD]] (direct seeding) + [[Simplified cultivation techniques (TCS)|TCS]] (simplified cultivation techniques) + [[Plant cover crops]] and [[Field crop associations|companion plants]].&lt;br /&gt;
*Beet using [[strip-till]] without insecticides.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Self-build strip-till for successful rapeseed establishment|Self-build]].&lt;br /&gt;
*Development of [[biocontrol]] solutions such as [[Stimulation of plants&#039; natural defenses with fermented nettle extracts|fermented nettle extracts]], [[comfrey]], [[Garlic and garlic-based products for sustainable agriculture|garlic maceration]] and development of [[Effective microorganisms (EM)|effective microorganisms (EM)]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Contextual data==&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Farm name&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Ferme de Longueil&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Location&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Goderville, Seine-Maritime (76)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;SAU&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|160 ha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;UTH&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|1.25 (Antoine Chedru full-time and Guillaume 25%)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Crops&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Beet, wheat, flax, rapeseed&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Labels&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|[[High environmental value|HVE 3]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Groups&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Sol en Caux&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Land context ===&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;Soil texture&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Silt|Loam]] loam, 60% loam&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;OM content at planting (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|1,7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Last MO rate&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
lab test (year n)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|2.8 (2023 analysis)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Soil PH 2020 (year n)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Bearing capacity, structure...&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| No rotary tillage, no plough tillage&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Good bearing capacity, improved by plant cover crops&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Earthworms per m²&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|110 &lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Local climate data===&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
!&#039;&#039;&#039;Local data&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
!&#039;&#039;&#039;National data&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Annual rainfall&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;average&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;Around 1200 mm per year&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
(average 161 mm/month)&lt;br /&gt;
|155 mm/month&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;T°max moyenne&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|38&lt;br /&gt;
|29&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;T°min moyenne&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;-4.7&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2,7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;First frost&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;usually&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;December when there is&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Type of climate&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Oceanic&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Source: Météo France&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transition stages==&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;1995 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Stopped ploughing and switched to simplified tillage (TCS) with the farm&#039;s existing equipment. &#039;&#039;&#039;From this date on&#039;&#039;&#039;, with significant rainfall of 1000 to 1200 mm per year, &#039;&#039;&#039;Antoine no longer observed any erosion in his plots&#039;&#039;&#039;. He explains that the reason they switched to TCS was that the soil was not yet ready to &amp;quot;take care of itself&amp;quot;. So they made a few deep passes with a stubble cultivator to &amp;quot;build up a structure conducive to root development&amp;quot;. As the level of [[Organic Matter|Organic Matter (OM)]] increased, the working depth decreased (first from 20 to 15 cm, then 10 cm).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;2000:&#039;&#039;&#039; Antoine&#039;s brother leaves the farm, and an employee is hired to replace him.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2010 :&#039;&#039;&#039; They test strip-till beets.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2012 :&#039;&#039;&#039; End of dairy herd.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Winter 2012-2013:&#039;&#039;&#039; Warning from the water agency following major mudslides on the roads and turbidity problems in the area. This is when most of the crops are planted using [[direct seeding]].&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2013&#039;&#039;&#039;: Creation of &amp;quot;[https://agriculture.gouv.fr/produire-autrement-sol-en-caux-lutte-contre-lerosion-des-sols Sol en Caux]&amp;quot;: emergence at last of a welded group at department level (15 farmers in the area).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2015 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Beginning of the implementation of [[Macerations: principles &amp;amp; recipes, by Stéphane Billotte|plant macerations]] as an alternative to fungicides and the spreading of [[Bois raméal fragmenté|BRF]] (Bois Raméal Fragmenté).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2016 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Stop using insecticides.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2019 :&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; 800mm of water in autumn, beginning of cracking trials due to crop loss caused by the fact that in Seine-Maritime, soils are generally made up of fine silts with a little [[clay]] (12% clay and 70% silts) which naturally take up mass. This phenomenon induces water stagnation, despite the fact that the farm was already in SD for rapeseed and wheat, and that tillage was very shallow for spring crops (which partly solved hydromorphic problems).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Effects of new practices===&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;Stop mudflows and floods&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;&#039;Hydromorphic management&#039;&#039; and more &#039;&#039;&#039;microporosity&#039;&#039;&#039; in the soil.&lt;br /&gt;
*Growing potatoes by direct seeding, with Sol en Caux |&#039;&#039;&#039;Gain in soil fertility&#039;&#039;&#039;]] (OM has improved by 1 percentage point since the change in practices): &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;I find that since we&#039;ve been working with a simplified seeding system, or even direct seeding, the soil&#039;s bearing capacity has improved considerably and, despite the rain, we&#039;re able to plant in excellent conditions because the organic matter level has risen and the soil is in much better health.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Cost savings:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; Today, the farm&#039;s biggest expense is the harvester.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;SD practices are favorable to the development of [[:Category:Slug|slugs]] and [[:Category:Vole|voles]]&#039;&#039;&#039;. Antoine therefore uses a [[[straw harrow]]&#039;&#039; after harvest, to expose slug eggs to the sun. He also uses [https://ephy.anses.fr/ppp/sluxx-hp &#039;&#039;&#039;Sluxx&#039;&#039;&#039;] (Molluscicide) as a preventive measure, up to 15 days before sowing. For voles, he relies on &#039;&#039;natural predators&#039;&#039;, which he encourages with perches in the plots, as well as on the &#039;&#039;tillage&#039;&#039; he has maintained for certain crops (beet and flax).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Effect of trials with companion plants / maceration, cumulated with the cessation of insecticides on pest pressure:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; A Berlèse test was carried out in December 2021 to see the effect of stopping insecticides in rapeseed associated with [[faba bean]]. The result was &#039;&#039;&#039;0.6 [[:Category:Flea beetle| flea beetle]]/foot larvae&#039;&#039;&#039;, on a plot with 2.8 to 3% OM. A robust rapeseed that emerges more quickly from winter means that flea beetle larvae stay in the petiole and don&#039;t do as much damage to the stems.&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;quot;&#039;Since we&#039;ve been working with a semi-simplified system, or even direct seeding, the soil&#039;s &#039;&#039;bearing capacity&#039;&#039; has improved considerably, and despite the rain, we&#039;re able to sow in excellent conditions, as the organic matter level has risen and the soil is in much better health.&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;gallery mode=&amp;quot;slideshow&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
File:Analyse Celasta lab chedru 2015 page-0002.jpg|Celestalab 2015 soil analysis at Longeuil farm. Total OM = 2.27. There is a high proportion of stable OM (1.97) but little rapid OM (0.33).&lt;br /&gt;
File:Analyse Celestalab 2020 à la ferme de Longeuil.jpg|Celestalab 2020 soil analysis. OM rises to 2.8 and free OM has increased significantly since RCW was added.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Objectives===&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;The objective is to continue doing a good job. To develop organic matter and have a self-fertilizing system, we need to &#039;&#039;&#039;perpetuate&#039;&#039;&#039; it because it can change overnight.&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*Develop other crops like [[hemp]] at the same time as flax. It&#039;s complicated because of the vagaries of the weather.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Crop monitoring: rotation and technical itineraries==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Crop rotation ===&lt;br /&gt;
On installation: wheat, rapeseed, fibre flax (peas or corn could also be grown, but at an additional cost).  Since then, there has been a &#039;&#039;lengthening&#039;&#039; of the rotations and a diversification of crops, which has the merit of improving [[rye grass]] and [[Vulpin des champs|vulpin]] concerns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The reasons for this choice of crop rotation combine agronomy, management and economics (flax, the region&#039;s leading crop, faba beans, economically profitable beet).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
=== Rotation features ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts: title=Rotation type Chedru | width=100% | height=400px  | json = Ferme de Longueil/Rotation type Chedru.json }}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Use of companion plants ====&lt;br /&gt;
* Bean for rapeseed (lure effect against flea beetles).&lt;br /&gt;
* Barley for wheat and beet.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== External OM input ====&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to crop cover and straw residues, there is a &#039;&#039;&#039;contribution of [[Rameal fragmented wood|BRF]] without incorporation&#039;&#039;&#039; (this conserves surface oxygen) after flax, &#039;&#039;&#039;about 10t/ha.&#039;&#039;&#039; This input will take between &#039;&#039;2 and 3 years to be completely decomposed&#039;&#039; (RCW must not be found in the flax slicks). They then sow the wheat directly into the RCW. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This contribution does not have a direct impact on the crop, but it increases the stable OM content with C/N levels below 50, so that it can be degraded into humus. ([[Ferme de Longueil#Effet constaté des nouvelles pratiques|cf. analyses de sol Celesta lab]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Use of starter fertilizers ====&lt;br /&gt;
Use of starter fertilizer&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; at sowing to anticipate the lack of mineralization that can occur in SD.&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Use of fermented extracts ====&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Use [[Stimulation of plants&#039; natural defenses with fermented nettle extracts|fermented nettle extracts]], [[comfrey]], [[Garlic and garlic products for sustainable agriculture|garlic maceration]].&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4LzgFBkjS-8}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Nettle is a silica-rich plant that thickens the cuticle of wheat and beet leaves, making them more resistant to bio-aggressors. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Garlic is an excellent insect repellent. Flax is a crop often attacked by flea beetles, so after sowing, when the flax is 2-3 cm tall, Antoine and Guillaume apply garlic maceration. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This allows them to stop using insecticides on the farm&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Cover crops ====&lt;br /&gt;
Plant cover crops are used in rotation for several reasons:&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Important nitrogen contribution&#039;&#039;&#039; to the crops that follow (between 20 and 40 units of nitrogen/ha, for example, for the cover crop preceding beet. Faba bean as a rapeseed companion plant can also fix 20 U of nitrogen resituated to the rapeseed at the end of winter, and can even be beneficial to the wheat crop that follows, thanks to the mineralization process), also generating fertilizer savings.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Substantial addition of biomass&#039;&#039;&#039; (minimum 250 plants per hectare, calculated using the MERCI method in December) after a frost and a pass through the Rolofaca, when the canopy is theoretically in flower. . &amp;quot;Except that in our region, the canopy is quickly in flower and it&#039;s still too early to destroy it. The aim is for it to decompose before the spring crop. Herbicides are not normally needed for its destruction&amp;quot; (just for the following crop, to manage [[Ray-grass|ray grass]]/[[Vulpin des champs|vulpin]]).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Soil drainage&#039;&#039;&#039; thanks to their root structure.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Break the grass cycle&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Their cost:&#039;&#039;&#039; Approximately 70€ per ha.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Reducing tillage on industrial crops ====&lt;br /&gt;
Although Guillaume and Antoine are adepts of direct seeding, they recognize that it is a system with its limits: &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;we can hardly do without tillage for crops such as [[potato]], beet, flax&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; in particular to warm up the soil, level out boar holes, mounds created by moles, and so on. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The guiding principle was to ask what they could do, during the long rotation, to &#039;&#039;build up the soil more than we deconstruct it&#039;&#039; after a penalizing crop like beet.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For beet, a few days before planting, &amp;quot;they work the soil to a depth of 3 cm&amp;quot; with a &amp;quot;rolling spade&amp;quot; tool, then &amp;quot;they restructure the soil with a strip-till which allows them to work a 10 cm row every 50 cm, to a depth of 12 cm&amp;quot;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A few days later, they refine the line with a &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Strawberry - animated harrow|strawberry]]&#039;&#039;&#039;, which &#039;&#039;&#039;precedes the beet drill&#039;&#039;&#039;. {{Image centered | ITK beet chedru 2022.png | ITK beet 2022}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Fiber flax, which is very sensitive to compaction and requires particularly well-levelled soil, also benefits from shallow tillage. Knowing that these two crops are the ones that destructure the soil the most, Guillaume and Antoine try to space them further apart and lengthen the rotation to give the soil time to rest.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Couvert végétal chedru.jpg|vignette|Green cover at the Longeuil farm.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Focus on a culture : Beets ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Here we will develop an example of a reduced-tillage technical itinerary for beets.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the record, the simplified itinerary for beet culture (the lead of the rotation) used by the Chedru family is : &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Pre-seeding :&#039;&#039;&#039; Possibility of multi-species cover in August the year before&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Ground work:&#039;&#039;&#039; stubble cultivation to level the land and hoeing in June at 1cm &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Type of seeder:&#039;&#039;&#039; three passages of strip-till &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Sowing date:&#039;&#039;&#039; 03/22 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Seeding density:&#039;&#039;&#039; 125 thousand seeds/ha Companion plants: oats/farm barley, 20kg/ha&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For beet, a few days before planting, they work the soil to a depth of 3 cm with a rolling spade tool, then restructure the soil with a strip-till, which allows them to work a line of 10 cm every 50 cm, at a depth of 12 cm.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A few days later, they refine the line with a self-built localized tiller, which precedes the beet drill.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Schéma de décisionITK betterave chedru.png|left|thumb|Beet Itinerary (to be translated)]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Biodiversity focus on the farm==&lt;br /&gt;
There are twelve beehives on the farm (belonging to the President of the Seine-Maritime Departmental Council), so they want to avoid mortality, a parameter that has motivated the reduction in phytosanitary products and zero insecticides.    &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;You have to feed them all the time. They feed in spring, when faba beans, peas and colza blossom. Cover crops based on peas, sunflowers and faba beans help them get through the winter&amp;quot;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Focus on autonomy==&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Seed self-sufficient crops&#039;&#039;&#039;: Wheat, fababeans (also exchange seeds, e.g. fababeans for sunflower).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Crops with purchased seed&#039;&#039;&#039;: Beetroot, rapeseed.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Overall self-sufficiency&#039;&#039;&#039;: Self-build workshop for machinery (especially seeders), straw/manure exchange, dryer and storage area on the farm, branches and green waste brought in by the waste disposal center and neighbors.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Equipment: disc seed drill AND tine seed drill==&lt;br /&gt;
The farm is well equipped in terms of equipment, because in a very rainy region, the window of opportunity for seeding is quite short. Guillaume and Antoine alternate between two seed drills: one with discs and one with tines: &lt;br /&gt;
{{Article détaillé|Choisir son semoir de semis direct à dents ou à disques}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The tine seeder ===&lt;br /&gt;
Self-built. Total investment is €30,000. Commercially available equipment would cost around €100,000.&lt;br /&gt;
* The tool is &#039;&#039;6 m wide&#039;&#039; and has &#039;&#039;&#039;20 elements spaced 30cm apart&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;3 depth levels&#039;&#039;: A single pass can perform 3 different operations (in particular, they have added a micro fertilizer for localized fertilization in the furrow).&lt;br /&gt;
* Sowing: Suitable for large and small seeds (cover crops, rapeseed).&lt;br /&gt;
* With the aim of &amp;quot;disturbing the soil as little as possible&amp;quot;, the tool runs at a maximum speed of 7 km/h.&lt;br /&gt;
* Particular attention is also paid to low tire pressure.&lt;br /&gt;
* The work rate is &#039;&#039;4 ha/h&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* The seed drill is mounted, and weighs 3.5 tons, which means that it requires more power and lift than a semi-mounted machine.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The disc seeder ===&lt;br /&gt;
[Fichier:Semoir à disques chedru.jpg|vignette|Semoir à disques des Chedru]]&lt;br /&gt;
*It was purchased secondhand for €25,000.&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
*It is used for &#039;&#039;&#039;sowing wheat and flax under plant cover&#039;&#039; ([[Clover|clover]] or [[legumes]]).&lt;br /&gt;
*The tractor is equipped with a ballasted Rolofaca (2.8 T for 4.5 m width) to lay down the canopy.&lt;br /&gt;
*The discs have a 12 mm opening. They are positioned 15 cm apart, which is &#039;&#039;ideal for sowing flax&#039;&#039;, the region&#039;s flagship crop.&lt;br /&gt;
*Pinches the straw at the bottom of the furrow, greatly disrupting emergence.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== RTK self-guidance system - working comfort ===&lt;br /&gt;
*The [[RTK]] system costs €15,000 per tractor for plot mapping. It can then be used &#039;&#039;&#039;for all tractors&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Other equipment ===&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Beet drill&#039;&#039;&#039; shared with a neighbor.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;CUMA harvesting equipment&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Strip-till&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Economics==&lt;br /&gt;
Antoine and Guillaume are lucid about their system: &amp;quot;With ploughing, we might have better yields. But it&#039;s the margin and not the turnover that we&#039;re looking for&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
!Rapeseed&lt;br /&gt;
Durum wheat&lt;br /&gt;
!Beetroot&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Product&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;2 812 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;2 915 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;3 960 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Seeds&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|161 €&lt;br /&gt;
|378 €&lt;br /&gt;
|288 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Fertilizers&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|717 €&lt;br /&gt;
|424 €&lt;br /&gt;
|382 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Oligos&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|15 €&lt;br /&gt;
|36 €&lt;br /&gt;
|32 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Phytos&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|67 €&lt;br /&gt;
|99 €&lt;br /&gt;
|183 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Mechanization&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|53 €&lt;br /&gt;
|50 €&lt;br /&gt;
|75 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Irrigation&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Gross margin 2022&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;1 800 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;1 927 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;3 000 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#economic_charts:&lt;br /&gt;
 title=Accounting Antoine Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
 | Semences et plants 2022 = 27200&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fertilisation 2022 = 44480&lt;br /&gt;
 | Produits de traitements 2022 = 37440&lt;br /&gt;
 | Travaux par tiers 2022 = 9600&lt;br /&gt;
 | Carburant 2022 = 10560&lt;br /&gt;
 | Entretien matériel 2022 = 19200&lt;br /&gt;
 | Eau, gaz, électricité 2022 = 9000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Frais de gestion 2022 = 98000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fermage 2022 = 39680&lt;br /&gt;
 | Assurances 2022 = 17920&lt;br /&gt;
 | Autres 2022 = 85000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Salariés 2022 = 20000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Vente de produits végétaux 2022 = 598000&lt;br /&gt;
 | DPU, DPB 2022 = 60000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Aide à la certification 2022 = 3000&lt;br /&gt;
 | EBE total 2022 = 242920}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Inputs have increased enormously: nitrogen, phosphorus, potash and all the trace elements and phyto products.&lt;br /&gt;
* The dryer consumes a lot of energy.&lt;br /&gt;
* For fuel: in the accounting documents, you need to know that the services provided by other farmers, Guillaume and Antoine, do not exceed 50 and 60L/ha.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Marketing==&lt;br /&gt;
Guillaume and Antoine used to deliver everything to storage organizations. Now they &amp;quot;alternate between a few forward sales cooperatives&amp;quot; and a little direct selling. They keep a constant eye on market prices. The most important thing is to &#039;&#039;&#039;know your production costs, and then you can define a sales strategy&#039;&#039;.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!Culture&lt;br /&gt;
! Customer&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Lin&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Agylin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Beans&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Cover + trader&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Peas&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Covered + dealer&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Corn&lt;br /&gt;
|Direct sale to a farmer&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Bâtiment de stockage Chedru.png|thumb|Bâtiment de stockage des Chedru.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Storage==&lt;br /&gt;
They &#039;&#039;&#039;store 100% of their crops&#039;&#039;&#039; thanks to the&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;adaptation of former livestock buildings&#039;&#039;&#039; present on the farm with :&lt;br /&gt;
* Adapted ventilation.&lt;br /&gt;
* Flat storage on level platforms.&lt;br /&gt;
* A dryer to dry crops that are too wet.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== 2022 Economic, social and environmental report ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Economical review &lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;EBE/UTH&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:250000},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;EBE/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Subventions/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Annuités/EBE (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Charges/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[194336,41,10,34,70],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[159000,43,13,3,84],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Moyenne&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true},&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Social Review&lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Comfort at work&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Economical satisfaction&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Social satisfaction &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cooperation&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Quality of life &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[8,10,10,7,10],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Environmental review &lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Tx de MO &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:3},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Couverture du sol (j/an)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:365},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Tillage index (tilled area x aggressiveness coefficient x depth)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:5},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;SIE/SAU&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:1},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Crop diversity (number of crops in rotation)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:15}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[2.8,340,1.18425,0.0375,6],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[2.46,0,0,0,0],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Moyenne&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true},&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Level of comfort at work, taking into account physical or mental hardship&#039;&#039;: 8/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Economic satisfaction&#039;&#039;: 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Daily work satisfaction, feeling of being surrounded in one&#039;s work&#039;&#039;: 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Cooperation with other local players, mutual aid&#039;&#039;: 7/10&lt;br /&gt;
* Living environment: 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
* Percentage of Organic matter: 2.8&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Soil coverage (days/year)&#039;&#039;&#039; :340 days&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Tillage index (tilled area x aggressiveness coefficient x depth)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 1.2 i(l was calculated on two technical itineraries, rapeseed and beet)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;SIE/SAU &#039;&#039;&#039;: 0.04&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Crop diversity (number of crops in the rotation, excluding cover crops)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 6&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039; EBE/UTH&#039;&#039;&#039;: 194,336 (e)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;EBE/CA (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 41&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Subsidies/Sales (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Annuities/EBIT (%)&#039;&#039;: 34&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Expenses/Sales (%)&#039;&#039;: 70 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Working hours are difficult to estimate. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Source: Moyennes régionales Agreste/Rica (Réseau d&#039;Information Comptable Agricole) 2021&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Tips for getting started==&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Start with simplified seeding and gradually increase OM levels:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;If you don&#039;t have good natural porosity and a good level of organic matter, you won&#039;t be able to do without tillage. You have to start by creating a soil in the first years of transition. It&#039;s a long-term job.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Surround yourself:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; Antoine felt isolated in the experimental approach he embarked upon (at the start there were five of them in the department, and all the organizations in the sector were telling them they were heading straight for disaster). They got a lot of help from Jean-François Aubry and through exchanges on internet forums, but above all through group work. It was very hard to get off the beaten track, to face up to the scrutiny and pressure exerted by other farmers who don&#039;t question their model. Antoine is therefore grateful to be part of a group of 15 somewhat original farmers, for whom any idea has the merit of being tried out, and who are constantly open-minded.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Integrating the agricultural sector into the transition:&#039;&#039;&#039; A group can&#039;t change everything on its own either: Sol en Caux has therefore integrated the entire upstream and downstream agricultural sector (cooperatives, storage organizations, technicians, management bodies, etc.).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* When you have a &#039;&#039;global approach&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;take care of the soil&#039;&#039;, you open up &#039;&#039;exceptional horizons&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vidéo==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mr7myhuhRYQ}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Sources==&lt;br /&gt;
* Visit to the Ferme de Longueuil on 07/11/2023.&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Decompacting a no-till soil, Guillaume Chedru|Decompacting a no-till soil, Guillaume Chedru]].&lt;br /&gt;
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7P-yJtKCLDM Tour de plaine #5: Gestion d&#039;un système grandes cultures pour réduire les charges et protéger le sol] (Youtube - AgroLeague).&lt;br /&gt;
* Regional averages Agreste/Rica (Réseau d&#039;Information Comptable Agricole) 2021.&lt;br /&gt;
* GisSol.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Angeline Almeida (2044552287)</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Longueil%27s_Farm&amp;diff=4373</id>
		<title>Longueil&#039;s Farm</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Longueil%27s_Farm&amp;diff=4373"/>
		<updated>2024-05-15T13:07:58Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Angeline Almeida (2044552287): &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Portrait de ferme&lt;br /&gt;
| Nom de l&#039;exploitation = Ferme de Longueil &lt;br /&gt;
| Sous-titre = Living soil and industrial crops&lt;br /&gt;
| Bannière = Bannière Ferme de Longueuil.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| Logo = &lt;br /&gt;
| Photo de l&#039;agriculteur = Guillaume et Antoine Chedru 2023.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| URL = &lt;br /&gt;
| Nom de l&#039;agriculteur = Guillaume and Antoine Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
| Organisme = Ver de Terre Production&lt;br /&gt;
| Date de mise en œuvre = 1995&lt;br /&gt;
| Département = Seine-Maritime (département)&lt;br /&gt;
| Adresse = Goderville, 76110&lt;br /&gt;
| Latitude = 49.650236&lt;br /&gt;
| Longitude = 0.362893&lt;br /&gt;
| Objectif = Agronomie des sols vivants&lt;br /&gt;
| Type de production = Grandes cultures&lt;br /&gt;
| SAU = 160&lt;br /&gt;
| UTH = 1,25&lt;br /&gt;
| Cahier des charges = HVE3&lt;br /&gt;
| pH = Neutral soil&lt;br /&gt;
| Texture du sol = Silty-clay&lt;br /&gt;
| Description de sol = Loamy loam&lt;br /&gt;
| Cultures = Linen@ Beet@ Wheat@ Rapeseed@ &lt;br /&gt;
| Autres caractéristiques = Activité biologique des sols&lt;br /&gt;
| Photo d&#039;illustration = Inondation route gouville.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| ImageCaption = Road flooding in Goderville&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 1 = Sols vivants&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 2 = Semis direct&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 3 = TCS&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 4 = Couverts végétaux&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 5 = Sol en Caux&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1988, Antoine Chedru set up the family farm in the Pays de Caux region with his brother and father, as partners in a mixed farming (dairy) system that has since evolved considerably.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The very wet winters of 1993 and 1994 triggered a great deal of erosion in their conventional plots of loamy soil. Following this, Jean-François Ouvry (AREAS) raised awareness of the problem, noting that tillage amplified the erosion phenomenon. This prompted the farm team to completely revise their technical itinerary and even build their own equipment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since setting up, Antoine, and now his son Guillaume, &#039;&#039;are fully committed to an agroecological approach&#039;&#039; in the sense that they work on a system-wide scale, actively seeking to work with and not against natural ecosystems.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, the system change did not happen with a snap of the fingers, but in an incremental way, punctuated by mistakes and uncertainties, supported by a dynamic of experimentation and local working groups.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Special features of the farm==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Reduced tillage with [[Direct seeding|SD]] (direct seeding) + [[Simplified cultivation techniques (TCS)|TCS]] (simplified cultivation techniques) + [[Plant cover crops]] and [[Field crop associations|companion plants]].&lt;br /&gt;
*Beet using [[strip-till]] without insecticides.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Self-build strip-till for successful rapeseed establishment|Self-build]].&lt;br /&gt;
*Development of [[biocontrol]] solutions such as [[Stimulation of plants&#039; natural defenses with fermented nettle extracts|fermented nettle extracts]], [[comfrey]], [[Garlic and garlic-based products for sustainable agriculture|garlic maceration]] and development of [[Effective microorganisms (EM)|effective microorganisms (EM)]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Contextual data==&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Farm name&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Ferme de Longueil&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Location&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Goderville, Seine-Maritime (76)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;SAU&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|160 ha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;UTH&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|1.25 (Antoine Chedru full-time and Guillaume 25%)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Crops&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Beet, wheat, flax, rapeseed&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Labels&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|[[High environmental value|HVE 3]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Groups&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Sol en Caux&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Land context ===&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;Soil texture&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Silt|Loam]] loam, 60% loam&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;OM content at planting (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|1,7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Last MO rate&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
lab test (year n)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|2.8 (2023 analysis)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Soil PH 2020 (year n)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Bearing capacity, structure...&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| No rotary tillage, no plough tillage&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Good bearing capacity, improved by plant cover crops&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Earthworms per m²&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|110 &lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Local climate data===&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
!&#039;&#039;&#039;Local data&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
!&#039;&#039;&#039;National data&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Annual rainfall&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;average&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;Around 1200 mm per year&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
(average 161 mm/month)&lt;br /&gt;
|155 mm/month&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;T°max moyenne&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|38&lt;br /&gt;
|29&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;T°min moyenne&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;-4.7&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2,7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;First frost&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;usually&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;December when there is&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Type of climate&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Oceanic&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Source: Météo France&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transition stages==&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;1995 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Stopped ploughing and switched to simplified tillage (TCS) with the farm&#039;s existing equipment. &#039;&#039;&#039;From this date on&#039;&#039;&#039;, with significant rainfall of 1000 to 1200 mm per year, &#039;&#039;&#039;Antoine no longer observed any erosion in his plots&#039;&#039;&#039;. He explains that the reason they switched to TCS was that the soil was not yet ready to &amp;quot;take care of itself&amp;quot;. So they made a few deep passes with a stubble cultivator to &amp;quot;build up a structure conducive to root development&amp;quot;. As the level of [[Organic Matter|Organic Matter (OM)]] increased, the working depth decreased (first from 20 to 15 cm, then 10 cm).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;2000:&#039;&#039;&#039; Antoine&#039;s brother leaves the farm, and an employee is hired to replace him.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2010 :&#039;&#039;&#039; They test strip-till beets.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2012 :&#039;&#039;&#039; End of dairy herd.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Winter 2012-2013:&#039;&#039;&#039; Warning from the water agency following major mudslides on the roads and turbidity problems in the area. This is when most of the crops are planted using [[direct seeding]].&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2013&#039;&#039;&#039;: Creation of &amp;quot;[https://agriculture.gouv.fr/produire-autrement-sol-en-caux-lutte-contre-lerosion-des-sols Sol en Caux]&amp;quot;: emergence at last of a welded group at department level (15 farmers in the area).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2015 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Beginning of the implementation of [[Macerations: principles &amp;amp; recipes, by Stéphane Billotte|plant macerations]] as an alternative to fungicides and the spreading of [[Bois raméal fragmenté|BRF]] (Bois Raméal Fragmenté).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2016 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Stop using insecticides.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2019 :&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; 800mm of water in autumn, beginning of cracking trials due to crop loss caused by the fact that in Seine-Maritime, soils are generally made up of fine silts with a little [[clay]] (12% clay and 70% silts) which naturally take up mass. This phenomenon induces water stagnation, despite the fact that the farm was already in SD for rapeseed and wheat, and that tillage was very shallow for spring crops (which partly solved hydromorphic problems).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Effects of new practices===&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;Stop mudflows and floods&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;&#039;Hydromorphic management&#039;&#039; and more &#039;&#039;&#039;microporosity&#039;&#039;&#039; in the soil.&lt;br /&gt;
*Growing potatoes by direct seeding, with Sol en Caux |&#039;&#039;&#039;Gain in soil fertility&#039;&#039;&#039;]] (OM has improved by 1 percentage point since the change in practices): &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;I find that since we&#039;ve been working with a simplified seeding system, or even direct seeding, the soil&#039;s bearing capacity has improved considerably and, despite the rain, we&#039;re able to plant in excellent conditions because the organic matter level has risen and the soil is in much better health.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Cost savings:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; Today, the farm&#039;s biggest expense is the harvester.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;SD practices are favorable to the development of [[:Category:Slug|slugs]] and [[:Category:Vole|voles]]&#039;&#039;&#039;. Antoine therefore uses a [[[straw harrow]]&#039;&#039; after harvest, to expose slug eggs to the sun. He also uses [https://ephy.anses.fr/ppp/sluxx-hp &#039;&#039;&#039;Sluxx&#039;&#039;&#039;] (Molluscicide) as a preventive measure, up to 15 days before sowing. For voles, he relies on &#039;&#039;natural predators&#039;&#039;, which he encourages with perches in the plots, as well as on the &#039;&#039;tillage&#039;&#039; he has maintained for certain crops (beet and flax).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Effect of trials with companion plants / maceration, cumulated with the cessation of insecticides on pest pressure:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; A Berlèse test was carried out in December 2021 to see the effect of stopping insecticides in rapeseed associated with [[faba bean]]. The result was &#039;&#039;&#039;0.6 [[:Category:Flea beetle| flea beetle]]/foot larvae&#039;&#039;&#039;, on a plot with 2.8 to 3% OM. A robust rapeseed that emerges more quickly from winter means that flea beetle larvae stay in the petiole and don&#039;t do as much damage to the stems.&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;quot;&#039;Since we&#039;ve been working with a semi-simplified system, or even direct seeding, the soil&#039;s &#039;&#039;bearing capacity&#039;&#039; has improved considerably, and despite the rain, we&#039;re able to sow in excellent conditions, as the organic matter level has risen and the soil is in much better health.&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;gallery mode=&amp;quot;slideshow&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
File:Analyse Celasta lab chedru 2015 page-0002.jpg|Celestalab 2015 soil analysis at Longeuil farm. Total OM = 2.27. There is a high proportion of stable OM (1.97) but little rapid OM (0.33).&lt;br /&gt;
File:Analyse Celestalab 2020 à la ferme de Longeuil.jpg|Celestalab 2020 soil analysis. OM rises to 2.8 and free OM has increased significantly since RCW was added.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Objectives===&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;The objective is to continue doing a good job. To develop organic matter and have a self-fertilizing system, we need to &#039;&#039;&#039;perpetuate&#039;&#039;&#039; it because it can change overnight.&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*Develop other crops like [[hemp]] at the same time as flax. It&#039;s complicated because of the vagaries of the weather.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Crop monitoring: rotation and technical itineraries==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Crop rotation ===&lt;br /&gt;
On installation: wheat, rapeseed, fibre flax (peas or corn could also be grown, but at an additional cost).  Since then, there has been a &#039;&#039;lengthening&#039;&#039; of the rotations and a diversification of crops, which has the merit of improving [[rye grass]] and [[Vulpin des champs|vulpin]] concerns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The reasons for this choice of crop rotation combine agronomy, management and economics (flax, the region&#039;s leading crop, faba beans, economically profitable beet).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
=== Rotation features ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts: title=Rotation type Chedru | width=100% | height=400px  | json = Ferme de Longueil/Rotation type Chedru.json }}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Use of companion plants ====&lt;br /&gt;
* Bean for rapeseed (lure effect against flea beetles).&lt;br /&gt;
* Barley for wheat and beet.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== External OM input ====&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to crop cover and straw residues, there is a &#039;&#039;&#039;contribution of [[Rameal fragmented wood|BRF]] without incorporation&#039;&#039;&#039; (this conserves surface oxygen) after flax, &#039;&#039;&#039;about 10t/ha.&#039;&#039;&#039; This input will take between &#039;&#039;2 and 3 years to be completely decomposed&#039;&#039; (RCW must not be found in the flax slicks). They then sow the wheat directly into the RCW. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This contribution does not have a direct impact on the crop, but it increases the stable OM content with C/N levels below 50, so that it can be degraded into humus. ([[Ferme de Longueil#Effet constaté des nouvelles pratiques|cf. analyses de sol Celesta lab]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Use of starter fertilizers ====&lt;br /&gt;
Use of starter fertilizer&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; at sowing to anticipate the lack of mineralization that can occur in SD.&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Use of fermented extracts ====&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Use [[Stimulation of plants&#039; natural defenses with fermented nettle extracts|fermented nettle extracts]], [[comfrey]], [[Garlic and garlic products for sustainable agriculture|garlic maceration]].&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4LzgFBkjS-8}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Nettle is a silica-rich plant that thickens the cuticle of wheat and beet leaves, making them more resistant to bio-aggressors. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Garlic is an excellent insect repellent. Flax is a crop often attacked by flea beetles, so after sowing, when the flax is 2-3 cm tall, Antoine and Guillaume apply garlic maceration. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This allows them to stop using insecticides on the farm&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Cover crops ====&lt;br /&gt;
Plant cover crops are used in rotation for several reasons:&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Important nitrogen contribution&#039;&#039;&#039; to the crops that follow (between 20 and 40 units of nitrogen/ha, for example, for the cover crop preceding beet. Faba bean as a rapeseed companion plant can also fix 20 U of nitrogen resituated to the rapeseed at the end of winter, and can even be beneficial to the wheat crop that follows, thanks to the mineralization process), also generating fertilizer savings.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Substantial addition of biomass&#039;&#039;&#039; (minimum 250 plants per hectare, calculated using the MERCI method in December) after a frost and a pass through the Rolofaca, when the canopy is theoretically in flower. . &amp;quot;Except that in our region, the canopy is quickly in flower and it&#039;s still too early to destroy it. The aim is for it to decompose before the spring crop. Herbicides are not normally needed for its destruction&amp;quot; (just for the following crop, to manage [[Ray-grass|ray grass]]/[[Vulpin des champs|vulpin]]).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Soil drainage&#039;&#039;&#039; thanks to their root structure.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Break the grass cycle&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Their cost:&#039;&#039;&#039; Approximately 70€ per ha.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Reducing tillage on industrial crops ====&lt;br /&gt;
Although Guillaume and Antoine are adepts of direct seeding, they recognize that it is a system with its limits: &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;we can hardly do without tillage for crops such as [[potato]], beet, flax&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; in particular to warm up the soil, level out boar holes, mounds created by moles, and so on. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The guiding principle was to ask what they could do, during the long rotation, to &#039;&#039;build up the soil more than we deconstruct it&#039;&#039; after a penalizing crop like beet.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For beet, a few days before planting, &amp;quot;they work the soil to a depth of 3 cm&amp;quot; with a &amp;quot;rolling spade&amp;quot; tool, then &amp;quot;they restructure the soil with a strip-till which allows them to work a 10 cm row every 50 cm, to a depth of 12 cm&amp;quot;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A few days later, they refine the line with a &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Strawberry - animated harrow|strawberry]]&#039;&#039;&#039;, which &#039;&#039;&#039;precedes the beet drill&#039;&#039;&#039;. {{Image centered | ITK beet chedru 2022.png | ITK beet 2022}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Fiber flax, which is very sensitive to compaction and requires particularly well-levelled soil, also benefits from shallow tillage. Knowing that these two crops are the ones that destructure the soil the most, Guillaume and Antoine try to space them further apart and lengthen the rotation to give the soil time to rest.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Couvert végétal chedru.jpg|vignette|Green cover at the Longeuil farm.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Focus on a culture : Beets ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Here we will develop an example of a reduced-tillage technical itinerary for beets.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the record, the simplified itinerary for beet culture (the lead of the rotation) used by the Chedru family is : &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Pre-seeding :&#039;&#039;&#039; Possibility of multi-species cover in August the year before&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Ground work:&#039;&#039;&#039; stubble cultivation to level the land and hoeing in June at 1cm &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Type of seeder:&#039;&#039;&#039; three passages of strip-till &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Sowing date:&#039;&#039;&#039; 03/22 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Seeding density:&#039;&#039;&#039; 125 thousand seeds/ha Companion plants: oats/farm barley, 20kg/ha&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For beet, a few days before planting, they work the soil to a depth of 3 cm with a rolling spade tool, then restructure the soil with a strip-till, which allows them to work a line of 10 cm every 50 cm, at a depth of 12 cm.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A few days later, they refine the line with a self-built localized tiller, which precedes the beet drill.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Schéma de décisionITK betterave chedru.png|left|thumb|Beet Itinerary (to be translated)]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Biodiversity focus on the farm==&lt;br /&gt;
There are twelve beehives on the farm (belonging to the President of the Seine-Maritime Departmental Council), so they want to avoid mortality, a parameter that has motivated the reduction in phytosanitary products and zero insecticides.    &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;You have to feed them all the time. They feed in spring, when faba beans, peas and colza blossom. Cover crops based on peas, sunflowers and faba beans help them get through the winter&amp;quot;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Focus on autonomy==&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Seed self-sufficient crops&#039;&#039;&#039;: Wheat, fababeans (also exchange seeds, e.g. fababeans for sunflower).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Crops with purchased seed&#039;&#039;&#039;: Beetroot, rapeseed.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Overall self-sufficiency&#039;&#039;&#039;: Self-build workshop for machinery (especially seeders), straw/manure exchange, dryer and storage area on the farm, branches and green waste brought in by the waste disposal center and neighbors.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Equipment: disc seed drill AND tine seed drill==&lt;br /&gt;
The farm is well equipped in terms of equipment, because in a very rainy region, the window of opportunity for seeding is quite short. Guillaume and Antoine alternate between two seed drills: one with discs and one with tines: &lt;br /&gt;
{{Article détaillé|Choisir son semoir de semis direct à dents ou à disques}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The tine seeder ===&lt;br /&gt;
Self-built. Total investment is €30,000. Commercially available equipment would cost around €100,000.&lt;br /&gt;
* The tool is &#039;&#039;6 m wide&#039;&#039; and has &#039;&#039;&#039;20 elements spaced 30cm apart&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;3 depth levels&#039;&#039;: A single pass can perform 3 different operations (in particular, they have added a micro fertilizer for localized fertilization in the furrow).&lt;br /&gt;
* Sowing: Suitable for large and small seeds (cover crops, rapeseed).&lt;br /&gt;
* With the aim of &amp;quot;disturbing the soil as little as possible&amp;quot;, the tool runs at a maximum speed of 7 km/h.&lt;br /&gt;
* Particular attention is also paid to low tire pressure.&lt;br /&gt;
* The work rate is &#039;&#039;4 ha/h&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* The seed drill is mounted, and weighs 3.5 tons, which means that it requires more power and lift than a semi-mounted machine.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The disc seeder ===&lt;br /&gt;
[Fichier:Semoir à disques chedru.jpg|vignette|Semoir à disques des Chedru]]&lt;br /&gt;
*It was purchased secondhand for €25,000.&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
*It is used for &#039;&#039;&#039;sowing wheat and flax under plant cover&#039;&#039; ([[Clover|clover]] or [[legumes]]).&lt;br /&gt;
*The tractor is equipped with a ballasted Rolofaca (2.8 T for 4.5 m width) to lay down the canopy.&lt;br /&gt;
*The discs have a 12 mm opening. They are positioned 15 cm apart, which is &#039;&#039;ideal for sowing flax&#039;&#039;, the region&#039;s flagship crop.&lt;br /&gt;
*Pinches the straw at the bottom of the furrow, greatly disrupting emergence.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== RTK self-guidance system - working comfort ===&lt;br /&gt;
*The [[RTK]] system costs €15,000 per tractor for plot mapping. It can then be used &#039;&#039;&#039;for all tractors&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Other equipment ===&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Beet drill&#039;&#039;&#039; shared with a neighbor.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;CUMA harvesting equipment&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Strip-till&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Economics==&lt;br /&gt;
Antoine and Guillaume are lucid about their system: &amp;quot;With ploughing, we might have better yields. But it&#039;s the margin and not the turnover that we&#039;re looking for&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
!Rapeseed&lt;br /&gt;
Durum wheat&lt;br /&gt;
!Beetroot&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Product&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;2 812 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;2 915 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;3 960 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Seeds&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|161 €&lt;br /&gt;
|378 €&lt;br /&gt;
|288 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Fertilizers&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|717 €&lt;br /&gt;
|424 €&lt;br /&gt;
|382 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Oligos&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|15 €&lt;br /&gt;
|36 €&lt;br /&gt;
|32 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Phytos&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|67 €&lt;br /&gt;
|99 €&lt;br /&gt;
|183 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Mechanization&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|53 €&lt;br /&gt;
|50 €&lt;br /&gt;
|75 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Irrigation&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Gross margin 2022&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;1 800 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;1 927 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;3 000 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#economic_charts:&lt;br /&gt;
 title=Accounting Antoine Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
 | Semences et plants 2022 = 27200&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fertilisation 2022 = 44480&lt;br /&gt;
 | Produits de traitements 2022 = 37440&lt;br /&gt;
 | Travaux par tiers 2022 = 9600&lt;br /&gt;
 | Carburant 2022 = 10560&lt;br /&gt;
 | Entretien matériel 2022 = 19200&lt;br /&gt;
 | Eau, gaz, électricité 2022 = 9000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Frais de gestion 2022 = 98000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fermage 2022 = 39680&lt;br /&gt;
 | Assurances 2022 = 17920&lt;br /&gt;
 | Autres 2022 = 85000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Salariés 2022 = 20000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Vente de produits végétaux 2022 = 598000&lt;br /&gt;
 | DPU, DPB 2022 = 60000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Aide à la certification 2022 = 3000&lt;br /&gt;
 | EBE total 2022 = 242920}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Inputs have increased enormously: nitrogen, phosphorus, potash and all the trace elements and phyto products.&lt;br /&gt;
* The dryer consumes a lot of energy.&lt;br /&gt;
* For fuel: in the accounting documents, you need to know that the services provided by other farmers, Guillaume and Antoine, do not exceed 50 and 60L/ha.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Marketing==&lt;br /&gt;
Guillaume and Antoine used to deliver everything to storage organizations. Now they &amp;quot;alternate between a few forward sales cooperatives&amp;quot; and a little direct selling. They keep a constant eye on market prices. The most important thing is to &#039;&#039;&#039;know your production costs, and then you can define a sales strategy&#039;&#039;.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!Culture&lt;br /&gt;
! Customer&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Lin&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Agylin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Beans&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Cover + trader&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Peas&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Covered + dealer&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Corn&lt;br /&gt;
|Direct sale to a farmer&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Bâtiment de stockage Chedru.png|thumb|Bâtiment de stockage des Chedru.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Storage==&lt;br /&gt;
They &#039;&#039;&#039;store 100% of their crops&#039;&#039;&#039; thanks to the&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;adaptation of former livestock buildings&#039;&#039;&#039; present on the farm with :&lt;br /&gt;
* Adapted ventilation.&lt;br /&gt;
* Flat storage on level platforms.&lt;br /&gt;
* A dryer to dry crops that are too wet.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== 2022 Economic, social and environmental report ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Economical review &lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;EBE/UTH&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:250000},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;EBE/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Subventions/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Annuités/EBE (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Charges/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[194336,41,10,34,70],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[159000,43,13,3,84],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Moyenne&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true},&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Social Review&lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Comfort at work&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Economical satisfaction&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Social satisfaction &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cooperation&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Quality of life &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[8,10,10,7,10],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Environmental review &lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Tx de MO &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:3},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Couverture du sol (j/an)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:365},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Tillage index (tilled area x aggressiveness coefficient x depth)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:5},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;SIE/SAU&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:1},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Crop diversity (number of crops in rotation)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:15}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[2.8,340,1.18425,0.0375,6],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[2.46,0,0,0,0],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Moyenne&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true},&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Level of comfort at work, taking into account physical or mental hardship&#039;&#039;: 8/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Economic satisfaction&#039;&#039;: 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Daily work satisfaction, feeling of being surrounded in one&#039;s work&#039;&#039;: 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Cooperation with other local players, mutual aid&#039;&#039;: 7/10&lt;br /&gt;
* Living environment: 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
* Percentage of Organic matter: 2.8&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Soil coverage (days/year)&#039;&#039;&#039; :340 days&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Tillage index (tilled area x aggressiveness coefficient x depth)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 1.2 i(l was calculated on two technical itineraries, rapeseed and beet)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;SIE/SAU &#039;&#039;&#039;: 0.04&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Crop diversity (number of crops in the rotation, excluding cover crops)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 6&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039; EBE/UTH&#039;&#039;&#039;: 194,336 (e)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;EBE/CA (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 41&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Subsidies/Sales (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Annuities/EBIT (%)&#039;&#039;: 34&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Expenses/Sales (%)&#039;&#039;: 70 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Working hours are difficult to estimate. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Source: Moyennes régionales Agreste/Rica (Réseau d&#039;Information Comptable Agricole) 2021&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Tips for getting started==&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Start with simplified seeding and gradually increase OM levels:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;If you don&#039;t have good natural porosity and a good level of organic matter, you won&#039;t be able to do without tillage. You have to start by creating a soil in the first years of transition. It&#039;s a long-term job.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Surround yourself:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; Antoine felt isolated in the experimental approach he embarked upon (at the start there were five of them in the department, and all the organizations in the sector were telling them they were heading straight for disaster). They got a lot of help from Jean-François Aubry and through exchanges on internet forums, but above all through group work. It was very hard to get off the beaten track, to face up to the scrutiny and pressure exerted by other farmers who don&#039;t question their model. Antoine is therefore grateful to be part of a group of 15 somewhat original farmers, for whom any idea has the merit of being tried out, and who are constantly open-minded.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Integrating the agricultural sector into the transition:&#039;&#039;&#039; A group can&#039;t change everything on its own either: Sol en Caux has therefore integrated the entire upstream and downstream agricultural sector (cooperatives, storage organizations, technicians, management bodies, etc.).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* When you have a &#039;&#039;global approach&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;take care of the soil&#039;&#039;, you open up &#039;&#039;exceptional horizons&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vidéo==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mr7myhuhRYQ}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Sources==&lt;br /&gt;
* Visit to the Ferme de Longueuil on 07/11/2023.&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Decompacting a no-till soil, Guillaume Chedru|Decompacting a no-till soil, Guillaume Chedru]].&lt;br /&gt;
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7P-yJtKCLDM Tour de plaine #5: Gestion d&#039;un système grandes cultures pour réduire les charges et protéger le sol] (Youtube - AgroLeague).&lt;br /&gt;
* Regional averages Agreste/Rica (Réseau d&#039;Information Comptable Agricole) 2021.&lt;br /&gt;
* GisSol.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Angeline Almeida (2044552287)</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=File:Sch%C3%A9ma_de_d%C3%A9cisionITK_betterave_chedru.png&amp;diff=4372</id>
		<title>File:Schéma de décisionITK betterave chedru.png</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=File:Sch%C3%A9ma_de_d%C3%A9cisionITK_betterave_chedru.png&amp;diff=4372"/>
		<updated>2024-05-15T13:07:02Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Angeline Almeida (2044552287): &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Schéma de décisionITK betterave chedru&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Angeline Almeida (2044552287)</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Longueil%27s_Farm&amp;diff=4370</id>
		<title>Longueil&#039;s Farm</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Longueil%27s_Farm&amp;diff=4370"/>
		<updated>2024-05-14T08:35:28Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Angeline Almeida (2044552287): &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Portrait de ferme&lt;br /&gt;
| Nom de l&#039;exploitation = Ferme de Longueil &lt;br /&gt;
| Sous-titre = Living soil and industrial crops&lt;br /&gt;
| Bannière = Bannière Ferme de Longueuil.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| Logo = &lt;br /&gt;
| Photo de l&#039;agriculteur = Guillaume et Antoine Chedru 2023.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| URL = &lt;br /&gt;
| Nom de l&#039;agriculteur = Guillaume and Antoine Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
| Organisme = Ver de Terre Production&lt;br /&gt;
| Date de mise en œuvre = 1995&lt;br /&gt;
| Département = Seine-Maritime (département)&lt;br /&gt;
| Adresse = Goderville, 76110&lt;br /&gt;
| Latitude = 49.650236&lt;br /&gt;
| Longitude = 0.362893&lt;br /&gt;
| Objectif = Agronomie des sols vivants&lt;br /&gt;
| Type de production = Grandes cultures&lt;br /&gt;
| SAU = 160&lt;br /&gt;
| UTH = 1,25&lt;br /&gt;
| Cahier des charges = HVE3&lt;br /&gt;
| pH = Neutral soil&lt;br /&gt;
| Texture du sol = Silty-clay&lt;br /&gt;
| Description de sol = Loamy loam&lt;br /&gt;
| Cultures = Linen@ Beet@ Wheat@ Rapeseed@ &lt;br /&gt;
| Autres caractéristiques = Activité biologique des sols&lt;br /&gt;
| Photo d&#039;illustration = Inondation route gouville.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| ImageCaption = Road flooding in Goderville&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 1 = Sols vivants&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 2 = Semis direct&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 3 = TCS&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 4 = Couverts végétaux&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 5 = Sol en Caux&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1988, Antoine Chedru set up the family farm in the Pays de Caux region with his brother and father, as partners in a mixed farming (dairy) system that has since evolved considerably.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The very wet winters of 1993 and 1994 triggered a great deal of erosion in their conventional plots of loamy soil. Following this, Jean-François Ouvry (AREAS) raised awareness of the problem, noting that tillage amplified the erosion phenomenon. This prompted the farm team to completely revise their technical itinerary and even build their own equipment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since setting up, Antoine, and now his son Guillaume, &#039;&#039;are fully committed to an agroecological approach&#039;&#039; in the sense that they work on a system-wide scale, actively seeking to work with and not against natural ecosystems.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, the system change did not happen with a snap of the fingers, but in an incremental way, punctuated by mistakes and uncertainties, supported by a dynamic of experimentation and local working groups.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Special features of the farm==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Reduced tillage with [[Direct seeding|SD]] (direct seeding) + [[Simplified cultivation techniques (TCS)|TCS]] (simplified cultivation techniques) + [[Plant cover crops]] and [[Field crop associations|companion plants]].&lt;br /&gt;
*Beet using [[strip-till]] without insecticides.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Self-build strip-till for successful rapeseed establishment|Self-build]].&lt;br /&gt;
*Development of [[biocontrol]] solutions such as [[Stimulation of plants&#039; natural defenses with fermented nettle extracts|fermented nettle extracts]], [[comfrey]], [[Garlic and garlic-based products for sustainable agriculture|garlic maceration]] and development of [[Effective microorganisms (EM)|effective microorganisms (EM)]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Contextual data==&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Farm name&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Ferme de Longueil&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Location&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Goderville, Seine-Maritime (76)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;SAU&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|160 ha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;UTH&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|1.25 (Antoine Chedru full-time and Guillaume 25%)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Crops&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Beet, wheat, flax, rapeseed&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Labels&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|[[High environmental value|HVE 3]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Groups&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Sol en Caux&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Land context ===&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;Soil texture&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Silt|Loam]] loam, 60% loam&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;OM content at planting (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|1,7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Last MO rate&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
lab test (year n)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|2.8 (2023 analysis)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Soil PH 2020 (year n)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Bearing capacity, structure...&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| No rotary tillage, no plough tillage&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Good bearing capacity, improved by plant cover crops&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Earthworms per m²&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|110 &lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Local climate data===&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
!&#039;&#039;&#039;Local data&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
!&#039;&#039;&#039;National data&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Annual rainfall&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;average&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;Around 1200 mm per year&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
(average 161 mm/month)&lt;br /&gt;
|155 mm/month&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;T°max moyenne&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|38&lt;br /&gt;
|29&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;T°min moyenne&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;-4.7&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2,7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;First frost&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;usually&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;December when there is&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Type of climate&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Oceanic&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Source: Météo France&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transition stages==&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;1995 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Stopped ploughing and switched to simplified tillage (TCS) with the farm&#039;s existing equipment. &#039;&#039;&#039;From this date on&#039;&#039;&#039;, with significant rainfall of 1000 to 1200 mm per year, &#039;&#039;&#039;Antoine no longer observed any erosion in his plots&#039;&#039;&#039;. He explains that the reason they switched to TCS was that the soil was not yet ready to &amp;quot;take care of itself&amp;quot;. So they made a few deep passes with a stubble cultivator to &amp;quot;build up a structure conducive to root development&amp;quot;. As the level of [[Organic Matter|Organic Matter (OM)]] increased, the working depth decreased (first from 20 to 15 cm, then 10 cm).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;2000:&#039;&#039;&#039; Antoine&#039;s brother leaves the farm, and an employee is hired to replace him.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2010 :&#039;&#039;&#039; They test strip-till beets.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2012 :&#039;&#039;&#039; End of dairy herd.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Winter 2012-2013:&#039;&#039;&#039; Warning from the water agency following major mudslides on the roads and turbidity problems in the area. This is when most of the crops are planted using [[direct seeding]].&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2013&#039;&#039;&#039;: Creation of &amp;quot;[https://agriculture.gouv.fr/produire-autrement-sol-en-caux-lutte-contre-lerosion-des-sols Sol en Caux]&amp;quot;: emergence at last of a welded group at department level (15 farmers in the area).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2015 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Beginning of the implementation of [[Macerations: principles &amp;amp; recipes, by Stéphane Billotte|plant macerations]] as an alternative to fungicides and the spreading of [[Bois raméal fragmenté|BRF]] (Bois Raméal Fragmenté).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2016 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Stop using insecticides.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2019 :&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; 800mm of water in autumn, beginning of cracking trials due to crop loss caused by the fact that in Seine-Maritime, soils are generally made up of fine silts with a little [[clay]] (12% clay and 70% silts) which naturally take up mass. This phenomenon induces water stagnation, despite the fact that the farm was already in SD for rapeseed and wheat, and that tillage was very shallow for spring crops (which partly solved hydromorphic problems).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Effects of new practices===&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;Stop mudflows and floods&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;&#039;Hydromorphic management&#039;&#039; and more &#039;&#039;&#039;microporosity&#039;&#039;&#039; in the soil.&lt;br /&gt;
*Growing potatoes by direct seeding, with Sol en Caux |&#039;&#039;&#039;Gain in soil fertility&#039;&#039;&#039;]] (OM has improved by 1 percentage point since the change in practices): &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;I find that since we&#039;ve been working with a simplified seeding system, or even direct seeding, the soil&#039;s bearing capacity has improved considerably and, despite the rain, we&#039;re able to plant in excellent conditions because the organic matter level has risen and the soil is in much better health.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Cost savings:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; Today, the farm&#039;s biggest expense is the harvester.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;SD practices are favorable to the development of [[:Category:Slug|slugs]] and [[:Category:Vole|voles]]&#039;&#039;&#039;. Antoine therefore uses a [[[straw harrow]]&#039;&#039; after harvest, to expose slug eggs to the sun. He also uses [https://ephy.anses.fr/ppp/sluxx-hp &#039;&#039;&#039;Sluxx&#039;&#039;&#039;] (Molluscicide) as a preventive measure, up to 15 days before sowing. For voles, he relies on &#039;&#039;natural predators&#039;&#039;, which he encourages with perches in the plots, as well as on the &#039;&#039;tillage&#039;&#039; he has maintained for certain crops (beet and flax).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Effect of trials with companion plants / maceration, cumulated with the cessation of insecticides on pest pressure:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; A Berlèse test was carried out in December 2021 to see the effect of stopping insecticides in rapeseed associated with [[faba bean]]. The result was &#039;&#039;&#039;0.6 [[:Category:Flea beetle| flea beetle]]/foot larvae&#039;&#039;&#039;, on a plot with 2.8 to 3% OM. A robust rapeseed that emerges more quickly from winter means that flea beetle larvae stay in the petiole and don&#039;t do as much damage to the stems.&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;quot;&#039;Since we&#039;ve been working with a semi-simplified system, or even direct seeding, the soil&#039;s &#039;&#039;bearing capacity&#039;&#039; has improved considerably, and despite the rain, we&#039;re able to sow in excellent conditions, as the organic matter level has risen and the soil is in much better health.&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;gallery mode=&amp;quot;slideshow&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
File:Analyse Celasta lab chedru 2015 page-0002.jpg|Celestalab 2015 soil analysis at Longeuil farm. Total OM = 2.27. There is a high proportion of stable OM (1.97) but little rapid OM (0.33).&lt;br /&gt;
File:Analyse Celestalab 2020 à la ferme de Longeuil.jpg|Celestalab 2020 soil analysis. OM rises to 2.8 and free OM has increased significantly since RCW was added.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Objectives===&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;The objective is to continue doing a good job. To develop organic matter and have a self-fertilizing system, we need to &#039;&#039;&#039;perpetuate&#039;&#039;&#039; it because it can change overnight.&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*Develop other crops like [[hemp]] at the same time as flax. It&#039;s complicated because of the vagaries of the weather.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Crop monitoring: rotation and technical itineraries===&lt;br /&gt;
=== Crop rotation ===&lt;br /&gt;
On installation: wheat, rapeseed, fibre flax (peas or corn could also be grown, but at an additional cost).  Since then, there has been a &#039;&#039;lengthening&#039;&#039; of the rotations and a diversification of crops, which has the merit of improving [[rye grass]] and [[Vulpin des champs|vulpin]] concerns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The reasons for this choice of crop rotation combine agronomy, management and economics (flax, the region&#039;s leading crop, faba beans, economically profitable beet).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Assolement 2022 Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;tooltip&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;treemap&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;roam&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;borderWidth&amp;quot;:0,&amp;quot;gapWidth&amp;quot;:2},&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Assolement 2022 Chedru&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cultures de vente&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;children&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;wheat&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:76,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;rapeseed&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:32,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;beets&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:12,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;fibre flax &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:28,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;faba beans &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:15,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} }],&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#ffe599&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;fontColor&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;SIE&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;children&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;meadows &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:6.5,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} }],&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#b6d7a8&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;fontColor&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Rotation features ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts: title=Rotation type Chedru | width=100% | height=400px  | json = Ferme de Longueil/Rotation type Chedru.json }}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Use of companion plants ====&lt;br /&gt;
* Bean for rapeseed (lure effect against flea beetles).&lt;br /&gt;
* Barley for wheat and beet.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== External OM input ====&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to crop cover and straw residues, there is a &#039;&#039;&#039;contribution of [[Rameal fragmented wood|BRF]] without incorporation&#039;&#039;&#039; (this conserves surface oxygen) after flax, &#039;&#039;&#039;about 10t/ha.&#039;&#039;&#039; This input will take between &#039;&#039;2 and 3 years to be completely decomposed&#039;&#039; (RCW must not be found in the flax slicks). They then sow the wheat directly into the RCW. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This contribution does not have a direct impact on the crop, but it increases the stable OM content with C/N levels below 50, so that it can be degraded into humus. ([[Ferme de Longueil#Effet constaté des nouvelles pratiques|cf. analyses de sol Celesta lab]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Use of starter fertilizers ====&lt;br /&gt;
Use of starter fertilizer&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; at sowing to anticipate the lack of mineralization that can occur in SD.&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Use of fermented extracts ====&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Use [[Stimulation of plants&#039; natural defenses with fermented nettle extracts|fermented nettle extracts]], [[comfrey]], [[Garlic and garlic products for sustainable agriculture|garlic maceration]].&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4LzgFBkjS-8}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Nettle is a silica-rich plant that thickens the cuticle of wheat and beet leaves, making them more resistant to bio-aggressors. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Garlic is an excellent insect repellent. Flax is a crop often attacked by flea beetles, so after sowing, when the flax is 2-3 cm tall, Antoine and Guillaume apply garlic maceration. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This allows them to stop using insecticides on the farm&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Cover crops ====&lt;br /&gt;
Plant cover crops are used in rotation for several reasons:&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Important nitrogen contribution&#039;&#039; to the crops that follow (between 20 and 40 units of nitrogen/ha, for example, for the cover crop preceding beet. Faba bean as a rapeseed companion plant can also fix 20 U of nitrogen resituated to the rapeseed at the end of winter, and can even be beneficial to the wheat crop that follows, thanks to the mineralization process), also generating fertilizer savings.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Apport conséquent de biomasse&#039;&#039;&#039; (minimum 250 pieds à l&#039;ha, pensé grâce à la [[Méthode Merci|méthode MERCI]] courant décembre) après un gel et un passage du [[Rouleau FACA|Rolofaca,]] quand le couvert est en fleur théoriquement. Except that in our region, the canopy is quickly in flower and it&#039;s still too early to destroy it. The aim is for it to decompose before the spring crop. Herbicides are not normally needed for its destruction (just for the following crop, to manage [[Ray-grass|ray grass]]/[[Vulpin des champs|vulpin]]).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Soil drainage&#039;&#039;&#039; thanks to their root structure.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Break the grass cycle&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Their cost:&#039;&#039;&#039; Approximately 70€ per ha.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Reducing tillage on industrial crops ====&lt;br /&gt;
Although Guillaume and Antoine are adepts of direct seeding, they recognize that it is a system with its limits: &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;we can hardly do without tillage for crops such as [[potato]], beet, flax&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; in particular to warm up the soil, level out boar holes, mounds created by moles, and so on. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The guiding principle was to ask what they could do, during the long rotation, to &#039;&#039;build up the soil more than we deconstruct it&#039;&#039; after a penalizing crop like beet.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For beet, a few days before planting, &amp;quot;they work the soil to a depth of 3 cm&amp;quot; with a &amp;quot;rolling spade&amp;quot; tool, then &amp;quot;they restructure the soil with a strip-till which allows them to work a 10 cm row every 50 cm, to a depth of 12 cm&amp;quot;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A few days later, they refine the line with a &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Strawberry - animated harrow|strawberry]]&#039;&#039;&#039;, which &#039;&#039;&#039;precedes the beet drill&#039;&#039;&#039;. {{Image centered | ITK beet chedru 2022.png | ITK beet 2022}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Fiber flax, which is very sensitive to compaction and requires particularly well-levelled soil, also benefits from shallow tillage. Knowing that these two crops are the ones that destructure the soil the most, Guillaume and Antoine try to space them further apart and lengthen the rotation to give the soil time to rest.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Couvert végétal chedru.jpg|vignette|Green cover at the Longeuil farm.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Biodiversity focus on the farm==&lt;br /&gt;
There are twelve beehives on the farm (belonging to the President of the Seine-Maritime Departmental Council), so they want to avoid mortality, a parameter that has motivated the reduction in phytosanitary products and zero insecticides.    &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;You have to feed them all the time. They feed in spring, when faba beans, peas and colza blossom. Cover crops based on peas, sunflowers and faba beans help them get through the winter&amp;quot;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Focus on autonomy==&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Seed self-sufficient crops&#039;&#039;&#039;: Wheat, fababeans (also exchange seeds, e.g. fababeans for sunflower).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Crops with purchased seed&#039;&#039;&#039;: Beetroot, rapeseed.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Overall self-sufficiency&#039;&#039;&#039;: Self-build workshop for machinery (especially seeders), straw/manure exchange, dryer and storage area on the farm, branches and green waste brought in by the waste disposal center and neighbors.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Equipment: disc seed drill AND tine seed drill==&lt;br /&gt;
The farm is well equipped in terms of equipment, because in a very rainy region, the window of opportunity for seeding is quite short. Guillaume and Antoine alternate between two seed drills: one with discs and one with tines: &lt;br /&gt;
{{Article détaillé|Choisir son semoir de semis direct à dents ou à disques}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The tine seeder ===&lt;br /&gt;
Self-built. Total investment is €30,000. Commercially available equipment would cost around €100,000.&lt;br /&gt;
* The tool is &#039;&#039;6 m wide&#039;&#039; and has &#039;&#039;&#039;20 elements spaced 30cm apart&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;3 depth levels&#039;&#039;: A single pass can perform 3 different operations (in particular, they have added a micro fertilizer for localized fertilization in the furrow).&lt;br /&gt;
* Sowing: Suitable for large and small seeds (cover crops, rapeseed).&lt;br /&gt;
* With the aim of &amp;quot;disturbing the soil as little as possible&amp;quot;, the tool runs at a maximum speed of 7 km/h.&lt;br /&gt;
* Particular attention is also paid to low tire pressure.&lt;br /&gt;
* The work rate is &#039;&#039;4 ha/h&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* The seed drill is mounted, and weighs 3.5 tons, which means that it requires more power and lift than a semi-mounted machine.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The disc seeder ===&lt;br /&gt;
[Fichier:Semoir à disques chedru.jpg|vignette|Semoir à disques des Chedru]]&lt;br /&gt;
*It was purchased secondhand for €25,000.&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
*It is used for &#039;&#039;&#039;sowing wheat and flax under plant cover&#039;&#039; ([[Clover|clover]] or [[legumes]]).&lt;br /&gt;
*The tractor is equipped with a ballasted Rolofaca (2.8 T for 4.5 m width) to lay down the canopy.&lt;br /&gt;
*The discs have a 12 mm opening. They are positioned 15 cm apart, which is &#039;&#039;ideal for sowing flax&#039;&#039;, the region&#039;s flagship crop.&lt;br /&gt;
*Pinches the straw at the bottom of the furrow, greatly disrupting emergence.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== RTK self-guidance system - working comfort ===&lt;br /&gt;
*The [[RTK]] system costs €15,000 per tractor for plot mapping. It can then be used &#039;&#039;&#039;for all tractors&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Other equipment ===&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Beet drill&#039;&#039;&#039; shared with a neighbor.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;CUMA harvesting equipment&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Strip-till&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Economics==&lt;br /&gt;
Antoine and Guillaume are lucid about their system: &amp;quot;With ploughing, we might have better yields. But it&#039;s the margin and not the turnover that we&#039;re looking for&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
!Rapeseed&lt;br /&gt;
Durum wheat&lt;br /&gt;
!Beetroot&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Product&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;2 812 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;2 915 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;3 960 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Seeds&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|161 €&lt;br /&gt;
|378 €&lt;br /&gt;
|288 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Fertilizers&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|717 €&lt;br /&gt;
|424 €&lt;br /&gt;
|382 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Oligos&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|15 €&lt;br /&gt;
|36 €&lt;br /&gt;
|32 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Phytos&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|67 €&lt;br /&gt;
|99 €&lt;br /&gt;
|183 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Mechanization&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|53 €&lt;br /&gt;
|50 €&lt;br /&gt;
|75 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Irrigation&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Gross margin 2022&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;1 800 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;1 927 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;3 000 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#economic_charts:&lt;br /&gt;
 title=Accounting Antoine Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
 | Semences et plants 2022 = 27200&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fertilisation 2022 = 44480&lt;br /&gt;
 | Produits de traitements 2022 = 37440&lt;br /&gt;
 | Travaux par tiers 2022 = 9600&lt;br /&gt;
 | Carburant 2022 = 10560&lt;br /&gt;
 | Entretien matériel 2022 = 19200&lt;br /&gt;
 | Eau, gaz, électricité 2022 = 9000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Frais de gestion 2022 = 98000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fermage 2022 = 39680&lt;br /&gt;
 | Assurances 2022 = 17920&lt;br /&gt;
 | Autres 2022 = 85000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Salariés 2022 = 20000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Vente de produits végétaux 2022 = 598000&lt;br /&gt;
 | DPU, DPB 2022 = 60000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Aide à la certification 2022 = 3000&lt;br /&gt;
 | EBE total 2022 = 242920}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Inputs have increased enormously: nitrogen, phosphorus, potash and all the trace elements and phyto products.&lt;br /&gt;
* The dryer consumes a lot of energy.&lt;br /&gt;
* For fuel: in the accounting documents, you need to know that the services provided by other farmers, Guillaume and Antoine, do not exceed 50 and 60L/ha.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Marketing==&lt;br /&gt;
Guillaume and Antoine used to deliver everything to storage organizations. Now they &amp;quot;alternate between a few forward sales cooperatives&amp;quot; and a little direct selling. They keep a constant eye on market prices. The most important thing is to &#039;&#039;&#039;know your production costs, and then you can define a sales strategy&#039;&#039;.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!Culture&lt;br /&gt;
! Customer&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Lin&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Agylin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Beans&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Cover + trader&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Peas&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Covered + dealer&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Corn&lt;br /&gt;
|Direct sale to a farmer&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Bâtiment de stockage Chedru.png|thumb|Bâtiment de stockage des Chedru.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Storage==&lt;br /&gt;
They &#039;&#039;&#039;store 100% of their crops&#039;&#039;&#039; thanks to the&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;adaptation of former livestock buildings&#039;&#039;&#039; present on the farm with :&lt;br /&gt;
* Adapted ventilation.&lt;br /&gt;
* Flat storage on level platforms.&lt;br /&gt;
* A dryer to dry crops that are too wet.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== 2022 Economic, social and environmental report ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Economical review &lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;EBE/UTH&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:250000},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;EBE/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Subventions/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Annuités/EBE (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Charges/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[194336,41,10,34,70],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[159000,43,13,3,84],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Moyenne&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true},&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Social Review&lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Comfort at work&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Economical satisfaction&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Social satisfaction &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cooperation&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Quality of life &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[8,10,10,7,10],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Environmental review &lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Tx de MO &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:3},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Couverture du sol (j/an)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:365},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Tillage index (tilled area x aggressiveness coefficient x depth)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:5},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;SIE/SAU&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:1},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Crop diversity (number of crops in rotation)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:15}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[2.8,340,1.18425,0.0375,6],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[2.46,0,0,0,0],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Moyenne&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true},&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Level of comfort at work, taking into account physical or mental hardship&#039;&#039;: 8/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Economic satisfaction&#039;&#039;: 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Daily work satisfaction, feeling of being surrounded in one&#039;s work&#039;&#039;: 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Cooperation with other local players, mutual aid&#039;&#039;: 7/10&lt;br /&gt;
* Living environment: 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
* Percentage of Organic matter: 2.8&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Soil coverage (days/year)&#039;&#039;&#039; :340 days&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Tillage index (tilled area x aggressiveness coefficient x depth)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 1.2 i(l was calculated on two technical itineraries, rapeseed and beet)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;SIE/SAU &#039;&#039;&#039;: 0.04&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Crop diversity (number of crops in the rotation, excluding cover crops)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 6&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039; EBE/UTH&#039;&#039;&#039;: 194,336 (e)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;EBE/CA (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 41&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Subsidies/Sales (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Annuities/EBIT (%)&#039;&#039;: 34&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Expenses/Sales (%)&#039;&#039;: 70 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Working hours are difficult to estimate. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Source: Moyennes régionales Agreste/Rica (Réseau d&#039;Information Comptable Agricole) 2021&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Tips for getting started==&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Start with simplified seeding and gradually increase OM levels:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;If you don&#039;t have good natural porosity and a good level of organic matter, you won&#039;t be able to do without tillage. You have to start by creating a soil in the first years of transition. It&#039;s a long-term job.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Surround yourself:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; Antoine felt isolated in the experimental approach he embarked upon (at the start there were five of them in the department, and all the organizations in the sector were telling them they were heading straight for disaster). They got a lot of help from Jean-François Aubry and through exchanges on internet forums, but above all through group work. It was very hard to get off the beaten track, to face up to the scrutiny and pressure exerted by other farmers who don&#039;t question their model. Antoine is therefore grateful to be part of a group of 15 somewhat original farmers, for whom any idea has the merit of being tried out, and who are constantly open-minded.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Integrating the agricultural sector into the transition:&#039;&#039;&#039; A group can&#039;t change everything on its own either: Sol en Caux has therefore integrated the entire upstream and downstream agricultural sector (cooperatives, storage organizations, technicians, management bodies, etc.).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* When you have a &#039;&#039;global approach&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;take care of the soil&#039;&#039;, you open up &#039;&#039;exceptional horizons&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vidéo==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mr7myhuhRYQ}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Sources==&lt;br /&gt;
* Visit to the Ferme de Longueuil on 07/11/2023.&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Decompacting a no-till soil, Guillaume Chedru|Decompacting a no-till soil, Guillaume Chedru]].&lt;br /&gt;
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7P-yJtKCLDM Tour de plaine #5: Gestion d&#039;un système grandes cultures pour réduire les charges et protéger le sol] (Youtube - AgroLeague).&lt;br /&gt;
* Regional averages Agreste/Rica (Réseau d&#039;Information Comptable Agricole) 2021.&lt;br /&gt;
* GisSol.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Angeline Almeida (2044552287)</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Longueil%27s_Farm&amp;diff=4369</id>
		<title>Longueil&#039;s Farm</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Longueil%27s_Farm&amp;diff=4369"/>
		<updated>2024-05-14T08:33:25Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Angeline Almeida (2044552287): &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Portrait de ferme&lt;br /&gt;
| Nom de l&#039;exploitation = Ferme de Longueil &lt;br /&gt;
| Sous-titre = Living soil and industrial crops&lt;br /&gt;
| Bannière = Bannière Ferme de Longueuil.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| Logo = &lt;br /&gt;
| Photo de l&#039;agriculteur = Guillaume et Antoine Chedru 2023.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| URL = &lt;br /&gt;
| Nom de l&#039;agriculteur = Guillaume and Antoine Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
| Organisme = Ver de Terre Production&lt;br /&gt;
| Date de mise en œuvre = 1995&lt;br /&gt;
| Département = Seine-Maritime (département)&lt;br /&gt;
| Adresse = Goderville, 76110&lt;br /&gt;
| Latitude = 49.650236&lt;br /&gt;
| Longitude = 0.362893&lt;br /&gt;
| Objectif = Agronomie des sols vivants&lt;br /&gt;
| Type de production = Grandes cultures&lt;br /&gt;
| SAU = 160&lt;br /&gt;
| UTH = 1,25&lt;br /&gt;
| Cahier des charges = HVE3&lt;br /&gt;
| pH = Neutral soil&lt;br /&gt;
| Texture du sol = Silty-clay&lt;br /&gt;
| Description de sol = Loamy loam&lt;br /&gt;
| Cultures = Linen@ Beet@ Wheat@ Rapeseed@ &lt;br /&gt;
| Autres caractéristiques = Activité biologique des sols&lt;br /&gt;
| Photo d&#039;illustration = Inondation route gouville.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| ImageCaption = Road flooding in Goderville&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 1 = Sols vivants&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 2 = Semis direct&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 3 = TCS&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 4 = Couverts végétaux&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 5 = Sol en Caux&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1988, Antoine Chedru set up the family farm in the Pays de Caux region with his brother and father, as partners in a mixed farming (dairy) system that has since evolved considerably.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The very wet winters of 1993 and 1994 triggered a great deal of erosion in their conventional plots of loamy soil. Following this, Jean-François Ouvry (AREAS) raised awareness of the problem, noting that tillage amplified the erosion phenomenon. This prompted the farm team to completely revise their technical itinerary and even build their own equipment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since setting up, Antoine, and now his son Guillaume, &#039;&#039;are fully committed to an agroecological approach&#039;&#039; in the sense that they work on a system-wide scale, actively seeking to work with and not against natural ecosystems.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, the system change did not happen with a snap of the fingers, but in an incremental way, punctuated by mistakes and uncertainties, supported by a dynamic of experimentation and local working groups.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Special features of the farm==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Reduced tillage with [[Direct seeding|SD]] (direct seeding) + [[Simplified cultivation techniques (TCS)|TCS]] (simplified cultivation techniques) + [[Plant cover crops]] and [[Field crop associations|companion plants]].&lt;br /&gt;
*Beet using [[strip-till]] without insecticides.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Self-build strip-till for successful rapeseed establishment|Self-build]].&lt;br /&gt;
*Development of [[biocontrol]] solutions such as [[Stimulation of plants&#039; natural defenses with fermented nettle extracts|fermented nettle extracts]], [[comfrey]], [[Garlic and garlic-based products for sustainable agriculture|garlic maceration]] and development of [[Effective microorganisms (EM)|effective microorganisms (EM)]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Contextual data==&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Farm name&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Ferme de Longueil&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Location&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Goderville, Seine-Maritime (76)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;SAU&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|160 ha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;UTH&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|1.25 (Antoine Chedru full-time and Guillaume 25%)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Crops&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Beet, wheat, flax, rapeseed&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Labels&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|[[High environmental value|HVE 3]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Groups&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Sol en Caux&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Land context ===&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;Soil texture&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Silt|Loam]] loam, 60% loam&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;OM content at planting (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|1,7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Last MO rate&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
lab test (year n)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|2.8 (2023 analysis)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Soil PH 2020 (year n)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Bearing capacity, structure...&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| No rotary tillage, no plough tillage&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Good bearing capacity, improved by plant cover crops&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Earthworms per m²&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|110 &lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Local climate data===&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
!&#039;&#039;&#039;Local data&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
!&#039;&#039;&#039;National data&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Annual rainfall&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;average&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;Around 1200 mm per year&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
(average 161 mm/month)&lt;br /&gt;
|155 mm/month&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;T°max moyenne&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|38&lt;br /&gt;
|29&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;T°min moyenne&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;-4.7&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2,7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;First frost&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;usually&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;December when there is&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Type of climate&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Oceanic&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Source: Météo France&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transition stages==&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;1995 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Stopped ploughing and switched to simplified tillage (TCS) with the farm&#039;s existing equipment. &#039;&#039;&#039;From this date on&#039;&#039;&#039;, with significant rainfall of 1000 to 1200 mm per year, &#039;&#039;&#039;Antoine no longer observed any erosion in his plots&#039;&#039;&#039;. He explains that the reason they switched to TCS was that the soil was not yet ready to &amp;quot;take care of itself&amp;quot;. So they made a few deep passes with a stubble cultivator to &amp;quot;build up a structure conducive to root development&amp;quot;. As the level of [[Organic Matter|Organic Matter (OM)]] increased, the working depth decreased (first from 20 to 15 cm, then 10 cm).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;2000:&#039;&#039;&#039; Antoine&#039;s brother leaves the farm, and an employee is hired to replace him.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2010 :&#039;&#039;&#039; They test strip-till beets.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2012 :&#039;&#039;&#039; End of dairy herd.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Winter 2012-2013:&#039;&#039;&#039; Warning from the water agency following major mudslides on the roads and turbidity problems in the area. This is when most of the crops are planted using [[direct seeding]].&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2013&#039;&#039;&#039;: Creation of &amp;quot;[https://agriculture.gouv.fr/produire-autrement-sol-en-caux-lutte-contre-lerosion-des-sols Sol en Caux]&amp;quot;: emergence at last of a welded group at department level (15 farmers in the area).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2015 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Beginning of the implementation of [[Macerations: principles &amp;amp; recipes, by Stéphane Billotte|plant macerations]] as an alternative to fungicides and the spreading of [[Bois raméal fragmenté|BRF]] (Bois Raméal Fragmenté).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2016 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Stop using insecticides.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2019 :&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; 800mm of water in autumn, beginning of cracking trials due to crop loss caused by the fact that in Seine-Maritime, soils are generally made up of fine silts with a little [[clay]] (12% clay and 70% silts) which naturally take up mass. This phenomenon induces water stagnation, despite the fact that the farm was already in SD for rapeseed and wheat, and that tillage was very shallow for spring crops (which partly solved hydromorphic problems).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Effects of new practices===&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;Stop mudflows and floods&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;&#039;Hydromorphic management&#039;&#039; and more &#039;&#039;&#039;microporosity&#039;&#039;&#039; in the soil.&lt;br /&gt;
*Growing potatoes by direct seeding, with Sol en Caux |&#039;&#039;&#039;Gain in soil fertility&#039;&#039;&#039;]] (OM has improved by 1 percentage point since the change in practices): &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;I find that since we&#039;ve been working with a simplified seeding system, or even direct seeding, the soil&#039;s bearing capacity has improved considerably and, despite the rain, we&#039;re able to plant in excellent conditions because the organic matter level has risen and the soil is in much better health.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Cost savings:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; Today, the farm&#039;s biggest expense is the harvester.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;SD practices are favorable to the development of [[:Category:Slug|slugs]] and [[:Category:Vole|voles]]&#039;&#039;&#039;. Antoine therefore uses a [[[straw harrow]]&#039;&#039; after harvest, to expose slug eggs to the sun. He also uses [https://ephy.anses.fr/ppp/sluxx-hp &#039;&#039;&#039;Sluxx&#039;&#039;&#039;] (Molluscicide) as a preventive measure, up to 15 days before sowing. For voles, he relies on &#039;&#039;natural predators&#039;&#039;, which he encourages with perches in the plots, as well as on the &#039;&#039;tillage&#039;&#039; he has maintained for certain crops (beet and flax).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Effect of trials with companion plants / maceration, cumulated with the cessation of insecticides on pest pressure:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; A Berlèse test was carried out in December 2021 to see the effect of stopping insecticides in rapeseed associated with [[faba bean]]. The result was &#039;&#039;&#039;0.6 [[:Category:Flea beetle| flea beetle]]/foot larvae&#039;&#039;&#039;, on a plot with 2.8 to 3% OM. A robust rapeseed that emerges more quickly from winter means that flea beetle larvae stay in the petiole and don&#039;t do as much damage to the stems.&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;quot;&#039;Since we&#039;ve been working with a semi-simplified system, or even direct seeding, the soil&#039;s &#039;&#039;bearing capacity&#039;&#039; has improved considerably, and despite the rain, we&#039;re able to sow in excellent conditions, as the organic matter level has risen and the soil is in much better health.&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;gallery mode=&amp;quot;slideshow&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
File:Analyse Celasta lab chedru 2015 page-0002.jpg|Celestalab 2015 soil analysis at Longeuil farm. Total OM = 2.27. There is a high proportion of stable OM (1.97) but little rapid OM (0.33).&lt;br /&gt;
File:Analyse Celestalab 2020 à la ferme de Longeuil.jpg|Celestalab 2020 soil analysis. OM rises to 2.8 and free OM has increased significantly since RCW was added.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Objectives===&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;The objective is to continue doing a good job. To develop organic matter and have a self-fertilizing system, we need to &#039;&#039;&#039;perpetuate&#039;&#039;&#039; it because it can change overnight.&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*Develop other crops like [[hemp]] at the same time as flax. It&#039;s complicated because of the vagaries of the weather.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Crop monitoring: rotation and technical itineraries===&lt;br /&gt;
=== Crop rotation ===&lt;br /&gt;
On installation: wheat, rapeseed, fibre flax (peas or corn could also be grown, but at an additional cost).  Since then, there has been a &#039;&#039;lengthening&#039;&#039; of the rotations and a diversification of crops, which has the merit of improving [[rye grass]] and [[Vulpin des champs|vulpin]] concerns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The reasons for this choice of crop rotation combine agronomy, management and economics (flax, the region&#039;s leading crop, faba beans, economically profitable beet).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Assolement 2022 Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
| width=100%&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;tooltip&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;treemap&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;roam&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;borderWidth&amp;quot;:0,&amp;quot;gapWidth&amp;quot;:2},&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Assolement 2022 Chedru&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cultures de vente&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;children&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;wheat&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:76,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;rapeseed&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:32,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;beets&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:12,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;fibre flax &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:28,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;faba beans &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:15,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} }],&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#ffe599&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;fontColor&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;SIE&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;children&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;meadows &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:6.5,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} }],&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#b6d7a8&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;fontColor&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Rotation features ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts: title=Rotation type Chedru | width=100% | height=400px  | json = Ferme de Longueil/Rotation type Chedru.json }}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Use of companion plants ====&lt;br /&gt;
* Bean for rapeseed (lure effect against flea beetles).&lt;br /&gt;
* Barley for wheat and beet.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== External OM input ====&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to crop cover and straw residues, there is a &#039;&#039;&#039;contribution of [[Rameal fragmented wood|BRF]] without incorporation&#039;&#039;&#039; (this conserves surface oxygen) after flax, &#039;&#039;&#039;about 10t/ha.&#039;&#039;&#039; This input will take between &#039;&#039;2 and 3 years to be completely decomposed&#039;&#039; (RCW must not be found in the flax slicks). They then sow the wheat directly into the RCW. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This contribution does not have a direct impact on the crop, but it increases the stable OM content with C/N levels below 50, so that it can be degraded into humus. ([[Ferme de Longueil#Effet constaté des nouvelles pratiques|cf. analyses de sol Celesta lab]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Use of starter fertilizers ====&lt;br /&gt;
Use of starter fertilizer&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; at sowing to anticipate the lack of mineralization that can occur in SD.&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Use of fermented extracts ====&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Use [[Stimulation of plants&#039; natural defenses with fermented nettle extracts|fermented nettle extracts]], [[comfrey]], [[Garlic and garlic products for sustainable agriculture|garlic maceration]].&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4LzgFBkjS-8}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Nettle is a silica-rich plant that thickens the cuticle of wheat and beet leaves, making them more resistant to bio-aggressors. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Garlic is an excellent insect repellent. Flax is a crop often attacked by flea beetles, so after sowing, when the flax is 2-3 cm tall, Antoine and Guillaume apply garlic maceration. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This allows them to stop using insecticides on the farm&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Cover crops ====&lt;br /&gt;
Plant cover crops are used in rotation for several reasons:&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Important nitrogen contribution&#039;&#039; to the crops that follow (between 20 and 40 units of nitrogen/ha, for example, for the cover crop preceding beet. Faba bean as a rapeseed companion plant can also fix 20 U of nitrogen resituated to the rapeseed at the end of winter, and can even be beneficial to the wheat crop that follows, thanks to the mineralization process), also generating fertilizer savings.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Apport conséquent de biomasse&#039;&#039;&#039; (minimum 250 pieds à l&#039;ha, pensé grâce à la [[Méthode Merci|méthode MERCI]] courant décembre) après un gel et un passage du [[Rouleau FACA|Rolofaca,]] quand le couvert est en fleur théoriquement. Except that in our region, the canopy is quickly in flower and it&#039;s still too early to destroy it. The aim is for it to decompose before the spring crop. Herbicides are not normally needed for its destruction (just for the following crop, to manage [[Ray-grass|ray grass]]/[[Vulpin des champs|vulpin]]).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Soil drainage&#039;&#039;&#039; thanks to their root structure.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Break the grass cycle&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Their cost:&#039;&#039;&#039; Approximately 70€ per ha.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Reducing tillage on industrial crops ====&lt;br /&gt;
Although Guillaume and Antoine are adepts of direct seeding, they recognize that it is a system with its limits: &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;we can hardly do without tillage for crops such as [[potato]], beet, flax&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; in particular to warm up the soil, level out boar holes, mounds created by moles, and so on. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The guiding principle was to ask what they could do, during the long rotation, to &#039;&#039;build up the soil more than we deconstruct it&#039;&#039; after a penalizing crop like beet.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For beet, a few days before planting, &amp;quot;they work the soil to a depth of 3 cm&amp;quot; with a &amp;quot;rolling spade&amp;quot; tool, then &amp;quot;they restructure the soil with a strip-till which allows them to work a 10 cm row every 50 cm, to a depth of 12 cm&amp;quot;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A few days later, they refine the line with a &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Strawberry - animated harrow|strawberry]]&#039;&#039;&#039;, which &#039;&#039;&#039;precedes the beet drill&#039;&#039;&#039;. {{Image centered | ITK beet chedru 2022.png | ITK beet 2022}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Fiber flax, which is very sensitive to compaction and requires particularly well-levelled soil, also benefits from shallow tillage. Knowing that these two crops are the ones that destructure the soil the most, Guillaume and Antoine try to space them further apart and lengthen the rotation to give the soil time to rest.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Couvert végétal chedru.jpg|vignette|Green cover at the Longeuil farm.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Biodiversity focus on the farm==&lt;br /&gt;
There are twelve beehives on the farm (belonging to the President of the Seine-Maritime Departmental Council), so they want to avoid mortality, a parameter that has motivated the reduction in phytosanitary products and zero insecticides.    &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;You have to feed them all the time. They feed in spring, when faba beans, peas and colza blossom. Cover crops based on peas, sunflowers and faba beans help them get through the winter&amp;quot;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Focus on autonomy==&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Seed self-sufficient crops&#039;&#039;&#039;: Wheat, fababeans (also exchange seeds, e.g. fababeans for sunflower).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Crops with purchased seed&#039;&#039;&#039;: Beetroot, rapeseed.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Overall self-sufficiency&#039;&#039;&#039;: Self-build workshop for machinery (especially seeders), straw/manure exchange, dryer and storage area on the farm, branches and green waste brought in by the waste disposal center and neighbors.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Equipment: disc seed drill AND tine seed drill==&lt;br /&gt;
The farm is well equipped in terms of equipment, because in a very rainy region, the window of opportunity for seeding is quite short. Guillaume and Antoine alternate between two seed drills: one with discs and one with tines: &lt;br /&gt;
{{Article détaillé|Choisir son semoir de semis direct à dents ou à disques}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VsBHpeMMsTQ}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The tine seeder ===&lt;br /&gt;
Self-built. Total investment is €30,000. Commercially available equipment would cost around €100,000.&lt;br /&gt;
* The tool is &#039;&#039;6 m wide&#039;&#039; and has &#039;&#039;&#039;20 elements spaced 30cm apart&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;3 depth levels&#039;&#039;: A single pass can perform 3 different operations (in particular, they have added a micro fertilizer for localized fertilization in the furrow).&lt;br /&gt;
* Sowing: Suitable for large and small seeds (cover crops, rapeseed).&lt;br /&gt;
* With the aim of &amp;quot;disturbing the soil as little as possible&amp;quot;, the tool runs at a maximum speed of 7 km/h.&lt;br /&gt;
* Particular attention is also paid to low tire pressure.&lt;br /&gt;
* The work rate is &#039;&#039;4 ha/h&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* The seed drill is mounted, and weighs 3.5 tons, which means that it requires more power and lift than a semi-mounted machine.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Advantages/disadvantages of the tine seeder according to Antoine:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Perturbe moins la terre, ce qui entraîne donc &#039;&#039;&#039;moins relevés d&#039;adventice&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;More precise&#039;&#039; and no risk of clogging in well-developed canopies.&lt;br /&gt;
* Less favourable to slugs, as it doesn&#039;t leave the furrows they use as a highway.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The disc seeder ===&lt;br /&gt;
[Fichier:Semoir à disques chedru.jpg|vignette|Semoir à disques des Chedru]]&lt;br /&gt;
*It was purchased secondhand for €25,000.&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
*It is used for &#039;&#039;&#039;sowing wheat and flax under plant cover&#039;&#039; ([[Clover|clover]] or [[legumes]]).&lt;br /&gt;
*The tractor is equipped with a ballasted Rolofaca (2.8 T for 4.5 m width) to lay down the canopy.&lt;br /&gt;
*The discs have a 12 mm opening. They are positioned 15 cm apart, which is &#039;&#039;ideal for sowing flax&#039;&#039;, the region&#039;s flagship crop.&lt;br /&gt;
*Pinches the straw at the bottom of the furrow, greatly disrupting emergence.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== RTK self-guidance system - working comfort ===&lt;br /&gt;
*The [[RTK]] system costs €15,000 per tractor for plot mapping. It can then be used &#039;&#039;&#039;for all tractors&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Other equipment ===&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Beet drill&#039;&#039;&#039; shared with a neighbor.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;CUMA harvesting equipment&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Strip-till&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Economics==&lt;br /&gt;
Antoine and Guillaume are lucid about their system: &amp;quot;With ploughing, we might have better yields. But it&#039;s the margin and not the turnover that we&#039;re looking for&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
!Rapeseed&lt;br /&gt;
Durum wheat&lt;br /&gt;
!Beetroot&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Product&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;2 812 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;2 915 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;3 960 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Seeds&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|161 €&lt;br /&gt;
|378 €&lt;br /&gt;
|288 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Fertilizers&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|717 €&lt;br /&gt;
|424 €&lt;br /&gt;
|382 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Oligos&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|15 €&lt;br /&gt;
|36 €&lt;br /&gt;
|32 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Phytos&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|67 €&lt;br /&gt;
|99 €&lt;br /&gt;
|183 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Mechanization&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|53 €&lt;br /&gt;
|50 €&lt;br /&gt;
|75 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Irrigation&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Gross margin 2022&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;1 800 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;1 927 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;3 000 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#economic_charts:&lt;br /&gt;
 title=Accounting Antoine Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
 | Semences et plants 2022 = 27200&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fertilisation 2022 = 44480&lt;br /&gt;
 | Produits de traitements 2022 = 37440&lt;br /&gt;
 | Travaux par tiers 2022 = 9600&lt;br /&gt;
 | Carburant 2022 = 10560&lt;br /&gt;
 | Entretien matériel 2022 = 19200&lt;br /&gt;
 | Eau, gaz, électricité 2022 = 9000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Frais de gestion 2022 = 98000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fermage 2022 = 39680&lt;br /&gt;
 | Assurances 2022 = 17920&lt;br /&gt;
 | Autres 2022 = 85000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Salariés 2022 = 20000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Vente de produits végétaux 2022 = 598000&lt;br /&gt;
 | DPU, DPB 2022 = 60000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Aide à la certification 2022 = 3000&lt;br /&gt;
 | EBE total 2022 = 242920}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Inputs have increased enormously: nitrogen, phosphorus, potash and all the trace elements and phyto products.&lt;br /&gt;
* The dryer consumes a lot of energy.&lt;br /&gt;
* For fuel: in the accounting documents, you need to know that the services provided by other farmers, Guillaume and Antoine, do not exceed 50 and 60L/ha.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Marketing==&lt;br /&gt;
Guillaume and Antoine used to deliver everything to storage organizations. Now they &amp;quot;alternate between a few forward sales cooperatives&amp;quot; and a little direct selling. They keep a constant eye on market prices. The most important thing is to &#039;&#039;&#039;know your production costs, and then you can define a sales strategy&#039;&#039;.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!Culture&lt;br /&gt;
! Customer&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Lin&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Agylin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Beans&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Cover + trader&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Peas&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Covered + dealer&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Corn&lt;br /&gt;
|Direct sale to a farmer&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Bâtiment de stockage Chedru.png|thumb|Bâtiment de stockage des Chedru.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Storage==&lt;br /&gt;
They &#039;&#039;&#039;store 100% of their crops&#039;&#039;&#039; thanks to the&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;adaptation of former livestock buildings&#039;&#039;&#039; present on the farm with :&lt;br /&gt;
* Adapted ventilation.&lt;br /&gt;
* Flat storage on level platforms.&lt;br /&gt;
* A dryer to dry crops that are too wet.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== 2022 Economic, social and environmental report ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Economical review &lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;EBE/UTH&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:250000},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;EBE/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Subventions/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Annuités/EBE (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Charges/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[194336,41,10,34,70],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[159000,43,13,3,84],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Moyenne&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true},&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Social Review&lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Comfort at work&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Economical satisfaction&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Social satisfaction &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cooperation&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Quality of life &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[8,10,10,7,10],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Environmental review &lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Tx de MO &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:3},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Couverture du sol (j/an)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:365},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Tillage index (tilled area x aggressiveness coefficient x depth)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:5},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;SIE/SAU&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:1},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Crop diversity (number of crops in rotation)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:15}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[2.8,340,1.18425,0.0375,6],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[2.46,0,0,0,0],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Moyenne&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true},&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Level of comfort at work, taking into account physical or mental hardship&#039;&#039;: 8/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Economic satisfaction&#039;&#039;: 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Daily work satisfaction, feeling of being surrounded in one&#039;s work&#039;&#039;: 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Cooperation with other local players, mutual aid&#039;&#039;: 7/10&lt;br /&gt;
* Living environment: 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
* Percentage of Organic matter: 2.8&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Soil coverage (days/year)&#039;&#039;&#039; :340 days&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Tillage index (tilled area x aggressiveness coefficient x depth)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 1.2 i(l was calculated on two technical itineraries, rapeseed and beet)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;SIE/SAU &#039;&#039;&#039;: 0.04&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Crop diversity (number of crops in the rotation, excluding cover crops)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 6&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039; EBE/UTH&#039;&#039;&#039;: 194,336 (e)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;EBE/CA (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 41&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Subsidies/Sales (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Annuities/EBIT (%)&#039;&#039;: 34&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Expenses/Sales (%)&#039;&#039;: 70 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Working hours are difficult to estimate. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Source: Moyennes régionales Agreste/Rica (Réseau d&#039;Information Comptable Agricole) 2021&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Tips for getting started==&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Start with simplified seeding and gradually increase OM levels:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;If you don&#039;t have good natural porosity and a good level of organic matter, you won&#039;t be able to do without tillage. You have to start by creating a soil in the first years of transition. It&#039;s a long-term job.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Surround yourself:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; Antoine felt isolated in the experimental approach he embarked upon (at the start there were five of them in the department, and all the organizations in the sector were telling them they were heading straight for disaster). They got a lot of help from Jean-François Aubry and through exchanges on internet forums, but above all through group work. It was very hard to get off the beaten track, to face up to the scrutiny and pressure exerted by other farmers who don&#039;t question their model. Antoine is therefore grateful to be part of a group of 15 somewhat original farmers, for whom any idea has the merit of being tried out, and who are constantly open-minded.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Integrating the agricultural sector into the transition:&#039;&#039;&#039; A group can&#039;t change everything on its own either: Sol en Caux has therefore integrated the entire upstream and downstream agricultural sector (cooperatives, storage organizations, technicians, management bodies, etc.).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* When you have a &#039;&#039;global approach&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;take care of the soil&#039;&#039;, you open up &#039;&#039;exceptional horizons&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vidéo==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mr7myhuhRYQ}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Sources==&lt;br /&gt;
* Visit to the Ferme de Longueuil on 07/11/2023.&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Decompacting a no-till soil, Guillaume Chedru|Decompacting a no-till soil, Guillaume Chedru]].&lt;br /&gt;
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7P-yJtKCLDM Tour de plaine #5: Gestion d&#039;un système grandes cultures pour réduire les charges et protéger le sol] (Youtube - AgroLeague).&lt;br /&gt;
* Regional averages Agreste/Rica (Réseau d&#039;Information Comptable Agricole) 2021.&lt;br /&gt;
* GisSol.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Angeline Almeida (2044552287)</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Longueil%27s_Farm&amp;diff=4368</id>
		<title>Longueil&#039;s Farm</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Longueil%27s_Farm&amp;diff=4368"/>
		<updated>2024-05-14T08:32:16Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Angeline Almeida (2044552287): &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Portrait de ferme&lt;br /&gt;
| Nom de l&#039;exploitation = Ferme de Longueil &lt;br /&gt;
| Sous-titre = Living soil and industrial crops&lt;br /&gt;
| Bannière = Bannière Ferme de Longueuil.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| Logo = &lt;br /&gt;
| Photo de l&#039;agriculteur = Guillaume et Antoine Chedru 2023.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| URL = &lt;br /&gt;
| Nom de l&#039;agriculteur = Guillaume et Antoine Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
| Organisme = Ver de Terre Production&lt;br /&gt;
| Date de mise en œuvre = 1995&lt;br /&gt;
| Département = Seine-Maritime (département)&lt;br /&gt;
| Adresse = Goderville, 76110&lt;br /&gt;
| Latitude = 49.650236&lt;br /&gt;
| Longitude = 0.362893&lt;br /&gt;
| Objectif = Agronomie des sols vivants&lt;br /&gt;
| Type de production = Grandes cultures&lt;br /&gt;
| SAU = 160&lt;br /&gt;
| UTH = 1,25&lt;br /&gt;
| Cahier des charges = HVE3&lt;br /&gt;
| pH = Neutral soil&lt;br /&gt;
| Texture du sol = Silty-clay&lt;br /&gt;
| Description de sol = Loamy loam&lt;br /&gt;
| Cultures = Linen@ Beet@ Wheat@ Rapeseed@ &lt;br /&gt;
| Autres caractéristiques = Activité biologique des sols&lt;br /&gt;
| Photo d&#039;illustration = Inondation route gouville.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| ImageCaption = Road flooding in Goderville&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 1 = Sols vivants&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 2 = Semis direct&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 3 = TCS&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 4 = Couverts végétaux&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 5 = Sol en Caux&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1988, Antoine Chedru set up the family farm in the Pays de Caux region with his brother and father, as partners in a mixed farming (dairy) system that has since evolved considerably.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The very wet winters of 1993 and 1994 triggered a great deal of erosion in their conventional plots of loamy soil. Following this, Jean-François Ouvry (AREAS) raised awareness of the problem, noting that tillage amplified the erosion phenomenon. This prompted the farm team to completely revise their technical itinerary and even build their own equipment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since setting up, Antoine, and now his son Guillaume, &#039;&#039;are fully committed to an agroecological approach&#039;&#039; in the sense that they work on a system-wide scale, actively seeking to work with and not against natural ecosystems.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, the system change did not happen with a snap of the fingers, but in an incremental way, punctuated by mistakes and uncertainties, supported by a dynamic of experimentation and local working groups.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Special features of the farm==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Reduced tillage with [[Direct seeding|SD]] (direct seeding) + [[Simplified cultivation techniques (TCS)|TCS]] (simplified cultivation techniques) + [[Plant cover crops]] and [[Field crop associations|companion plants]].&lt;br /&gt;
*Beet using [[strip-till]] without insecticides.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Self-build strip-till for successful rapeseed establishment|Self-build]].&lt;br /&gt;
*Development of [[biocontrol]] solutions such as [[Stimulation of plants&#039; natural defenses with fermented nettle extracts|fermented nettle extracts]], [[comfrey]], [[Garlic and garlic-based products for sustainable agriculture|garlic maceration]] and development of [[Effective microorganisms (EM)|effective microorganisms (EM)]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Contextual data==&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Farm name&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Ferme de Longueil&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Location&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Goderville, Seine-Maritime (76)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;SAU&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|160 ha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;UTH&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|1.25 (Antoine Chedru full-time and Guillaume 25%)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Crops&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Beet, wheat, flax, rapeseed&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Labels&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|[[High environmental value|HVE 3]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Groups&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Sol en Caux&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Land context ===&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;Soil texture&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Silt|Loam]] loam, 60% loam&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;OM content at planting (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|1,7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Last MO rate&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
lab test (year n)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|2.8 (2023 analysis)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Soil PH 2020 (year n)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Bearing capacity, structure...&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| No rotary tillage, no plough tillage&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Good bearing capacity, improved by plant cover crops&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Earthworms per m²&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|110 &lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Local climate data===&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
!&#039;&#039;&#039;Local data&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
!&#039;&#039;&#039;National data&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Annual rainfall&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;average&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;Around 1200 mm per year&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
(average 161 mm/month)&lt;br /&gt;
|155 mm/month&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;T°max moyenne&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|38&lt;br /&gt;
|29&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;T°min moyenne&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;-4.7&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2,7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;First frost&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;usually&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;December when there is&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Type of climate&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Oceanic&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Source: Météo France&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transition stages==&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;1995 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Stopped ploughing and switched to simplified tillage (TCS) with the farm&#039;s existing equipment. &#039;&#039;&#039;From this date on&#039;&#039;&#039;, with significant rainfall of 1000 to 1200 mm per year, &#039;&#039;&#039;Antoine no longer observed any erosion in his plots&#039;&#039;&#039;. He explains that the reason they switched to TCS was that the soil was not yet ready to &amp;quot;take care of itself&amp;quot;. So they made a few deep passes with a stubble cultivator to &amp;quot;build up a structure conducive to root development&amp;quot;. As the level of [[Organic Matter|Organic Matter (OM)]] increased, the working depth decreased (first from 20 to 15 cm, then 10 cm).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;2000:&#039;&#039;&#039; Antoine&#039;s brother leaves the farm, and an employee is hired to replace him.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2010 :&#039;&#039;&#039; They test strip-till beets.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2012 :&#039;&#039;&#039; End of dairy herd.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Winter 2012-2013:&#039;&#039;&#039; Warning from the water agency following major mudslides on the roads and turbidity problems in the area. This is when most of the crops are planted using [[direct seeding]].&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2013&#039;&#039;&#039;: Creation of &amp;quot;[https://agriculture.gouv.fr/produire-autrement-sol-en-caux-lutte-contre-lerosion-des-sols Sol en Caux]&amp;quot;: emergence at last of a welded group at department level (15 farmers in the area).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2015 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Beginning of the implementation of [[Macerations: principles &amp;amp; recipes, by Stéphane Billotte|plant macerations]] as an alternative to fungicides and the spreading of [[Bois raméal fragmenté|BRF]] (Bois Raméal Fragmenté).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2016 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Stop using insecticides.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2019 :&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; 800mm of water in autumn, beginning of cracking trials due to crop loss caused by the fact that in Seine-Maritime, soils are generally made up of fine silts with a little [[clay]] (12% clay and 70% silts) which naturally take up mass. This phenomenon induces water stagnation, despite the fact that the farm was already in SD for rapeseed and wheat, and that tillage was very shallow for spring crops (which partly solved hydromorphic problems).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Effects of new practices===&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;Stop mudflows and floods&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;&#039;Hydromorphic management&#039;&#039; and more &#039;&#039;&#039;microporosity&#039;&#039;&#039; in the soil.&lt;br /&gt;
*Growing potatoes by direct seeding, with Sol en Caux |&#039;&#039;&#039;Gain in soil fertility&#039;&#039;&#039;]] (OM has improved by 1 percentage point since the change in practices): &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;I find that since we&#039;ve been working with a simplified seeding system, or even direct seeding, the soil&#039;s bearing capacity has improved considerably and, despite the rain, we&#039;re able to plant in excellent conditions because the organic matter level has risen and the soil is in much better health.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Cost savings:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; Today, the farm&#039;s biggest expense is the harvester.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;SD practices are favorable to the development of [[:Category:Slug|slugs]] and [[:Category:Vole|voles]]&#039;&#039;&#039;. Antoine therefore uses a [[[straw harrow]]&#039;&#039; after harvest, to expose slug eggs to the sun. He also uses [https://ephy.anses.fr/ppp/sluxx-hp &#039;&#039;&#039;Sluxx&#039;&#039;&#039;] (Molluscicide) as a preventive measure, up to 15 days before sowing. For voles, he relies on &#039;&#039;natural predators&#039;&#039;, which he encourages with perches in the plots, as well as on the &#039;&#039;tillage&#039;&#039; he has maintained for certain crops (beet and flax).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Effect of trials with companion plants / maceration, cumulated with the cessation of insecticides on pest pressure:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; A Berlèse test was carried out in December 2021 to see the effect of stopping insecticides in rapeseed associated with [[faba bean]]. The result was &#039;&#039;&#039;0.6 [[:Category:Flea beetle| flea beetle]]/foot larvae&#039;&#039;&#039;, on a plot with 2.8 to 3% OM. A robust rapeseed that emerges more quickly from winter means that flea beetle larvae stay in the petiole and don&#039;t do as much damage to the stems.&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;quot;&#039;Since we&#039;ve been working with a semi-simplified system, or even direct seeding, the soil&#039;s &#039;&#039;bearing capacity&#039;&#039; has improved considerably, and despite the rain, we&#039;re able to sow in excellent conditions, as the organic matter level has risen and the soil is in much better health.&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;gallery mode=&amp;quot;slideshow&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
File:Analyse Celasta lab chedru 2015 page-0002.jpg|Celestalab 2015 soil analysis at Longeuil farm. Total OM = 2.27. There is a high proportion of stable OM (1.97) but little rapid OM (0.33).&lt;br /&gt;
File:Analyse Celestalab 2020 à la ferme de Longeuil.jpg|Celestalab 2020 soil analysis. OM rises to 2.8 and free OM has increased significantly since RCW was added.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Objectives===&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;The objective is to continue doing a good job. To develop organic matter and have a self-fertilizing system, we need to &#039;&#039;&#039;perpetuate&#039;&#039;&#039; it because it can change overnight.&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*Develop other crops like [[hemp]] at the same time as flax. It&#039;s complicated because of the vagaries of the weather.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Crop monitoring: rotation and technical itineraries===&lt;br /&gt;
=== Crop rotation ===&lt;br /&gt;
On installation: wheat, rapeseed, fibre flax (peas or corn could also be grown, but at an additional cost).  Since then, there has been a &#039;&#039;lengthening&#039;&#039; of the rotations and a diversification of crops, which has the merit of improving [[rye grass]] and [[Vulpin des champs|vulpin]] concerns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The reasons for this choice of crop rotation combine agronomy, management and economics (flax, the region&#039;s leading crop, faba beans, economically profitable beet).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Assolement 2022 Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
| width=100%&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;tooltip&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;treemap&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;roam&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;borderWidth&amp;quot;:0,&amp;quot;gapWidth&amp;quot;:2},&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Assolement 2022 Chedru&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cultures de vente&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;children&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;wheat&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:76,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;rapeseed&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:32,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;beets&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:12,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;fibre flax &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:28,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;faba beans &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:15,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} }],&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#ffe599&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;fontColor&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;SIE&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;children&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;meadows &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:6.5,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} }],&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#b6d7a8&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;fontColor&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Rotation features ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts: title=Rotation type Chedru | width=100% | height=400px  | json = Ferme de Longueil/Rotation type Chedru.json }}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Use of companion plants ====&lt;br /&gt;
* Bean for rapeseed (lure effect against flea beetles).&lt;br /&gt;
* Barley for wheat and beet.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== External OM input ====&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to crop cover and straw residues, there is a &#039;&#039;&#039;contribution of [[Rameal fragmented wood|BRF]] without incorporation&#039;&#039;&#039; (this conserves surface oxygen) after flax, &#039;&#039;&#039;about 10t/ha.&#039;&#039;&#039; This input will take between &#039;&#039;2 and 3 years to be completely decomposed&#039;&#039; (RCW must not be found in the flax slicks). They then sow the wheat directly into the RCW. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This contribution does not have a direct impact on the crop, but it increases the stable OM content with C/N levels below 50, so that it can be degraded into humus. ([[Ferme de Longueil#Effet constaté des nouvelles pratiques|cf. analyses de sol Celesta lab]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Use of starter fertilizers ====&lt;br /&gt;
Use of starter fertilizer&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; at sowing to anticipate the lack of mineralization that can occur in SD.&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Use of fermented extracts ====&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Use [[Stimulation of plants&#039; natural defenses with fermented nettle extracts|fermented nettle extracts]], [[comfrey]], [[Garlic and garlic products for sustainable agriculture|garlic maceration]].&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4LzgFBkjS-8}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Nettle is a silica-rich plant that thickens the cuticle of wheat and beet leaves, making them more resistant to bio-aggressors. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Garlic is an excellent insect repellent. Flax is a crop often attacked by flea beetles, so after sowing, when the flax is 2-3 cm tall, Antoine and Guillaume apply garlic maceration. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This allows them to stop using insecticides on the farm&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Cover crops ====&lt;br /&gt;
Plant cover crops are used in rotation for several reasons:&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Important nitrogen contribution&#039;&#039; to the crops that follow (between 20 and 40 units of nitrogen/ha, for example, for the cover crop preceding beet. Faba bean as a rapeseed companion plant can also fix 20 U of nitrogen resituated to the rapeseed at the end of winter, and can even be beneficial to the wheat crop that follows, thanks to the mineralization process), also generating fertilizer savings.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Apport conséquent de biomasse&#039;&#039;&#039; (minimum 250 pieds à l&#039;ha, pensé grâce à la [[Méthode Merci|méthode MERCI]] courant décembre) après un gel et un passage du [[Rouleau FACA|Rolofaca,]] quand le couvert est en fleur théoriquement. Except that in our region, the canopy is quickly in flower and it&#039;s still too early to destroy it. The aim is for it to decompose before the spring crop. Herbicides are not normally needed for its destruction (just for the following crop, to manage [[Ray-grass|ray grass]]/[[Vulpin des champs|vulpin]]).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Soil drainage&#039;&#039;&#039; thanks to their root structure.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Break the grass cycle&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Their cost:&#039;&#039;&#039; Approximately 70€ per ha.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Reducing tillage on industrial crops ====&lt;br /&gt;
Although Guillaume and Antoine are adepts of direct seeding, they recognize that it is a system with its limits: &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;we can hardly do without tillage for crops such as [[potato]], beet, flax&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; in particular to warm up the soil, level out boar holes, mounds created by moles, and so on. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The guiding principle was to ask what they could do, during the long rotation, to &#039;&#039;build up the soil more than we deconstruct it&#039;&#039; after a penalizing crop like beet.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For beet, a few days before planting, &amp;quot;they work the soil to a depth of 3 cm&amp;quot; with a &amp;quot;rolling spade&amp;quot; tool, then &amp;quot;they restructure the soil with a strip-till which allows them to work a 10 cm row every 50 cm, to a depth of 12 cm&amp;quot;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A few days later, they refine the line with a &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Strawberry - animated harrow|strawberry]]&#039;&#039;&#039;, which &#039;&#039;&#039;precedes the beet drill&#039;&#039;&#039;. {{Image centered | ITK beet chedru 2022.png | ITK beet 2022}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Fiber flax, which is very sensitive to compaction and requires particularly well-levelled soil, also benefits from shallow tillage. Knowing that these two crops are the ones that destructure the soil the most, Guillaume and Antoine try to space them further apart and lengthen the rotation to give the soil time to rest.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Couvert végétal chedru.jpg|vignette|Green cover at the Longeuil farm.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Biodiversity focus on the farm==&lt;br /&gt;
There are twelve beehives on the farm (belonging to the President of the Seine-Maritime Departmental Council), so they want to avoid mortality, a parameter that has motivated the reduction in phytosanitary products and zero insecticides.    &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;You have to feed them all the time. They feed in spring, when faba beans, peas and colza blossom. Cover crops based on peas, sunflowers and faba beans help them get through the winter&amp;quot;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Focus on autonomy==&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Seed self-sufficient crops&#039;&#039;&#039;: Wheat, fababeans (also exchange seeds, e.g. fababeans for sunflower).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Crops with purchased seed&#039;&#039;&#039;: Beetroot, rapeseed.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Overall self-sufficiency&#039;&#039;&#039;: Self-build workshop for machinery (especially seeders), straw/manure exchange, dryer and storage area on the farm, branches and green waste brought in by the waste disposal center and neighbors.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Equipment: disc seed drill AND tine seed drill==&lt;br /&gt;
The farm is well equipped in terms of equipment, because in a very rainy region, the window of opportunity for seeding is quite short. Guillaume and Antoine alternate between two seed drills: one with discs and one with tines: &lt;br /&gt;
{{Article détaillé|Choisir son semoir de semis direct à dents ou à disques}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VsBHpeMMsTQ}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The tine seeder ===&lt;br /&gt;
Self-built. Total investment is €30,000. Commercially available equipment would cost around €100,000.&lt;br /&gt;
* The tool is &#039;&#039;6 m wide&#039;&#039; and has &#039;&#039;&#039;20 elements spaced 30cm apart&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;3 depth levels&#039;&#039;: A single pass can perform 3 different operations (in particular, they have added a micro fertilizer for localized fertilization in the furrow).&lt;br /&gt;
* Sowing: Suitable for large and small seeds (cover crops, rapeseed).&lt;br /&gt;
* With the aim of &amp;quot;disturbing the soil as little as possible&amp;quot;, the tool runs at a maximum speed of 7 km/h.&lt;br /&gt;
* Particular attention is also paid to low tire pressure.&lt;br /&gt;
* The work rate is &#039;&#039;4 ha/h&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* The seed drill is mounted, and weighs 3.5 tons, which means that it requires more power and lift than a semi-mounted machine.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Advantages/disadvantages of the tine seeder according to Antoine:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Perturbe moins la terre, ce qui entraîne donc &#039;&#039;&#039;moins relevés d&#039;adventice&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;More precise&#039;&#039; and no risk of clogging in well-developed canopies.&lt;br /&gt;
* Less favourable to slugs, as it doesn&#039;t leave the furrows they use as a highway.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The disc seeder ===&lt;br /&gt;
[Fichier:Semoir à disques chedru.jpg|vignette|Semoir à disques des Chedru]]&lt;br /&gt;
*It was purchased secondhand for €25,000.&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
*It is used for &#039;&#039;&#039;sowing wheat and flax under plant cover&#039;&#039; ([[Clover|clover]] or [[legumes]]).&lt;br /&gt;
*The tractor is equipped with a ballasted Rolofaca (2.8 T for 4.5 m width) to lay down the canopy.&lt;br /&gt;
*The discs have a 12 mm opening. They are positioned 15 cm apart, which is &#039;&#039;ideal for sowing flax&#039;&#039;, the region&#039;s flagship crop.&lt;br /&gt;
*Pinches the straw at the bottom of the furrow, greatly disrupting emergence.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== RTK self-guidance system - working comfort ===&lt;br /&gt;
*The [[RTK]] system costs €15,000 per tractor for plot mapping. It can then be used &#039;&#039;&#039;for all tractors&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Other equipment ===&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Beet drill&#039;&#039;&#039; shared with a neighbor.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;CUMA harvesting equipment&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Strip-till&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Economics==&lt;br /&gt;
Antoine and Guillaume are lucid about their system: &amp;quot;With ploughing, we might have better yields. But it&#039;s the margin and not the turnover that we&#039;re looking for&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
!Rapeseed&lt;br /&gt;
Durum wheat&lt;br /&gt;
!Beetroot&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Product&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;2 812 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;2 915 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;3 960 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Seeds&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|161 €&lt;br /&gt;
|378 €&lt;br /&gt;
|288 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Fertilizers&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|717 €&lt;br /&gt;
|424 €&lt;br /&gt;
|382 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Oligos&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|15 €&lt;br /&gt;
|36 €&lt;br /&gt;
|32 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Phytos&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|67 €&lt;br /&gt;
|99 €&lt;br /&gt;
|183 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Mechanization&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|53 €&lt;br /&gt;
|50 €&lt;br /&gt;
|75 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Irrigation&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Gross margin 2022&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;1 800 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;1 927 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;3 000 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#economic_charts:&lt;br /&gt;
 title=Accounting Antoine Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
 | Semences et plants 2022 = 27200&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fertilisation 2022 = 44480&lt;br /&gt;
 | Produits de traitements 2022 = 37440&lt;br /&gt;
 | Travaux par tiers 2022 = 9600&lt;br /&gt;
 | Carburant 2022 = 10560&lt;br /&gt;
 | Entretien matériel 2022 = 19200&lt;br /&gt;
 | Eau, gaz, électricité 2022 = 9000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Frais de gestion 2022 = 98000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fermage 2022 = 39680&lt;br /&gt;
 | Assurances 2022 = 17920&lt;br /&gt;
 | Autres 2022 = 85000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Salariés 2022 = 20000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Vente de produits végétaux 2022 = 598000&lt;br /&gt;
 | DPU, DPB 2022 = 60000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Aide à la certification 2022 = 3000&lt;br /&gt;
 | EBE total 2022 = 242920}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Inputs have increased enormously: nitrogen, phosphorus, potash and all the trace elements and phyto products.&lt;br /&gt;
* The dryer consumes a lot of energy.&lt;br /&gt;
* For fuel: in the accounting documents, you need to know that the services provided by other farmers, Guillaume and Antoine, do not exceed 50 and 60L/ha.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Marketing==&lt;br /&gt;
Guillaume and Antoine used to deliver everything to storage organizations. Now they &amp;quot;alternate between a few forward sales cooperatives&amp;quot; and a little direct selling. They keep a constant eye on market prices. The most important thing is to &#039;&#039;&#039;know your production costs, and then you can define a sales strategy&#039;&#039;.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!Culture&lt;br /&gt;
! Customer&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Lin&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Agylin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Beans&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Cover + trader&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Peas&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Covered + dealer&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Corn&lt;br /&gt;
|Direct sale to a farmer&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Bâtiment de stockage Chedru.png|thumb|Bâtiment de stockage des Chedru.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Storage==&lt;br /&gt;
They &#039;&#039;&#039;store 100% of their crops&#039;&#039;&#039; thanks to the&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;adaptation of former livestock buildings&#039;&#039;&#039; present on the farm with :&lt;br /&gt;
* Adapted ventilation.&lt;br /&gt;
* Flat storage on level platforms.&lt;br /&gt;
* A dryer to dry crops that are too wet.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== 2022 Economic, social and environmental report ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Economical review &lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;EBE/UTH&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:250000},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;EBE/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Subventions/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Annuités/EBE (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Charges/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[194336,41,10,34,70],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[159000,43,13,3,84],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Moyenne&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true},&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Social Review&lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Comfort at work&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Economical satisfaction&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Social satisfaction &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cooperation&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Quality of life &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[8,10,10,7,10],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Environmental review &lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Tx de MO &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:3},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Couverture du sol (j/an)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:365},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Tillage index (tilled area x aggressiveness coefficient x depth)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:5},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;SIE/SAU&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:1},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Crop diversity (number of crops in rotation)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:15}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[2.8,340,1.18425,0.0375,6],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[2.46,0,0,0,0],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Moyenne&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true},&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Level of comfort at work, taking into account physical or mental hardship&#039;&#039;: 8/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Economic satisfaction&#039;&#039;: 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Daily work satisfaction, feeling of being surrounded in one&#039;s work&#039;&#039;: 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Cooperation with other local players, mutual aid&#039;&#039;: 7/10&lt;br /&gt;
* Living environment: 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
* Percentage of Organic matter: 2.8&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Soil coverage (days/year)&#039;&#039;&#039; :340 days&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Tillage index (tilled area x aggressiveness coefficient x depth)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 1.2 i(l was calculated on two technical itineraries, rapeseed and beet)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;SIE/SAU &#039;&#039;&#039;: 0.04&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Crop diversity (number of crops in the rotation, excluding cover crops)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 6&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039; EBE/UTH&#039;&#039;&#039;: 194,336 (e)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;EBE/CA (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 41&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Subsidies/Sales (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Annuities/EBIT (%)&#039;&#039;: 34&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Expenses/Sales (%)&#039;&#039;: 70 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Working hours are difficult to estimate. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Source: Moyennes régionales Agreste/Rica (Réseau d&#039;Information Comptable Agricole) 2021&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Tips for getting started==&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Start with simplified seeding and gradually increase OM levels:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;If you don&#039;t have good natural porosity and a good level of organic matter, you won&#039;t be able to do without tillage. You have to start by creating a soil in the first years of transition. It&#039;s a long-term job.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Surround yourself:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; Antoine felt isolated in the experimental approach he embarked upon (at the start there were five of them in the department, and all the organizations in the sector were telling them they were heading straight for disaster). They got a lot of help from Jean-François Aubry and through exchanges on internet forums, but above all through group work. It was very hard to get off the beaten track, to face up to the scrutiny and pressure exerted by other farmers who don&#039;t question their model. Antoine is therefore grateful to be part of a group of 15 somewhat original farmers, for whom any idea has the merit of being tried out, and who are constantly open-minded.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Integrating the agricultural sector into the transition:&#039;&#039;&#039; A group can&#039;t change everything on its own either: Sol en Caux has therefore integrated the entire upstream and downstream agricultural sector (cooperatives, storage organizations, technicians, management bodies, etc.).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* When you have a &#039;&#039;global approach&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;take care of the soil&#039;&#039;, you open up &#039;&#039;exceptional horizons&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vidéo==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mr7myhuhRYQ}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Sources==&lt;br /&gt;
* Visit to the Ferme de Longueuil on 07/11/2023.&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Decompacting a no-till soil, Guillaume Chedru|Decompacting a no-till soil, Guillaume Chedru]].&lt;br /&gt;
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7P-yJtKCLDM Tour de plaine #5: Gestion d&#039;un système grandes cultures pour réduire les charges et protéger le sol] (Youtube - AgroLeague).&lt;br /&gt;
* Regional averages Agreste/Rica (Réseau d&#039;Information Comptable Agricole) 2021.&lt;br /&gt;
* GisSol.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Angeline Almeida (2044552287)</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Longueil%27s_Farm&amp;diff=4367</id>
		<title>Longueil&#039;s Farm</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Longueil%27s_Farm&amp;diff=4367"/>
		<updated>2024-05-14T08:29:17Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Angeline Almeida (2044552287): &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Portrait de ferme&lt;br /&gt;
| Nom de l&#039;exploitation = Ferme de Longueil &lt;br /&gt;
| Sous-titre = Living soil and industrial crops&lt;br /&gt;
| Bannière = Bannière Ferme de Longueuil.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| Logo = &lt;br /&gt;
| Photo de l&#039;agriculteur = Guillaume et Antoine Chedru 2023.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| URL = &lt;br /&gt;
| Nom de l&#039;agriculteur = Guillaume et Antoine Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
| Organisme = Ver de Terre Production&lt;br /&gt;
| Date de mise en œuvre = 1995&lt;br /&gt;
| Département = Seine-Maritime (département)&lt;br /&gt;
| Adresse = Goderville, 76110&lt;br /&gt;
| Latitude = 49.650236&lt;br /&gt;
| Longitude = 0.362893&lt;br /&gt;
| Objectif = Agronomie des sols vivants&lt;br /&gt;
| Type de production = Grandes cultures&lt;br /&gt;
| SAU = 160&lt;br /&gt;
| UTH = 1,25&lt;br /&gt;
| Cahier des charges = HVE3&lt;br /&gt;
| pH = Neutral soil&lt;br /&gt;
| Texture du sol = Silty-clay&lt;br /&gt;
| Description de sol = Loamy loam&lt;br /&gt;
| Cultures = Linen@ Beet@ Wheat@ Rapeseed@ &lt;br /&gt;
| Autres caractéristiques = Activité biologique des sols&lt;br /&gt;
| Photo d&#039;illustration = Inondation route gouville.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| ImageCaption = Road flooding in Goderville&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 1 = Sols vivants&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 2 = Semis direct&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 3 = TCS&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 4 = Couverts végétaux&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 5 = Sol en Caux&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1988, Antoine Chedru set up the family farm in the Pays de Caux region with his brother and father, as partners in a mixed farming (dairy) system that has since evolved considerably.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The very wet winters of 1993 and 1994 triggered a great deal of erosion in their conventional plots of loamy soil. Following this, Jean-François Ouvry (AREAS) raised awareness of the problem, noting that tillage amplified the erosion phenomenon. This prompted the farm team to completely revise their technical itinerary and even build their own equipment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since setting up, Antoine, and now his son Guillaume, &#039;&#039;are fully committed to an agroecological approach&#039;&#039; in the sense that they work on a system-wide scale, actively seeking to work with and not against natural ecosystems.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, the system change did not happen with a snap of the fingers, but in an incremental way, punctuated by mistakes and uncertainties, supported by a dynamic of experimentation and local working groups.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Special features of the farm==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Reduced tillage with [[Direct seeding|SD]] (direct seeding) + [[Simplified cultivation techniques (TCS)|TCS]] (simplified cultivation techniques) + [[Plant cover crops]] and [[Field crop associations|companion plants]].&lt;br /&gt;
*Beet using [[strip-till]] without insecticides.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Self-build strip-till for successful rapeseed establishment|Self-build]].&lt;br /&gt;
*Development of [[biocontrol]] solutions such as [[Stimulation of plants&#039; natural defenses with fermented nettle extracts|fermented nettle extracts]], [[comfrey]], [[Garlic and garlic-based products for sustainable agriculture|garlic maceration]] and development of [[Effective microorganisms (EM)|effective microorganisms (EM)]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Contextual data==&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Farm name&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Ferme de Longueil&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Location&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Goderville, Seine-Maritime (76)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;SAU&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|160 ha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;UTH&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|1.25 (Antoine Chedru full-time and Guillaume 25%)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Crops&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Beet, wheat, flax, rapeseed&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Labels&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|[[High environmental value|HVE 3]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Groups&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Sol en Caux&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Land context ===&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;Soil texture&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Silt|Loam]] loam, 60% loam&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;OM content at planting (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|1,7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Last MO rate&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
lab test (year n)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|2.8 (2023 analysis)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Soil PH 2020 (year n)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Bearing capacity, structure...&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| No rotary tillage, no plough tillage&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Good bearing capacity, improved by plant cover crops&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Earthworms per m²&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|110 &lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Local climate data===&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
!&#039;&#039;&#039;Local data&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
!&#039;&#039;&#039;National data&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Annual rainfall&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;average&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;Around 1200 mm per year&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
(average 161 mm/month)&lt;br /&gt;
|155 mm/month&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;T°max moyenne&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|38&lt;br /&gt;
|29&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;T°min moyenne&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;-4.7&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2,7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;First frost&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;usually&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;December when there is&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Type of climate&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Oceanic&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Source: Météo France&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transition stages==&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;1995 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Stopped ploughing and switched to simplified tillage (TCS) with the farm&#039;s existing equipment. &#039;&#039;&#039;From this date on&#039;&#039;&#039;, with significant rainfall of 1000 to 1200 mm per year, &#039;&#039;&#039;Antoine no longer observed any erosion in his plots&#039;&#039;&#039;. He explains that the reason they switched to TCS was that the soil was not yet ready to &amp;quot;take care of itself&amp;quot;. So they made a few deep passes with a stubble cultivator to &amp;quot;build up a structure conducive to root development&amp;quot;. As the level of [[Organic Matter|Organic Matter (OM)]] increased, the working depth decreased (first from 20 to 15 cm, then 10 cm).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;2000:&#039;&#039;&#039; Antoine&#039;s brother leaves the farm, and an employee is hired to replace him.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2010 :&#039;&#039;&#039; They test strip-till beets.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2012 :&#039;&#039;&#039; End of dairy herd.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Winter 2012-2013:&#039;&#039;&#039; Warning from the water agency following major mudslides on the roads and turbidity problems in the area. This is when most of the crops are planted using [[direct seeding]].&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2013&#039;&#039;&#039;: Creation of &amp;quot;[https://agriculture.gouv.fr/produire-autrement-sol-en-caux-lutte-contre-lerosion-des-sols Sol en Caux]&amp;quot;: emergence at last of a welded group at department level (15 farmers in the area).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2015 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Beginning of the implementation of [[Macerations: principles &amp;amp; recipes, by Stéphane Billotte|plant macerations]] as an alternative to fungicides and the spreading of [[Bois raméal fragmenté|BRF]] (Bois Raméal Fragmenté).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2016 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Stop using insecticides.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2019 :&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; 800mm of water in autumn, beginning of cracking trials due to crop loss caused by the fact that in Seine-Maritime, soils are generally made up of fine silts with a little [[clay]] (12% clay and 70% silts) which naturally take up mass. This phenomenon induces water stagnation, despite the fact that the farm was already in SD for rapeseed and wheat, and that tillage was very shallow for spring crops (which partly solved hydromorphic problems).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Effects of new practices===&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;Stop mudflows and floods&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;&#039;Hydromorphic management&#039;&#039; and more &#039;&#039;&#039;microporosity&#039;&#039;&#039; in the soil.&lt;br /&gt;
*Growing potatoes by direct seeding, with Sol en Caux |&#039;&#039;&#039;Gain in soil fertility&#039;&#039;&#039;]] (OM has improved by 1 percentage point since the change in practices): &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;I find that since we&#039;ve been working with a simplified seeding system, or even direct seeding, the soil&#039;s bearing capacity has improved considerably and, despite the rain, we&#039;re able to plant in excellent conditions because the organic matter level has risen and the soil is in much better health.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Cost savings:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; Today, the farm&#039;s biggest expense is the harvester.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;SD practices are favorable to the development of [[:Category:Slug|slugs]] and [[:Category:Vole|voles]]&#039;&#039;&#039;. Antoine therefore uses a [[[straw harrow]]&#039;&#039; after harvest, to expose slug eggs to the sun. He also uses [https://ephy.anses.fr/ppp/sluxx-hp &#039;&#039;&#039;Sluxx&#039;&#039;&#039;] (Molluscicide) as a preventive measure, up to 15 days before sowing. For voles, he relies on &#039;&#039;natural predators&#039;&#039;, which he encourages with perches in the plots, as well as on the &#039;&#039;tillage&#039;&#039; he has maintained for certain crops (beet and flax).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Effect of trials with companion plants / maceration, cumulated with the cessation of insecticides on pest pressure:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; A Berlèse test was carried out in December 2021 to see the effect of stopping insecticides in rapeseed associated with [[faba bean]]. The result was &#039;&#039;&#039;0.6 [[:Category:Flea beetle| flea beetle]]/foot larvae&#039;&#039;&#039;, on a plot with 2.8 to 3% OM. A robust rapeseed that emerges more quickly from winter means that flea beetle larvae stay in the petiole and don&#039;t do as much damage to the stems.&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;quot;&#039;Since we&#039;ve been working with a semi-simplified system, or even direct seeding, the soil&#039;s &#039;&#039;bearing capacity&#039;&#039; has improved considerably, and despite the rain, we&#039;re able to sow in excellent conditions, as the organic matter level has risen and the soil is in much better health.&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;gallery mode=&amp;quot;slideshow&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
File:Analyse Celasta lab chedru 2015 page-0002.jpg|Celestalab 2015 soil analysis at Longeuil farm. Total OM = 2.27. There is a high proportion of stable OM (1.97) but little rapid OM (0.33).&lt;br /&gt;
File:Analyse Celestalab 2020 à la ferme de Longeuil.jpg|Celestalab 2020 soil analysis. OM rises to 2.8 and free OM has increased significantly since RCW was added.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Objectives===&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;The objective is to continue doing a good job. To develop organic matter and have a self-fertilizing system, we need to &#039;&#039;&#039;perpetuate&#039;&#039;&#039; it because it can change overnight.&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*Develop other crops like [[hemp]] at the same time as flax. It&#039;s complicated because of the vagaries of the weather.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Crop monitoring: rotation and technical itineraries===&lt;br /&gt;
=== Crop rotation ===&lt;br /&gt;
On installation: wheat, rapeseed, fibre flax (peas or corn could also be grown, but at an additional cost).  Since then, there has been a &#039;&#039;lengthening&#039;&#039; of the rotations and a diversification of crops, which has the merit of improving [[rye grass]] and [[Vulpin des champs|vulpin]] concerns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The reasons for this choice of crop rotation combine agronomy, management and economics (flax, the region&#039;s leading crop, faba beans, economically profitable beet).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Assolement 2022 Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
| width=100%&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;tooltip&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;treemap&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;roam&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;borderWidth&amp;quot;:0,&amp;quot;gapWidth&amp;quot;:2},&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Assolement 2022 Chedru&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cultures de vente&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;children&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;wheat&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:76,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;rapeseed&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:32,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;beets&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:12,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;fibre flax &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:28,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;faba beans &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:15,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} }],&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#ffe599&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;fontColor&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;SIE&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;children&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;meadows &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:6.5,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} }],&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#b6d7a8&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;fontColor&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Rotation features ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts: title=Rotation type Chedru | width=100% | height=400px  | json = Ferme de Longueil/Rotation type Chedru.json }}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Use of companion plants ====&lt;br /&gt;
* Bean for rapeseed (lure effect against flea beetles).&lt;br /&gt;
* Barley for wheat and beet.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== External OM input ====&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to crop cover and straw residues, there is a &#039;&#039;&#039;contribution of [[Rameal fragmented wood|BRF]] without incorporation&#039;&#039;&#039; (this conserves surface oxygen) after flax, &#039;&#039;&#039;about 10t/ha.&#039;&#039;&#039; This input will take between &#039;&#039;2 and 3 years to be completely decomposed&#039;&#039; (RCW must not be found in the flax slicks). They then sow the wheat directly into the RCW. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This contribution does not have a direct impact on the crop, but it increases the stable OM content with C/N levels below 50, so that it can be degraded into humus. ([[Ferme de Longueil#Effet constaté des nouvelles pratiques|cf. analyses de sol Celesta lab]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Use of starter fertilizers ====&lt;br /&gt;
Use of starter fertilizer&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; at sowing to anticipate the lack of mineralization that can occur in SD.&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Use of fermented extracts ====&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Use [[Stimulation of plants&#039; natural defenses with fermented nettle extracts|fermented nettle extracts]], [[comfrey]], [[Garlic and garlic products for sustainable agriculture|garlic maceration]].&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4LzgFBkjS-8}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Nettle is a silica-rich plant that thickens the cuticle of wheat and beet leaves, making them more resistant to bio-aggressors. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Garlic is an excellent insect repellent. Flax is a crop often attacked by flea beetles, so after sowing, when the flax is 2-3 cm tall, Antoine and Guillaume apply garlic maceration. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This allows them to stop using insecticides on the farm&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Cover crops ====&lt;br /&gt;
Plant cover crops are used in rotation for several reasons:&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Important nitrogen contribution&#039;&#039; to the crops that follow (between 20 and 40 units of nitrogen/ha, for example, for the cover crop preceding beet. Faba bean as a rapeseed companion plant can also fix 20 U of nitrogen resituated to the rapeseed at the end of winter, and can even be beneficial to the wheat crop that follows, thanks to the mineralization process), also generating fertilizer savings.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Apport conséquent de biomasse&#039;&#039;&#039; (minimum 250 pieds à l&#039;ha, pensé grâce à la [[Méthode Merci|méthode MERCI]] courant décembre) après un gel et un passage du [[Rouleau FACA|Rolofaca,]] quand le couvert est en fleur théoriquement. Except that in our region, the canopy is quickly in flower and it&#039;s still too early to destroy it. The aim is for it to decompose before the spring crop. Herbicides are not normally needed for its destruction (just for the following crop, to manage [[Ray-grass|ray grass]]/[[Vulpin des champs|vulpin]]).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Soil drainage&#039;&#039;&#039; thanks to their root structure.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Break the grass cycle&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Their cost:&#039;&#039;&#039; Approximately 70€ per ha.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Reducing tillage on industrial crops ====&lt;br /&gt;
Although Guillaume and Antoine are adepts of direct seeding, they recognize that it is a system with its limits: &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;we can hardly do without tillage for crops such as [[potato]], beet, flax&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; in particular to warm up the soil, level out boar holes, mounds created by moles, and so on. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The guiding principle was to ask what they could do, during the long rotation, to &#039;&#039;build up the soil more than we deconstruct it&#039;&#039; after a penalizing crop like beet.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For beet, a few days before planting, &amp;quot;they work the soil to a depth of 3 cm&amp;quot; with a &amp;quot;rolling spade&amp;quot; tool, then &amp;quot;they restructure the soil with a strip-till which allows them to work a 10 cm row every 50 cm, to a depth of 12 cm&amp;quot;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A few days later, they refine the line with a &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Strawberry - animated harrow|strawberry]]&#039;&#039;&#039;, which &#039;&#039;&#039;precedes the beet drill&#039;&#039;&#039;. {{Image centered | ITK beet chedru 2022.png | ITK beet 2022}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Fiber flax, which is very sensitive to compaction and requires particularly well-levelled soil, also benefits from shallow tillage. Knowing that these two crops are the ones that destructure the soil the most, Guillaume and Antoine try to space them further apart and lengthen the rotation to give the soil time to rest.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Couvert végétal chedru.jpg|vignette|Green cover at the Longeuil farm.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Biodiversity focus on the farm==&lt;br /&gt;
There are twelve beehives on the farm (belonging to the President of the Seine-Maritime Departmental Council), so they want to avoid mortality, a parameter that has motivated the reduction in phytosanitary products and zero insecticides.    &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;You have to feed them all the time. They feed in spring, when faba beans, peas and colza blossom. Cover crops based on peas, sunflowers and faba beans help them get through the winter&amp;quot;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Focus on autonomy==&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Seed self-sufficient crops&#039;&#039;&#039;: Wheat, fababeans (also exchange seeds, e.g. fababeans for sunflower).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Crops with purchased seed&#039;&#039;&#039;: Beetroot, rapeseed.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Overall self-sufficiency&#039;&#039;&#039;: Self-build workshop for machinery (especially seeders), straw/manure exchange, dryer and storage area on the farm, branches and green waste brought in by the waste disposal center and neighbors.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Equipment: disc seed drill AND tine seed drill==&lt;br /&gt;
The farm is well equipped in terms of equipment, because in a very rainy region, the window of opportunity for seeding is quite short. Guillaume and Antoine alternate between two seed drills: one with discs and one with tines: &lt;br /&gt;
{{Article détaillé|Choisir son semoir de semis direct à dents ou à disques}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VsBHpeMMsTQ}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The tine seeder ===&lt;br /&gt;
Self-built. Total investment is €30,000. Commercially available equipment would cost around €100,000.&lt;br /&gt;
* The tool is &#039;&#039;6 m wide&#039;&#039; and has &#039;&#039;&#039;20 elements spaced 30cm apart&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;3 depth levels&#039;&#039;: A single pass can perform 3 different operations (in particular, they have added a micro fertilizer for localized fertilization in the furrow).&lt;br /&gt;
* Sowing: Suitable for large and small seeds (cover crops, rapeseed).&lt;br /&gt;
* With the aim of &amp;quot;disturbing the soil as little as possible&amp;quot;, the tool runs at a maximum speed of 7 km/h.&lt;br /&gt;
* Particular attention is also paid to low tire pressure.&lt;br /&gt;
* The work rate is &#039;&#039;4 ha/h&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* The seed drill is mounted, and weighs 3.5 tons, which means that it requires more power and lift than a semi-mounted machine.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Advantages/disadvantages of the tine seeder according to Antoine:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Perturbe moins la terre, ce qui entraîne donc &#039;&#039;&#039;moins relevés d&#039;adventice&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;More precise&#039;&#039; and no risk of clogging in well-developed canopies.&lt;br /&gt;
* Less favourable to slugs, as it doesn&#039;t leave the furrows they use as a highway.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The disc seeder ===&lt;br /&gt;
[Fichier:Semoir à disques chedru.jpg|vignette|Semoir à disques des Chedru]]&lt;br /&gt;
*It was purchased secondhand for €25,000.&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
*It is used for &#039;&#039;&#039;sowing wheat and flax under plant cover&#039;&#039; ([[Clover|clover]] or [[legumes]]).&lt;br /&gt;
*The tractor is equipped with a ballasted Rolofaca (2.8 T for 4.5 m width) to lay down the canopy.&lt;br /&gt;
*The discs have a 12 mm opening. They are positioned 15 cm apart, which is &#039;&#039;ideal for sowing flax&#039;&#039;, the region&#039;s flagship crop.&lt;br /&gt;
*Pinches the straw at the bottom of the furrow, greatly disrupting emergence.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== RTK self-guidance system - working comfort ===&lt;br /&gt;
*The [[RTK]] system costs €15,000 per tractor for plot mapping. It can then be used &#039;&#039;&#039;for all tractors&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Other equipment ===&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Beet drill&#039;&#039;&#039; shared with a neighbor.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;CUMA harvesting equipment&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Strip-till&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Economics==&lt;br /&gt;
Antoine and Guillaume are lucid about their system: &amp;quot;With ploughing, we might have better yields. But it&#039;s the margin and not the turnover that we&#039;re looking at&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
!Rapeseed&lt;br /&gt;
Durum wheat&lt;br /&gt;
!Beetroot&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Product&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;2 812 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;2 915 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;3 960 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Seeds&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|161 €&lt;br /&gt;
|378 €&lt;br /&gt;
|288 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Fertilizers&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|717 €&lt;br /&gt;
|424 €&lt;br /&gt;
|382 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Oligos&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|15 €&lt;br /&gt;
|36 €&lt;br /&gt;
|32 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Phytos&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|67 €&lt;br /&gt;
|99 €&lt;br /&gt;
|183 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Mechanization&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|53 €&lt;br /&gt;
|50 €&lt;br /&gt;
|75 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Irrigation&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Gross margin 2022&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;1 800 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;1 927 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;3 000 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#economic_charts:&lt;br /&gt;
 title=Accounting Antoine Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
 | Semences et plants 2022 = 27200&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fertilisation 2022 = 44480&lt;br /&gt;
 | Produits de traitements 2022 = 37440&lt;br /&gt;
 | Travaux par tiers 2022 = 9600&lt;br /&gt;
 | Carburant 2022 = 10560&lt;br /&gt;
 | Entretien matériel 2022 = 19200&lt;br /&gt;
 | Eau, gaz, électricité 2022 = 9000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Frais de gestion 2022 = 98000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fermage 2022 = 39680&lt;br /&gt;
 | Assurances 2022 = 17920&lt;br /&gt;
 | Autres 2022 = 85000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Salariés 2022 = 20000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Vente de produits végétaux 2022 = 598000&lt;br /&gt;
 | DPU, DPB 2022 = 60000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Aide à la certification 2022 = 3000&lt;br /&gt;
 | EBE total 2022 = 242920}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Inputs have increased enormously: nitrogen, phosphorus, potash and all the trace elements and phyto products.&lt;br /&gt;
* The dryer consumes a lot of energy.&lt;br /&gt;
* For fuel: in the accounting documents, you need to know that the services provided by other farmers, Guillaume and Antoine, do not exceed 50 and 60L/ha.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Marketing==&lt;br /&gt;
Guillaume and Antoine used to deliver everything to storage organizations. Now they &amp;quot;alternate between a few forward sales cooperatives&amp;quot; and a little direct selling. They keep a constant eye on market prices. The most important thing is to &#039;&#039;&#039;know your production costs, and then you can define a sales strategy&#039;&#039;.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!Culture&lt;br /&gt;
! Customer&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Lin&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Agylin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Beans&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Cover + trader&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Peas&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Covered + dealer&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Corn&lt;br /&gt;
|Direct sale to a farmer&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Bâtiment de stockage Chedru.png|thumb|Bâtiment de stockage des Chedru.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Storage==&lt;br /&gt;
They &#039;&#039;&#039;store 100% of their crops&#039;&#039;&#039; thanks to the&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;adaptation of former livestock buildings&#039;&#039;&#039; present on the farm with :&lt;br /&gt;
* Adapted ventilation.&lt;br /&gt;
* Flat storage on level platforms.&lt;br /&gt;
* A dryer to dry crops that are too wet.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== 2022 Economic, social and environmental report ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Economical review &lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;EBE/UTH&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:250000},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;EBE/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Subventions/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Annuités/EBE (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Charges/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[194336,41,10,34,70],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[159000,43,13,3,84],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Moyenne&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true},&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Social Review&lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Comfort at work&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Economical satisfaction&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Social satisfaction &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cooperation&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Quality of life &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[8,10,10,7,10],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Environmental review &lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Tx de MO &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:3},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Couverture du sol (j/an)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:365},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Tillage index (tilled area x aggressiveness coefficient x depth)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:5},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;SIE/SAU&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:1},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Crop diversity (number of crops in rotation)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:15}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[2.8,340,1.18425,0.0375,6],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[2.46,0,0,0,0],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Moyenne&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true},&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Level of comfort at work, taking into account physical or mental hardship&#039;&#039;: 8/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Economic satisfaction&#039;&#039;: 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Daily work satisfaction, feeling of being surrounded in one&#039;s work&#039;&#039;: 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Cooperation with other local players, mutual aid&#039;&#039;: 7/10&lt;br /&gt;
* Living environment: 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
* Percentage of Organic matter: 2.8&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Soil coverage (days/year)&#039;&#039;&#039; :340 days&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Tillage index (tilled area x aggressiveness coefficient x depth)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 1.2 i(l was calculated on two technical itineraries, rapeseed and beet)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;SIE/SAU &#039;&#039;&#039;: 0.04&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Crop diversity (number of crops in the rotation, excluding cover crops)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 6&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039; EBE/UTH&#039;&#039;&#039;: 194,336 (e)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;EBE/CA (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 41&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Subsidies/Sales (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Annuities/EBIT (%)&#039;&#039;: 34&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Expenses/Sales (%)&#039;&#039;: 70 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Working hours are difficult to estimate. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Source: Moyennes régionales Agreste/Rica (Réseau d&#039;Information Comptable Agricole) 2021&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Tips for getting started==&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Start with simplified seeding and gradually increase OM levels:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;If you don&#039;t have good natural porosity and a good level of organic matter, you won&#039;t be able to do without tillage. You have to start by creating a soil in the first years of transition. It&#039;s a long-term job.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Surround yourself:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; Antoine felt isolated in the experimental approach he embarked upon (at the start there were five of them in the department, and all the organizations in the sector were telling them they were heading straight for disaster). They got a lot of help from Jean-François Aubry and through exchanges on internet forums, but above all through group work. It was very hard to get off the beaten track, to face up to the scrutiny and pressure exerted by other farmers who don&#039;t question their model. Antoine is therefore grateful to be part of a group of 15 somewhat original farmers, for whom any idea has the merit of being tried out, and who are constantly open-minded.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Integrating the agricultural sector into the transition:&#039;&#039;&#039; A group can&#039;t change everything on its own either: Sol en Caux has therefore integrated the entire upstream and downstream agricultural sector (cooperatives, storage organizations, technicians, management bodies, etc.).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* When you have a &#039;&#039;global approach&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;take care of the soil&#039;&#039;, you open up &#039;&#039;exceptional horizons&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vidéo==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mr7myhuhRYQ}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Sources==&lt;br /&gt;
* Visit to the Ferme de Longueuil on 07/11/2023.&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Decompacting a no-till soil, Guillaume Chedru|Decompacting a no-till soil, Guillaume Chedru]].&lt;br /&gt;
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7P-yJtKCLDM Tour de plaine #5: Gestion d&#039;un système grandes cultures pour réduire les charges et protéger le sol] (Youtube - AgroLeague).&lt;br /&gt;
* Regional averages Agreste/Rica (Réseau d&#039;Information Comptable Agricole) 2021.&lt;br /&gt;
* GisSol.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Angeline Almeida (2044552287)</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Longueil%27s_Farm&amp;diff=4366</id>
		<title>Longueil&#039;s Farm</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Longueil%27s_Farm&amp;diff=4366"/>
		<updated>2024-05-14T08:24:11Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Angeline Almeida (2044552287): &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Portrait de ferme&lt;br /&gt;
| Nom de l&#039;exploitation = Ferme de Longueil &lt;br /&gt;
| Sous-titre = Living soil and industrial crops&lt;br /&gt;
| Bannière = Bannière Ferme de Longueuil.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| Logo = &lt;br /&gt;
| Photo de l&#039;agriculteur = Guillaume et Antoine Chedru 2023.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| URL = &lt;br /&gt;
| Nom de l&#039;agriculteur = Guillaume et Antoine Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
| Organisme = Ver de Terre Production&lt;br /&gt;
| Date de mise en œuvre = 1995&lt;br /&gt;
| Département = Seine-Maritime (département)&lt;br /&gt;
| Adresse = Goderville, 76110&lt;br /&gt;
| Latitude = 49.650236&lt;br /&gt;
| Longitude = 0.362893&lt;br /&gt;
| Objectif = Agronomie des sols vivants&lt;br /&gt;
| Type de production = Grandes cultures&lt;br /&gt;
| SAU = 160&lt;br /&gt;
| UTH = 1,25&lt;br /&gt;
| Cahier des charges = HVE3&lt;br /&gt;
| pH = Neutral soil&lt;br /&gt;
| Texture du sol = Silty-clay&lt;br /&gt;
| Description de sol = Loamy loam&lt;br /&gt;
| Cultures = Linen@ Beet@ Wheat@ Rapeseed@ &lt;br /&gt;
| Autres caractéristiques = Activité biologique des sols&lt;br /&gt;
| Photo d&#039;illustration = Inondation route gouville.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| ImageCaption = Road flooding in Goderville&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 1 = Sols vivants&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 2 = Semis direct&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 3 = TCS&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 4 = Couverts végétaux&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 5 = Sol en Caux&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1988, Antoine Chedru set up the family farm in the Pays de Caux region with his brother and father, as partners in a mixed farming (dairy) system that has since evolved considerably.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The very wet winters of 1993 and 1994 triggered a great deal of erosion in their conventional plots of loamy soil. Following this, Jean-François Ouvry (AREAS) raised awareness of the problem, noting that tillage amplified the erosion phenomenon. This prompted the farm team to completely revise their technical itinerary and even build their own equipment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since setting up, Antoine, and now his son Guillaume, &#039;&#039;are fully committed to an agroecological approach&#039;&#039; in the sense that they work on a system-wide scale, actively seeking to work with and not against natural ecosystems.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, the system change did not happen with a snap of the fingers, but in an incremental way, punctuated by mistakes and uncertainties, supported by a dynamic of experimentation and local working groups.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Special features of the farm==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Reduced tillage with [[Direct seeding|SD]] (direct seeding) + [[Simplified cultivation techniques (TCS)|TCS]] (simplified cultivation techniques) + [[Plant cover crops]] and [[Field crop associations|companion plants]].&lt;br /&gt;
*Beet using [[strip-till]] without insecticides.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Self-build strip-till for successful rapeseed establishment|Self-build]].&lt;br /&gt;
*Development of [[biocontrol]] solutions such as [[Stimulation of plants&#039; natural defenses with fermented nettle extracts|fermented nettle extracts]], [[comfrey]], [[Garlic and garlic-based products for sustainable agriculture|garlic maceration]] and development of [[Effective microorganisms (EM)|effective microorganisms (EM)]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Contextual data==&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Farm name&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Ferme de Longueil&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Location&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Goderville, Seine-Maritime (76)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;SAU&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|160 ha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;UTH&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|1.25 (Antoine Chedru full-time and Guillaume 25%)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Crops&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Beet, wheat, flax, rapeseed&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Labels&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|[[High environmental value|HVE 3]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Groups&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Sol en Caux&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Land context ===&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;Soil texture&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Silt|Loam]] loam, 60% loam&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;OM content at planting (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|1,7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Last MO rate&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
lab test (year n)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|2.8 (2023 analysis)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Soil PH 2020 (year n)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Bearing capacity, structure...&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| No rotary tillage, no plough tillage&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Good bearing capacity, improved by plant cover crops&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Earthworms per m²&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|110 &lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Local climate data===&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
!&#039;&#039;&#039;Local data&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
!&#039;&#039;&#039;National data&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Annual rainfall&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;average&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;Around 1200 mm per year&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
(average 161 mm/month)&lt;br /&gt;
|155 mm/month&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;T°max moyenne&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|38&lt;br /&gt;
|29&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;T°min moyenne&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;-4.7&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2,7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;First frost&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;usually&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;December when there is&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Type of climate&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Oceanic&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Source: Météo France&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transition stages==&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;1995 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Stopped ploughing and switched to simplified tillage (TCS) with the farm&#039;s existing equipment. &#039;&#039;&#039;From this date on&#039;&#039;&#039;, with significant rainfall of 1000 to 1200 mm per year, &#039;&#039;&#039;Antoine no longer observed any erosion in his plots&#039;&#039;&#039;. He explains that the reason they switched to TCS was that the soil was not yet ready to &amp;quot;take care of itself&amp;quot;. So they made a few deep passes with a stubble cultivator to &amp;quot;build up a structure conducive to root development&amp;quot;. As the level of [[Organic Matter|Organic Matter (OM)]] increased, the working depth decreased (first from 20 to 15 cm, then 10 cm).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;2000:&#039;&#039;&#039; Antoine&#039;s brother leaves the farm, and an employee is hired to replace him.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2010 :&#039;&#039;&#039; They test strip-till beets.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2012 :&#039;&#039;&#039; End of dairy herd.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Winter 2012-2013:&#039;&#039;&#039; Warning from the water agency following major mudslides on the roads and turbidity problems in the area. This is when most of the crops are planted using [[direct seeding]].&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2013&#039;&#039;&#039;: Creation of &amp;quot;[https://agriculture.gouv.fr/produire-autrement-sol-en-caux-lutte-contre-lerosion-des-sols Sol en Caux]&amp;quot;: emergence at last of a welded group at department level (15 farmers in the area).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2015 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Beginning of the implementation of [[Macerations: principles &amp;amp; recipes, by Stéphane Billotte|plant macerations]] as an alternative to fungicides and the spreading of [[Bois raméal fragmenté|BRF]] (Bois Raméal Fragmenté).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2016 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Stop using insecticides.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2019 :&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; 800mm of water in autumn, beginning of cracking trials due to crop loss caused by the fact that in Seine-Maritime, soils are generally made up of fine silts with a little [[clay]] (12% clay and 70% silts) which naturally take up mass. This phenomenon induces water stagnation, despite the fact that the farm was already in SD for rapeseed and wheat, and that tillage was very shallow for spring crops (which partly solved hydromorphic problems).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Effects of new practices===&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;Stop mudflows and floods&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;&#039;Hydromorphic management&#039;&#039; and more &#039;&#039;&#039;microporosity&#039;&#039;&#039; in the soil.&lt;br /&gt;
*Growing potatoes by direct seeding, with Sol en Caux |&#039;&#039;&#039;Gain in soil fertility&#039;&#039;&#039;]] (OM has improved by 1 percentage point since the change in practices): &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;I find that since we&#039;ve been working with a simplified seeding system, or even direct seeding, the soil&#039;s bearing capacity has improved considerably and, despite the rain, we&#039;re able to plant in excellent conditions because the organic matter level has risen and the soil is in much better health.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Cost savings:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; Today, the farm&#039;s biggest expense is the harvester.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;SD practices are favorable to the development of [[:Category:Slug|slugs]] and [[:Category:Vole|voles]]&#039;&#039;&#039;. Antoine therefore uses a [[[straw harrow]]&#039;&#039; after harvest, to expose slug eggs to the sun. He also uses [https://ephy.anses.fr/ppp/sluxx-hp &#039;&#039;&#039;Sluxx&#039;&#039;&#039;] (Molluscicide) as a preventive measure, up to 15 days before sowing. For voles, he relies on &#039;&#039;natural predators&#039;&#039;, which he encourages with perches in the plots, as well as on the &#039;&#039;tillage&#039;&#039; he has maintained for certain crops (beet and flax).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Effect of trials with companion plants / maceration, cumulated with the cessation of insecticides on pest pressure:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; A Berlèse test was carried out in December 2021 to see the effect of stopping insecticides in rapeseed associated with [[faba bean]]. The result was &#039;&#039;&#039;0.6 [[:Category:Flea beetle| flea beetle]]/foot larvae&#039;&#039;&#039;, on a plot with 2.8 to 3% OM. A robust rapeseed that emerges more quickly from winter means that flea beetle larvae stay in the petiole and don&#039;t do as much damage to the stems.&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;quot;&#039;Since we&#039;ve been working with a semi-simplified system, or even direct seeding, the soil&#039;s &#039;&#039;bearing capacity&#039;&#039; has improved considerably, and despite the rain, we&#039;re able to sow in excellent conditions, as the organic matter level has risen and the soil is in much better health.&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;gallery mode=&amp;quot;slideshow&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
File:Analyse Celasta lab chedru 2015 page-0002.jpg|Celestalab 2015 soil analysis at Longeuil farm. Total OM = 2.27. There is a high proportion of stable OM (1.97) but little rapid OM (0.33).&lt;br /&gt;
File:Analyse Celestalab 2020 à la ferme de Longeuil.jpg|Celestalab 2020 soil analysis. OM rises to 2.8 and free OM has increased significantly since RCW was added.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Objectives===&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;The objective is to continue doing a good job. To develop organic matter and have a self-fertilizing system, we need to &#039;&#039;&#039;perpetuate&#039;&#039;&#039; it because it can change overnight.&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*Develop other crops like [[hemp]] at the same time as flax. It&#039;s complicated because of the vagaries of the weather.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Crop monitoring: rotation and technical itineraries===&lt;br /&gt;
=== Crop rotation ===&lt;br /&gt;
On installation: wheat, rapeseed, fibre flax (peas or corn could also be grown, but at an additional cost).  Since then, there has been a &#039;&#039;lengthening&#039;&#039; of the rotations and a diversification of crops, which has the merit of improving [[rye grass]] and [[Vulpin des champs|vulpin]] concerns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The reasons for this choice of crop rotation combine agronomy, management and economics (flax, the region&#039;s leading crop, faba beans, economically profitable beet).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Assolement 2022 Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
| width=100%&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;tooltip&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;treemap&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;roam&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;borderWidth&amp;quot;:0,&amp;quot;gapWidth&amp;quot;:2},&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Assolement 2022 Chedru&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cultures de vente&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;children&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;wheat&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:76,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;rapeseed&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:32,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;beets&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:12,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;fibre flax &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:28,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;faba beans &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:15,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} }],&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#ffe599&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;fontColor&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;SIE&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;children&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;meadows &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:6.5,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} }],&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#b6d7a8&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;fontColor&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Rotation features ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts: title=Rotation type Chedru | width=100% | height=400px  | json = Ferme de Longueil/Rotation type Chedru.json }}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Use of companion plants ====&lt;br /&gt;
* Bean for rapeseed (lure effect against flea beetles).&lt;br /&gt;
* Barley for wheat and beet.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== External OM input ====&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to crop cover and straw residues, there is a &#039;&#039;&#039;contribution of [[Rameal fragmented wood|BRF]] without incorporation&#039;&#039;&#039; (this conserves surface oxygen) after flax, &#039;&#039;&#039;about 10t/ha.&#039;&#039;&#039; This input will take between &#039;&#039;2 and 3 years to be completely decomposed&#039;&#039; (RCW must not be found in the flax slicks). They then sow the wheat directly into the RCW. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This contribution does not have a direct impact on the crop, but it increases the stable OM content with C/N levels below 50, so that it can be degraded into humus. ([[Ferme de Longueil#Effet constaté des nouvelles pratiques|cf. analyses de sol Celesta lab]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Use of starter fertilizers ====&lt;br /&gt;
Use of starter fertilizer&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; at sowing to anticipate the lack of mineralization that can occur in SD.&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Use of fermented extracts ====&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Use [[Stimulation of plants&#039; natural defenses with fermented nettle extracts|fermented nettle extracts]], [[comfrey]], [[Garlic and garlic products for sustainable agriculture|garlic maceration]].&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4LzgFBkjS-8}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Nettle is a silica-rich plant that thickens the cuticle of wheat and beet leaves, making them more resistant to bio-aggressors. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Garlic is an excellent insect repellent. Flax is a crop often attacked by flea beetles, so after sowing, when the flax is 2-3 cm tall, Antoine and Guillaume apply garlic maceration. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This allows them to stop using insecticides on the farm&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Cover crops ====&lt;br /&gt;
Plant cover crops are used in rotation for several reasons:&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Important nitrogen contribution&#039;&#039; to the crops that follow (between 20 and 40 units of nitrogen/ha, for example, for the cover crop preceding beet. Faba bean as a rapeseed companion plant can also fix 20 U of nitrogen resituated to the rapeseed at the end of winter, and can even be beneficial to the wheat crop that follows, thanks to the mineralization process), also generating fertilizer savings.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Apport conséquent de biomasse&#039;&#039;&#039; (minimum 250 pieds à l&#039;ha, pensé grâce à la [[Méthode Merci|méthode MERCI]] courant décembre) après un gel et un passage du [[Rouleau FACA|Rolofaca,]] quand le couvert est en fleur théoriquement. Except that in our region, the canopy is quickly in flower and it&#039;s still too early to destroy it. The aim is for it to decompose before the spring crop. Herbicides are not normally needed for its destruction (just for the following crop, to manage [[Ray-grass|ray grass]]/[[Vulpin des champs|vulpin]]).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Soil drainage&#039;&#039;&#039; thanks to their root structure.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Break the grass cycle&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Their cost:&#039;&#039;&#039; Approximately 70€ per ha.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Reducing tillage on industrial crops ====&lt;br /&gt;
Although Guillaume and Antoine are adepts of direct seeding, they recognize that it is a system with its limits: &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;we can hardly do without tillage for crops such as [[potato]], beet, flax&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; in particular to warm up the soil, level out boar holes, mounds created by moles, and so on. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The guiding principle was to ask what they could do, during the long rotation, to &#039;&#039;build up the soil more than we deconstruct it&#039;&#039; after a penalizing crop like beet.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For beet, a few days before planting, &amp;quot;they work the soil to a depth of 3 cm&amp;quot; with a &amp;quot;rolling spade&amp;quot; tool, then &amp;quot;they restructure the soil with a strip-till which allows them to work a 10 cm row every 50 cm, to a depth of 12 cm&amp;quot;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A few days later, they refine the line with a &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Strawberry - animated harrow|strawberry]]&#039;&#039;&#039;, which &#039;&#039;&#039;precedes the beet drill&#039;&#039;&#039;. {{Image centered | ITK beet chedru 2022.png | ITK beet 2022}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Fiber flax, which is very sensitive to compaction and requires particularly well-levelled soil, also benefits from shallow tillage. Knowing that these two crops are the ones that destructure the soil the most, Guillaume and Antoine try to space them further apart and lengthen the rotation to give the soil time to rest.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Couvert végétal chedru.jpg|vignette|Green cover at the Longeuil farm.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Biodiversity focus on the farm==&lt;br /&gt;
There are twelve beehives on the farm (belonging to the President of the Seine-Maritime Departmental Council), so they want to avoid mortality, a parameter that has motivated the reduction in phytosanitary products and zero insecticides.    &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;You have to feed them all the time. They feed in spring, when faba beans, peas and colza blossom. Cover crops based on peas, sunflowers and faba beans help them get through the winter&amp;quot;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Focus on autonomy==&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Seed self-sufficient crops&#039;&#039;&#039;: Wheat, fababeans (also exchange seeds, e.g. fababeans for sunflower).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Crops with purchased seed&#039;&#039;&#039;: Beetroot, rapeseed.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Overall self-sufficiency&#039;&#039;&#039;: Self-build workshop for machinery (especially seeders), straw/manure exchange, dryer and storage area on the farm, branches and green waste brought in by the waste disposal center and neighbors.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Equipment: disc seed drill AND tine seed drill==&lt;br /&gt;
The farm is well equipped in terms of equipment, because in a very rainy region, the window of opportunity for seeding is quite short. Guillaume and Antoine alternate between two seed drills: one with discs and one with tines: &lt;br /&gt;
{{Article détaillé|Choisir son semoir de semis direct à dents ou à disques}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VsBHpeMMsTQ}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The tine seeder ===&lt;br /&gt;
Self-built. Total investment is €30,000. Commercially available equipment would cost around €100,000.&lt;br /&gt;
* The tool is &#039;&#039;6 m wide&#039;&#039; and has &#039;&#039;&#039;20 elements spaced 30cm apart&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;3 depth levels&#039;&#039;: A single pass can perform 3 different operations (in particular, they have added a micro fertilizer for localized fertilization in the furrow).&lt;br /&gt;
* Sowing: Suitable for large and small seeds (cover crops, rapeseed).&lt;br /&gt;
* With the aim of &amp;quot;disturbing the soil as little as possible&amp;quot;, the tool runs at a maximum speed of 7 km/h.&lt;br /&gt;
* Particular attention is also paid to low tire pressure.&lt;br /&gt;
* The work rate is &#039;&#039;4 ha/h&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* The seed drill is mounted, and weighs 3.5 tons, which means that it requires more power and lift than a semi-mounted machine.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Advantages/disadvantages of the tine seeder according to Antoine:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Perturbe moins la terre, ce qui entraîne donc &#039;&#039;&#039;moins relevés d&#039;adventice&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;More precise&#039;&#039; and no risk of clogging in well-developed canopies.&lt;br /&gt;
* Less favourable to slugs, as it doesn&#039;t leave the furrows they use as a highway.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The disc seeder ===&lt;br /&gt;
[Fichier:Semoir à disques chedru.jpg|vignette|Semoir à disques des Chedru]]&lt;br /&gt;
*It was purchased secondhand for €25,000.&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
*It is used for &#039;&#039;&#039;sowing wheat and flax under plant cover&#039;&#039; ([[Clover|clover]] or [[legumes]]).&lt;br /&gt;
*The tractor is equipped with a ballasted Rolofaca (2.8 T for 4.5 m width) to lay down the canopy.&lt;br /&gt;
*The discs have a 12 mm opening. They are positioned 15 cm apart, which is &#039;&#039;ideal for sowing flax&#039;&#039;, the region&#039;s flagship crop.&lt;br /&gt;
*Pinches the straw at the bottom of the furrow, greatly disrupting emergence.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== RTK self-guidance system - working comfort ===&lt;br /&gt;
*The [[RTK]] system costs €15,000 per tractor for plot mapping. It can then be used &#039;&#039;&#039;for all tractors&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Other equipment ===&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Beet drill&#039;&#039;&#039; shared with a neighbor.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;CUMA harvesting equipment&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Strip-till&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Economics==&lt;br /&gt;
Antoine and Guillaume are lucid about their system: &amp;quot;With ploughing, we might have better yields. But it&#039;s the margin and not the turnover that we&#039;re looking at&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
!Rapeseed&lt;br /&gt;
Durum wheat&lt;br /&gt;
!Beetroot&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Product&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;2 812 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;2 915 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;3 960 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Seeds&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|161 €&lt;br /&gt;
|378 €&lt;br /&gt;
|288 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Fertilizers&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|717 €&lt;br /&gt;
|424 €&lt;br /&gt;
|382 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Oligos&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|15 €&lt;br /&gt;
|36 €&lt;br /&gt;
|32 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Phytos&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|67 €&lt;br /&gt;
|99 €&lt;br /&gt;
|183 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Mechanization&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|53 €&lt;br /&gt;
|50 €&lt;br /&gt;
|75 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Irrigation&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Gross margin 2022&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;1 800 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;1 927 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;3 000 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#economic_charts:&lt;br /&gt;
 title=Accounting Antoine Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
 | Semences et plants 2022 = 27200&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fertilisation 2022 = 44480&lt;br /&gt;
 | Produits de traitements 2022 = 37440&lt;br /&gt;
 | Travaux par tiers 2022 = 9600&lt;br /&gt;
 | Carburant 2022 = 10560&lt;br /&gt;
 | Entretien matériel 2022 = 19200&lt;br /&gt;
 | Eau, gaz, électricité 2022 = 9000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Frais de gestion 2022 = 98000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fermage 2022 = 39680&lt;br /&gt;
 | Assurances 2022 = 17920&lt;br /&gt;
 | Autres 2022 = 85000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Salariés 2022 = 20000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Vente de produits végétaux 2022 = 598000&lt;br /&gt;
 | DPU, DPB 2022 = 60000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Aide à la certification 2022 = 3000&lt;br /&gt;
 | EBE total 2022 = 242920}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Inputs have increased enormously: nitrogen, phosphorus, potash and all the trace elements and phyto products.&lt;br /&gt;
* The dryer consumes a lot of energy.&lt;br /&gt;
* For fuel: in the accounting documents, you need to know that the services provided by other farmers, Guillaume and Antoine, do not exceed 50 and 60L/ha.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Marketing==&lt;br /&gt;
Guillaume and Antoine used to deliver everything to storage organizations. Now they &amp;quot;alternate between a few forward sales cooperatives&amp;quot; and a little direct selling. They keep a constant eye on market prices. The most important thing is to &#039;&#039;&#039;know your production costs, and then you can define a sales strategy&#039;&#039;.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!Culture&lt;br /&gt;
! Customer&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Lin&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Agylin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Beans&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Cover + trader&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Peas&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Covered + dealer&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Corn&lt;br /&gt;
|Direct sale to a farmer&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Bâtiment de stockage Chedru.png|thumb|Bâtiment de stockage des Chedru.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Storage==&lt;br /&gt;
They &#039;&#039;&#039;store 100% of their crops&#039;&#039;&#039; thanks to the&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;adaptation of former livestock buildings&#039;&#039;&#039; present on the farm with :&lt;br /&gt;
* Adapted ventilation.&lt;br /&gt;
* Flat storage on level platforms.&lt;br /&gt;
* A dryer to dry crops that are too wet.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== 2022 Economic, social and environmental report ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Economical review &lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;EBE/UTH&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:250000},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;EBE/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Subventions/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Annuités/EBE (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Charges/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[194336,41,10,34,70],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[159000,43,13,3,84],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Moyenne&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true},&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Social Review&lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Confort au travail&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Satisfaction économique&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Satisfaction sociale &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Coopération&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cadre de vie &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[8,10,10,7,10],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Environmental review &lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Tx de MO &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:3},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Couverture du sol (j/an)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:365},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Indice de travail du sol (surface travaillée x coefficient d&#039;aggressivité x profondeur)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:5},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;SIE/SAU&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:1},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Diversité des cultures (nbre de culture dans l&#039;assolement)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:15}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[2.8,340,1.18425,0.0375,6],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[2.46,0,0,0,0],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Moyenne&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true},&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Level of comfort at work, taking into account physical or mental hardship&#039;&#039;: 8/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Economic satisfaction&#039;&#039;: 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Daily work satisfaction, feeling of being surrounded in one&#039;s work&#039;&#039;: 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Cooperation with other local players, mutual aid&#039;&#039;: 7/10&lt;br /&gt;
* Living environment: 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
* Percentage of Organic matter: 2.8&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Soil coverage (days/year)&#039;&#039;&#039; :340 days&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Tillage index (tilled area x aggressiveness coefficient x depth)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 1.2 i(l was calculated on two technical itineraries, rapeseed and beet)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;SIE/SAU &#039;&#039;&#039;: 0.04&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Crop diversity (number of crops in the rotation, excluding cover crops)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 6&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039; EBE/UTH&#039;&#039;&#039;: 194,336 (e)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;EBE/CA (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 41&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Subsidies/Sales (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Annuities/EBIT (%)&#039;&#039;: 34&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Expenses/Sales (%)&#039;&#039;: 70 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Working hours are difficult to estimate. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Source: Moyennes régionales Agreste/Rica (Réseau d&#039;Information Comptable Agricole) 2021&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Tips for getting started==&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Start with simplified seeding and gradually increase OM levels:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;If you don&#039;t have good natural porosity and a good level of organic matter, you won&#039;t be able to do without tillage. You have to start by creating a soil in the first years of transition. It&#039;s a long-term job.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Surround yourself:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; Antoine felt isolated in the experimental approach he embarked upon (at the start there were five of them in the department, and all the organizations in the sector were telling them they were heading straight for disaster). They got a lot of help from Jean-François Aubry and through exchanges on internet forums, but above all through group work. It was very hard to get off the beaten track, to face up to the scrutiny and pressure exerted by other farmers who don&#039;t question their model. Antoine is therefore grateful to be part of a group of 15 somewhat original farmers, for whom any idea has the merit of being tried out, and who are constantly open-minded.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Integrating the agricultural sector into the transition:&#039;&#039;&#039; A group can&#039;t change everything on its own either: Sol en Caux has therefore integrated the entire upstream and downstream agricultural sector (cooperatives, storage organizations, technicians, management bodies, etc.).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* When you have a &#039;&#039;global approach&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;take care of the soil&#039;&#039;, you open up &#039;&#039;exceptional horizons&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vidéo==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mr7myhuhRYQ}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Sources==&lt;br /&gt;
* Visit to the Ferme de Longueuil on 07/11/2023.&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Decompacting a no-till soil, Guillaume Chedru|Decompacting a no-till soil, Guillaume Chedru]].&lt;br /&gt;
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7P-yJtKCLDM Tour de plaine #5: Gestion d&#039;un système grandes cultures pour réduire les charges et protéger le sol] (Youtube - AgroLeague).&lt;br /&gt;
* Regional averages Agreste/Rica (Réseau d&#039;Information Comptable Agricole) 2021.&lt;br /&gt;
* GisSol.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Angeline Almeida (2044552287)</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Longueil%27s_Farm&amp;diff=4365</id>
		<title>Longueil&#039;s Farm</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Longueil%27s_Farm&amp;diff=4365"/>
		<updated>2024-05-14T08:21:38Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Angeline Almeida (2044552287): &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Portrait de ferme&lt;br /&gt;
| Nom de l&#039;exploitation = Ferme de Longueil &lt;br /&gt;
| Sous-titre = Living soil and industrial crops&lt;br /&gt;
| Bannière = Bannière Ferme de Longueuil.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| Logo = &lt;br /&gt;
| Photo de l&#039;agriculteur = Guillaume et Antoine Chedru 2023.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| URL = &lt;br /&gt;
| Nom de l&#039;agriculteur = Guillaume et Antoine Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
| Organisme = Ver de Terre Production&lt;br /&gt;
| Date de mise en œuvre = 1995&lt;br /&gt;
| Département = Seine-Maritime (département)&lt;br /&gt;
| Adresse = Goderville, 76110&lt;br /&gt;
| Latitude = 49.650236&lt;br /&gt;
| Longitude = 0.362893&lt;br /&gt;
| Objectif = Agronomie des sols vivants&lt;br /&gt;
| Type de production = Grandes cultures&lt;br /&gt;
| SAU = 160&lt;br /&gt;
| UTH = 1,25&lt;br /&gt;
| Cahier des charges = HVE3&lt;br /&gt;
| pH = Neutral soil&lt;br /&gt;
| Texture du sol = Silty-clay&lt;br /&gt;
| Description de sol = Loamy loam&lt;br /&gt;
| Cultures = Linen@ Beet@ Wheat@ Rapeseed@ &lt;br /&gt;
| Autres caractéristiques = Activité biologique des sols&lt;br /&gt;
| Photo d&#039;illustration = Inondation route gouville.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| ImageCaption = Road flooding in Goderville&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 1 = Sols vivants&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 2 = Semis direct&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 3 = TCS&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 4 = Couverts végétaux&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 5 = Sol en Caux&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1988, Antoine Chedru set up the family farm in the Pays de Caux region with his brother and father, as partners in a mixed farming (dairy) system that has since evolved considerably.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The very wet winters of 1993 and 1994 triggered a great deal of erosion in their conventional plots of loamy soil. Following this, Jean-François Ouvry (AREAS) raised awareness of the problem, noting that tillage amplified the erosion phenomenon. This prompted the farm team to completely revise their technical itinerary and even build their own equipment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since setting up, Antoine, and now his son Guillaume, &#039;&#039;are fully committed to an agroecological approach&#039;&#039; in the sense that they work on a system-wide scale, actively seeking to work with and not against natural ecosystems.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, the system change did not happen with a snap of the fingers, but in an incremental way, punctuated by mistakes and uncertainties, supported by a dynamic of experimentation and local working groups.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Special features of the farm==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Reduced tillage with [[Direct seeding|SD]] (direct seeding) + [[Simplified cultivation techniques (TCS)|TCS]] (simplified cultivation techniques) + [[Plant cover crops]] and [[Field crop associations|companion plants]].&lt;br /&gt;
*Beet using [[strip-till]] without insecticides.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Self-build strip-till for successful rapeseed establishment|Self-build]].&lt;br /&gt;
*Development of [[biocontrol]] solutions such as [[Stimulation of plants&#039; natural defenses with fermented nettle extracts|fermented nettle extracts]], [[comfrey]], [[Garlic and garlic-based products for sustainable agriculture|garlic maceration]] and development of [[Effective microorganisms (EM)|effective microorganisms (EM)]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Contextual data==&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Farm name&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Ferme de Longueil&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Location&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Goderville, Seine-Maritime (76)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;SAU&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|160 ha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;UTH&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|1.25 (Antoine Chedru full-time and Guillaume 25%)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Crops&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Beet, wheat, flax, rapeseed&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Labels&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|[[High environmental value|HVE 3]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Groups&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Sol en Caux&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Land context ===&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;Soil texture&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Silt|Loam]] loam, 60% loam&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;OM content at planting (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|1,7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Last MO rate&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
lab test (year n)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|2.8 (2023 analysis)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Soil PH 2020 (year n)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Bearing capacity, structure...&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| No rotary tillage, no plough tillage&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Good bearing capacity, improved by plant cover crops&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Earthworms per m²&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|110 &lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Local climate data===&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
!&#039;&#039;&#039;Local data&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
!&#039;&#039;&#039;National data&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Annual rainfall&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;average&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;Around 1200 mm per year&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
(average 161 mm/month)&lt;br /&gt;
|155 mm/month&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;T°max moyenne&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|38&lt;br /&gt;
|29&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;T°min moyenne&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;-4.7&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2,7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;First frost&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;usually&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;December when there is&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Type of climate&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Oceanic&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Source: Météo France&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transition stages==&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;1995 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Stopped ploughing and switched to simplified tillage (TCS) with the farm&#039;s existing equipment. &#039;&#039;&#039;From this date on&#039;&#039;&#039;, with significant rainfall of 1000 to 1200 mm per year, &#039;&#039;&#039;Antoine no longer observed any erosion in his plots&#039;&#039;&#039;. He explains that the reason they switched to TCS was that the soil was not yet ready to &amp;quot;take care of itself&amp;quot;. So they made a few deep passes with a stubble cultivator to &amp;quot;build up a structure conducive to root development&amp;quot;. As the level of [[Organic Matter|Organic Matter (OM)]] increased, the working depth decreased (first from 20 to 15 cm, then 10 cm).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;2000:&#039;&#039;&#039; Antoine&#039;s brother leaves the farm, and an employee is hired to replace him.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2010 :&#039;&#039;&#039; They test strip-till beets.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2012 :&#039;&#039;&#039; End of dairy herd.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Winter 2012-2013:&#039;&#039;&#039; Warning from the water agency following major mudslides on the roads and turbidity problems in the area. This is when most of the crops are planted using [[direct seeding]].&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2013&#039;&#039;&#039;: Creation of &amp;quot;[https://agriculture.gouv.fr/produire-autrement-sol-en-caux-lutte-contre-lerosion-des-sols Sol en Caux]&amp;quot;: emergence at last of a welded group at department level (15 farmers in the area).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2015 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Beginning of the implementation of [[Macerations: principles &amp;amp; recipes, by Stéphane Billotte|plant macerations]] as an alternative to fungicides and the spreading of [[Bois raméal fragmenté|BRF]] (Bois Raméal Fragmenté).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2016 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Stop using insecticides.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2019 :&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; 800mm of water in autumn, beginning of cracking trials due to crop loss caused by the fact that in Seine-Maritime, soils are generally made up of fine silts with a little [[clay]] (12% clay and 70% silts) which naturally take up mass. This phenomenon induces water stagnation, despite the fact that the farm was already in SD for rapeseed and wheat, and that tillage was very shallow for spring crops (which partly solved hydromorphic problems).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Effects of new practices===&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;Stop mudflows and floods&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;&#039;Hydromorphic management&#039;&#039; and more &#039;&#039;&#039;microporosity&#039;&#039;&#039; in the soil.&lt;br /&gt;
*Growing potatoes by direct seeding, with Sol en Caux |&#039;&#039;&#039;Gain in soil fertility&#039;&#039;&#039;]] (OM has improved by 1 percentage point since the change in practices): &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;I find that since we&#039;ve been working with a simplified seeding system, or even direct seeding, the soil&#039;s bearing capacity has improved considerably and, despite the rain, we&#039;re able to plant in excellent conditions because the organic matter level has risen and the soil is in much better health.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Cost savings:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; Today, the farm&#039;s biggest expense is the harvester.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;SD practices are favorable to the development of [[:Category:Slug|slugs]] and [[:Category:Vole|voles]]&#039;&#039;&#039;. Antoine therefore uses a [[[straw harrow]]&#039;&#039; after harvest, to expose slug eggs to the sun. He also uses [https://ephy.anses.fr/ppp/sluxx-hp &#039;&#039;&#039;Sluxx&#039;&#039;&#039;] (Molluscicide) as a preventive measure, up to 15 days before sowing. For voles, he relies on &#039;&#039;natural predators&#039;&#039;, which he encourages with perches in the plots, as well as on the &#039;&#039;tillage&#039;&#039; he has maintained for certain crops (beet and flax).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Effect of trials with companion plants / maceration, cumulated with the cessation of insecticides on pest pressure:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; A Berlèse test was carried out in December 2021 to see the effect of stopping insecticides in rapeseed associated with [[faba bean]]. The result was &#039;&#039;&#039;0.6 [[:Category:Flea beetle| flea beetle]]/foot larvae&#039;&#039;&#039;, on a plot with 2.8 to 3% OM. A robust rapeseed that emerges more quickly from winter means that flea beetle larvae stay in the petiole and don&#039;t do as much damage to the stems.&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;quot;&#039;Since we&#039;ve been working with a semi-simplified system, or even direct seeding, the soil&#039;s &#039;&#039;bearing capacity&#039;&#039; has improved considerably, and despite the rain, we&#039;re able to sow in excellent conditions, as the organic matter level has risen and the soil is in much better health.&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;gallery mode=&amp;quot;slideshow&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
File:Analyse Celasta lab chedru 2015 page-0002.jpg|Celestalab 2015 soil analysis at Longeuil farm. Total OM = 2.27. There is a high proportion of stable OM (1.97) but little rapid OM (0.33).&lt;br /&gt;
File:Analyse Celestalab 2020 à la ferme de Longeuil.jpg|Celestalab 2020 soil analysis. OM rises to 2.8 and free OM has increased significantly since RCW was added.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Objectives===&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;The objective is to continue doing a good job. To develop organic matter and have a self-fertilizing system, we need to &#039;&#039;&#039;perpetuate&#039;&#039;&#039; it because it can change overnight.&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*Develop other crops like [[hemp]] at the same time as flax. It&#039;s complicated because of the vagaries of the weather.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Crop monitoring: rotation and technical itineraries===&lt;br /&gt;
=== Crop rotation ===&lt;br /&gt;
On installation: wheat, rapeseed, fibre flax (peas or corn could also be grown, but at an additional cost).  Since then, there has been a &#039;&#039;lengthening&#039;&#039; of the rotations and a diversification of crops, which has the merit of improving [[rye grass]] and [[Vulpin des champs|vulpin]] concerns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The reasons for this choice of crop rotation combine agronomy, management and economics (flax, the region&#039;s leading crop, faba beans, economically profitable beet).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Assolement 2022 Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
| width=100%&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;tooltip&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;treemap&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;roam&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;borderWidth&amp;quot;:0,&amp;quot;gapWidth&amp;quot;:2},&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Assolement 2022 Chedru&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cultures de vente&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;children&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;wheat&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:76,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;rapeseed&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:32,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;beets&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:12,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;fibre flax &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:28,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;faba beans &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:15,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} }],&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#ffe599&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;fontColor&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;SIE&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;children&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;meadows &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:6.5,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} }],&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#b6d7a8&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;fontColor&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Rotation features ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts: title=Rotation type Chedru | width=100% | height=400px  | json = Ferme de Longueil/Rotation type Chedru.json }}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Use of companion plants ====&lt;br /&gt;
* Bean for rapeseed (lure effect against flea beetles).&lt;br /&gt;
* Barley for wheat and beet.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== External OM input ====&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to crop cover and straw residues, there is a &#039;&#039;&#039;contribution of [[Rameal fragmented wood|BRF]] without incorporation&#039;&#039;&#039; (this conserves surface oxygen) after flax, &#039;&#039;&#039;about 10t/ha.&#039;&#039;&#039; This input will take between &#039;&#039;2 and 3 years to be completely decomposed&#039;&#039; (RCW must not be found in the flax slicks). They then sow the wheat directly into the RCW. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This contribution does not have a direct impact on the crop, but it increases the stable OM content with C/N levels below 50, so that it can be degraded into humus. ([[Ferme de Longueil#Effet constaté des nouvelles pratiques|cf. analyses de sol Celesta lab]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Use of starter fertilizers ====&lt;br /&gt;
Use of starter fertilizer&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; at sowing to anticipate the lack of mineralization that can occur in SD.&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Use of fermented extracts ====&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Use [[Stimulation of plants&#039; natural defenses with fermented nettle extracts|fermented nettle extracts]], [[comfrey]], [[Garlic and garlic products for sustainable agriculture|garlic maceration]].&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4LzgFBkjS-8}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Nettle is a silica-rich plant that thickens the cuticle of wheat and beet leaves, making them more resistant to bio-aggressors. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Garlic is an excellent insect repellent. Flax is a crop often attacked by flea beetles, so after sowing, when the flax is 2-3 cm tall, Antoine and Guillaume apply garlic maceration. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This allows them to stop using insecticides on the farm&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Cover crops ====&lt;br /&gt;
Plant cover crops are used in rotation for several reasons:&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Important nitrogen contribution&#039;&#039; to the crops that follow (between 20 and 40 units of nitrogen/ha, for example, for the cover crop preceding beet. Faba bean as a rapeseed companion plant can also fix 20 U of nitrogen resituated to the rapeseed at the end of winter, and can even be beneficial to the wheat crop that follows, thanks to the mineralization process), also generating fertilizer savings.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Apport conséquent de biomasse&#039;&#039;&#039; (minimum 250 pieds à l&#039;ha, pensé grâce à la [[Méthode Merci|méthode MERCI]] courant décembre) après un gel et un passage du [[Rouleau FACA|Rolofaca,]] quand le couvert est en fleur théoriquement. Except that in our region, the canopy is quickly in flower and it&#039;s still too early to destroy it. The aim is for it to decompose before the spring crop. Herbicides are not normally needed for its destruction (just for the following crop, to manage [[Ray-grass|ray grass]]/[[Vulpin des champs|vulpin]]).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Soil drainage&#039;&#039;&#039; thanks to their root structure.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Break the grass cycle&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Their cost:&#039;&#039;&#039; Approximately 70€ per ha.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Reducing tillage on industrial crops ====&lt;br /&gt;
Although Guillaume and Antoine are adepts of direct seeding, they recognize that it is a system with its limits: &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;we can hardly do without tillage for crops such as [[potato]], beet, flax&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; in particular to warm up the soil, level out boar holes, mounds created by moles, and so on. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The guiding principle was to ask what they could do, during the long rotation, to &#039;&#039;build up the soil more than we deconstruct it&#039;&#039; after a penalizing crop like beet.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For beet, a few days before planting, &amp;quot;they work the soil to a depth of 3 cm&amp;quot; with a &amp;quot;rolling spade&amp;quot; tool, then &amp;quot;they restructure the soil with a strip-till which allows them to work a 10 cm row every 50 cm, to a depth of 12 cm&amp;quot;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A few days later, they refine the line with a &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Strawberry - animated harrow|strawberry]]&#039;&#039;&#039;, which &#039;&#039;&#039;precedes the beet drill&#039;&#039;&#039;. {{Image centered | ITK beet chedru 2022.png | ITK beet 2022}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Fiber flax, which is very sensitive to compaction and requires particularly well-levelled soil, also benefits from shallow tillage. Knowing that these two crops are the ones that destructure the soil the most, Guillaume and Antoine try to space them further apart and lengthen the rotation to give the soil time to rest.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Couvert végétal chedru.jpg|vignette|Green cover at the Longeuil farm.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Biodiversity focus on the farm==&lt;br /&gt;
There are twelve beehives on the farm (belonging to the President of the Seine-Maritime Departmental Council), so they want to avoid mortality, a parameter that has motivated the reduction in phytosanitary products and zero insecticides.    &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;You have to feed them all the time. They feed in spring, when faba beans, peas and colza blossom. Cover crops based on peas, sunflowers and faba beans help them get through the winter&amp;quot;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Focus on autonomy==&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Seed self-sufficient crops&#039;&#039;&#039;: Wheat, fababeans (also exchange seeds, e.g. fababeans for sunflower).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Crops with purchased seed&#039;&#039;&#039;: Beetroot, rapeseed.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Overall self-sufficiency&#039;&#039;&#039;: Self-build workshop for machinery (especially seeders), straw/manure exchange, dryer and storage area on the farm, branches and green waste brought in by the waste disposal center and neighbors.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Equipment: disc seed drill AND tine seed drill==&lt;br /&gt;
The farm is well equipped in terms of equipment, because in a very rainy region, the window of opportunity for seeding is quite short. Guillaume and Antoine alternate between two seed drills: one with discs and one with tines: &lt;br /&gt;
{{Article détaillé|Choisir son semoir de semis direct à dents ou à disques}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VsBHpeMMsTQ}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The tine seeder ===&lt;br /&gt;
Self-built. Total investment is €30,000. Commercially available equipment would cost around €100,000.&lt;br /&gt;
* The tool is &#039;&#039;6 m wide&#039;&#039; and has &#039;&#039;&#039;20 elements spaced 30cm apart&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;3 depth levels&#039;&#039;: A single pass can perform 3 different operations (in particular, they have added a micro fertilizer for localized fertilization in the furrow).&lt;br /&gt;
* Sowing: Suitable for large and small seeds (cover crops, rapeseed).&lt;br /&gt;
* With the aim of &amp;quot;disturbing the soil as little as possible&amp;quot;, the tool runs at a maximum speed of 7 km/h.&lt;br /&gt;
* Particular attention is also paid to low tire pressure.&lt;br /&gt;
* The work rate is &#039;&#039;4 ha/h&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* The seed drill is mounted, and weighs 3.5 tons, which means that it requires more power and lift than a semi-mounted machine.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Advantages/disadvantages of the tine seeder according to Antoine:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Perturbe moins la terre, ce qui entraîne donc &#039;&#039;&#039;moins relevés d&#039;adventice&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;More precise&#039;&#039; and no risk of clogging in well-developed canopies.&lt;br /&gt;
* Less favourable to slugs, as it doesn&#039;t leave the furrows they use as a highway.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The disc seeder ===&lt;br /&gt;
[Fichier:Semoir à disques chedru.jpg|vignette|Semoir à disques des Chedru]]&lt;br /&gt;
*It was purchased secondhand for €25,000.&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
*It is used for &#039;&#039;&#039;sowing wheat and flax under plant cover&#039;&#039; ([[Clover|clover]] or [[legumes]]).&lt;br /&gt;
*The tractor is equipped with a ballasted Rolofaca (2.8 T for 4.5 m width) to lay down the canopy.&lt;br /&gt;
*The discs have a 12 mm opening. They are positioned 15 cm apart, which is &#039;&#039;ideal for sowing flax&#039;&#039;, the region&#039;s flagship crop.&lt;br /&gt;
*Pinches the straw at the bottom of the furrow, greatly disrupting emergence.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== RTK self-guidance system - working comfort ===&lt;br /&gt;
*The [[RTK]] system costs €15,000 per tractor for plot mapping. It can then be used &#039;&#039;&#039;for all tractors&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Other equipment ===&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Beet drill&#039;&#039;&#039; shared with a neighbor.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;CUMA harvesting equipment&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Strip-till&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Economics==&lt;br /&gt;
Antoine and Guillaume are lucid about their system: &amp;quot;With ploughing, we might have better yields. But it&#039;s the margin and not the turnover that we&#039;re looking at&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
!Rapeseed&lt;br /&gt;
Durum wheat&lt;br /&gt;
!Beetroot&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Product&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;2 812 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;2 915 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;3 960 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Seeds&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|161 €&lt;br /&gt;
|378 €&lt;br /&gt;
|288 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Fertilizers&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|717 €&lt;br /&gt;
|424 €&lt;br /&gt;
|382 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Oligos&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|15 €&lt;br /&gt;
|36 €&lt;br /&gt;
|32 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Phytos&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|67 €&lt;br /&gt;
|99 €&lt;br /&gt;
|183 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Mechanization&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|53 €&lt;br /&gt;
|50 €&lt;br /&gt;
|75 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Irrigation&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Gross margin 2022&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;1 800 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;1 927 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;3 000 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#economic_charts:&lt;br /&gt;
 title=Accounting Antoine Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
 | Semences et plants 2022 = 27200&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fertilisation 2022 = 44480&lt;br /&gt;
 | Produits de traitements 2022 = 37440&lt;br /&gt;
 | Travaux par tiers 2022 = 9600&lt;br /&gt;
 | Carburant 2022 = 10560&lt;br /&gt;
 | Entretien matériel 2022 = 19200&lt;br /&gt;
 | Eau, gaz, électricité 2022 = 9000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Frais de gestion 2022 = 98000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fermage 2022 = 39680&lt;br /&gt;
 | Assurances 2022 = 17920&lt;br /&gt;
 | Autres 2022 = 85000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Salariés 2022 = 20000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Vente de produits végétaux 2022 = 598000&lt;br /&gt;
 | DPU, DPB 2022 = 60000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Aide à la certification 2022 = 3000&lt;br /&gt;
 | EBE total 2022 = 242920}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Inputs have increased enormously: nitrogen, phosphorus, potash and all the trace elements and phyto products.&lt;br /&gt;
* The dryer consumes a lot of energy.&lt;br /&gt;
* For fuel: in the accounting documents, you need to know that the services provided by other farmers, Guillaume and Antoine, do not exceed 50 and 60L/ha.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Marketing==&lt;br /&gt;
Guillaume and Antoine used to deliver everything to storage organizations. Now they &amp;quot;alternate between a few forward sales cooperatives&amp;quot; and a little direct selling. They keep a constant eye on market prices. The most important thing is to &#039;&#039;&#039;know your production costs, and then you can define a sales strategy&#039;&#039;.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!Culture&lt;br /&gt;
! Customer&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Lin&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Agylin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Beans&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Cover + trader&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Peas&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Covered + dealer&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Corn&lt;br /&gt;
|Direct sale to a farmer&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Bâtiment de stockage Chedru.png|thumb|Bâtiment de stockage des Chedru.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Storage==&lt;br /&gt;
They &#039;&#039;&#039;store 100% of their crops&#039;&#039;&#039; thanks to the&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;adaptation of former livestock buildings&#039;&#039;&#039; present on the farm with :&lt;br /&gt;
* Adapted ventilation.&lt;br /&gt;
* Flat storage on level platforms.&lt;br /&gt;
* A dryer to dry crops that are too wet.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== 2022 Economic, social and environmental report ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Economical review &lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;EBE/UTH&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:250000},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;EBE/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Subventions/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Annuités/EBE (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Charges/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[194336,41,10,34,70],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[159000,43,13,3,84],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Moyenne&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true},&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Social Review&lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Confort au travail&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Satisfaction économique&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Satisfaction sociale &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Coopération&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cadre de vie &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[8,10,10,7,10],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Environmental review &lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Tx de MO &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:3},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Couverture du sol (j/an)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:365},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Indice de travail du sol (surface travaillée x coefficient d&#039;aggressivité x profondeur)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:5},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;SIE/SAU&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:1},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Diversité des cultures (nbre de culture dans l&#039;assolement)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:15}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[2.8,340,1.18425,0.0375,6],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[2.46,0,0,0,0],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Moyenne&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true},&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Level of comfort at work, taking into account physical or mental hardship&#039;&#039;: 8/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Economic satisfaction&#039;&#039;: 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Daily work satisfaction, feeling of being surrounded in one&#039;s work&#039;&#039;: 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Cooperation with other local players, mutual aid&#039;&#039;: 7/10&lt;br /&gt;
* Living environment: 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
* Percentage of Organic matter: 2.8&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Soil coverage (days/year)&#039;&#039;&#039; :340 days&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Tillage index (tilled area x aggressiveness coefficient x depth)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 1.2 i(l was calculated on two technical itineraries, rapeseed and beet)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;SIE/SAU &#039;&#039;&#039;: 0.04&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Crop diversity (number of crops in the rotation, excluding cover crops)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 6&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039; EBE/UTH&#039;&#039;&#039;: 194,336 (e)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;EBE/CA (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 41&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Subsidies/Sales (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Annuities/EBIT (%)&#039;&#039;: 34&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Expenses/Sales (%)&#039;&#039;: 70 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Working hours are difficult to estimate. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Source: Moyennes régionales Agreste/Rica (Réseau d&#039;Information Comptable Agricole) 2021&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Tips for getting started==&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Start with simplified seeding and gradually increase OM levels:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;If you don&#039;t have good natural porosity and a good level of organic matter, you won&#039;t be able to do without tillage. You have to start by creating a soil in the first years of transition. It&#039;s a long-term job.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Surround yourself:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; Antoine felt isolated in the experimental approach he embarked upon (at the start there were five of them in the department, and all the organizations in the sector were telling them they were heading straight for disaster). They got a lot of help from Jean-François Aubry and through exchanges on internet forums, but above all through group work. It was very hard to get off the beaten track, to face up to the scrutiny and pressure exerted by other farmers who don&#039;t question their model. Antoine is therefore grateful to be part of a group of 15 somewhat original farmers, for whom any idea has the merit of being tried out, and who are constantly open-minded.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Integrating the agricultural sector into the transition:&#039;&#039;&#039; A group can&#039;t change everything on its own either: Sol en Caux has therefore integrated the entire upstream and downstream agricultural sector (cooperatives, storage organizations, technicians, management bodies, etc.).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* When you have a &#039;&#039;global approach&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;take care of the soil&#039;&#039;, you open up &#039;&#039;exceptional horizons&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vidéo==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mr7myhuhRYQ}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Sources==&lt;br /&gt;
* Visit to the Ferme de Longueuil on 07/11/2023.&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Decompacting a no-till soil, Guillaume Chedru|Decompacting a no-till soil, Guillaume Chedru]].&lt;br /&gt;
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7P-yJtKCLDM Tour de plaine #5: Gestion d&#039;un système grandes cultures pour réduire les charges et protéger le sol] (Youtube - AgroLeague).&lt;br /&gt;
* Regional averages Agreste/Rica (Réseau d&#039;Information Comptable Agricole) 2021.&lt;br /&gt;
* GisSol.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Angeline Almeida (2044552287)</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Longueil%27s_Farm&amp;diff=4364</id>
		<title>Longueil&#039;s Farm</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Longueil%27s_Farm&amp;diff=4364"/>
		<updated>2024-05-14T08:18:38Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Angeline Almeida (2044552287): &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Portrait de ferme&lt;br /&gt;
| Nom de l&#039;exploitation = Ferme de Longueil &lt;br /&gt;
| Sous-titre = Living soil and industrial crops&lt;br /&gt;
| Bannière = Bannière Ferme de Longueuil.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| Logo = &lt;br /&gt;
| Photo de l&#039;agriculteur = Guillaume et Antoine Chedru 2023.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| URL = &lt;br /&gt;
| Nom de l&#039;agriculteur = Guillaume et Antoine Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
| Organisme = Ver de Terre Production&lt;br /&gt;
| Date de mise en œuvre = 1995&lt;br /&gt;
| Département = Seine-Maritime (département)&lt;br /&gt;
| Adresse = Goderville, 76110&lt;br /&gt;
| Latitude = 49.650236&lt;br /&gt;
| Longitude = 0.362893&lt;br /&gt;
| Objectif = Agronomie des sols vivants&lt;br /&gt;
| Type de production = Grandes cultures&lt;br /&gt;
| SAU = 160&lt;br /&gt;
| UTH = 1,25&lt;br /&gt;
| Cahier des charges = HVE3&lt;br /&gt;
| pH = Neutral soil&lt;br /&gt;
| Texture du sol = Silty-clay&lt;br /&gt;
| Description de sol = Loamy loam&lt;br /&gt;
| Cultures = Linen@ Beet@ Wheat@ Rapeseed@ &lt;br /&gt;
| Autres caractéristiques = Activité biologique des sols&lt;br /&gt;
| Photo d&#039;illustration = Inondation route gouville.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| ImageCaption = Road flooding in Goderville&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 1 = Sols vivants&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 2 = Semis direct&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 3 = TCS&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 4 = Couverts végétaux&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 5 = Sol en Caux&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1988, Antoine Chedru set up the family farm in the Pays de Caux region with his brother and father, as partners in a mixed farming (dairy) system that has since evolved considerably.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The very wet winters of 1993 and 1994 triggered a great deal of erosion in their conventional plots of loamy soil. Following this, Jean-François Ouvry (AREAS) raised awareness of the problem, noting that tillage amplified the erosion phenomenon. This prompted the farm team to completely revise their technical itinerary and even build their own equipment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since setting up, Antoine, and now his son Guillaume, &#039;&#039;are fully committed to an agroecological approach&#039;&#039; in the sense that they work on a system-wide scale, actively seeking to work with and not against natural ecosystems.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, the system change did not happen with a snap of the fingers, but in an incremental way, punctuated by mistakes and uncertainties, supported by a dynamic of experimentation and local working groups.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Special features of the farm==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Reduced tillage with [[Direct seeding|SD]] (direct seeding) + [[Simplified cultivation techniques (TCS)|TCS]] (simplified cultivation techniques) + [[Plant cover crops]] and [[Field crop associations|companion plants]].&lt;br /&gt;
*Beet using [[strip-till]] without insecticides.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Self-build strip-till for successful rapeseed establishment|Self-build]].&lt;br /&gt;
*Development of [[biocontrol]] solutions such as [[Stimulation of plants&#039; natural defenses with fermented nettle extracts|fermented nettle extracts]], [[comfrey]], [[Garlic and garlic-based products for sustainable agriculture|garlic maceration]] and development of [[Effective microorganisms (EM)|effective microorganisms (EM)]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Contextual data==&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Farm name&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Ferme de Longueil&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Location&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Goderville, Seine-Maritime (76)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;SAU&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|160 ha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;UTH&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|1.25 (Antoine Chedru full-time and Guillaume 25%)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Crops&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Beet, wheat, flax, rapeseed&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Labels&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|[[High environmental value|HVE 3]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Groups&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Sol en Caux&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Land context ===&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;Soil texture&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Silt|Loam]] loam, 60% loam&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;OM content at planting (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|1,7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Last MO rate&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
lab test (year n)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|2.8 (2023 analysis)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Soil PH 2020 (year n)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Bearing capacity, structure...&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| No rotary tillage, no plough tillage&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Good bearing capacity, improved by plant cover crops&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Earthworms per m²&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|110 &lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Local climate data===&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
!&#039;&#039;&#039;Local data&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
!&#039;&#039;&#039;National data&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Annual rainfall&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;average&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;Around 1200 mm per year&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
(average 161 mm/month)&lt;br /&gt;
|155 mm/month&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;T°max moyenne&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|38&lt;br /&gt;
|29&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;T°min moyenne&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;-4.7&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2,7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;First frost&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;usually&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;December when there is&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Type of climate&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Oceanic&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Source: Météo France&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transition stages==&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;1995 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Stopped ploughing and switched to simplified tillage (TCS) with the farm&#039;s existing equipment. &#039;&#039;&#039;From this date on&#039;&#039;&#039;, with significant rainfall of 1000 to 1200 mm per year, &#039;&#039;&#039;Antoine no longer observed any erosion in his plots&#039;&#039;&#039;. He explains that the reason they switched to TCS was that the soil was not yet ready to &amp;quot;take care of itself&amp;quot;. So they made a few deep passes with a stubble cultivator to &amp;quot;build up a structure conducive to root development&amp;quot;. As the level of [[Organic Matter|Organic Matter (OM)]] increased, the working depth decreased (first from 20 to 15 cm, then 10 cm).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;2000:&#039;&#039;&#039; Antoine&#039;s brother leaves the farm, and an employee is hired to replace him.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2010 :&#039;&#039;&#039; They test strip-till beets.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2012 :&#039;&#039;&#039; End of dairy herd.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Winter 2012-2013:&#039;&#039;&#039; Warning from the water agency following major mudslides on the roads and turbidity problems in the area. This is when most of the crops are planted using [[direct seeding]].&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2013&#039;&#039;&#039;: Creation of &amp;quot;[https://agriculture.gouv.fr/produire-autrement-sol-en-caux-lutte-contre-lerosion-des-sols Sol en Caux]&amp;quot;: emergence at last of a welded group at department level (15 farmers in the area).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2015 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Beginning of the implementation of [[Macerations: principles &amp;amp; recipes, by Stéphane Billotte|plant macerations]] as an alternative to fungicides and the spreading of [[Bois raméal fragmenté|BRF]] (Bois Raméal Fragmenté).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2016 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Stop using insecticides.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2019 :&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; 800mm of water in autumn, beginning of cracking trials due to crop loss caused by the fact that in Seine-Maritime, soils are generally made up of fine silts with a little [[clay]] (12% clay and 70% silts) which naturally take up mass. This phenomenon induces water stagnation, despite the fact that the farm was already in SD for rapeseed and wheat, and that tillage was very shallow for spring crops (which partly solved hydromorphic problems).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Effects of new practices===&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;Stop mudflows and floods&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;&#039;Hydromorphic management&#039;&#039; and more &#039;&#039;&#039;microporosity&#039;&#039;&#039; in the soil.&lt;br /&gt;
*Growing potatoes by direct seeding, with Sol en Caux |&#039;&#039;&#039;Gain in soil fertility&#039;&#039;&#039;]] (OM has improved by 1 percentage point since the change in practices): &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;I find that since we&#039;ve been working with a simplified seeding system, or even direct seeding, the soil&#039;s bearing capacity has improved considerably and, despite the rain, we&#039;re able to plant in excellent conditions because the organic matter level has risen and the soil is in much better health.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Cost savings:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; Today, the farm&#039;s biggest expense is the harvester.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;SD practices are favorable to the development of [[:Category:Slug|slugs]] and [[:Category:Vole|voles]]&#039;&#039;&#039;. Antoine therefore uses a [[[straw harrow]]&#039;&#039; after harvest, to expose slug eggs to the sun. He also uses [https://ephy.anses.fr/ppp/sluxx-hp &#039;&#039;&#039;Sluxx&#039;&#039;&#039;] (Molluscicide) as a preventive measure, up to 15 days before sowing. For voles, he relies on &#039;&#039;natural predators&#039;&#039;, which he encourages with perches in the plots, as well as on the &#039;&#039;tillage&#039;&#039; he has maintained for certain crops (beet and flax).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Effect of trials with companion plants / maceration, cumulated with the cessation of insecticides on pest pressure:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; A Berlèse test was carried out in December 2021 to see the effect of stopping insecticides in rapeseed associated with [[faba bean]]. The result was &#039;&#039;&#039;0.6 [[:Category:Flea beetle| flea beetle]]/foot larvae&#039;&#039;&#039;, on a plot with 2.8 to 3% OM. A robust rapeseed that emerges more quickly from winter means that flea beetle larvae stay in the petiole and don&#039;t do as much damage to the stems.&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;quot;&#039;Since we&#039;ve been working with a semi-simplified system, or even direct seeding, the soil&#039;s &#039;&#039;bearing capacity&#039;&#039; has improved considerably, and despite the rain, we&#039;re able to sow in excellent conditions, as the organic matter level has risen and the soil is in much better health.&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;gallery mode=&amp;quot;slideshow&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
File:Analyse Celasta lab chedru 2015 page-0002.jpg|Celestalab 2015 soil analysis at Longeuil farm. Total OM = 2.27. There is a high proportion of stable OM (1.97) but little rapid OM (0.33).&lt;br /&gt;
File:Analyse Celestalab 2020 à la ferme de Longeuil.jpg|Celestalab 2020 soil analysis. OM rises to 2.8 and free OM has increased significantly since RCW was added.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Objectives===&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;The objective is to continue doing a good job. To develop organic matter and have a self-fertilizing system, we need to &#039;&#039;&#039;perpetuate&#039;&#039;&#039; it because it can change overnight.&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*Develop other crops like [[hemp]] at the same time as flax. It&#039;s complicated because of the vagaries of the weather.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Crop monitoring: rotation and technical itineraries===&lt;br /&gt;
=== Crop rotation ===&lt;br /&gt;
On installation: wheat, rapeseed, fibre flax (peas or corn could also be grown, but at an additional cost).  Since then, there has been a &#039;&#039;lengthening&#039;&#039; of the rotations and a diversification of crops, which has the merit of improving [[rye grass]] and [[Vulpin des champs|vulpin]] concerns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The reasons for this choice of crop rotation combine agronomy, management and economics (flax, the region&#039;s leading crop, faba beans, economically profitable beet).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Assolement 2022 Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
| width=100%&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;tooltip&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;treemap&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;roam&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;borderWidth&amp;quot;:0,&amp;quot;gapWidth&amp;quot;:2},&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Assolement 2022 Chedru&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cultures de vente&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;children&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;blé&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:76,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;colza&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:32,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;betterave&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:12,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;lin &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:28,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;feverole &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:15,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} }],&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#ffe599&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;fontColor&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;SIE&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;children&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;prairies &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:6.5,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} }],&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#b6d7a8&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;fontColor&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Rotation features ===&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts: title=Rotation type Chedru | width=100% | height=400px  | json = Ferme de Longueil/Rotation type Chedru.json }}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Use of companion plants ====&lt;br /&gt;
* Bean for rapeseed (lure effect against flea beetles).&lt;br /&gt;
* Barley for wheat and beet.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== External OM input ====&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to crop cover and straw residues, there is a &#039;&#039;&#039;contribution of [[Rameal fragmented wood|BRF]] without incorporation&#039;&#039;&#039; (this conserves surface oxygen) after flax, &#039;&#039;&#039;about 10t/ha.&#039;&#039;&#039; This input will take between &#039;&#039;2 and 3 years to be completely decomposed&#039;&#039; (RCW must not be found in the flax slicks). They then sow the wheat directly into the RCW. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This contribution does not have a direct impact on the crop, but it increases the stable OM content with C/N levels below 50, so that it can be degraded into humus. ([[Ferme de Longueil#Effet constaté des nouvelles pratiques|cf. analyses de sol Celesta lab]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Use of starter fertilizers ====&lt;br /&gt;
Use of starter fertilizer&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; at sowing to anticipate the lack of mineralization that can occur in SD.&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Use of fermented extracts ====&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Use [[Stimulation of plants&#039; natural defenses with fermented nettle extracts|fermented nettle extracts]], [[comfrey]], [[Garlic and garlic products for sustainable agriculture|garlic maceration]].&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4LzgFBkjS-8}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Nettle is a silica-rich plant that thickens the cuticle of wheat and beet leaves, making them more resistant to bio-aggressors. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Garlic is an excellent insect repellent. Flax is a crop often attacked by flea beetles, so after sowing, when the flax is 2-3 cm tall, Antoine and Guillaume apply garlic maceration. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This allows them to stop using insecticides on the farm&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Cover crops ====&lt;br /&gt;
Plant cover crops are used in rotation for several reasons:&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Important nitrogen contribution&#039;&#039; to the crops that follow (between 20 and 40 units of nitrogen/ha, for example, for the cover crop preceding beet. Faba bean as a rapeseed companion plant can also fix 20 U of nitrogen resituated to the rapeseed at the end of winter, and can even be beneficial to the wheat crop that follows, thanks to the mineralization process), also generating fertilizer savings.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Apport conséquent de biomasse&#039;&#039;&#039; (minimum 250 pieds à l&#039;ha, pensé grâce à la [[Méthode Merci|méthode MERCI]] courant décembre) après un gel et un passage du [[Rouleau FACA|Rolofaca,]] quand le couvert est en fleur théoriquement. Except that in our region, the canopy is quickly in flower and it&#039;s still too early to destroy it. The aim is for it to decompose before the spring crop. Herbicides are not normally needed for its destruction (just for the following crop, to manage [[Ray-grass|ray grass]]/[[Vulpin des champs|vulpin]]).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Soil drainage&#039;&#039;&#039; thanks to their root structure.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Break the grass cycle&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Their cost:&#039;&#039;&#039; Approximately 70€ per ha.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Reducing tillage on industrial crops ====&lt;br /&gt;
Although Guillaume and Antoine are adepts of direct seeding, they recognize that it is a system with its limits: &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;we can hardly do without tillage for crops such as [[potato]], beet, flax&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; in particular to warm up the soil, level out boar holes, mounds created by moles, and so on. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The guiding principle was to ask what they could do, during the long rotation, to &#039;&#039;build up the soil more than we deconstruct it&#039;&#039; after a penalizing crop like beet.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For beet, a few days before planting, &amp;quot;they work the soil to a depth of 3 cm&amp;quot; with a &amp;quot;rolling spade&amp;quot; tool, then &amp;quot;they restructure the soil with a strip-till which allows them to work a 10 cm row every 50 cm, to a depth of 12 cm&amp;quot;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A few days later, they refine the line with a &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Strawberry - animated harrow|strawberry]]&#039;&#039;&#039;, which &#039;&#039;&#039;precedes the beet drill&#039;&#039;&#039;. {{Image centered | ITK beet chedru 2022.png | ITK beet 2022}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Fiber flax, which is very sensitive to compaction and requires particularly well-levelled soil, also benefits from shallow tillage. Knowing that these two crops are the ones that destructure the soil the most, Guillaume and Antoine try to space them further apart and lengthen the rotation to give the soil time to rest.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Couvert végétal chedru.jpg|vignette|Green cover at the Longeuil farm.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Biodiversity focus on the farm==&lt;br /&gt;
There are twelve beehives on the farm (belonging to the President of the Seine-Maritime Departmental Council), so they want to avoid mortality, a parameter that has motivated the reduction in phytosanitary products and zero insecticides.    &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;You have to feed them all the time. They feed in spring, when faba beans, peas and colza blossom. Cover crops based on peas, sunflowers and faba beans help them get through the winter&amp;quot;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Focus on autonomy==&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Seed self-sufficient crops&#039;&#039;&#039;: Wheat, fababeans (also exchange seeds, e.g. fababeans for sunflower).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Crops with purchased seed&#039;&#039;&#039;: Beetroot, rapeseed.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Overall self-sufficiency&#039;&#039;&#039;: Self-build workshop for machinery (especially seeders), straw/manure exchange, dryer and storage area on the farm, branches and green waste brought in by the waste disposal center and neighbors.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Equipment: disc seed drill AND tine seed drill==&lt;br /&gt;
The farm is well equipped in terms of equipment, because in a very rainy region, the window of opportunity for seeding is quite short. Guillaume and Antoine alternate between two seed drills: one with discs and one with tines: &lt;br /&gt;
{{Article détaillé|Choisir son semoir de semis direct à dents ou à disques}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VsBHpeMMsTQ}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The tine seeder ===&lt;br /&gt;
Self-built. Total investment is €30,000. Commercially available equipment would cost around €100,000.&lt;br /&gt;
* The tool is &#039;&#039;6 m wide&#039;&#039; and has &#039;&#039;&#039;20 elements spaced 30cm apart&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;3 depth levels&#039;&#039;: A single pass can perform 3 different operations (in particular, they have added a micro fertilizer for localized fertilization in the furrow).&lt;br /&gt;
* Sowing: Suitable for large and small seeds (cover crops, rapeseed).&lt;br /&gt;
* With the aim of &amp;quot;disturbing the soil as little as possible&amp;quot;, the tool runs at a maximum speed of 7 km/h.&lt;br /&gt;
* Particular attention is also paid to low tire pressure.&lt;br /&gt;
* The work rate is &#039;&#039;4 ha/h&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* The seed drill is mounted, and weighs 3.5 tons, which means that it requires more power and lift than a semi-mounted machine.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Advantages/disadvantages of the tine seeder according to Antoine:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Perturbe moins la terre, ce qui entraîne donc &#039;&#039;&#039;moins relevés d&#039;adventice&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;More precise&#039;&#039; and no risk of clogging in well-developed canopies.&lt;br /&gt;
* Less favourable to slugs, as it doesn&#039;t leave the furrows they use as a highway.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The disc seeder ===&lt;br /&gt;
[Fichier:Semoir à disques chedru.jpg|vignette|Semoir à disques des Chedru]]&lt;br /&gt;
*It was purchased secondhand for €25,000.&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
*It is used for &#039;&#039;&#039;sowing wheat and flax under plant cover&#039;&#039; ([[Clover|clover]] or [[legumes]]).&lt;br /&gt;
*The tractor is equipped with a ballasted Rolofaca (2.8 T for 4.5 m width) to lay down the canopy.&lt;br /&gt;
*The discs have a 12 mm opening. They are positioned 15 cm apart, which is &#039;&#039;ideal for sowing flax&#039;&#039;, the region&#039;s flagship crop.&lt;br /&gt;
*Pinches the straw at the bottom of the furrow, greatly disrupting emergence.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== RTK self-guidance system - working comfort ===&lt;br /&gt;
*The [[RTK]] system costs €15,000 per tractor for plot mapping. It can then be used &#039;&#039;&#039;for all tractors&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Other equipment ===&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Beet drill&#039;&#039;&#039; shared with a neighbor.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;CUMA harvesting equipment&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Strip-till&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Economics==&lt;br /&gt;
Antoine and Guillaume are lucid about their system: &amp;quot;With ploughing, we might have better yields. But it&#039;s the margin and not the turnover that we&#039;re looking at&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
!Rapeseed&lt;br /&gt;
Durum wheat&lt;br /&gt;
!Beetroot&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Product&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;2 812 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;2 915 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;3 960 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Seeds&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|161 €&lt;br /&gt;
|378 €&lt;br /&gt;
|288 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Fertilizers&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|717 €&lt;br /&gt;
|424 €&lt;br /&gt;
|382 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Oligos&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|15 €&lt;br /&gt;
|36 €&lt;br /&gt;
|32 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Phytos&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|67 €&lt;br /&gt;
|99 €&lt;br /&gt;
|183 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Mechanization&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|53 €&lt;br /&gt;
|50 €&lt;br /&gt;
|75 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Irrigation&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Gross margin 2022&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;1 800 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;1 927 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;3 000 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#economic_charts:&lt;br /&gt;
 title=Accounting Antoine Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
 | Semences et plants 2022 = 27200&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fertilisation 2022 = 44480&lt;br /&gt;
 | Produits de traitements 2022 = 37440&lt;br /&gt;
 | Travaux par tiers 2022 = 9600&lt;br /&gt;
 | Carburant 2022 = 10560&lt;br /&gt;
 | Entretien matériel 2022 = 19200&lt;br /&gt;
 | Eau, gaz, électricité 2022 = 9000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Frais de gestion 2022 = 98000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fermage 2022 = 39680&lt;br /&gt;
 | Assurances 2022 = 17920&lt;br /&gt;
 | Autres 2022 = 85000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Salariés 2022 = 20000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Vente de produits végétaux 2022 = 598000&lt;br /&gt;
 | DPU, DPB 2022 = 60000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Aide à la certification 2022 = 3000&lt;br /&gt;
 | EBE total 2022 = 242920}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Inputs have increased enormously: nitrogen, phosphorus, potash and all the trace elements and phyto products.&lt;br /&gt;
* The dryer consumes a lot of energy.&lt;br /&gt;
* For fuel: in the accounting documents, you need to know that the services provided by other farmers, Guillaume and Antoine, do not exceed 50 and 60L/ha.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Marketing==&lt;br /&gt;
Guillaume and Antoine used to deliver everything to storage organizations. Now they &amp;quot;alternate between a few forward sales cooperatives&amp;quot; and a little direct selling. They keep a constant eye on market prices. The most important thing is to &#039;&#039;&#039;know your production costs, and then you can define a sales strategy&#039;&#039;.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!Culture&lt;br /&gt;
! Customer&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Lin&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Agylin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Beans&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Cover + trader&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Peas&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Covered + dealer&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Corn&lt;br /&gt;
|Direct sale to a farmer&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Bâtiment de stockage Chedru.png|thumb|Bâtiment de stockage des Chedru.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Storage==&lt;br /&gt;
They &#039;&#039;&#039;store 100% of their crops&#039;&#039;&#039; thanks to the&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;adaptation of former livestock buildings&#039;&#039;&#039; present on the farm with :&lt;br /&gt;
* Adapted ventilation.&lt;br /&gt;
* Flat storage on level platforms.&lt;br /&gt;
* A dryer to dry crops that are too wet.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== 2022 Economic, social and environmental report ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Economical review &lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;EBE/UTH&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:250000},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;EBE/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Subventions/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Annuités/EBE (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Charges/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[194336,41,10,34,70],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[159000,43,13,3,84],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Moyenne&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true},&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Social Review&lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Confort au travail&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Satisfaction économique&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Satisfaction sociale &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Coopération&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cadre de vie &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[8,10,10,7,10],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Environmental review &lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Tx de MO &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:3},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Couverture du sol (j/an)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:365},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Indice de travail du sol (surface travaillée x coefficient d&#039;aggressivité x profondeur)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:5},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;SIE/SAU&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:1},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Diversité des cultures (nbre de culture dans l&#039;assolement)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:15}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[2.8,340,1.18425,0.0375,6],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[2.46,0,0,0,0],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Moyenne&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true},&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Level of comfort at work, taking into account physical or mental hardship&#039;&#039;: 8/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Economic satisfaction&#039;&#039;: 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Daily work satisfaction, feeling of being surrounded in one&#039;s work&#039;&#039;: 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Cooperation with other local players, mutual aid&#039;&#039;: 7/10&lt;br /&gt;
* Living environment: 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
* Percentage of Organic matter: 2.8&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Soil coverage (days/year)&#039;&#039;&#039; :340 days&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Tillage index (tilled area x aggressiveness coefficient x depth)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 1.2 i(l was calculated on two technical itineraries, rapeseed and beet)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;SIE/SAU &#039;&#039;&#039;: 0.04&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Crop diversity (number of crops in the rotation, excluding cover crops)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 6&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039; EBE/UTH&#039;&#039;&#039;: 194,336 (e)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;EBE/CA (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 41&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Subsidies/Sales (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Annuities/EBIT (%)&#039;&#039;: 34&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Expenses/Sales (%)&#039;&#039;: 70 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Working hours are difficult to estimate. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Source: Moyennes régionales Agreste/Rica (Réseau d&#039;Information Comptable Agricole) 2021&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Tips for getting started==&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Start with simplified seeding and gradually increase OM levels:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;If you don&#039;t have good natural porosity and a good level of organic matter, you won&#039;t be able to do without tillage. You have to start by creating a soil in the first years of transition. It&#039;s a long-term job.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Surround yourself:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; Antoine felt isolated in the experimental approach he embarked upon (at the start there were five of them in the department, and all the organizations in the sector were telling them they were heading straight for disaster). They got a lot of help from Jean-François Aubry and through exchanges on internet forums, but above all through group work. It was very hard to get off the beaten track, to face up to the scrutiny and pressure exerted by other farmers who don&#039;t question their model. Antoine is therefore grateful to be part of a group of 15 somewhat original farmers, for whom any idea has the merit of being tried out, and who are constantly open-minded.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Integrating the agricultural sector into the transition:&#039;&#039;&#039; A group can&#039;t change everything on its own either: Sol en Caux has therefore integrated the entire upstream and downstream agricultural sector (cooperatives, storage organizations, technicians, management bodies, etc.).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* When you have a &#039;&#039;global approach&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;take care of the soil&#039;&#039;, you open up &#039;&#039;exceptional horizons&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vidéo==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mr7myhuhRYQ}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Sources==&lt;br /&gt;
* Visit to the Ferme de Longueuil on 07/11/2023.&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Decompacting a no-till soil, Guillaume Chedru|Decompacting a no-till soil, Guillaume Chedru]].&lt;br /&gt;
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7P-yJtKCLDM Tour de plaine #5: Gestion d&#039;un système grandes cultures pour réduire les charges et protéger le sol] (Youtube - AgroLeague).&lt;br /&gt;
* Regional averages Agreste/Rica (Réseau d&#039;Information Comptable Agricole) 2021.&lt;br /&gt;
* GisSol.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Angeline Almeida (2044552287)</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Longueil%27s_Farm&amp;diff=4363</id>
		<title>Longueil&#039;s Farm</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Longueil%27s_Farm&amp;diff=4363"/>
		<updated>2024-05-14T08:15:22Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Angeline Almeida (2044552287): &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Portrait de ferme&lt;br /&gt;
| Nom de l&#039;exploitation = Ferme de Longueil &lt;br /&gt;
| Sous-titre = Living soil and industrial crops&lt;br /&gt;
| Bannière = Bannière Ferme de Longueuil.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| Logo = &lt;br /&gt;
| Photo de l&#039;agriculteur = Guillaume et Antoine Chedru 2023.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| URL = &lt;br /&gt;
| Nom de l&#039;agriculteur = Guillaume et Antoine Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
| Organisme = Ver de Terre Production&lt;br /&gt;
| Date de mise en œuvre = 1995&lt;br /&gt;
| Département = Seine-Maritime (département)&lt;br /&gt;
| Adresse = Goderville, 76110&lt;br /&gt;
| Latitude = 49.650236&lt;br /&gt;
| Longitude = 0.362893&lt;br /&gt;
| Objectif = Agronomie des sols vivants&lt;br /&gt;
| Type de production = Grandes cultures&lt;br /&gt;
| SAU = 160&lt;br /&gt;
| UTH = 1,25&lt;br /&gt;
| Cahier des charges = HVE3&lt;br /&gt;
| pH = Sol neutre&lt;br /&gt;
| Texture du sol = Silty-clay&lt;br /&gt;
| Description de sol = Loamy loam&lt;br /&gt;
| Cultures = Linen@ Beet@ Wheat@ Rapeseed@ &lt;br /&gt;
| Autres caractéristiques = Activité biologique des sols&lt;br /&gt;
| Photo d&#039;illustration = Inondation route gouville.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| ImageCaption = Road flooding in Goderville&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 1 = Sols vivants&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 2 = Semis direct&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 3 = TCS&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 4 = Couverts végétaux&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 5 = Sol en Caux&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1988, Antoine Chedru set up the family farm in the Pays de Caux region with his brother and father, as partners in a mixed farming (dairy) system that has since evolved considerably.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The very wet winters of 1993 and 1994 triggered a great deal of erosion in their conventional plots of loamy soil. Following this, Jean-François Ouvry (AREAS) raised awareness of the problem, noting that tillage amplified the erosion phenomenon. This prompted the farm team to completely revise their technical itinerary and even build their own equipment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since setting up, Antoine, and now his son Guillaume, &#039;&#039;are fully committed to an agroecological approach&#039;&#039; in the sense that they work on a system-wide scale, actively seeking to work with and not against natural ecosystems.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, the system change did not happen with a snap of the fingers, but in an incremental way, punctuated by mistakes and uncertainties, supported by a dynamic of experimentation and local working groups.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Special features of the farm==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Reduced tillage with [[Direct seeding|SD]] (direct seeding) + [[Simplified cultivation techniques (TCS)|TCS]] (simplified cultivation techniques) + [[Plant cover crops]] and [[Field crop associations|companion plants]].&lt;br /&gt;
*Beet using [[strip-till]] without insecticides.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Self-build strip-till for successful rapeseed establishment|Self-build]].&lt;br /&gt;
*Development of [[biocontrol]] solutions such as [[Stimulation of plants&#039; natural defenses with fermented nettle extracts|fermented nettle extracts]], [[comfrey]], [[Garlic and garlic-based products for sustainable agriculture|garlic maceration]] and development of [[Effective microorganisms (EM)|effective microorganisms (EM)]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Contextual data==&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Farm name&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Ferme de Longueil&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Location&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Goderville, Seine-Maritime (76)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;SAU&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|160 ha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;UTH&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|1.25 (Antoine Chedru full-time and Guillaume 25%)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Crops&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Beet, wheat, flax, rapeseed&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Labels&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|[[High environmental value|HVE 3]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Groups&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Sol en Caux&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Land context ===&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;Soil texture&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Silt|Loam]] loam, 60% loam&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;OM content at planting (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|1,7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Last MO rate&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
lab test (year n)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|2.8 (2023 analysis)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Soil PH 2020 (year n)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Bearing capacity, structure...&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| No rotary tillage, no plough tillage&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Good bearing capacity, improved by plant cover crops&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Earthworms per m²&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|110 &lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Local climate data===&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
!&#039;&#039;&#039;Local data&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
!&#039;&#039;&#039;National data&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Annual rainfall&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;average&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;Around 1200 mm per year&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
(average 161 mm/month)&lt;br /&gt;
|155 mm/month&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;T°max moyenne&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|38&lt;br /&gt;
|29&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;T°min moyenne&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;-4.7&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2,7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;First frost&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;usually&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;December when there is&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Type of climate&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Oceanic&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Source: Météo France&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transition stages==&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;1995 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Stopped ploughing and switched to simplified tillage (TCS) with the farm&#039;s existing equipment. &#039;&#039;&#039;From this date on&#039;&#039;&#039;, with significant rainfall of 1000 to 1200 mm per year, &#039;&#039;&#039;Antoine no longer observed any erosion in his plots&#039;&#039;&#039;. He explains that the reason they switched to TCS was that the soil was not yet ready to &amp;quot;take care of itself&amp;quot;. So they made a few deep passes with a stubble cultivator to &amp;quot;build up a structure conducive to root development&amp;quot;. As the level of [[Organic Matter|Organic Matter (OM)]] increased, the working depth decreased (first from 20 to 15 cm, then 10 cm).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;2000:&#039;&#039;&#039; Antoine&#039;s brother leaves the farm, and an employee is hired to replace him.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2010 :&#039;&#039;&#039; They test strip-till beets.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2012 :&#039;&#039;&#039; End of dairy herd.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Winter 2012-2013:&#039;&#039;&#039; Warning from the water agency following major mudslides on the roads and turbidity problems in the area. This is when most of the crops are planted using [[direct seeding]].&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2013&#039;&#039;&#039;: Creation of &amp;quot;[https://agriculture.gouv.fr/produire-autrement-sol-en-caux-lutte-contre-lerosion-des-sols Sol en Caux]&amp;quot;: emergence at last of a welded group at department level (15 farmers in the area).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2015 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Beginning of the implementation of [[Macerations: principles &amp;amp; recipes, by Stéphane Billotte|plant macerations]] as an alternative to fungicides and the spreading of [[Bois raméal fragmenté|BRF]] (Bois Raméal Fragmenté).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2016 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Stop using insecticides.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2019 :&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; 800mm of water in autumn, beginning of cracking trials due to crop loss caused by the fact that in Seine-Maritime, soils are generally made up of fine silts with a little [[clay]] (12% clay and 70% silts) which naturally take up mass. This phenomenon induces water stagnation, despite the fact that the farm was already in SD for rapeseed and wheat, and that tillage was very shallow for spring crops (which partly solved hydromorphic problems).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Effects of new practices===&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;Stop mudflows and floods&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;&#039;Hydromorphic management&#039;&#039; and more &#039;&#039;&#039;microporosity&#039;&#039;&#039; in the soil.&lt;br /&gt;
*Growing potatoes by direct seeding, with Sol en Caux |&#039;&#039;&#039;Gain in soil fertility&#039;&#039;&#039;]] (OM has improved by 1 percentage point since the change in practices): &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;I find that since we&#039;ve been working with a simplified seeding system, or even direct seeding, the soil&#039;s bearing capacity has improved considerably and, despite the rain, we&#039;re able to plant in excellent conditions because the organic matter level has risen and the soil is in much better health.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Cost savings:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; Today, the farm&#039;s biggest expense is the harvester.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;SD practices are favorable to the development of [[:Category:Slug|slugs]] and [[:Category:Vole|voles]]&#039;&#039;&#039;. Antoine therefore uses a [[[straw harrow]]&#039;&#039; after harvest, to expose slug eggs to the sun. He also uses [https://ephy.anses.fr/ppp/sluxx-hp &#039;&#039;&#039;Sluxx&#039;&#039;&#039;] (Molluscicide) as a preventive measure, up to 15 days before sowing. For voles, he relies on &#039;&#039;natural predators&#039;&#039;, which he encourages with perches in the plots, as well as on the &#039;&#039;tillage&#039;&#039; he has maintained for certain crops (beet and flax).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Effect of trials with companion plants / maceration, cumulated with the cessation of insecticides on pest pressure:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; A Berlèse test was carried out in December 2021 to see the effect of stopping insecticides in rapeseed associated with [[faba bean]]. The result was &#039;&#039;&#039;0.6 [[:Category:Flea beetle| flea beetle]]/foot larvae&#039;&#039;&#039;, on a plot with 2.8 to 3% OM. A robust rapeseed that emerges more quickly from winter means that flea beetle larvae stay in the petiole and don&#039;t do as much damage to the stems.&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;quot;&#039;Since we&#039;ve been working with a semi-simplified system, or even direct seeding, the soil&#039;s &#039;&#039;bearing capacity&#039;&#039; has improved considerably, and despite the rain, we&#039;re able to sow in excellent conditions, as the organic matter level has risen and the soil is in much better health.&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;gallery mode=&amp;quot;slideshow&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
File:Analyse Celasta lab chedru 2015 page-0002.jpg|Celestalab 2015 soil analysis at Longeuil farm. Total OM = 2.27. There is a high proportion of stable OM (1.97) but little rapid OM (0.33).&lt;br /&gt;
File:Analyse Celestalab 2020 à la ferme de Longeuil.jpg|Celestalab 2020 soil analysis. OM rises to 2.8 and free OM has increased significantly since RCW was added.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Objectives===&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;The objective is to continue doing a good job. To develop organic matter and have a self-fertilizing system, we need to &#039;&#039;&#039;perpetuate&#039;&#039;&#039; it because it can change overnight.&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*Develop other crops like [[hemp]] at the same time as flax. It&#039;s complicated because of the vagaries of the weather.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Crop monitoring: rotation and technical itineraries===&lt;br /&gt;
=== Crop rotation ===&lt;br /&gt;
On installation: wheat, rapeseed, fibre flax (peas or corn could also be grown, but at an additional cost).  Since then, there has been a &#039;&#039;lengthening&#039;&#039; of the rotations and a diversification of crops, which has the merit of improving [[rye grass]] and [[Vulpin des champs|vulpin]] concerns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The reasons for this choice of crop rotation combine agronomy, management and economics (flax, the region&#039;s leading crop, faba beans, economically profitable beet).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Assolement 2022 Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
| width=100%&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;tooltip&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;treemap&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;roam&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;borderWidth&amp;quot;:0,&amp;quot;gapWidth&amp;quot;:2},&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Assolement 2022 Chedru&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cultures de vente&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;children&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;blé&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:76,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;colza&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:32,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;betterave&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:12,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;lin &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:28,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;feverole &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:15,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} }],&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#ffe599&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;fontColor&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;SIE&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;children&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;prairies &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:6.5,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} }],&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#b6d7a8&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;fontColor&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Rotation features ===&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts: title=Rotation type Chedru | width=100% | height=400px  | json = Ferme de Longueil/Rotation type Chedru.json }}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Use of companion plants ====&lt;br /&gt;
* Bean for rapeseed (lure effect against flea beetles).&lt;br /&gt;
* Barley for wheat and beet.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== External OM input ====&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to crop cover and straw residues, there is a &#039;&#039;&#039;contribution of [[Rameal fragmented wood|BRF]] without incorporation&#039;&#039;&#039; (this conserves surface oxygen) after flax, &#039;&#039;&#039;about 10t/ha.&#039;&#039;&#039; This input will take between &#039;&#039;2 and 3 years to be completely decomposed&#039;&#039; (RCW must not be found in the flax slicks). They then sow the wheat directly into the RCW. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This contribution does not have a direct impact on the crop, but it increases the stable OM content with C/N levels below 50, so that it can be degraded into humus. ([[Ferme de Longueil#Effet constaté des nouvelles pratiques|cf. analyses de sol Celesta lab]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Use of starter fertilizers ====&lt;br /&gt;
Use of starter fertilizer&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; at sowing to anticipate the lack of mineralization that can occur in SD.&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Use of fermented extracts ====&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Use [[Stimulation of plants&#039; natural defenses with fermented nettle extracts|fermented nettle extracts]], [[comfrey]], [[Garlic and garlic products for sustainable agriculture|garlic maceration]].&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4LzgFBkjS-8}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Nettle is a silica-rich plant that thickens the cuticle of wheat and beet leaves, making them more resistant to bio-aggressors. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Garlic is an excellent insect repellent. Flax is a crop often attacked by flea beetles, so after sowing, when the flax is 2-3 cm tall, Antoine and Guillaume apply garlic maceration. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This allows them to stop using insecticides on the farm&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Cover crops ====&lt;br /&gt;
Plant cover crops are used in rotation for several reasons:&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Important nitrogen contribution&#039;&#039; to the crops that follow (between 20 and 40 units of nitrogen/ha, for example, for the cover crop preceding beet. Faba bean as a rapeseed companion plant can also fix 20 U of nitrogen resituated to the rapeseed at the end of winter, and can even be beneficial to the wheat crop that follows, thanks to the mineralization process), also generating fertilizer savings.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Apport conséquent de biomasse&#039;&#039;&#039; (minimum 250 pieds à l&#039;ha, pensé grâce à la [[Méthode Merci|méthode MERCI]] courant décembre) après un gel et un passage du [[Rouleau FACA|Rolofaca,]] quand le couvert est en fleur théoriquement. Except that in our region, the canopy is quickly in flower and it&#039;s still too early to destroy it. The aim is for it to decompose before the spring crop. Herbicides are not normally needed for its destruction (just for the following crop, to manage [[Ray-grass|ray grass]]/[[Vulpin des champs|vulpin]]).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Soil drainage&#039;&#039;&#039; thanks to their root structure.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Break the grass cycle&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Their cost:&#039;&#039;&#039; Approximately 70€ per ha.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Reducing tillage on industrial crops ====&lt;br /&gt;
Although Guillaume and Antoine are adepts of direct seeding, they recognize that it is a system with its limits: &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;we can hardly do without tillage for crops such as [[potato]], beet, flax&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; in particular to warm up the soil, level out boar holes, mounds created by moles, and so on. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The guiding principle was to ask what they could do, during the long rotation, to &#039;&#039;build up the soil more than we deconstruct it&#039;&#039; after a penalizing crop like beet.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For beet, a few days before planting, &amp;quot;they work the soil to a depth of 3 cm&amp;quot; with a &amp;quot;rolling spade&amp;quot; tool, then &amp;quot;they restructure the soil with a strip-till which allows them to work a 10 cm row every 50 cm, to a depth of 12 cm&amp;quot;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A few days later, they refine the line with a &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Strawberry - animated harrow|strawberry]]&#039;&#039;&#039;, which &#039;&#039;&#039;precedes the beet drill&#039;&#039;&#039;. {{Image centered | ITK beet chedru 2022.png | ITK beet 2022}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Fiber flax, which is very sensitive to compaction and requires particularly well-levelled soil, also benefits from shallow tillage. Knowing that these two crops are the ones that destructure the soil the most, Guillaume and Antoine try to space them further apart and lengthen the rotation to give the soil time to rest.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Couvert végétal chedru.jpg|vignette|Green cover at the Longeuil farm.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Biodiversity focus on the farm==&lt;br /&gt;
There are twelve beehives on the farm (belonging to the President of the Seine-Maritime Departmental Council), so they want to avoid mortality, a parameter that has motivated the reduction in phytosanitary products and zero insecticides.    &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;You have to feed them all the time. They feed in spring, when faba beans, peas and colza blossom. Cover crops based on peas, sunflowers and faba beans help them get through the winter&amp;quot;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Focus on autonomy==&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Seed self-sufficient crops&#039;&#039;&#039;: Wheat, fababeans (also exchange seeds, e.g. fababeans for sunflower).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Crops with purchased seed&#039;&#039;&#039;: Beetroot, rapeseed.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Overall self-sufficiency&#039;&#039;&#039;: Self-build workshop for machinery (especially seeders), straw/manure exchange, dryer and storage area on the farm, branches and green waste brought in by the waste disposal center and neighbors.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Equipment: disc seed drill AND tine seed drill==&lt;br /&gt;
The farm is well equipped in terms of equipment, because in a very rainy region, the window of opportunity for seeding is quite short. Guillaume and Antoine alternate between two seed drills: one with discs and one with tines: &lt;br /&gt;
{{Article détaillé|Choisir son semoir de semis direct à dents ou à disques}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VsBHpeMMsTQ}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The tine seeder ===&lt;br /&gt;
Self-built. Total investment is €30,000. Commercially available equipment would cost around €100,000.&lt;br /&gt;
* The tool is &#039;&#039;6 m wide&#039;&#039; and has &#039;&#039;&#039;20 elements spaced 30cm apart&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;3 depth levels&#039;&#039;: A single pass can perform 3 different operations (in particular, they have added a micro fertilizer for localized fertilization in the furrow).&lt;br /&gt;
* Sowing: Suitable for large and small seeds (cover crops, rapeseed).&lt;br /&gt;
* With the aim of &amp;quot;disturbing the soil as little as possible&amp;quot;, the tool runs at a maximum speed of 7 km/h.&lt;br /&gt;
* Particular attention is also paid to low tire pressure.&lt;br /&gt;
* The work rate is &#039;&#039;4 ha/h&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* The seed drill is mounted, and weighs 3.5 tons, which means that it requires more power and lift than a semi-mounted machine.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Advantages/disadvantages of the tine seeder according to Antoine:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Perturbe moins la terre, ce qui entraîne donc &#039;&#039;&#039;moins relevés d&#039;adventice&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;More precise&#039;&#039; and no risk of clogging in well-developed canopies.&lt;br /&gt;
* Less favourable to slugs, as it doesn&#039;t leave the furrows they use as a highway.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The disc seeder ===&lt;br /&gt;
[Fichier:Semoir à disques chedru.jpg|vignette|Semoir à disques des Chedru]]&lt;br /&gt;
*It was purchased secondhand for €25,000.&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
*It is used for &#039;&#039;&#039;sowing wheat and flax under plant cover&#039;&#039; ([[Clover|clover]] or [[legumes]]).&lt;br /&gt;
*The tractor is equipped with a ballasted Rolofaca (2.8 T for 4.5 m width) to lay down the canopy.&lt;br /&gt;
*The discs have a 12 mm opening. They are positioned 15 cm apart, which is &#039;&#039;ideal for sowing flax&#039;&#039;, the region&#039;s flagship crop.&lt;br /&gt;
*Pinches the straw at the bottom of the furrow, greatly disrupting emergence.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== RTK self-guidance system - working comfort ===&lt;br /&gt;
*The [[RTK]] system costs €15,000 per tractor for plot mapping. It can then be used &#039;&#039;&#039;for all tractors&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Other equipment ===&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Beet drill&#039;&#039;&#039; shared with a neighbor.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;CUMA harvesting equipment&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Strip-till&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Economics==&lt;br /&gt;
Antoine and Guillaume are lucid about their system: &amp;quot;With ploughing, we might have better yields. But it&#039;s the margin and not the turnover that we&#039;re looking at&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
!Rapeseed&lt;br /&gt;
Durum wheat&lt;br /&gt;
!Beetroot&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Product&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;2 812 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;2 915 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;3 960 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Seeds&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|161 €&lt;br /&gt;
|378 €&lt;br /&gt;
|288 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Fertilizers&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|717 €&lt;br /&gt;
|424 €&lt;br /&gt;
|382 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Oligos&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|15 €&lt;br /&gt;
|36 €&lt;br /&gt;
|32 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Phytos&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|67 €&lt;br /&gt;
|99 €&lt;br /&gt;
|183 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Mechanization&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|53 €&lt;br /&gt;
|50 €&lt;br /&gt;
|75 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Irrigation&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Gross margin 2022&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;1 800 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;1 927 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;3 000 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Evolution des marges brutes des cultures de vente ===&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts: title=Marge brute / ha | width=100% | height=400px  | json = Ferme de Longueil/Marge brute / ha.json }}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#economic_charts:&lt;br /&gt;
 title=Accounting Antoine Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
 | Semences et plants 2022 = 27200&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fertilisation 2022 = 44480&lt;br /&gt;
 | Produits de traitements 2022 = 37440&lt;br /&gt;
 | Travaux par tiers 2022 = 9600&lt;br /&gt;
 | Carburant 2022 = 10560&lt;br /&gt;
 | Entretien matériel 2022 = 19200&lt;br /&gt;
 | Eau, gaz, électricité 2022 = 9000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Frais de gestion 2022 = 98000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fermage 2022 = 39680&lt;br /&gt;
 | Assurances 2022 = 17920&lt;br /&gt;
 | Autres 2022 = 85000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Salariés 2022 = 20000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Vente de produits végétaux 2022 = 598000&lt;br /&gt;
 | DPU, DPB 2022 = 60000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Aide à la certification 2022 = 3000&lt;br /&gt;
 | EBE total 2022 = 242920}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Inputs have increased enormously: nitrogen, phosphorus, potash and all the trace elements and phyto products.&lt;br /&gt;
* The dryer consumes a lot of energy.&lt;br /&gt;
* For fuel: in the accounting documents, you need to know that the services provided by other farmers, Guillaume and Antoine, do not exceed 50 and 60L/ha.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Marketing==&lt;br /&gt;
Guillaume and Antoine used to deliver everything to storage organizations. Now they &amp;quot;alternate between a few forward sales cooperatives&amp;quot; and a little direct selling. They keep a constant eye on market prices. The most important thing is to &#039;&#039;&#039;know your production costs, and then you can define a sales strategy&#039;&#039;.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!Culture&lt;br /&gt;
! Customer&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Lin&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Agylin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Beans&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Cover + trader&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Peas&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Covered + dealer&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Corn&lt;br /&gt;
|Direct sale to a farmer&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Bâtiment de stockage Chedru.png|thumb|Bâtiment de stockage des Chedru.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Storage==&lt;br /&gt;
They &#039;&#039;&#039;store 100% of their crops&#039;&#039;&#039; thanks to the&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;adaptation of former livestock buildings&#039;&#039;&#039; present on the farm with :&lt;br /&gt;
* Adapted ventilation.&lt;br /&gt;
* Flat storage on level platforms.&lt;br /&gt;
* A dryer to dry crops that are too wet.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== 2022 Economic, social and environmental report ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Economical review &lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;EBE/UTH&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:250000},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;EBE/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Subventions/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Annuités/EBE (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Charges/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[194336,41,10,34,70],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[159000,43,13,3,84],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Moyenne&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true},&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Social Review&lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Confort au travail&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Satisfaction économique&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Satisfaction sociale &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Coopération&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cadre de vie &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[8,10,10,7,10],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Environmental review &lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Tx de MO &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:3},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Couverture du sol (j/an)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:365},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Indice de travail du sol (surface travaillée x coefficient d&#039;aggressivité x profondeur)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:5},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;SIE/SAU&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:1},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Diversité des cultures (nbre de culture dans l&#039;assolement)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:15}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[2.8,340,1.18425,0.0375,6],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[2.46,0,0,0,0],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Moyenne&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true},&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Level of comfort at work, taking into account physical or mental hardship&#039;&#039;: 8/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Economic satisfaction&#039;&#039;: 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Daily work satisfaction, feeling of being surrounded in one&#039;s work&#039;&#039;: 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Cooperation with other local players, mutual aid&#039;&#039;: 7/10&lt;br /&gt;
* Living environment: 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
* Percentage of Organic matter: 2.8&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Soil coverage (days/year)&#039;&#039;&#039; :340 days&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Tillage index (tilled area x aggressiveness coefficient x depth)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 1.2 i(l was calculated on two technical itineraries, rapeseed and beet)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;SIE/SAU &#039;&#039;&#039;: 0.04&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Crop diversity (number of crops in the rotation, excluding cover crops)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 6&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039; EBE/UTH&#039;&#039;&#039;: 194,336 (e)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;EBE/CA (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 41&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Subsidies/Sales (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Annuities/EBIT (%)&#039;&#039;: 34&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Expenses/Sales (%)&#039;&#039;: 70 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Working hours are difficult to estimate. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Source: Moyennes régionales Agreste/Rica (Réseau d&#039;Information Comptable Agricole) 2021&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Tips for getting started==&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Start with simplified seeding and gradually increase OM levels:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;If you don&#039;t have good natural porosity and a good level of organic matter, you won&#039;t be able to do without tillage. You have to start by creating a soil in the first years of transition. It&#039;s a long-term job.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Surround yourself:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; Antoine felt isolated in the experimental approach he embarked upon (at the start there were five of them in the department, and all the organizations in the sector were telling them they were heading straight for disaster). They got a lot of help from Jean-François Aubry and through exchanges on internet forums, but above all through group work. It was very hard to get off the beaten track, to face up to the scrutiny and pressure exerted by other farmers who don&#039;t question their model. Antoine is therefore grateful to be part of a group of 15 somewhat original farmers, for whom any idea has the merit of being tried out, and who are constantly open-minded.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Integrating the agricultural sector into the transition:&#039;&#039;&#039; A group can&#039;t change everything on its own either: Sol en Caux has therefore integrated the entire upstream and downstream agricultural sector (cooperatives, storage organizations, technicians, management bodies, etc.).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* When you have a &#039;&#039;global approach&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;take care of the soil&#039;&#039;, you open up &#039;&#039;exceptional horizons&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vidéo==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mr7myhuhRYQ}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Sources==&lt;br /&gt;
* Visit to the Ferme de Longueuil on 07/11/2023.&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Decompacting a no-till soil, Guillaume Chedru|Decompacting a no-till soil, Guillaume Chedru]].&lt;br /&gt;
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7P-yJtKCLDM Tour de plaine #5: Gestion d&#039;un système grandes cultures pour réduire les charges et protéger le sol] (Youtube - AgroLeague).&lt;br /&gt;
* Regional averages Agreste/Rica (Réseau d&#039;Information Comptable Agricole) 2021.&lt;br /&gt;
* GisSol.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Angeline Almeida (2044552287)</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Longueil%27s_Farm&amp;diff=4362</id>
		<title>Longueil&#039;s Farm</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Longueil%27s_Farm&amp;diff=4362"/>
		<updated>2024-05-14T07:59:42Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Angeline Almeida (2044552287): &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Portrait de ferme&lt;br /&gt;
| Nom de l&#039;exploitation = Ferme de Longueil &lt;br /&gt;
| Sous-titre = Living soil and industrial crops&lt;br /&gt;
| Bannière = Bannière Ferme de Longueuil.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| Logo = &lt;br /&gt;
| Photo de l&#039;agriculteur = Guillaume et Antoine Chedru 2023.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| URL = &lt;br /&gt;
| Nom de l&#039;agriculteur = Guillaume et Antoine Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
| Organisme = Ver de Terre Production&lt;br /&gt;
| Date de mise en œuvre = 1995&lt;br /&gt;
| Département = Seine-Maritime (département)&lt;br /&gt;
| Adresse = Goderville, 76110&lt;br /&gt;
| Latitude = 49.650236&lt;br /&gt;
| Longitude = 0.362893&lt;br /&gt;
| Objectif = Agronomie des sols vivants&lt;br /&gt;
| Type de production = Grandes cultures&lt;br /&gt;
| SAU = 160&lt;br /&gt;
| UTH = 1,25&lt;br /&gt;
| Cahier des charges = HVE3&lt;br /&gt;
| pH = Sol neutre&lt;br /&gt;
| Texture du sol = Silty-clay&lt;br /&gt;
| Description de sol = Loamy loam&lt;br /&gt;
| Cultures = Linen@ Beet@ Wheat@ Rapeseed@ &lt;br /&gt;
| Autres caractéristiques = Activité biologique des sols&lt;br /&gt;
| Photo d&#039;illustration = Inondation route gouville.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| ImageCaption = Road flooding in Goderville&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 1 = Sols vivants&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 2 = Semis direct&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 3 = TCS&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 4 = Couverts végétaux&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 5 = Sol en Caux&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1988, Antoine Chedru set up the family farm in the Pays de Caux region with his brother and father, as partners in a mixed farming (dairy) system that has since evolved considerably.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The very wet winters of 1993 and 1994 triggered a great deal of erosion in their conventional plots of loamy soil. Following this, Jean-François Ouvry (AREAS) raised awareness of the problem, noting that tillage amplified the erosion phenomenon. This prompted the farm team to completely revise their technical itinerary and even build their own equipment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since setting up, Antoine, and now his son Guillaume, &#039;&#039;are fully committed to an agroecological approach&#039;&#039; in the sense that they work on a system-wide scale, actively seeking to work with and not against natural ecosystems.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, the system change did not happen with a snap of the fingers, but in an incremental way, punctuated by mistakes and uncertainties, supported by a dynamic of experimentation and local working groups.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Special features of the farm==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Reduced tillage with [[Direct seeding|SD]] (direct seeding) + [[Simplified cultivation techniques (TCS)|TCS]] (simplified cultivation techniques) + [[Plant cover crops]] and [[Field crop associations|companion plants]].&lt;br /&gt;
*Beet using [[strip-till]] without insecticides.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Self-build strip-till for successful rapeseed establishment|Self-build]].&lt;br /&gt;
*Development of [[biocontrol]] solutions such as [[Stimulation of plants&#039; natural defenses with fermented nettle extracts|fermented nettle extracts]], [[comfrey]], [[Garlic and garlic-based products for sustainable agriculture|garlic maceration]] and development of [[Effective microorganisms (EM)|effective microorganisms (EM)]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Contextual data==&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Farm name&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Ferme de Longueil&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Location&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Goderville, Seine-Maritime (76)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;SAU&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|160 ha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;UTH&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|1.25 (Antoine Chedru full-time and Guillaume 25%)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Crops&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Beet, wheat, flax, rapeseed&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Labels&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|[[High environmental value|HVE 3]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Groups&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Sol en Caux&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Land context ===&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;Soil texture&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Silt|Loam]] loam, 60% loam&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;OM content at planting (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|1,7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Last MO rate&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
lab test (year n)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|2.8 (2023 analysis)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Soil PH 2020 (year n)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Bearing capacity, structure...&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| No rotary tillage, no plough tillage&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Good bearing capacity, improved by plant cover crops&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Earthworms per m²&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|110 &lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Local climate data===&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
!&#039;&#039;&#039;Local data&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
!&#039;&#039;&#039;National data&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Annual rainfall&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;average&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;Around 1200 mm per year&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
(average 161 mm/month)&lt;br /&gt;
|155 mm/month&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;T°max moyenne&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|38&lt;br /&gt;
|29&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;T°min moyenne&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;-4.7&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2,7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;First frost&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;usually&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;December when there is&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Type of climate&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Oceanic&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Source: Météo France&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transition stages==&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;1995 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Stopped ploughing and switched to simplified tillage (TCS) with the farm&#039;s existing equipment. &#039;&#039;&#039;From this date on&#039;&#039;&#039;, with significant rainfall of 1000 to 1200 mm per year, &#039;&#039;&#039;Antoine no longer observed any erosion in his plots&#039;&#039;&#039;. He explains that the reason they switched to TCS was that the soil was not yet ready to &amp;quot;take care of itself&amp;quot;. So they made a few deep passes with a stubble cultivator to &amp;quot;build up a structure conducive to root development&amp;quot;. As the level of [[Organic Matter|Organic Matter (OM)]] increased, the working depth decreased (first from 20 to 15 cm, then 10 cm).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;2000:&#039;&#039;&#039; Antoine&#039;s brother leaves the farm, and an employee is hired to replace him.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2010 :&#039;&#039;&#039; They test strip-till beets.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2012 :&#039;&#039;&#039; End of dairy herd.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Winter 2012-2013:&#039;&#039;&#039; Warning from the water agency following major mudslides on the roads and turbidity problems in the area. This is when most of the crops are planted using [[direct seeding]].&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2013&#039;&#039;&#039;: Creation of &amp;quot;[https://agriculture.gouv.fr/produire-autrement-sol-en-caux-lutte-contre-lerosion-des-sols Sol en Caux]&amp;quot;: emergence at last of a welded group at department level (15 farmers in the area).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2015 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Beginning of the implementation of [[Macerations: principles &amp;amp; recipes, by Stéphane Billotte|plant macerations]] as an alternative to fungicides and the spreading of [[Bois raméal fragmenté|BRF]] (Bois Raméal Fragmenté).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2016 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Stop using insecticides.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2019 :&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; 800mm of water in autumn, beginning of cracking trials due to crop loss caused by the fact that in Seine-Maritime, soils are generally made up of fine silts with a little [[clay]] (12% clay and 70% silts) which naturally take up mass. This phenomenon induces water stagnation, despite the fact that the farm was already in SD for rapeseed and wheat, and that tillage was very shallow for spring crops (which partly solved hydromorphic problems).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Effects of new practices===&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;Stop mudflows and floods&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;&#039;Hydromorphic management&#039;&#039; and more &#039;&#039;&#039;microporosity&#039;&#039;&#039; in the soil.&lt;br /&gt;
*Growing potatoes by direct seeding, with Sol en Caux |&#039;&#039;&#039;Gain in soil fertility&#039;&#039;&#039;]] (OM has improved by 1 percentage point since the change in practices): &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;I find that since we&#039;ve been working with a simplified seeding system, or even direct seeding, the soil&#039;s bearing capacity has improved considerably and, despite the rain, we&#039;re able to plant in excellent conditions because the organic matter level has risen and the soil is in much better health.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Cost savings:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; Today, the farm&#039;s biggest expense is the harvester.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;SD practices are favorable to the development of [[:Category:Slug|slugs]] and [[:Category:Vole|voles]]&#039;&#039;&#039;. Antoine therefore uses a [[[straw harrow]]&#039;&#039; after harvest, to expose slug eggs to the sun. He also uses [https://ephy.anses.fr/ppp/sluxx-hp &#039;&#039;&#039;Sluxx&#039;&#039;&#039;] (Molluscicide) as a preventive measure, up to 15 days before sowing. For voles, he relies on &#039;&#039;natural predators&#039;&#039;, which he encourages with perches in the plots, as well as on the &#039;&#039;tillage&#039;&#039; he has maintained for certain crops (beet and flax).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Effect of trials with companion plants / maceration, cumulated with the cessation of insecticides on pest pressure:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; A Berlèse test was carried out in December 2021 to see the effect of stopping insecticides in rapeseed associated with [[faba bean]]. The result was &#039;&#039;&#039;0.6 [[:Category:Flea beetle| flea beetle]]/foot larvae&#039;&#039;&#039;, on a plot with 2.8 to 3% OM. A robust rapeseed that emerges more quickly from winter means that flea beetle larvae stay in the petiole and don&#039;t do as much damage to the stems.&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;quot;&#039;Since we&#039;ve been working with a semi-simplified system, or even direct seeding, the soil&#039;s &#039;&#039;bearing capacity&#039;&#039; has improved considerably, and despite the rain, we&#039;re able to sow in excellent conditions, as the organic matter level has risen and the soil is in much better health.&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;gallery mode=&amp;quot;slideshow&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
File:Analyse Celasta lab chedru 2015 page-0002.jpg|Celestalab 2015 soil analysis at Longeuil farm. Total OM = 2.27. There is a high proportion of stable OM (1.97) but little rapid OM (0.33).&lt;br /&gt;
File:Analyse Celestalab 2020 à la ferme de Longeuil.jpg|Celestalab 2020 soil analysis. OM rises to 2.8 and free OM has increased significantly since RCW was added.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Objectives===&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;The objective is to continue doing a good job. To develop organic matter and have a self-fertilizing system, we need to &#039;&#039;&#039;perpetuate&#039;&#039;&#039; it because it can change overnight.&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*Develop other crops like [[hemp]] at the same time as flax. It&#039;s complicated because of the vagaries of the weather.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Crop monitoring: rotation and technical itineraries===&lt;br /&gt;
=== Crop rotation ===&lt;br /&gt;
On installation: wheat, rapeseed, fibre flax (peas or corn could also be grown, but at an additional cost).  Since then, there has been a &#039;&#039;lengthening&#039;&#039; of the rotations and a diversification of crops, which has the merit of improving [[rye grass]] and [[Vulpin des champs|vulpin]] concerns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The reasons for this choice of crop rotation combine agronomy, management and economics (flax, the region&#039;s leading crop, faba beans, economically profitable beet).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Assolement 2022 Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
| width=100%&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;tooltip&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;treemap&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;roam&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;borderWidth&amp;quot;:0,&amp;quot;gapWidth&amp;quot;:2},&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Assolement 2022 Chedru&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cultures de vente&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;children&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;blé&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:76,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;colza&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:32,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;betterave&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:12,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;lin &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:28,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;feverole &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:15,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} }],&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#ffe599&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;fontColor&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;SIE&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;children&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;prairies &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:6.5,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} }],&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#b6d7a8&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;fontColor&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Particularités de la rotation ===&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts: title=Rotation type Chedru | width=100% | height=400px  | json = Ferme de Longueil/Rotation type Chedru.json }}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Utilisation de plantes compagnes ====&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Féverole pour le colza&#039;&#039;&#039; (effet de leurre contre les altises).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Orge&#039;&#039;&#039; pour le &#039;&#039;&#039;blé et la betterave&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Apport de MO extérieure ====&lt;br /&gt;
En plus des apports des couverts et résidus de paille des cultures, il y a un &#039;&#039;&#039;apport de [[Bois raméal fragmenté|BRF]] sans incorporation&#039;&#039;&#039; (cela permet de conserver l&#039;oxygène de surface) après lin, &#039;&#039;&#039;environ 10t/ha.&#039;&#039;&#039; Cet apport prendra entre &#039;&#039;&#039;2 et 3 ans pour être totalement décomposé&#039;&#039;&#039; (il ne faut pas retrouver du BRF dans les nappes de lin). Ils sèment ensuite directement le blé dans le BRF. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Cet apport ne se fait pas directement sentir sur la culture, mais il augmente le taux de MO stable avec des C/N à moins de 50, pour qu&#039;il soit dégradable en humus ([[Ferme de Longueil#Effet constaté des nouvelles pratiques|cf. analyses de sol Celesta lab]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Utilisation d&#039;engrais starter ====&lt;br /&gt;
Utilisation d&#039;engrais starter&#039;&#039;&#039; au semis pour anticiper le manque de minéralisation qu&#039;il peut y avoir en SD.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Utilisation d&#039;extraits fermentés ====&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Utilisation [[Stimulation des défenses naturelles des plantes grâce aux extraits fermentés d&#039;ortie|extraits fermentés d&#039;ortie]], de [[consoude]], de [[Ail et produits à base d&#039;ail pour une agriculture durable|macération d&#039;ail]].&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4LzgFBkjS-8}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* L’[[ortie]] est une plante &#039;&#039;&#039;riche en silice qui épaissit la cuticule de la feuille&#039;&#039;&#039; du blé ou de la betterave, la rendant &#039;&#039;&#039;plus résistante aux bio agresseurs&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* L’[[ail]] un très bon répulsif contre les mauvais insectes. Le lin est une culture souvent attaquée par les altises, alors après le semis, quand le lin fait 2-3 cm, Antoine et Guillaume épandent de la macération d’ail . &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Cela permet l&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;arrêt des insecticides sur la ferme&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Couverts végétaux ====&lt;br /&gt;
Les [[couverts végétaux]] dans la rotation sont utilisés pour plusieurs raisons :&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Apport d&#039;azote important&#039;&#039;&#039; aux cultures qui suivent (entre 20 et 40 unités d&#039;azote/ha par exemple pour le couvert précédent la betterave. La féverole en plante compagne du colza permet également de fixer 20 U d&#039;azote resitué au colza en sortie d&#039;hiver et  peut même être bénéfique à la culture de blé qui suit, grâce au processus de minéralisation), générant également des économies d&#039;engrais.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Apport conséquent de biomasse&#039;&#039;&#039; (minimum 250 pieds à l&#039;ha, pensé grâce à la [[Méthode Merci|méthode MERCI]] courant décembre) après un gel et un passage du [[Rouleau FACA|Rolofaca,]] quand le couvert est en fleur théoriquement. Sauf que dans la région le couvert est rapidement en fleur et c&#039;est encore trop tôt pour le détruire. Le but c&#039;est qu&#039;il puisse se décomposer avant la culture de printemps. Pour sa destruction normalement pas besoin d&#039;herbicides (juste pour la culture qui suit, pour la gestion des [[Ray-grass|ray grass]]/[[Vulpin des champs|vulpin]]).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Drainage des sols&#039;&#039;&#039; grâce à leur structure racinaire.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Casser le cycle des graminées&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Leur coût :&#039;&#039;&#039; Environ 70€ de l&#039;ha.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Réduction du travail du sol sur des cultures industrielles ====&lt;br /&gt;
Même si Guillaume et Antoine sont adeptes du semis direct, ils reconnaissent que c&#039;est un système qui a ses limites :  &#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;&#039;on sait difficilement faire sans travail du sol pour des cultures comme la [[pomme de terre]], la betterave, le lin&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; notamment pour réchauffer la terre, niveler les trous de sanglier, les monticules créés par les taupes, etc. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
La ligne conductrice a été de se demander comment ils pourraient faire, pendant la rotation longue, pour &#039;&#039;&#039;construire davantage le sol qu&#039;on ne le déconstruit&#039;&#039;&#039; après une culture pénalisante comme la betterave.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Pour les betteraves, quelques jours avant l’implantation, &#039;&#039;&#039;ils travaillent le sol à 3 cm de profondeur&#039;&#039;&#039; avec un outil à &#039;&#039;&#039;bêches roulantes&#039;&#039;&#039;, puis ils &#039;&#039;&#039;restructurent le sol au  strip-till c&#039;&#039;&#039;e qui permet de travailler qu&#039;une ligne de 10 cm tous le 50cm d&#039;écartement, à &#039;&#039;&#039;12cm de profondeur&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Quelques jours plus tard, ils viennent affiner la ligne avec une &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Fraise - herse animée|fraise]] localisée auto construite&#039;&#039;&#039;, qui &#039;&#039;&#039;précède le semoir à betterave&#039;&#039;&#039;. {{Image centrée | ITK betterave chedru 2022.png | ITK betterave 2022}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
La culture du &#039;&#039;&#039;lin fibre&#039;&#039;&#039;, qui est très sensible à la compaction et nécessite un sol particulièrement bien nivelé, bénéficie également d’un &#039;&#039;&#039;travail superficiel&#039;&#039;&#039;. Sachant que ces deux cultures sont celles qui déstructurent le plus le sol, Guillaume et Antoine tentent des les éloigner d&#039;avantage l&#039;une de l&#039;autre et d&#039;allonger la rotation pour donner un temps de repos au sol.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Couvert végétal chedru.jpg|vignette|Couvert végétal à la ferme de Longeuil.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Focus biodiversité sur la ferme==&lt;br /&gt;
Sur la ferme il y a douze ruches (appartenant au président du Conseil Départemental de la Seine-Maritime), ils veulent donc éviter la mortalité, c&#039;est un paramètre qui a motivé la réduction de  produits phytosanitaires et le zéro insecticides.    &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;Il faut leur donner à manger en permanence. Elles se nourrissent au printemps, au moment de la floraison des féveroles, des pois, des colzas. Les couverts végétaux à base de pois, de [[Tournesol|tournesols]] et de féveroles les aident à passer le cap de l’hiver&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Focus autonomie==&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Cultures autonomes en semences&#039;&#039;&#039; : Blé, féverole (font de l&#039;échange de graines aussi féveroles contre tournesol par exemple).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Cultures aux semences achetées&#039;&#039;&#039; : Betterave, colza.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Autonomie globale&#039;&#039;&#039; : Atelier d&#039;auto-construction pour les machines (notamment semoirs), échange paille / fumier, séchoir et lieu de stockage sur la ferme, branches et déchets verts amenés par la déchetterie et les voisins.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Equipement : semoir à disques ET semoir à dents==&lt;br /&gt;
La ferme est bien équipée niveau matériel, car dans un contexte de région très pluvieuse la fenêtre d&#039;opportunité est assez courte pour semer. Guillaume et Antoine alternent notamment entre deux semoirs : un à disques et un à dents : &lt;br /&gt;
{{Article détaillé|Choisir son semoir de semis direct à dents ou à disques}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VsBHpeMMsTQ}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Le semoir à dents ===&lt;br /&gt;
Réalisé en &#039;&#039;&#039;auto-construction&#039;&#039;&#039;. L’investissement total est de &#039;&#039;&#039;30 000€&#039;&#039;&#039;. Dans le commerce, un équipement équivalent reviendrait à 100 000€ environ.&lt;br /&gt;
* L’outil fait &#039;&#039;&#039;6 m de large&#039;&#039;&#039; et comporte &#039;&#039;&#039;20 éléments espacés de 30cm&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;3 niveaux de profondeurs&#039;&#039;&#039; : Un seul passage peut faire 3 opérations différentes (ils ont notamment ajouté une micro fertilisation pour faire de la localisation en fertilisation dans le sillon).&lt;br /&gt;
* Semis : Adapté pour de &#039;&#039;&#039;grosses et petites graines&#039;&#039;&#039; (couverts végétaux, colza associé).&lt;br /&gt;
* L’objectif étant de &#039;&#039;&#039;perturber le moins possible le sol&#039;&#039;&#039;, l’outil roule à une vitesse maximale de 7 km/h.&lt;br /&gt;
* Une attention particulière est aussi portée sur la pression des pneus qui doit être basse.&lt;br /&gt;
* Le débit de chantier est de &#039;&#039;&#039;4 ha/h&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* Le semoir est en porté, il fait 3,5 T et un relevage et une puissance importants sont donc nécessaires, par rapport à un semi-porté.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Avantages/inconvénients du semoir à dents selon Antoine :&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Perturbe moins la terre, ce qui entraîne donc &#039;&#039;&#039;moins de relevés d’adventice&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Plus précis&#039;&#039;&#039; et ne présente pas de risque de bourrage dans des couverts très développés.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Moins favorable aux limaces&#039;&#039;&#039;, en ne laissant pas de sillon qui leur servent d’autoroute.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Le semoir à disques ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Semoir à disques chedru.jpg|vignette|Semoir à disques des Chedru.]]&lt;br /&gt;
*Il a été acheté d’&#039;&#039;&#039;occasion pour 25 000€.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
*Il est utilisé pour les &#039;&#039;&#039;semis de blé et de lin sous couvert végétal&#039;&#039;&#039; ([[Trèfle|trèfles]] ou [[légumineuses]]).&lt;br /&gt;
*Le tracteur est équipé d’un &#039;&#039;&#039;Rolofaca en frontal lesté&#039;&#039;&#039; (2,8 T pour 4,5 m de large) pour coucher le couvert.&lt;br /&gt;
*Les disques opèrent une ouverture de 12 mm. Ils sont positionnés à 15 cm d’espacement, ce qui est &#039;&#039;&#039;idéal pour le semis du lin&#039;&#039;&#039;, culture phare de la région.&lt;br /&gt;
*Pince la paille dans le fond du sillon, ce qui perturbe grandement la levée.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Système d’autoguidage RTK – confort de travail ===&lt;br /&gt;
*Le &#039;&#039;&#039;système [[RTK]] coûte 15 000€ / tracteur&#039;&#039;&#039;, pour la cartographie des parcelles. On peut ensuite l’utiliser &#039;&#039;&#039;pour tous les tracteurs&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Autres matériels ===&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Semoir à betterave&#039;&#039;&#039; partagé avec un voisin.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Matériel de récolte en CUMA&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Strip-till&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Volet économique==&lt;br /&gt;
Antoine et Guillaume sont lucides sur leur système : &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;Avec le labour, on aurait peut-être de meilleurs rendements. Mais c’est la marge et pas le chiffre d’affaires qu&#039;on regarde&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
!Colza&lt;br /&gt;
!Blé dur&lt;br /&gt;
!Betterave&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Produit&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;2 812 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;2 915 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;3 960 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Semences&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|161 €&lt;br /&gt;
|378 €&lt;br /&gt;
|288 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Engrais&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|717 €&lt;br /&gt;
|424 €&lt;br /&gt;
|382 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Oligos&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|15 €&lt;br /&gt;
|36 €&lt;br /&gt;
|32 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Phytos&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|67 €&lt;br /&gt;
|99 €&lt;br /&gt;
|183 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Mécanisation&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|53 €&lt;br /&gt;
|50 €&lt;br /&gt;
|75 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Irrigation&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Marge brute 2022&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;1 800 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;1 927 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;3 000 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Evolution des marges brutes des cultures de vente ===&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts: title=Marge brute / ha | width=100% | height=400px  | json = Ferme de Longueil/Marge brute / ha.json }}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#economic_charts:&lt;br /&gt;
 title=Comptabilité Antoine Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
 | Semences et plants 2019 = 23360&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fertilisation 2019 = 24160&lt;br /&gt;
 | Produits de traitements 2019 = 33600&lt;br /&gt;
 | Travaux par tiers 2019 = 9120&lt;br /&gt;
 | Carburant 2019 = 17280&lt;br /&gt;
 | Entretien matériel 2019 = 14560&lt;br /&gt;
 | Eau, gaz, électricité 2019 = 1000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Frais de gestion 2019 = 9000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fermage 2019 = 36480&lt;br /&gt;
 | Assurances 2019 = 29120&lt;br /&gt;
 | Autres 2019 = 129560&lt;br /&gt;
 | Salariés 2019 = 8000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Vente de produits végétaux 2019 = 450000&lt;br /&gt;
 | DPU, DPB 2019 = 48000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Aide à la certification 2019 = 3000&lt;br /&gt;
 | EBE total 2019 = 165760&lt;br /&gt;
 | Semences et plants 2020 = 18080&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fertilisation 2020 = 30880&lt;br /&gt;
 | Produits de traitements 2020 = 28320&lt;br /&gt;
 | Travaux par tiers 2020 = 8480&lt;br /&gt;
 | Carburant 2020 = 9120&lt;br /&gt;
 | Entretien matériel 2020 = 21600&lt;br /&gt;
 | Eau, gaz, électricité 2020 = 2000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Frais de gestion 2020 = 8000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fermage 2020 = 42000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Assurances 2020 = 32000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Autres 2020 = 119000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Salariés 2020 = 7000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Vente de produits végétaux 2020 = 361000&lt;br /&gt;
 | DPU, DPB 2020 = 49000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Aide à la certification 2020 = 3000&lt;br /&gt;
 | EBE total 2020 = 86520&lt;br /&gt;
 | Semences et plants 2021 = 20160&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fertilisation 2021 = 27840&lt;br /&gt;
 | Produits de traitements 2021 = 39040&lt;br /&gt;
 | Travaux par tiers 2021 = 9760&lt;br /&gt;
 | Carburant 2021 = 10560&lt;br /&gt;
 | Entretien matériel 2021 = 34880&lt;br /&gt;
 | Eau, gaz, électricité 2021 = 2300&lt;br /&gt;
 | Frais de gestion 2021 = 11000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fermage 2021 = 47360&lt;br /&gt;
 | Assurances 2021 = 30720&lt;br /&gt;
 | Autres 2021 = 135180&lt;br /&gt;
 | Salariés 2021 = 16000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Vente de produits végétaux 2021 = 528000&lt;br /&gt;
 | DPU, DPB 2021 = 52000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Aide à la certification 2021 = 3000&lt;br /&gt;
 | EBE total 2021 = 198200&lt;br /&gt;
 | Semences et plants 2022 = 27200&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fertilisation 2022 = 44480&lt;br /&gt;
 | Produits de traitements 2022 = 37440&lt;br /&gt;
 | Travaux par tiers 2022 = 9600&lt;br /&gt;
 | Carburant 2022 = 10560&lt;br /&gt;
 | Entretien matériel 2022 = 19200&lt;br /&gt;
 | Eau, gaz, électricité 2022 = 9000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Frais de gestion 2022 = 98000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fermage 2022 = 39680&lt;br /&gt;
 | Assurances 2022 = 17920&lt;br /&gt;
 | Autres 2022 = 85000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Salariés 2022 = 20000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Vente de produits végétaux 2022 = 598000&lt;br /&gt;
 | DPU, DPB 2022 = 60000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Aide à la certification 2022 = 3000&lt;br /&gt;
 | EBE total 2022 = 242920}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Inputs have increased enormously: nitrogen, phosphorus, potash and all the trace elements and phyto products.&lt;br /&gt;
* The dryer consumes a lot of energy.&lt;br /&gt;
* For fuel: in the accounting documents, you need to know that the services provided by other farmers, Guillaume and Antoine, do not exceed 50 and 60L/ha.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Marketing==&lt;br /&gt;
Guillaume and Antoine used to deliver everything to storage organizations. Now they &amp;quot;alternate between a few forward sales cooperatives&amp;quot; and a little direct selling. They keep a constant eye on market prices. The most important thing is to &#039;&#039;&#039;know your production costs, and then you can define a sales strategy&#039;&#039;.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!Culture&lt;br /&gt;
! Customer&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Lin&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Agylin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Beans&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Cover + trader&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Peas&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Covered + dealer&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Corn&lt;br /&gt;
|Direct sale to a farmer&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Bâtiment de stockage Chedru.png|thumb|Bâtiment de stockage des Chedru.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Storage==&lt;br /&gt;
They &#039;&#039;&#039;store 100% of their crops&#039;&#039;&#039; thanks to the&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;adaptation of former livestock buildings&#039;&#039;&#039; present on the farm with :&lt;br /&gt;
* Adapted ventilation.&lt;br /&gt;
* Flat storage on level platforms.&lt;br /&gt;
* A dryer to dry crops that are too wet.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== 2022 Economic, social and environmental report ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Economical review &lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;EBE/UTH&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:250000},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;EBE/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Subventions/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Annuités/EBE (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Charges/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[194336,41,10,34,70],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[159000,43,13,3,84],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Moyenne&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true},&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Social Review&lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Confort au travail&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Satisfaction économique&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Satisfaction sociale &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Coopération&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cadre de vie &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[8,10,10,7,10],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Environmental review &lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Tx de MO &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:3},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Couverture du sol (j/an)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:365},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Indice de travail du sol (surface travaillée x coefficient d&#039;aggressivité x profondeur)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:5},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;SIE/SAU&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:1},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Diversité des cultures (nbre de culture dans l&#039;assolement)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:15}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[2.8,340,1.18425,0.0375,6],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[2.46,0,0,0,0],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Moyenne&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true},&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Level of comfort at work, taking into account physical or mental hardship&#039;&#039;: 8/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Economic satisfaction&#039;&#039;: 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Daily work satisfaction, feeling of being surrounded in one&#039;s work&#039;&#039;: 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Cooperation with other local players, mutual aid&#039;&#039;: 7/10&lt;br /&gt;
* Living environment: 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
* Percentage of Organic matter: 2.8&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Soil coverage (days/year)&#039;&#039;&#039; :340 days&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Tillage index (tilled area x aggressiveness coefficient x depth)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 1.2 i(l was calculated on two technical itineraries, rapeseed and beet)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;SIE/SAU &#039;&#039;&#039;: 0.04&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Crop diversity (number of crops in the rotation, excluding cover crops)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 6&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039; EBE/UTH&#039;&#039;&#039;: 194,336 (e)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;EBE/CA (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 41&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Subsidies/Sales (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Annuities/EBIT (%)&#039;&#039;: 34&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Expenses/Sales (%)&#039;&#039;: 70 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Working hours are difficult to estimate. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Source: Moyennes régionales Agreste/Rica (Réseau d&#039;Information Comptable Agricole) 2021&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Tips for getting started==&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Start with simplified seeding and gradually increase OM levels:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;If you don&#039;t have good natural porosity and a good level of organic matter, you won&#039;t be able to do without tillage. You have to start by creating a soil in the first years of transition. It&#039;s a long-term job.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Surround yourself:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; Antoine felt isolated in the experimental approach he embarked upon (at the start there were five of them in the department, and all the organizations in the sector were telling them they were heading straight for disaster). They got a lot of help from Jean-François Aubry and through exchanges on internet forums, but above all through group work. It was very hard to get off the beaten track, to face up to the scrutiny and pressure exerted by other farmers who don&#039;t question their model. Antoine is therefore grateful to be part of a group of 15 somewhat original farmers, for whom any idea has the merit of being tried out, and who are constantly open-minded.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Integrating the agricultural sector into the transition:&#039;&#039;&#039; A group can&#039;t change everything on its own either: Sol en Caux has therefore integrated the entire upstream and downstream agricultural sector (cooperatives, storage organizations, technicians, management bodies, etc.).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* When you have a &#039;&#039;global approach&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;take care of the soil&#039;&#039;, you open up &#039;&#039;exceptional horizons&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vidéo==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mr7myhuhRYQ}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Sources==&lt;br /&gt;
* Visit to the Ferme de Longueuil on 07/11/2023.&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Decompacting a no-till soil, Guillaume Chedru|Decompacting a no-till soil, Guillaume Chedru]].&lt;br /&gt;
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7P-yJtKCLDM Tour de plaine #5: Gestion d&#039;un système grandes cultures pour réduire les charges et protéger le sol] (Youtube - AgroLeague).&lt;br /&gt;
* Regional averages Agreste/Rica (Réseau d&#039;Information Comptable Agricole) 2021.&lt;br /&gt;
* GisSol.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Angeline Almeida (2044552287)</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Longueil%27s_Farm&amp;diff=4361</id>
		<title>Longueil&#039;s Farm</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Longueil%27s_Farm&amp;diff=4361"/>
		<updated>2024-05-14T07:47:35Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Angeline Almeida (2044552287): &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Portrait de ferme&lt;br /&gt;
| Nom de l&#039;exploitation = Ferme de Longueil &lt;br /&gt;
| Sous-titre = Living soil and industrial crops&lt;br /&gt;
| Bannière = Bannière Ferme de Longueuil.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| Logo = &lt;br /&gt;
| Photo de l&#039;agriculteur = Guillaume et Antoine Chedru 2023.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| URL = &lt;br /&gt;
| Nom de l&#039;agriculteur = Guillaume et Antoine Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
| Organisme = Ver de Terre Production&lt;br /&gt;
| Date de mise en œuvre = 1995&lt;br /&gt;
| Département = Seine-Maritime (département)&lt;br /&gt;
| Adresse = Goderville, 76110&lt;br /&gt;
| Latitude = 49.650236&lt;br /&gt;
| Longitude = 0.362893&lt;br /&gt;
| Objectif = Agronomie des sols vivants&lt;br /&gt;
| Type de production = Grandes cultures&lt;br /&gt;
| SAU = 160&lt;br /&gt;
| UTH = 1,25&lt;br /&gt;
| Cahier des charges = HVE3&lt;br /&gt;
| pH = Sol neutre&lt;br /&gt;
| Texture du sol = Silty-clay&lt;br /&gt;
| Description de sol = Loamy loam&lt;br /&gt;
| Cultures = Linen@ Beet@ Wheat@ Rapeseed@ &lt;br /&gt;
| Autres caractéristiques = Activité biologique des sols&lt;br /&gt;
| Photo d&#039;illustration = Inondation route gouville.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| ImageCaption = Road flooding in Goderville&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 1 = Sols vivants&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 2 = Semis direct&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 3 = TCS&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 4 = Couverts végétaux&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 5 = Sol en Caux&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1988, Antoine Chedru set up the family farm in the Pays de Caux region with his brother and father, as partners in a mixed farming (dairy) system that has since evolved considerably.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The very wet winters of 1993 and 1994 triggered a great deal of erosion in their conventional plots of loamy soil. Following this, Jean-François Ouvry (AREAS) raised awareness of the problem, noting that tillage amplified the erosion phenomenon. This prompted the farm team to completely revise their technical itinerary and even build their own equipment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since setting up, Antoine, and now his son Guillaume, &#039;&#039;are fully committed to an agroecological approach&#039;&#039; in the sense that they work on a system-wide scale, actively seeking to work with and not against natural ecosystems.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, the system change did not happen with a snap of the fingers, but in an incremental way, punctuated by mistakes and uncertainties, supported by a dynamic of experimentation and local working groups.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Special features of the farm==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Reduced tillage with [[Direct seeding|SD]] (direct seeding) + [[Simplified cultivation techniques (TCS)|TCS]] (simplified cultivation techniques) + [[Plant cover crops]] and [[Field crop associations|companion plants]].&lt;br /&gt;
*Beet using [[strip-till]] without insecticides.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Self-build strip-till for successful rapeseed establishment|Self-build]].&lt;br /&gt;
*Development of [[biocontrol]] solutions such as [[Stimulation of plants&#039; natural defenses with fermented nettle extracts|fermented nettle extracts]], [[comfrey]], [[Garlic and garlic-based products for sustainable agriculture|garlic maceration]] and development of [[Effective microorganisms (EM)|effective microorganisms (EM)]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Contextual data==&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Farm name&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Ferme de Longueil&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Location&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Goderville, Seine-Maritime (76)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;SAU&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|160 ha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;UTH&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|1.25 (Antoine Chedru full-time and Guillaume 25%)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Crops&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Beet, wheat, flax, rapeseed&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Labels&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|[[High environmental value|HVE 3]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Groups&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Sol en Caux&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Land context ===&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;Soil texture&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Silt|Loam]] loam, 60% loam&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;OM content at planting (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|1,7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Last MO rate&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
lab test (year n)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|2.8 (2023 analysis)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Soil PH 2020 (year n)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Bearing capacity, structure...&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| No rotary tillage, no plough tillage&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Good bearing capacity, improved by plant cover crops&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Earthworms per m²&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|110 &lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Local climate data===&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
!&#039;&#039;&#039;Local data&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
!&#039;&#039;&#039;National data&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Annual rainfall&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;average&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;Around 1200 mm per year&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
(average 161 mm/month)&lt;br /&gt;
|155 mm/month&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;T°max moyenne&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|38&lt;br /&gt;
|29&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;T°min moyenne&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;-4.7&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2,7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;First frost&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;usually&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;December when there is&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Type of climate&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Oceanic&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Source: Météo France&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transition stages==&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;1995 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Stopped ploughing and switched to simplified tillage (TCS) with the farm&#039;s existing equipment. &#039;&#039;&#039;From this date on&#039;&#039;&#039;, with significant rainfall of 1000 to 1200 mm per year, &#039;&#039;&#039;Antoine no longer observed any erosion in his plots&#039;&#039;&#039;. He explains that the reason they switched to TCS was that the soil was not yet ready to &amp;quot;take care of itself&amp;quot;. So they made a few deep passes with a stubble cultivator to &amp;quot;build up a structure conducive to root development&amp;quot;. As the level of [[Organic Matter|Organic Matter (OM)]] increased, the working depth decreased (first from 20 to 15 cm, then 10 cm).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;2000:&#039;&#039;&#039; Antoine&#039;s brother leaves the farm, and an employee is hired to replace him.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2010 :&#039;&#039;&#039; They test strip-till beets.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2012 :&#039;&#039;&#039; End of dairy herd.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Winter 2012-2013:&#039;&#039;&#039; Warning from the water agency following major mudslides on the roads and turbidity problems in the area. This is when most of the crops are planted using [[direct seeding]].&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2013&#039;&#039;&#039;: Creation of &amp;quot;[https://agriculture.gouv.fr/produire-autrement-sol-en-caux-lutte-contre-lerosion-des-sols Sol en Caux]&amp;quot;: emergence at last of a welded group at department level (15 farmers in the area).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2015 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Beginning of the implementation of [[Macerations: principles &amp;amp; recipes, by Stéphane Billotte|plant macerations]] as an alternative to fungicides and the spreading of [[Bois raméal fragmenté|BRF]] (Bois Raméal Fragmenté).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2016 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Stop using insecticides.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2019 :&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; 800mm of water in autumn, beginning of cracking trials due to crop loss caused by the fact that in Seine-Maritime, soils are generally made up of fine silts with a little [[clay]] (12% clay and 70% silts) which naturally take up mass. This phenomenon induces water stagnation, despite the fact that the farm was already in SD for rapeseed and wheat, and that tillage was very shallow for spring crops (which partly solved hydromorphic problems).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Effects of new practices===&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;Stop mudflows and floods&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;&#039;Hydromorphic management&#039;&#039; and more &#039;&#039;&#039;microporosity&#039;&#039;&#039; in the soil.&lt;br /&gt;
*Growing potatoes by direct seeding, with Sol en Caux |&#039;&#039;&#039;Gain in soil fertility&#039;&#039;&#039;]] (OM has improved by 1 percentage point since the change in practices): &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;I find that since we&#039;ve been working with a simplified seeding system, or even direct seeding, the soil&#039;s bearing capacity has improved considerably and, despite the rain, we&#039;re able to plant in excellent conditions because the organic matter level has risen and the soil is in much better health.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Cost savings:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; Today, the farm&#039;s biggest expense is the harvester.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;SD practices are favorable to the development of [[:Category:Slug|slugs]] and [[:Category:Vole|voles]]&#039;&#039;&#039;. Antoine therefore uses a [[[straw harrow]]&#039;&#039; after harvest, to expose slug eggs to the sun. He also uses [https://ephy.anses.fr/ppp/sluxx-hp &#039;&#039;&#039;Sluxx&#039;&#039;&#039;] (Molluscicide) as a preventive measure, up to 15 days before sowing. For voles, he relies on &#039;&#039;natural predators&#039;&#039;, which he encourages with perches in the plots, as well as on the &#039;&#039;tillage&#039;&#039; he has maintained for certain crops (beet and flax).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Effect of trials with companion plants / maceration, cumulated with the cessation of insecticides on pest pressure:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; A Berlèse test was carried out in December 2021 to see the effect of stopping insecticides in rapeseed associated with [[faba bean]]. The result was &#039;&#039;&#039;0.6 [[:Category:Flea beetle| flea beetle]]/foot larvae&#039;&#039;&#039;, on a plot with 2.8 to 3% OM. A robust rapeseed that emerges more quickly from winter means that flea beetle larvae stay in the petiole and don&#039;t do as much damage to the stems.&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;quot;&#039;Since we&#039;ve been working with a semi-simplified system, or even direct seeding, the soil&#039;s &#039;&#039;bearing capacity&#039;&#039; has improved considerably, and despite the rain, we&#039;re able to sow in excellent conditions, as the organic matter level has risen and the soil is in much better health.&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;gallery mode=&amp;quot;slideshow&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
File:Analyse Celasta lab chedru 2015 page-0002.jpg|Celestalab 2015 soil analysis at Longeuil farm. Total OM = 2.27. There is a high proportion of stable OM (1.97) but little rapid OM (0.33).&lt;br /&gt;
File:Analyse Celestalab 2020 à la ferme de Longeuil.jpg|Celestalab 2020 soil analysis. OM rises to 2.8 and free OM has increased significantly since RCW was added.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Objectives===&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;The objective is to continue doing a good job. To develop organic matter and have a self-fertilizing system, we need to &#039;&#039;&#039;perpetuate&#039;&#039;&#039; it because it can change overnight.&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*Develop other crops like [[hemp]] at the same time as flax. It&#039;s complicated because of the vagaries of the weather.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Crop monitoring: rotation and technical itineraries===&lt;br /&gt;
=== Crop rotation ===&lt;br /&gt;
On installation: wheat, rapeseed, fibre flax (peas or corn could also be grown, but at an additional cost).  Since then, there has been a &#039;&#039;lengthening&#039;&#039; of the rotations and a diversification of crops, which has the merit of improving [[rye grass]] and [[Vulpin des champs|vulpin]] concerns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The reasons for this choice of crop rotation combine agronomy, management and economics (flax, the region&#039;s leading crop, faba beans, economically profitable beet).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Assolement 2022 Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
| width=100%&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;tooltip&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;treemap&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;roam&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;borderWidth&amp;quot;:0,&amp;quot;gapWidth&amp;quot;:2},&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Assolement 2022 Chedru&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cultures de vente&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;children&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;blé&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:76,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;colza&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:32,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;betterave&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:12,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;lin &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:28,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;feverole &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:15,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} }],&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#ffe599&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;fontColor&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;SIE&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;children&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;prairies &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:6.5,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} }],&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#b6d7a8&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;fontColor&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Particularités de la rotation ===&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts: title=Rotation type Chedru | width=100% | height=400px  | json = Ferme de Longueil/Rotation type Chedru.json }}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Utilisation de plantes compagnes ====&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Féverole pour le colza&#039;&#039;&#039; (effet de leurre contre les altises).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Orge&#039;&#039;&#039; pour le &#039;&#039;&#039;blé et la betterave&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Apport de MO extérieure ====&lt;br /&gt;
En plus des apports des couverts et résidus de paille des cultures, il y a un &#039;&#039;&#039;apport de [[Bois raméal fragmenté|BRF]] sans incorporation&#039;&#039;&#039; (cela permet de conserver l&#039;oxygène de surface) après lin, &#039;&#039;&#039;environ 10t/ha.&#039;&#039;&#039; Cet apport prendra entre &#039;&#039;&#039;2 et 3 ans pour être totalement décomposé&#039;&#039;&#039; (il ne faut pas retrouver du BRF dans les nappes de lin). Ils sèment ensuite directement le blé dans le BRF. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Cet apport ne se fait pas directement sentir sur la culture, mais il augmente le taux de MO stable avec des C/N à moins de 50, pour qu&#039;il soit dégradable en humus ([[Ferme de Longueil#Effet constaté des nouvelles pratiques|cf. analyses de sol Celesta lab]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Utilisation d&#039;engrais starter ====&lt;br /&gt;
Utilisation d&#039;engrais starter&#039;&#039;&#039; au semis pour anticiper le manque de minéralisation qu&#039;il peut y avoir en SD.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Utilisation d&#039;extraits fermentés ====&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Utilisation [[Stimulation des défenses naturelles des plantes grâce aux extraits fermentés d&#039;ortie|extraits fermentés d&#039;ortie]], de [[consoude]], de [[Ail et produits à base d&#039;ail pour une agriculture durable|macération d&#039;ail]].&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4LzgFBkjS-8}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* L’[[ortie]] est une plante &#039;&#039;&#039;riche en silice qui épaissit la cuticule de la feuille&#039;&#039;&#039; du blé ou de la betterave, la rendant &#039;&#039;&#039;plus résistante aux bio agresseurs&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* L’[[ail]] un très bon répulsif contre les mauvais insectes. Le lin est une culture souvent attaquée par les altises, alors après le semis, quand le lin fait 2-3 cm, Antoine et Guillaume épandent de la macération d’ail . &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Cela permet l&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;arrêt des insecticides sur la ferme&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Couverts végétaux ====&lt;br /&gt;
Les [[couverts végétaux]] dans la rotation sont utilisés pour plusieurs raisons :&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Apport d&#039;azote important&#039;&#039;&#039; aux cultures qui suivent (entre 20 et 40 unités d&#039;azote/ha par exemple pour le couvert précédent la betterave. La féverole en plante compagne du colza permet également de fixer 20 U d&#039;azote resitué au colza en sortie d&#039;hiver et  peut même être bénéfique à la culture de blé qui suit, grâce au processus de minéralisation), générant également des économies d&#039;engrais.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Apport conséquent de biomasse&#039;&#039;&#039; (minimum 250 pieds à l&#039;ha, pensé grâce à la [[Méthode Merci|méthode MERCI]] courant décembre) après un gel et un passage du [[Rouleau FACA|Rolofaca,]] quand le couvert est en fleur théoriquement. Sauf que dans la région le couvert est rapidement en fleur et c&#039;est encore trop tôt pour le détruire. Le but c&#039;est qu&#039;il puisse se décomposer avant la culture de printemps. Pour sa destruction normalement pas besoin d&#039;herbicides (juste pour la culture qui suit, pour la gestion des [[Ray-grass|ray grass]]/[[Vulpin des champs|vulpin]]).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Drainage des sols&#039;&#039;&#039; grâce à leur structure racinaire.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Casser le cycle des graminées&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Leur coût :&#039;&#039;&#039; Environ 70€ de l&#039;ha.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Réduction du travail du sol sur des cultures industrielles ====&lt;br /&gt;
Même si Guillaume et Antoine sont adeptes du semis direct, ils reconnaissent que c&#039;est un système qui a ses limites :  &#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;&#039;on sait difficilement faire sans travail du sol pour des cultures comme la [[pomme de terre]], la betterave, le lin&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; notamment pour réchauffer la terre, niveler les trous de sanglier, les monticules créés par les taupes, etc. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
La ligne conductrice a été de se demander comment ils pourraient faire, pendant la rotation longue, pour &#039;&#039;&#039;construire davantage le sol qu&#039;on ne le déconstruit&#039;&#039;&#039; après une culture pénalisante comme la betterave.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Pour les betteraves, quelques jours avant l’implantation, &#039;&#039;&#039;ils travaillent le sol à 3 cm de profondeur&#039;&#039;&#039; avec un outil à &#039;&#039;&#039;bêches roulantes&#039;&#039;&#039;, puis ils &#039;&#039;&#039;restructurent le sol au  strip-till c&#039;&#039;&#039;e qui permet de travailler qu&#039;une ligne de 10 cm tous le 50cm d&#039;écartement, à &#039;&#039;&#039;12cm de profondeur&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Quelques jours plus tard, ils viennent affiner la ligne avec une &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Fraise - herse animée|fraise]] localisée auto construite&#039;&#039;&#039;, qui &#039;&#039;&#039;précède le semoir à betterave&#039;&#039;&#039;. {{Image centrée | ITK betterave chedru 2022.png | ITK betterave 2022}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
La culture du &#039;&#039;&#039;lin fibre&#039;&#039;&#039;, qui est très sensible à la compaction et nécessite un sol particulièrement bien nivelé, bénéficie également d’un &#039;&#039;&#039;travail superficiel&#039;&#039;&#039;. Sachant que ces deux cultures sont celles qui déstructurent le plus le sol, Guillaume et Antoine tentent des les éloigner d&#039;avantage l&#039;une de l&#039;autre et d&#039;allonger la rotation pour donner un temps de repos au sol.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Couvert végétal chedru.jpg|vignette|Couvert végétal à la ferme de Longeuil.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Focus biodiversité sur la ferme==&lt;br /&gt;
Sur la ferme il y a douze ruches (appartenant au président du Conseil Départemental de la Seine-Maritime), ils veulent donc éviter la mortalité, c&#039;est un paramètre qui a motivé la réduction de  produits phytosanitaires et le zéro insecticides.    &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;Il faut leur donner à manger en permanence. Elles se nourrissent au printemps, au moment de la floraison des féveroles, des pois, des colzas. Les couverts végétaux à base de pois, de [[Tournesol|tournesols]] et de féveroles les aident à passer le cap de l’hiver&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Focus autonomie==&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Cultures autonomes en semences&#039;&#039;&#039; : Blé, féverole (font de l&#039;échange de graines aussi féveroles contre tournesol par exemple).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Cultures aux semences achetées&#039;&#039;&#039; : Betterave, colza.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Autonomie globale&#039;&#039;&#039; : Atelier d&#039;auto-construction pour les machines (notamment semoirs), échange paille / fumier, séchoir et lieu de stockage sur la ferme, branches et déchets verts amenés par la déchetterie et les voisins.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Equipement : semoir à disques ET semoir à dents==&lt;br /&gt;
La ferme est bien équipée niveau matériel, car dans un contexte de région très pluvieuse la fenêtre d&#039;opportunité est assez courte pour semer. Guillaume et Antoine alternent notamment entre deux semoirs : un à disques et un à dents : &lt;br /&gt;
{{Article détaillé|Choisir son semoir de semis direct à dents ou à disques}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VsBHpeMMsTQ}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Le semoir à dents ===&lt;br /&gt;
Réalisé en &#039;&#039;&#039;auto-construction&#039;&#039;&#039;. L’investissement total est de &#039;&#039;&#039;30 000€&#039;&#039;&#039;. Dans le commerce, un équipement équivalent reviendrait à 100 000€ environ.&lt;br /&gt;
* L’outil fait &#039;&#039;&#039;6 m de large&#039;&#039;&#039; et comporte &#039;&#039;&#039;20 éléments espacés de 30cm&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;3 niveaux de profondeurs&#039;&#039;&#039; : Un seul passage peut faire 3 opérations différentes (ils ont notamment ajouté une micro fertilisation pour faire de la localisation en fertilisation dans le sillon).&lt;br /&gt;
* Semis : Adapté pour de &#039;&#039;&#039;grosses et petites graines&#039;&#039;&#039; (couverts végétaux, colza associé).&lt;br /&gt;
* L’objectif étant de &#039;&#039;&#039;perturber le moins possible le sol&#039;&#039;&#039;, l’outil roule à une vitesse maximale de 7 km/h.&lt;br /&gt;
* Une attention particulière est aussi portée sur la pression des pneus qui doit être basse.&lt;br /&gt;
* Le débit de chantier est de &#039;&#039;&#039;4 ha/h&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* Le semoir est en porté, il fait 3,5 T et un relevage et une puissance importants sont donc nécessaires, par rapport à un semi-porté.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Avantages/inconvénients du semoir à dents selon Antoine :&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Perturbe moins la terre, ce qui entraîne donc &#039;&#039;&#039;moins de relevés d’adventice&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Plus précis&#039;&#039;&#039; et ne présente pas de risque de bourrage dans des couverts très développés.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Moins favorable aux limaces&#039;&#039;&#039;, en ne laissant pas de sillon qui leur servent d’autoroute.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Le semoir à disques ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Semoir à disques chedru.jpg|vignette|Semoir à disques des Chedru.]]&lt;br /&gt;
*Il a été acheté d’&#039;&#039;&#039;occasion pour 25 000€.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
*Il est utilisé pour les &#039;&#039;&#039;semis de blé et de lin sous couvert végétal&#039;&#039;&#039; ([[Trèfle|trèfles]] ou [[légumineuses]]).&lt;br /&gt;
*Le tracteur est équipé d’un &#039;&#039;&#039;Rolofaca en frontal lesté&#039;&#039;&#039; (2,8 T pour 4,5 m de large) pour coucher le couvert.&lt;br /&gt;
*Les disques opèrent une ouverture de 12 mm. Ils sont positionnés à 15 cm d’espacement, ce qui est &#039;&#039;&#039;idéal pour le semis du lin&#039;&#039;&#039;, culture phare de la région.&lt;br /&gt;
*Pince la paille dans le fond du sillon, ce qui perturbe grandement la levée.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Système d’autoguidage RTK – confort de travail ===&lt;br /&gt;
*Le &#039;&#039;&#039;système [[RTK]] coûte 15 000€ / tracteur&#039;&#039;&#039;, pour la cartographie des parcelles. On peut ensuite l’utiliser &#039;&#039;&#039;pour tous les tracteurs&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Autres matériels ===&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Semoir à betterave&#039;&#039;&#039; partagé avec un voisin.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Matériel de récolte en CUMA&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Strip-till&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Volet économique==&lt;br /&gt;
Antoine et Guillaume sont lucides sur leur système : &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;Avec le labour, on aurait peut-être de meilleurs rendements. Mais c’est la marge et pas le chiffre d’affaires qu&#039;on regarde&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
!Colza&lt;br /&gt;
!Blé dur&lt;br /&gt;
!Betterave&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Produit&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;2 812 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;2 915 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;3 960 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Semences&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|161 €&lt;br /&gt;
|378 €&lt;br /&gt;
|288 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Engrais&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|717 €&lt;br /&gt;
|424 €&lt;br /&gt;
|382 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Oligos&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|15 €&lt;br /&gt;
|36 €&lt;br /&gt;
|32 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Phytos&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|67 €&lt;br /&gt;
|99 €&lt;br /&gt;
|183 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Mécanisation&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|53 €&lt;br /&gt;
|50 €&lt;br /&gt;
|75 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Irrigation&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Marge brute 2022&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;1 800 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;1 927 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;3 000 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Evolution des marges brutes des cultures de vente ===&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts: title=Marge brute / ha | width=100% | height=400px  | json = Ferme de Longueil/Marge brute / ha.json }}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#economic_charts:&lt;br /&gt;
 title=Comptabilité Antoine Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
 | Semences et plants 2019 = 23360&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fertilisation 2019 = 24160&lt;br /&gt;
 | Produits de traitements 2019 = 33600&lt;br /&gt;
 | Travaux par tiers 2019 = 9120&lt;br /&gt;
 | Carburant 2019 = 17280&lt;br /&gt;
 | Entretien matériel 2019 = 14560&lt;br /&gt;
 | Eau, gaz, électricité 2019 = 1000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Frais de gestion 2019 = 9000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fermage 2019 = 36480&lt;br /&gt;
 | Assurances 2019 = 29120&lt;br /&gt;
 | Autres 2019 = 129560&lt;br /&gt;
 | Salariés 2019 = 8000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Vente de produits végétaux 2019 = 450000&lt;br /&gt;
 | DPU, DPB 2019 = 48000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Aide à la certification 2019 = 3000&lt;br /&gt;
 | EBE total 2019 = 165760&lt;br /&gt;
 | Semences et plants 2020 = 18080&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fertilisation 2020 = 30880&lt;br /&gt;
 | Produits de traitements 2020 = 28320&lt;br /&gt;
 | Travaux par tiers 2020 = 8480&lt;br /&gt;
 | Carburant 2020 = 9120&lt;br /&gt;
 | Entretien matériel 2020 = 21600&lt;br /&gt;
 | Eau, gaz, électricité 2020 = 2000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Frais de gestion 2020 = 8000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fermage 2020 = 42000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Assurances 2020 = 32000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Autres 2020 = 119000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Salariés 2020 = 7000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Vente de produits végétaux 2020 = 361000&lt;br /&gt;
 | DPU, DPB 2020 = 49000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Aide à la certification 2020 = 3000&lt;br /&gt;
 | EBE total 2020 = 86520&lt;br /&gt;
 | Semences et plants 2021 = 20160&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fertilisation 2021 = 27840&lt;br /&gt;
 | Produits de traitements 2021 = 39040&lt;br /&gt;
 | Travaux par tiers 2021 = 9760&lt;br /&gt;
 | Carburant 2021 = 10560&lt;br /&gt;
 | Entretien matériel 2021 = 34880&lt;br /&gt;
 | Eau, gaz, électricité 2021 = 2300&lt;br /&gt;
 | Frais de gestion 2021 = 11000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fermage 2021 = 47360&lt;br /&gt;
 | Assurances 2021 = 30720&lt;br /&gt;
 | Autres 2021 = 135180&lt;br /&gt;
 | Salariés 2021 = 16000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Vente de produits végétaux 2021 = 528000&lt;br /&gt;
 | DPU, DPB 2021 = 52000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Aide à la certification 2021 = 3000&lt;br /&gt;
 | EBE total 2021 = 198200&lt;br /&gt;
 | Semences et plants 2022 = 27200&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fertilisation 2022 = 44480&lt;br /&gt;
 | Produits de traitements 2022 = 37440&lt;br /&gt;
 | Travaux par tiers 2022 = 9600&lt;br /&gt;
 | Carburant 2022 = 10560&lt;br /&gt;
 | Entretien matériel 2022 = 19200&lt;br /&gt;
 | Eau, gaz, électricité 2022 = 9000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Frais de gestion 2022 = 98000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fermage 2022 = 39680&lt;br /&gt;
 | Assurances 2022 = 17920&lt;br /&gt;
 | Autres 2022 = 85000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Salariés 2022 = 20000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Vente de produits végétaux 2022 = 598000&lt;br /&gt;
 | DPU, DPB 2022 = 60000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Aide à la certification 2022 = 3000&lt;br /&gt;
 | EBE total 2022 = 242920}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Les intrants ont énormément augmenté les azote, ils ont été multipliés par trois, le phosphore, la potasse et tous les produits oligoéléments et phyto.&lt;br /&gt;
* Le séchoir consomme beaucoup d&#039;énergie.&lt;br /&gt;
* Pour le carburant: dans les documents de comptabilité il faut savoir que les prestations chez d&#039;autres agriculteurs ont été comptabilisés, Guillaume et Antoine, ne dépassent pas les 50 et 60L/ha.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Commercialisation==&lt;br /&gt;
Avant, Guillaume et Antoine livraient tout à des organismes stockeurs. Maintenant ils &#039;&#039;&#039;alternent entre quelques coopératives de ventes à terme&#039;&#039;&#039; et un peu de &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Circuits courts|vente directe]]&#039;&#039;&#039;. Ils regardent constamment les évolutions des cours du marché. L&#039;essentiel, c&#039;est déjà de &#039;&#039;&#039;connaître son coût de production et à partir de là, &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;on peut définir une stratégie de vente&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!Culture&lt;br /&gt;
! Client&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Lin&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Agylin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Betterave&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Colza&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Négociant&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Féverole&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Couvert + négociant&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Pois&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Couvert + négociant&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Maïs&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Vente directe à un éleveur&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Bâtiment de stockage Chedru.png|thumb|Bâtiment de stockage des Chedru.]]&lt;br /&gt;
== Stockage==&lt;br /&gt;
Ils &#039;&#039;&#039;stockent 100% de leurs récoltes&#039;&#039;&#039; grâce à l&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;adaptation d&#039;anciens bâtiments d&#039;élevage&#039;&#039;&#039; présents sur la ferme avec :&lt;br /&gt;
* Une ventilation adaptée.&lt;br /&gt;
* Un stockage à plat sur des quais de niveau.&lt;br /&gt;
* La présence d&#039;un séchoir pour sécher aussi les récoltes trop humides.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Bilan économique, social et environnemental==&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Bilan économique &lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;EBE/UTH&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:250000},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;EBE/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Subventions/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Annuités/EBE (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Charges/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[194336,41,10,34,70],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[159000,43,13,3,84],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Moyenne&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true},&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039; EBE/UTH&#039;&#039;&#039; : 194 336 (e)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;EBE/CA (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 41&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Subventions/CA (%)&#039;&#039;&#039; : 10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Annuités/EBE (%)&#039;&#039;&#039; : 34&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Charges/CA (%)&#039;&#039;&#039; : 70 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Source: Moyennes régionales Agreste/Rica (Réseau d&#039;Information Comptable Agricole) 2021&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title= Review Chedru 2022&lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Comfort at work&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Economic satisfaction&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Social satisfaction &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;Soil cover (d/y)&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:365},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;Tillage index (tilled area x aggressiveness coefficient x depth)&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:5},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;EBE/UTH&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:250000},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;EBE/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Subventions/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100}, &amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[8,10,10,7,10],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Level of comfort at work, taking into account physical or mental hardship&#039;&#039;: 8/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Economic satisfaction&#039;&#039;: 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Daily work satisfaction, feeling of being surrounded in one&#039;s work&#039;&#039;: 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Cooperation with other local players, mutual aid&#039;&#039;: 7/10&lt;br /&gt;
* Living environment: 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
* Percentage of Organic matter: 2.8&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Soil coverage (days/year)&#039;&#039;&#039; :340 days&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Tillage index (tilled area x aggressiveness coefficient x depth)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 1.2 i(l was calculated on two technical itineraries, rapeseed and beet)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;SIE/SAU &#039;&#039;&#039;: 0.04&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Crop diversity (number of crops in the rotation, excluding cover crops)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 6&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039; EBE/UTH&#039;&#039;&#039;: 194,336 (e)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;EBE/CA (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 41&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Subsidies/Sales (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Annuities/EBIT (%)&#039;&#039;: 34&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Expenses/Sales (%)&#039;&#039;: 70 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Working hours are difficult to estimate. {{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Bilan environnemental &lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Tx de MO &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:3},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;Soil cover (d/y)&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:365},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;Tillage index (tilled area x aggressiveness coefficient x depth)&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:5},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;SIE/SAU&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:1},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Diversité des cultures (nbre de culture dans l&#039;assolement)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:15}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[2.8,340,1.18425,0.0375,6],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[2.46,0,0,0,0],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Moyenne&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true},&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Tx de MO&#039;&#039;&#039;: 2,8&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Couverture du sol (j/an)&#039;&#039;&#039; :340 jours&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Indice de travail du sol (surface travaillée x coefficient d&#039;aggressivité x profondeur)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 1,2 i(l a été calculé sur deux itinéraires techniques, celui du colza et de la betterave)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;SIE/SAU &#039;&#039;&#039;: 0,04&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Diversité des cultures (nbre de culture dans l&#039;assolement, sans les couverts)&#039;&#039;&#039; : 6 {{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Source: GisSol (Taux de matière organique)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Conseils pour se lancer==&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Commencer par le semis simplifié et augmenter les taux de MO petit à petit:&#039;&#039;&#039;  &amp;quot;Si vous n&#039;avez pas une bonne porosité naturelle et un bon taux de matière organique, vous ne pourrez pas vous passer du travail du sol. Il faut commencer par créer un sol dans les premières années de transition. C&#039;est un travail de longue haleine.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;S&#039;entourer:&#039;&#039;&#039; Antoine s&#039;est senti isolé dans la démarche d&#039;expérimentation dans laquelle il s&#039;est lancé (au départ ils étaient cinq sur le département et  tous les organismes du secteur leur disaient qu&#039;ils allaient droit dans le mur). Ils ont beaucoup été aidés par Jean-François Aubry et par les échanges sur les forums internet mais surtout par le travail en groupe. Cela a été très dur de sortir des sentiers battus, faire face au regard et à la pression exercée par d&#039;autres agriculteurs qui ne questionnent pas leur modèle. Antoine est donc reconnaissant de faire partie  d&#039;un groupe de 15 agriculteurs un peu originaux et pour qui toute idée a le mérite d&#039;être essayée, cela le confronte aussi à une ouverture d’esprit permanente.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Intégrer la filière agricole à la transition :&#039;&#039;&#039; Un groupe ne peut pas non plus tout changer tout seul : Sol en Caux a donc intégré l’ensemble de la filière agricole en amont et en aval (coopératives organismes stockeurs techniciens, organismes de gestion...).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Quand on a une &#039;&#039;&#039;approche globale&#039;&#039;&#039; et qu’on &#039;&#039;&#039;s’occupe du sol&#039;&#039;&#039; cela &#039;&#039;&#039;ouvre des horizons exceptionnels&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vidéo==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mr7myhuhRYQ}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Sources==&lt;br /&gt;
* Visite de la Ferme de Longueuil réalisée le 07/11/2023.&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Décompacter un sol en semis direct, Guillaume Chedru|Décompacter un sol en semis direct, Guillaume Chedru]].&lt;br /&gt;
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7P-yJtKCLDM Tour de plaine #5: Gestion d&#039;un système grandes cultures pour réduire les charges et protéger le sol] (Youtube - AgroLeague).&lt;br /&gt;
* Moyennes régionales Agreste/Rica (Réseau d&#039;Information Comptable Agricole) 2021.&lt;br /&gt;
* GisSol.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Angeline Almeida (2044552287)</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Longueil%27s_Farm&amp;diff=4355</id>
		<title>Longueil&#039;s Farm</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Longueil%27s_Farm&amp;diff=4355"/>
		<updated>2024-05-14T07:24:47Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Angeline Almeida (2044552287): &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Portrait de ferme&lt;br /&gt;
| Nom de l&#039;exploitation = Ferme de Longueil &lt;br /&gt;
| Sous-titre = Living soil and industrial crops&lt;br /&gt;
| Bannière = Bannière Ferme de Longueuil.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| Logo = &lt;br /&gt;
| Photo de l&#039;agriculteur = Guillaume et Antoine Chedru 2023.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| URL = &lt;br /&gt;
| Nom de l&#039;agriculteur = Guillaume et Antoine Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
| Organisme = Ver de Terre Production&lt;br /&gt;
| Date de mise en œuvre = 1995&lt;br /&gt;
| Département = Seine-Maritime (département)&lt;br /&gt;
| Adresse = Goderville, 76110&lt;br /&gt;
| Latitude = 49.650236&lt;br /&gt;
| Longitude = 0.362893&lt;br /&gt;
| Objectif = Agronomie des sols vivants&lt;br /&gt;
| Type de production = Grandes cultures&lt;br /&gt;
| SAU = 160&lt;br /&gt;
| UTH = 1,25&lt;br /&gt;
| Cahier des charges = HVE3&lt;br /&gt;
| pH = Sol neutre&lt;br /&gt;
| Texture du sol = Silty-clay&lt;br /&gt;
| Description de sol = Loamy loam&lt;br /&gt;
| Cultures = Linen@ Beet@ Wheat@ Rapeseed@ &lt;br /&gt;
| Autres caractéristiques = Activité biologique des sols&lt;br /&gt;
| Photo d&#039;illustration = Inondation route gouville.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| ImageCaption = Road flooding in Goderville&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 1 = Sols vivants&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 2 = Semis direct&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 3 = TCS&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 4 = Couverts végétaux&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 5 = Sol en Caux&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1988, Antoine Chedru set up the family farm in the Pays de Caux region with his brother and father, as partners in a mixed farming (dairy) system that has since evolved considerably.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The very wet winters of 1993 and 1994 triggered a great deal of erosion in their conventional plots of loamy soil. Following this, Jean-François Ouvry (AREAS) raised awareness of the problem, noting that tillage amplified the erosion phenomenon. This prompted the farm team to completely revise their technical itinerary and even build their own equipment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since setting up, Antoine, and now his son Guillaume, &#039;&#039;are fully committed to an agroecological approach&#039;&#039; in the sense that they work on a system-wide scale, actively seeking to work with and not against natural ecosystems.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, the system change did not happen with a snap of the fingers, but in an incremental way, punctuated by mistakes and uncertainties, supported by a dynamic of experimentation and local working groups.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Special features of the farm==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Reduced tillage with [[Direct seeding|SD]] (direct seeding) + [[Simplified cultivation techniques (TCS)|TCS]] (simplified cultivation techniques) + [[Plant cover crops]] and [[Field crop associations|companion plants]].&lt;br /&gt;
*Beet using [[strip-till]] without insecticides.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Self-build strip-till for successful rapeseed establishment|Self-build]].&lt;br /&gt;
*Development of [[biocontrol]] solutions such as [[Stimulation of plants&#039; natural defenses with fermented nettle extracts|fermented nettle extracts]], [[comfrey]], [[Garlic and garlic-based products for sustainable agriculture|garlic maceration]] and development of [[Effective microorganisms (EM)|effective microorganisms (EM)]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Contextual data==&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Farm name&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Ferme de Longueil&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Location&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Goderville, Seine-Maritime (76)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;SAU&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|160 ha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;UTH&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|1.25 (Antoine Chedru full-time and Guillaume 25%)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Crops&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Beet, wheat, flax, rapeseed&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Labels&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|[[High environmental value|HVE 3]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Groups&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Sol en Caux&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Land context ===&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;Soil texture&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Silt|Loam]] loam, 60% loam&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;OM content at planting (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|1,7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Last MO rate&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
lab test (year n)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|2.8 (2023 analysis)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Soil PH 2020 (year n)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Bearing capacity, structure...&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| No rotary tillage, no plough tillage&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Good bearing capacity, improved by plant cover crops&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Earthworms per m²&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|110 &lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Local climate data===&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
!&#039;&#039;&#039;Local data&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
!&#039;&#039;&#039;National data&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Annual rainfall&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;average&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;Around 1200 mm per year&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
(average 161 mm/month)&lt;br /&gt;
|155 mm/month&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;T°max moyenne&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|38&lt;br /&gt;
|29&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;T°min moyenne&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;-4.7&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2,7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;First frost&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;usually&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;December when there is&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Type of climate&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Oceanic&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Source: Météo France&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transition stages==&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;1995 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Stopped ploughing and switched to simplified tillage (TCS) with the farm&#039;s existing equipment. &#039;&#039;&#039;From this date on&#039;&#039;&#039;, with significant rainfall of 1000 to 1200 mm per year, &#039;&#039;&#039;Antoine no longer observed any erosion in his plots&#039;&#039;&#039;. He explains that the reason they switched to TCS was that the soil was not yet ready to &amp;quot;take care of itself&amp;quot;. So they made a few deep passes with a stubble cultivator to &amp;quot;build up a structure conducive to root development&amp;quot;. As the level of [[Organic Matter|Organic Matter (OM)]] increased, the working depth decreased (first from 20 to 15 cm, then 10 cm).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;2000:&#039;&#039;&#039; Antoine&#039;s brother leaves the farm, and an employee is hired to replace him.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2010 :&#039;&#039;&#039; They test strip-till beets.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2012 :&#039;&#039;&#039; End of dairy herd.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Winter 2012-2013:&#039;&#039;&#039; Warning from the water agency following major mudslides on the roads and turbidity problems in the area. This is when most of the crops are planted using [[direct seeding]].&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2013&#039;&#039;&#039;: Creation of &amp;quot;[https://agriculture.gouv.fr/produire-autrement-sol-en-caux-lutte-contre-lerosion-des-sols Sol en Caux]&amp;quot;: emergence at last of a welded group at department level (15 farmers in the area).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2015 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Beginning of the implementation of [[Macerations: principles &amp;amp; recipes, by Stéphane Billotte|plant macerations]] as an alternative to fungicides and the spreading of [[Bois raméal fragmenté|BRF]] (Bois Raméal Fragmenté).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2016 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Stop using insecticides.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2019 :&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; 800mm of water in autumn, beginning of cracking trials due to crop loss caused by the fact that in Seine-Maritime, soils are generally made up of fine silts with a little [[clay]] (12% clay and 70% silts) which naturally take up mass. This phenomenon induces water stagnation, despite the fact that the farm was already in SD for rapeseed and wheat, and that tillage was very shallow for spring crops (which partly solved hydromorphic problems).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Effects of new practices===&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;Stop mudflows and floods&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;&#039;Hydromorphic management&#039;&#039; and more &#039;&#039;&#039;microporosity&#039;&#039;&#039; in the soil.&lt;br /&gt;
*Growing potatoes by direct seeding, with Sol en Caux |&#039;&#039;&#039;Gain in soil fertility&#039;&#039;&#039;]] (OM has improved by 1 percentage point since the change in practices): &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;I find that since we&#039;ve been working with a simplified seeding system, or even direct seeding, the soil&#039;s bearing capacity has improved considerably and, despite the rain, we&#039;re able to plant in excellent conditions because the organic matter level has risen and the soil is in much better health.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Cost savings:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; Today, the farm&#039;s biggest expense is the harvester.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;SD practices are favorable to the development of [[:Category:Slug|slugs]] and [[:Category:Vole|voles]]&#039;&#039;&#039;. Antoine therefore uses a [[[straw harrow]]&#039;&#039; after harvest, to expose slug eggs to the sun. He also uses [https://ephy.anses.fr/ppp/sluxx-hp &#039;&#039;&#039;Sluxx&#039;&#039;&#039;] (Molluscicide) as a preventive measure, up to 15 days before sowing. For voles, he relies on &#039;&#039;natural predators&#039;&#039;, which he encourages with perches in the plots, as well as on the &#039;&#039;tillage&#039;&#039; he has maintained for certain crops (beet and flax).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Effect of trials with companion plants / maceration, cumulated with the cessation of insecticides on pest pressure:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; A Berlèse test was carried out in December 2021 to see the effect of stopping insecticides in rapeseed associated with [[faba bean]]. The result was &#039;&#039;&#039;0.6 [[:Category:Flea beetle| flea beetle]]/foot larvae&#039;&#039;&#039;, on a plot with 2.8 to 3% OM. A robust rapeseed that emerges more quickly from winter means that flea beetle larvae stay in the petiole and don&#039;t do as much damage to the stems.&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;quot;&#039;Since we&#039;ve been working with a semi-simplified system, or even direct seeding, the soil&#039;s &#039;&#039;bearing capacity&#039;&#039; has improved considerably, and despite the rain, we&#039;re able to sow in excellent conditions, as the organic matter level has risen and the soil is in much better health.&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;gallery mode=&amp;quot;slideshow&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
File:Analyse Celasta lab chedru 2015 page-0002.jpg|Celestalab 2015 soil analysis at Longeuil farm. Total OM = 2.27. There is a high proportion of stable OM (1.97) but little rapid OM (0.33).&lt;br /&gt;
File:Analyse Celestalab 2020 à la ferme de Longeuil.jpg|Celestalab 2020 soil analysis. OM rises to 2.8 and free OM has increased significantly since RCW was added.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Objectives===&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;The objective is to continue doing a good job. To develop organic matter and have a self-fertilizing system, we need to &#039;&#039;&#039;perpetuate&#039;&#039;&#039; it because it can change overnight.&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*Develop other crops like [[hemp]] at the same time as flax. It&#039;s complicated because of the vagaries of the weather.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Crop monitoring: rotation and technical itineraries===&lt;br /&gt;
=== Crop rotation ===&lt;br /&gt;
On installation: wheat, rapeseed, fibre flax (peas or corn could also be grown, but at an additional cost).  Since then, there has been a &#039;&#039;lengthening&#039;&#039; of the rotations and a diversification of crops, which has the merit of improving [[rye grass]] and [[Vulpin des champs|vulpin]] concerns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The reasons for this choice of crop rotation combine agronomy, management and economics (flax, the region&#039;s leading crop, faba beans, economically profitable beet).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Assolement 2022 Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
| width=100%&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;tooltip&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;treemap&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;roam&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;borderWidth&amp;quot;:0,&amp;quot;gapWidth&amp;quot;:2},&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Assolement 2022 Chedru&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cultures de vente&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;children&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;blé&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:76,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;colza&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:32,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;betterave&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:12,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;lin &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:28,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;feverole &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:15,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} }],&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#ffe599&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;fontColor&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;SIE&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;children&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;prairies &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:6.5,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} }],&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#b6d7a8&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;fontColor&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Particularités de la rotation ===&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts: title=Rotation type Chedru | width=100% | height=400px  | json = Ferme de Longueil/Rotation type Chedru.json }}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Utilisation de plantes compagnes ====&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Féverole pour le colza&#039;&#039;&#039; (effet de leurre contre les altises).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Orge&#039;&#039;&#039; pour le &#039;&#039;&#039;blé et la betterave&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Apport de MO extérieure ====&lt;br /&gt;
En plus des apports des couverts et résidus de paille des cultures, il y a un &#039;&#039;&#039;apport de [[Bois raméal fragmenté|BRF]] sans incorporation&#039;&#039;&#039; (cela permet de conserver l&#039;oxygène de surface) après lin, &#039;&#039;&#039;environ 10t/ha.&#039;&#039;&#039; Cet apport prendra entre &#039;&#039;&#039;2 et 3 ans pour être totalement décomposé&#039;&#039;&#039; (il ne faut pas retrouver du BRF dans les nappes de lin). Ils sèment ensuite directement le blé dans le BRF. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Cet apport ne se fait pas directement sentir sur la culture, mais il augmente le taux de MO stable avec des C/N à moins de 50, pour qu&#039;il soit dégradable en humus ([[Ferme de Longueil#Effet constaté des nouvelles pratiques|cf. analyses de sol Celesta lab]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Utilisation d&#039;engrais starter ====&lt;br /&gt;
Utilisation d&#039;engrais starter&#039;&#039;&#039; au semis pour anticiper le manque de minéralisation qu&#039;il peut y avoir en SD.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Utilisation d&#039;extraits fermentés ====&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Utilisation [[Stimulation des défenses naturelles des plantes grâce aux extraits fermentés d&#039;ortie|extraits fermentés d&#039;ortie]], de [[consoude]], de [[Ail et produits à base d&#039;ail pour une agriculture durable|macération d&#039;ail]].&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4LzgFBkjS-8}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* L’[[ortie]] est une plante &#039;&#039;&#039;riche en silice qui épaissit la cuticule de la feuille&#039;&#039;&#039; du blé ou de la betterave, la rendant &#039;&#039;&#039;plus résistante aux bio agresseurs&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* L’[[ail]] un très bon répulsif contre les mauvais insectes. Le lin est une culture souvent attaquée par les altises, alors après le semis, quand le lin fait 2-3 cm, Antoine et Guillaume épandent de la macération d’ail . &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Cela permet l&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;arrêt des insecticides sur la ferme&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Couverts végétaux ====&lt;br /&gt;
Les [[couverts végétaux]] dans la rotation sont utilisés pour plusieurs raisons :&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Apport d&#039;azote important&#039;&#039;&#039; aux cultures qui suivent (entre 20 et 40 unités d&#039;azote/ha par exemple pour le couvert précédent la betterave. La féverole en plante compagne du colza permet également de fixer 20 U d&#039;azote resitué au colza en sortie d&#039;hiver et  peut même être bénéfique à la culture de blé qui suit, grâce au processus de minéralisation), générant également des économies d&#039;engrais.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Apport conséquent de biomasse&#039;&#039;&#039; (minimum 250 pieds à l&#039;ha, pensé grâce à la [[Méthode Merci|méthode MERCI]] courant décembre) après un gel et un passage du [[Rouleau FACA|Rolofaca,]] quand le couvert est en fleur théoriquement. Sauf que dans la région le couvert est rapidement en fleur et c&#039;est encore trop tôt pour le détruire. Le but c&#039;est qu&#039;il puisse se décomposer avant la culture de printemps. Pour sa destruction normalement pas besoin d&#039;herbicides (juste pour la culture qui suit, pour la gestion des [[Ray-grass|ray grass]]/[[Vulpin des champs|vulpin]]).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Drainage des sols&#039;&#039;&#039; grâce à leur structure racinaire.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Casser le cycle des graminées&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Leur coût :&#039;&#039;&#039; Environ 70€ de l&#039;ha.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Réduction du travail du sol sur des cultures industrielles ====&lt;br /&gt;
Même si Guillaume et Antoine sont adeptes du semis direct, ils reconnaissent que c&#039;est un système qui a ses limites :  &#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;&#039;on sait difficilement faire sans travail du sol pour des cultures comme la [[pomme de terre]], la betterave, le lin&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; notamment pour réchauffer la terre, niveler les trous de sanglier, les monticules créés par les taupes, etc. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
La ligne conductrice a été de se demander comment ils pourraient faire, pendant la rotation longue, pour &#039;&#039;&#039;construire davantage le sol qu&#039;on ne le déconstruit&#039;&#039;&#039; après une culture pénalisante comme la betterave.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===== Exemple d&#039;itinéraire technique pour la betterave en réduction du travail du sol =====&lt;br /&gt;
Pour les betteraves, quelques jours avant l’implantation, &#039;&#039;&#039;ils travaillent le sol à 3 cm de profondeur&#039;&#039;&#039; avec un outil à &#039;&#039;&#039;bêches roulantes&#039;&#039;&#039;, puis ils &#039;&#039;&#039;restructurent le sol au  strip-till c&#039;&#039;&#039;e qui permet de travailler qu&#039;une ligne de 10 cm tous le 50cm d&#039;écartement, à &#039;&#039;&#039;12cm de profondeur&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Quelques jours plus tard, ils viennent affiner la ligne avec une &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Fraise - herse animée|fraise]] localisée auto construite&#039;&#039;&#039;, qui &#039;&#039;&#039;précède le semoir à betterave&#039;&#039;&#039;. {{Image centrée | ITK betterave chedru 2022.png | ITK betterave 2022}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
La culture du &#039;&#039;&#039;lin fibre&#039;&#039;&#039;, qui est très sensible à la compaction et nécessite un sol particulièrement bien nivelé, bénéficie également d’un &#039;&#039;&#039;travail superficiel&#039;&#039;&#039;. Sachant que ces deux cultures sont celles qui déstructurent le plus le sol, Guillaume et Antoine tentent des les éloigner d&#039;avantage l&#039;une de l&#039;autre et d&#039;allonger la rotation pour donner un temps de repos au sol.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Disques fissuration.png|vignette|Disques nivelant la fissuration.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Outil de fissuration autoconstruit sur la machine strip till.png|vignette|Outil de fissuration auto construit sur leur strip till.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Emploi de la fissuration ====&lt;br /&gt;
*Après la culture de betterave, suivent celles du colza et du blé où ils en profitent pour faire de la [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3NFbmR_z9M fissuration] rattrapant la déstructuration opérée par la betterave.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Il &#039;&#039;&#039;faut décompacter les sols car les couverts végétaux ne décompactent pas, ils structurent.&#039;&#039;&#039; Antoine et Guillaume emploient donc la fissuration à partir de 2019, suite à un hiver particulièrement pluvieux. Ils pensent l&#039;arrêter dans 8 ans.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Les agriculteurs passent une &#039;&#039;&#039;dent droite et fine à 35 cm&#039;&#039;&#039; sur toutes les parcelles après le colza et avant le blé, car ils ont ressenti une compaction à partir de 30cm dans leurs sols. L&#039;idée étant que les racines des repousses de colza continuent de pousser dans les sillons de la fissuration.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*L&#039;outil utilisé a été &#039;&#039;&#039;auto-construit sur le strip-till.&#039;&#039;&#039; Achat de : socs Duro + de dents droites, mises à la place des dents de strip-till qui font l&#039;effet d&#039;un &amp;quot;couteau planté dans le beure&amp;quot; + des disques gaufrés à l&#039;arrière, car sinon il y a un risque de taules ondulées en faisant descendre les dents. &lt;br /&gt;
** Sur le marché, un fissurateur peut coûter entre 10 et 15000€. Dans leur cas, comme ils avaient déjà le châssis (qui coûte entre 6 et 7000€), l&#039;auto-construction leur a coûté &#039;&#039;&#039;2500€&#039;&#039;&#039; pour l&#039;achat de toutes les extensions, dents comprises.&lt;br /&gt;
**&#039;&#039;&#039;Consommation de 30L/ha&#039;&#039;&#039; dans des sols très compactés. &lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Résultat :&#039;&#039;&#039; Des zones d&#039;hydromorphie présentes en 2019 commencent à disparaître aujourd&#039;hui. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Organisation verticale des racines du lin suite à la fissuration.png|vignette|Organisation verticale des racines du lin suite à la fissuration.]]&lt;br /&gt;
===== Fissuration : Quelques précautions =====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Fissuration ne signifie pas décompaction&#039;&#039;&#039; qui elle va &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;déplacer des horizons&#039;&#039;&amp;quot; et bouleverser l&#039;organisation verticale. Les différents agrégats dans le sol doivent rester à leur place. La fissuration &#039;&#039;&#039;gère la compaction sur le long terme&#039;&#039;&#039; et peut faire gagner quelques années dans la transition (par contre, avec une dent Michel si on repasse avec une machine lourde derrière, on recompacte le sol).&lt;br /&gt;
* Il faut &#039;&#039;&#039;comprendre où est la compaction grâce à un profil de sol et fissurer 5 cm en dessous&#039;&#039;&#039; de ce point là. Il faut également &#039;&#039;&#039;faire attention à l&#039;espacement des dents&#039;&#039;&#039; qui doit faire &#039;&#039;&#039;1,5 fois la profondeur de travail&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* Il faut absolument &#039;&#039;&#039;cumuler la fissuration avec des racines&#039;&#039;&#039; car sinon, au mois de septembre avant les fortes pluies, les limons fins vont descendre dans le sillon. Les racines vont tenir les limons de surface et prolonger le sillon de la dent de fissuration plus en profondeur.&lt;br /&gt;
* Attention également à &#039;&#039;&#039;ne pas fissurer dans des contextes trop humides&#039;&#039;&#039; car on a tendance à &#039;&#039;&#039;lisser les parois de chaque coté de la dent&#039;&#039;&#039; mais, &#039;&#039;&#039;il faut un minimum d&#039;humidité pour que le sillon tienne&#039;&#039;&#039;. Sur des &#039;&#039;&#039;limons fragiles, ne surtout pas fissurer pendant les mois de décembre et janvier&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Tank d&#039;EM .png|vignette|Cuve frontale contenant des EM.]]&lt;br /&gt;
===== Fissuration et EM =====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* A la ferme de Longeuil, Antoine et Guillaume ajoutent des &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Micro-organismes Efficaces (EM)|micro-organismes efficaces (EM)]] à la fissuration&#039;&#039;&#039; (de la marque [https://em-chiemgau.de/ EM-Chiemgau] pour la souche mère). Ce ne sont pas des EM purs qui sont épandus car cela coûterait trop cher, ils les multiplient dans des IBC pour 800 à 900 L de solution à la fin.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Pour 800 L de solution : 500L d&#039;eau chaude dans un chauffe eau, entre 30 et 34°C pour que les micro-organismes (bactéries, levures, champignons) se multiplient pendant une dizaine de jours + 1 L d&#039;EM solution mère + 30 L de mélasse pour nourrir les micro-organismes + 3 kg de sel de Guérande, car il faut un pH assez faible. Une fois le pH à 4,5, la préparation est prête.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Lors de l&#039;épandage de cette préparation terminée, ils diluent 30 L d&#039;EM multiplié + 3 L de mélasse dans de l&#039;eau.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* L&#039;idée est de réinjecter des micro-organismes dans le sol dans l&#039;optique de faire travailler la vie du sol pour qu&#039;elle ne stagne pas. Il est possible de le faire avec des &#039;&#039;&#039;ferments lactiques&#039;&#039;&#039;, Antoine et Guillaume ont préféré les EM pour la simplicité de la multiplication.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Couvert végétal chedru.jpg|vignette|Couvert végétal à la ferme de Longeuil.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Focus biodiversité sur la ferme==&lt;br /&gt;
Sur la ferme il y a douze ruches (appartenant au président du Conseil Départemental de la Seine-Maritime), ils veulent donc éviter la mortalité, c&#039;est un paramètre qui a motivé la réduction de  produits phytosanitaires et le zéro insecticides.    &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;Il faut leur donner à manger en permanence. Elles se nourrissent au printemps, au moment de la floraison des féveroles, des pois, des colzas. Les couverts végétaux à base de pois, de [[Tournesol|tournesols]] et de féveroles les aident à passer le cap de l’hiver&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Focus autonomie==&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Cultures autonomes en semences&#039;&#039;&#039; : Blé, féverole (font de l&#039;échange de graines aussi féveroles contre tournesol par exemple).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Cultures aux semences achetées&#039;&#039;&#039; : Betterave, colza.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Autonomie globale&#039;&#039;&#039; : Atelier d&#039;auto-construction pour les machines (notamment semoirs), échange paille / fumier, séchoir et lieu de stockage sur la ferme, branches et déchets verts amenés par la déchetterie et les voisins.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Equipement : semoir à disques ET semoir à dents==&lt;br /&gt;
La ferme est bien équipée niveau matériel, car dans un contexte de région très pluvieuse la fenêtre d&#039;opportunité est assez courte pour semer. Guillaume et Antoine alternent notamment entre deux semoirs : un à disques et un à dents : &lt;br /&gt;
{{Article détaillé|Choisir son semoir de semis direct à dents ou à disques}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VsBHpeMMsTQ}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Le semoir à dents ===&lt;br /&gt;
Réalisé en &#039;&#039;&#039;auto-construction&#039;&#039;&#039;. L’investissement total est de &#039;&#039;&#039;30 000€&#039;&#039;&#039;. Dans le commerce, un équipement équivalent reviendrait à 100 000€ environ.&lt;br /&gt;
* L’outil fait &#039;&#039;&#039;6 m de large&#039;&#039;&#039; et comporte &#039;&#039;&#039;20 éléments espacés de 30cm&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;3 niveaux de profondeurs&#039;&#039;&#039; : Un seul passage peut faire 3 opérations différentes (ils ont notamment ajouté une micro fertilisation pour faire de la localisation en fertilisation dans le sillon).&lt;br /&gt;
* Semis : Adapté pour de &#039;&#039;&#039;grosses et petites graines&#039;&#039;&#039; (couverts végétaux, colza associé).&lt;br /&gt;
* L’objectif étant de &#039;&#039;&#039;perturber le moins possible le sol&#039;&#039;&#039;, l’outil roule à une vitesse maximale de 7 km/h.&lt;br /&gt;
* Une attention particulière est aussi portée sur la pression des pneus qui doit être basse.&lt;br /&gt;
* Le débit de chantier est de &#039;&#039;&#039;4 ha/h&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* Le semoir est en porté, il fait 3,5 T et un relevage et une puissance importants sont donc nécessaires, par rapport à un semi-porté.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Avantages/inconvénients du semoir à dents selon Antoine :&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Perturbe moins la terre, ce qui entraîne donc &#039;&#039;&#039;moins de relevés d’adventice&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Plus précis&#039;&#039;&#039; et ne présente pas de risque de bourrage dans des couverts très développés.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Moins favorable aux limaces&#039;&#039;&#039;, en ne laissant pas de sillon qui leur servent d’autoroute.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Le semoir à disques ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Semoir à disques chedru.jpg|vignette|Semoir à disques des Chedru.]]&lt;br /&gt;
*Il a été acheté d’&#039;&#039;&#039;occasion pour 25 000€.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
*Il est utilisé pour les &#039;&#039;&#039;semis de blé et de lin sous couvert végétal&#039;&#039;&#039; ([[Trèfle|trèfles]] ou [[légumineuses]]).&lt;br /&gt;
*Le tracteur est équipé d’un &#039;&#039;&#039;Rolofaca en frontal lesté&#039;&#039;&#039; (2,8 T pour 4,5 m de large) pour coucher le couvert.&lt;br /&gt;
*Les disques opèrent une ouverture de 12 mm. Ils sont positionnés à 15 cm d’espacement, ce qui est &#039;&#039;&#039;idéal pour le semis du lin&#039;&#039;&#039;, culture phare de la région.&lt;br /&gt;
*Pince la paille dans le fond du sillon, ce qui perturbe grandement la levée.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Système d’autoguidage RTK – confort de travail ===&lt;br /&gt;
*Le &#039;&#039;&#039;système [[RTK]] coûte 15 000€ / tracteur&#039;&#039;&#039;, pour la cartographie des parcelles. On peut ensuite l’utiliser &#039;&#039;&#039;pour tous les tracteurs&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Autres matériels ===&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Semoir à betterave&#039;&#039;&#039; partagé avec un voisin.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Matériel de récolte en CUMA&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Strip-till&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Volet économique==&lt;br /&gt;
Antoine et Guillaume sont lucides sur leur système : &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;Avec le labour, on aurait peut-être de meilleurs rendements. Mais c’est la marge et pas le chiffre d’affaires qu&#039;on regarde&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
!Colza&lt;br /&gt;
!Blé dur&lt;br /&gt;
!Betterave&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Produit&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;2 812 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;2 915 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;3 960 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Semences&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|161 €&lt;br /&gt;
|378 €&lt;br /&gt;
|288 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Engrais&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|717 €&lt;br /&gt;
|424 €&lt;br /&gt;
|382 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Oligos&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|15 €&lt;br /&gt;
|36 €&lt;br /&gt;
|32 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Phytos&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|67 €&lt;br /&gt;
|99 €&lt;br /&gt;
|183 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Mécanisation&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|53 €&lt;br /&gt;
|50 €&lt;br /&gt;
|75 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Irrigation&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Marge brute 2022&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;1 800 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;1 927 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;3 000 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Evolution des marges brutes des cultures de vente ===&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts: title=Marge brute / ha | width=100% | height=400px  | json = Ferme de Longueil/Marge brute / ha.json }}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#economic_charts:&lt;br /&gt;
 title=Comptabilité Antoine Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
 | Semences et plants 2019 = 23360&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fertilisation 2019 = 24160&lt;br /&gt;
 | Produits de traitements 2019 = 33600&lt;br /&gt;
 | Travaux par tiers 2019 = 9120&lt;br /&gt;
 | Carburant 2019 = 17280&lt;br /&gt;
 | Entretien matériel 2019 = 14560&lt;br /&gt;
 | Eau, gaz, électricité 2019 = 1000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Frais de gestion 2019 = 9000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fermage 2019 = 36480&lt;br /&gt;
 | Assurances 2019 = 29120&lt;br /&gt;
 | Autres 2019 = 129560&lt;br /&gt;
 | Salariés 2019 = 8000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Vente de produits végétaux 2019 = 450000&lt;br /&gt;
 | DPU, DPB 2019 = 48000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Aide à la certification 2019 = 3000&lt;br /&gt;
 | EBE total 2019 = 165760&lt;br /&gt;
 | Semences et plants 2020 = 18080&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fertilisation 2020 = 30880&lt;br /&gt;
 | Produits de traitements 2020 = 28320&lt;br /&gt;
 | Travaux par tiers 2020 = 8480&lt;br /&gt;
 | Carburant 2020 = 9120&lt;br /&gt;
 | Entretien matériel 2020 = 21600&lt;br /&gt;
 | Eau, gaz, électricité 2020 = 2000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Frais de gestion 2020 = 8000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fermage 2020 = 42000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Assurances 2020 = 32000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Autres 2020 = 119000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Salariés 2020 = 7000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Vente de produits végétaux 2020 = 361000&lt;br /&gt;
 | DPU, DPB 2020 = 49000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Aide à la certification 2020 = 3000&lt;br /&gt;
 | EBE total 2020 = 86520&lt;br /&gt;
 | Semences et plants 2021 = 20160&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fertilisation 2021 = 27840&lt;br /&gt;
 | Produits de traitements 2021 = 39040&lt;br /&gt;
 | Travaux par tiers 2021 = 9760&lt;br /&gt;
 | Carburant 2021 = 10560&lt;br /&gt;
 | Entretien matériel 2021 = 34880&lt;br /&gt;
 | Eau, gaz, électricité 2021 = 2300&lt;br /&gt;
 | Frais de gestion 2021 = 11000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fermage 2021 = 47360&lt;br /&gt;
 | Assurances 2021 = 30720&lt;br /&gt;
 | Autres 2021 = 135180&lt;br /&gt;
 | Salariés 2021 = 16000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Vente de produits végétaux 2021 = 528000&lt;br /&gt;
 | DPU, DPB 2021 = 52000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Aide à la certification 2021 = 3000&lt;br /&gt;
 | EBE total 2021 = 198200&lt;br /&gt;
 | Semences et plants 2022 = 27200&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fertilisation 2022 = 44480&lt;br /&gt;
 | Produits de traitements 2022 = 37440&lt;br /&gt;
 | Travaux par tiers 2022 = 9600&lt;br /&gt;
 | Carburant 2022 = 10560&lt;br /&gt;
 | Entretien matériel 2022 = 19200&lt;br /&gt;
 | Eau, gaz, électricité 2022 = 9000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Frais de gestion 2022 = 98000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fermage 2022 = 39680&lt;br /&gt;
 | Assurances 2022 = 17920&lt;br /&gt;
 | Autres 2022 = 85000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Salariés 2022 = 20000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Vente de produits végétaux 2022 = 598000&lt;br /&gt;
 | DPU, DPB 2022 = 60000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Aide à la certification 2022 = 3000&lt;br /&gt;
 | EBE total 2022 = 242920}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Les intrants ont énormément augmenté les azote, ils ont été multipliés par trois, le phosphore, la potasse et tous les produits oligoéléments et phyto.&lt;br /&gt;
* Le séchoir consomme beaucoup d&#039;énergie.&lt;br /&gt;
* Pour le carburant: dans les documents de comptabilité il faut savoir que les prestations chez d&#039;autres agriculteurs ont été comptabilisés, Guillaume et Antoine, ne dépassent pas les 50 et 60L/ha.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Commercialisation==&lt;br /&gt;
Avant, Guillaume et Antoine livraient tout à des organismes stockeurs. Maintenant ils &#039;&#039;&#039;alternent entre quelques coopératives de ventes à terme&#039;&#039;&#039; et un peu de &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Circuits courts|vente directe]]&#039;&#039;&#039;. Ils regardent constamment les évolutions des cours du marché. L&#039;essentiel, c&#039;est déjà de &#039;&#039;&#039;connaître son coût de production et à partir de là, &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;on peut définir une stratégie de vente&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!Culture&lt;br /&gt;
! Client&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Lin&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Agylin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Betterave&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Colza&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Négociant&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Féverole&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Couvert + négociant&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Pois&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Couvert + négociant&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Maïs&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Vente directe à un éleveur&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Bâtiment de stockage Chedru.png|thumb|Bâtiment de stockage des Chedru.]]&lt;br /&gt;
== Stockage==&lt;br /&gt;
Ils &#039;&#039;&#039;stockent 100% de leurs récoltes&#039;&#039;&#039; grâce à l&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;adaptation d&#039;anciens bâtiments d&#039;élevage&#039;&#039;&#039; présents sur la ferme avec :&lt;br /&gt;
* Une ventilation adaptée.&lt;br /&gt;
* Un stockage à plat sur des quais de niveau.&lt;br /&gt;
* La présence d&#039;un séchoir pour sécher aussi les récoltes trop humides.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Bilan économique, social et environnemental==&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Bilan économique &lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;EBE/UTH&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:250000},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;EBE/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Subventions/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Annuités/EBE (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Charges/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[194336,41,10,34,70],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[159000,43,13,3,84],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Moyenne&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true},&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039; EBE/UTH&#039;&#039;&#039; : 194 336 (e)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;EBE/CA (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 41&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Subventions/CA (%)&#039;&#039;&#039; : 10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Annuités/EBE (%)&#039;&#039;&#039; : 34&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Charges/CA (%)&#039;&#039;&#039; : 70 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Source: Moyennes régionales Agreste/Rica (Réseau d&#039;Information Comptable Agricole) 2021&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Bilan social&lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Confort au travail&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Satisfaction économique&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Satisfaction sociale &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Coopération&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cadre de vie &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[8,10,10,7,10],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Niveau de confort au travail, prise en compte avec la pénibilité physique ou mentale &#039;&#039;&#039;: 8/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Satisfaction économique&#039;&#039;&#039;: 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Satisfaction du travail au quotidien, sensation d&#039;être entouré dans son travail&#039;&#039;&#039; : 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Coopération avec d&#039;autres acteurs du territoire, entraide&#039;&#039;&#039;: 7/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Cadre de vie&#039;&#039;&#039; : 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Le temps de travail est difficile à estimer. {{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Bilan environnemental &lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Tx de MO &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:3},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Couverture du sol (j/an)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:365},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Indice de travail du sol (surface travaillée x coefficient d&#039;aggressivité x profondeur)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:5},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;SIE/SAU&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:1},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Diversité des cultures (nbre de culture dans l&#039;assolement)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:15}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[2.8,340,1.18425,0.0375,6],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[2.46,0,0,0,0],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Moyenne&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true},&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Tx de MO&#039;&#039;&#039;: 2,8&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Couverture du sol (j/an)&#039;&#039;&#039; :340 jours&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Indice de travail du sol (surface travaillée x coefficient d&#039;aggressivité x profondeur)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 1,2 i(l a été calculé sur deux itinéraires techniques, celui du colza et de la betterave)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;SIE/SAU &#039;&#039;&#039;: 0,04&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Diversité des cultures (nbre de culture dans l&#039;assolement, sans les couverts)&#039;&#039;&#039; : 6 {{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Source: GisSol (Taux de matière organique)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Conseils pour se lancer==&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Commencer par le semis simplifié et augmenter les taux de MO petit à petit:&#039;&#039;&#039;  &amp;quot;Si vous n&#039;avez pas une bonne porosité naturelle et un bon taux de matière organique, vous ne pourrez pas vous passer du travail du sol. Il faut commencer par créer un sol dans les premières années de transition. C&#039;est un travail de longue haleine.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;S&#039;entourer:&#039;&#039;&#039; Antoine s&#039;est senti isolé dans la démarche d&#039;expérimentation dans laquelle il s&#039;est lancé (au départ ils étaient cinq sur le département et  tous les organismes du secteur leur disaient qu&#039;ils allaient droit dans le mur). Ils ont beaucoup été aidés par Jean-François Aubry et par les échanges sur les forums internet mais surtout par le travail en groupe. Cela a été très dur de sortir des sentiers battus, faire face au regard et à la pression exercée par d&#039;autres agriculteurs qui ne questionnent pas leur modèle. Antoine est donc reconnaissant de faire partie  d&#039;un groupe de 15 agriculteurs un peu originaux et pour qui toute idée a le mérite d&#039;être essayée, cela le confronte aussi à une ouverture d’esprit permanente.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Intégrer la filière agricole à la transition :&#039;&#039;&#039; Un groupe ne peut pas non plus tout changer tout seul : Sol en Caux a donc intégré l’ensemble de la filière agricole en amont et en aval (coopératives organismes stockeurs techniciens, organismes de gestion...).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Quand on a une &#039;&#039;&#039;approche globale&#039;&#039;&#039; et qu’on &#039;&#039;&#039;s’occupe du sol&#039;&#039;&#039; cela &#039;&#039;&#039;ouvre des horizons exceptionnels&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vidéo==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mr7myhuhRYQ}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Sources==&lt;br /&gt;
* Visite de la Ferme de Longueuil réalisée le 07/11/2023.&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Décompacter un sol en semis direct, Guillaume Chedru|Décompacter un sol en semis direct, Guillaume Chedru]].&lt;br /&gt;
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7P-yJtKCLDM Tour de plaine #5: Gestion d&#039;un système grandes cultures pour réduire les charges et protéger le sol] (Youtube - AgroLeague).&lt;br /&gt;
* Moyennes régionales Agreste/Rica (Réseau d&#039;Information Comptable Agricole) 2021.&lt;br /&gt;
* GisSol.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Angeline Almeida (2044552287)</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Longueil%27s_Farm&amp;diff=4354</id>
		<title>Longueil&#039;s Farm</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Longueil%27s_Farm&amp;diff=4354"/>
		<updated>2024-05-14T07:15:43Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Angeline Almeida (2044552287): &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Portrait de ferme&lt;br /&gt;
| Nom de l&#039;exploitation = Ferme de Longueil &lt;br /&gt;
| Sous-titre = Living soil and industrial crops&lt;br /&gt;
| Bannière = Bannière Ferme de Longueuil.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| Logo = &lt;br /&gt;
| Photo de l&#039;agriculteur = Guillaume et Antoine Chedru 2023.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| URL = &lt;br /&gt;
| Nom de l&#039;agriculteur = Guillaume et Antoine Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
| Organisme = Ver de Terre Production&lt;br /&gt;
| Date de mise en œuvre = 1995&lt;br /&gt;
| Département = Seine-Maritime (département)&lt;br /&gt;
| Adresse = Goderville, 76110&lt;br /&gt;
| Latitude = 49.650236&lt;br /&gt;
| Longitude = 0.362893&lt;br /&gt;
| Objectif = Agronomie des sols vivants&lt;br /&gt;
| Type de production = Grandes cultures&lt;br /&gt;
| SAU = 160&lt;br /&gt;
| UTH = 1,25&lt;br /&gt;
| Cahier des charges = HVE3&lt;br /&gt;
| pH = Sol neutre&lt;br /&gt;
| Texture du sol = Silty-clay&lt;br /&gt;
| Description de sol = Loamy loam&lt;br /&gt;
| Cultures = Linen@ Beet@ Wheat@ Rapeseed@ &lt;br /&gt;
| Autres caractéristiques = Activité biologique des sols&lt;br /&gt;
| Photo d&#039;illustration = Inondation route gouville.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| ImageCaption = Road flooding in Goderville&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 1 = Sols vivants&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 2 = Semis direct&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 3 = TCS&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 4 = Couverts végétaux&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 5 = Sol en Caux&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1988, Antoine Chedru set up the family farm in the Pays de Caux region with his brother and father, as partners in a mixed farming (dairy) system that has since evolved considerably.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The very wet winters of 1993 and 1994 triggered a great deal of erosion in their conventional plots of loamy soil. Following this, Jean-François Ouvry (AREAS) raised awareness of the problem, noting that tillage amplified the erosion phenomenon. This prompted the farm team to completely revise their technical itinerary and even build their own equipment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since setting up, Antoine, and now his son Guillaume, &#039;&#039;are fully committed to an agroecological approach&#039;&#039; in the sense that they work on a system-wide scale, actively seeking to work with and not against natural ecosystems.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, the system change did not happen with a snap of the fingers, but in an incremental way, punctuated by mistakes and uncertainties, supported by a dynamic of experimentation and local working groups.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Special features of the farm==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Reduced tillage with [[Direct seeding|SD]] (direct seeding) + [[Simplified cultivation techniques (TCS)|TCS]] (simplified cultivation techniques) + [[Plant cover crops]] and [[Field crop associations|companion plants]].&lt;br /&gt;
*Beet using [[strip-till]] without insecticides.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Self-build strip-till for successful rapeseed establishment|Self-build]].&lt;br /&gt;
*Development of [[biocontrol]] solutions such as [[Stimulation of plants&#039; natural defenses with fermented nettle extracts|fermented nettle extracts]], [[comfrey]], [[Garlic and garlic-based products for sustainable agriculture|garlic maceration]] and development of [[Effective microorganisms (EM)|effective microorganisms (EM)]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Données contextuelles==&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Nom de la ferme&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Ferme de Longueil&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Localisation&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Goderville, Seine-Maritime (76)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;SAU&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|160 ha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;UTH&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|1,25 (Antoine Chedru à temps plein et Guillaume à 25%)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Cultures&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Betterave, blé, lin, colza&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Labels&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Haute valeur environnementale|HVE 3]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Groupes&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Sol en Caux&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Historique du terrain===&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;Texture du sol&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Limon|Limons]] battants, 60 % de limons&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Taux de MO à l&#039;installation (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|1,7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Taux de MO du dernier&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;test labo (année n)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|2,8 (analyse de 2023)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;PH du sol 2020 (année n)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Portance, structure...&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| Pas de semelle rotative, pas de semelle de labour&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Bonne portance, améliorée par les couverts végétaux&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Vers de terre au m²&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|110 &lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Données climatiques locales===&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
!&#039;&#039;&#039;Données locales&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
!&#039;&#039;&#039;Données nationales&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Pluviométrie annuelle&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;moyenne&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;Autour de 1200 mm par an&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
(en moyenne 161 mm/mois)&lt;br /&gt;
|155 mm/mois&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;T°max moyenne&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|38&lt;br /&gt;
|29&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;T°min moyenne&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;-4,7&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2,7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Premières gelées&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;habituellement&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;Décembre quand il y en a&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Type de climat&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Océanique&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Source: Météo France&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Etapes de transition==&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;1995 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Arrêt du [[labour]] pour passer au travail du sol simplifié (TCS) avec le matériel présent dans la ferme. &#039;&#039;&#039;A partir de cette date&#039;&#039;&#039;, avec des pluviométries importantes de 1000 à 1200 mm par an, &#039;&#039;&#039;Antoine n’a plus observé d’érosion dans ses parcelles&#039;&#039;&#039;. Il explique que s’ils sont passés par la case TCS c’est parce que le sol n&#039;était  pas encore prêt pour se &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;débrouiller tout seul&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;. Il y avait donc quelques passages de déchaumeur, assez profonds, pour &#039;&#039;&#039;construire une structure propice au développement de racines&#039;&#039;&#039;. Au fur et à mesure le taux de [[Matière organique|matière organique (MO)]] augmente et le travail diminue de profondeur (d&#039;abord de 20 à 15 cm puis 10 cm).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;2000:&#039;&#039;&#039; Départ du frère d&#039;Antoine de la ferme, embauche d&#039;un salarié pour son remplacement.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2010 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Ils testent les betteraves au strip-till.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2012 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Fin du troupeau laitier.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Hiver 2012-2013 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Avertissement de l&#039;agence de l&#039;eau suite à d&#039;importantes coulées de boue sur les routes et des problèmes de turbidité dans la zone. C&#039;est à ce moment que la plupart des cultures sont implantées en [[semis direct]].&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2013&#039;&#039;&#039; : Création de “[https://agriculture.gouv.fr/produire-autrement-sol-en-caux-lutte-contre-lerosion-des-sols Sol en Caux]”: émergence enfin d&#039;un groupe soudé au niveau du département (15 agriculteurs sur le secteur).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2015 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Début de la mise en œuvre des [[Macérations : principes &amp;amp; recettes, par Stéphane Billotte|macérations de plantes]] en alternative aux fongicides et d&#039;épandage de [[Bois raméal fragmenté|BRF]] (Bois Raméal Fragmenté).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2016 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Arrêt des insecticides.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2019 :&#039;&#039;&#039; 800mm d&#039;eau en automne, début d&#039;essais de fissuration car perte de cultures due au fait qu&#039;en Seine-Maritime, les sols sont généralement constitués de limons fins avec un peu d&#039;[[argile]] (12 % d&#039;argile et 70 % de limons) qui se prennent en masse naturellement. Ce phénomène induit une stagnation de l&#039;eau, malgré le fait que la ferme était déjà en SD pour le colza et le blé, et que le travail du sol était très superficiel pour les cultures de printemps (ce qui avait en partie résolu les problèmes d&#039;hydromorphie).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Effets constatés des nouvelles pratiques===&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Arrêt des coulées de boue et inondations&#039;&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;&#039;gestion de l&#039;hydromorphie&#039;&#039;&#039; et davantage de &#039;&#039;&#039;microporosité&#039;&#039;&#039; dans les sols.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Faire des pommes de terre en semis-direct, avec Sol en Caux |&#039;&#039;&#039;Gain en fertilité des sols&#039;&#039;&#039;]] (la MO évolue d&#039;1 point de pourcentage depuis les changements de pratiques) : &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;Je trouve que depuis qu&#039;on travaille en système semis simplifié, voire semis direct, la portance des sols est nettement améliorée et, malgré les pluies, on arrive à faire des semis dans d&#039;excellentes conditions du fait que le taux de matière organique soit remonté et que les sols soient en bien meilleure santé&#039;&#039;.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Économie de charges :&#039;&#039;&#039; Aujourd&#039;hui, la consommation la plus importante sur la ferme est la &#039;&#039;&#039;moissonneuse&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Les pratiques de SD sont favorables au développement des [[:Catégorie:Limace|limaces]] et des [[:Catégorie:Campagnol|campagnols]]&#039;&#039;&#039;. Antoine passe donc une &#039;&#039;&#039;[[herse]] à paille&#039;&#039;&#039; après la récolte, pour mettre au soleil  les œufs de limaces. Il intervient aussi avec du [https://ephy.anses.fr/ppp/sluxx-hp &#039;&#039;&#039;Sluxx&#039;&#039;&#039;] (Molluscicide) en préventif, jusqu’à 15 jours avant les semis. Pour les campagnols, il compte sur les &#039;&#039;&#039;prédateurs naturels&#039;&#039;&#039;, qu’il favorise par des perchoirs dans les parcelles, ainsi que sur le &#039;&#039;&#039;travail du sol&#039;&#039;&#039; qu’il a maintenu pour certaines cultures (betterave et [[lin]]).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Effet des essais avec les plantes compagnes / macération, cumulé à l&#039;arrêt des insecticides sur la pression ravageurs :&#039;&#039;&#039; Un test Berlèse a été réalisé en décembre 2021 pour voir l&#039;effet de l&#039;arrêt des insecticides dans le colza associé à la [[féverole]]. Le résultat a été de &#039;&#039;&#039;0,6 larves d&#039;[[:Catégorie:Altise|altise]]/ pied&#039;&#039;&#039;, sur une parcelle de 2,8 à 3 % de MO. Un colza qui est robuste et qui sort plus rapidement à la sortie d&#039;hiver fait que la larve d&#039;altise reste dans le pétiole et ne va pas faire tant de dégâts dans les tiges.&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;Depuis qu&#039;on travaille en système semi simplifié, voire semis direct, la &#039;&#039;&#039;portance des sols est nettement améliorée&#039;&#039;&#039; et malgré les pluies, on arrive à faire des semis dans d&#039;excellentes conditions du fait que le taux de matière organique soit remonté et que les sols soient en bien meilleure santé.&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;gallery mode=&amp;quot;slideshow&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
File:Analyse Celasta lab chedru 2015 page-0002.jpg|Analyse de sol Celestalab 2015 à la ferme de Longeuil. MO totale = 2,27. On peut y noter une forte part de Mo stable (1,97) mais peu de MO rapide (0,33)&lt;br /&gt;
File:Analyse Celestalab 2020 à la ferme de Longeuil.jpg|Analyse de sol Celestalab 2020. La MO passe à 2,8 et la MO libre augmente sensiblement depuis les apports de BRF.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Essais===&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Pucerons :&#039;&#039;&#039; La ferme de Longeuil fait partie d’un [https://www.itbfr.org/pnri/ PNRI] (Plan National de Recherche et Innovation), avec 150 fermes pilotes au niveau national, suivies par l’[https://www.itbfr.org/ ITB] (Institut Technique de la Betterave). Ils travaillent avec les sucreries pour l&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;arrêt des néonicotinoïdes sur la betterave&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
**&#039;&#039;&#039;Les&#039;&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;plantes compagnes&#039;&#039;&#039; : Ils ont de &#039;&#039;&#039;bons résultats&#039;&#039;&#039; avec l’orge (20kg/ha) notamment sur la virose et les pucerons, même s&#039;il y a un impact sur le rendement de 10 t (destruction au stade montaison, 2 mois après son semis).&lt;br /&gt;
**&#039;&#039;&#039;Les&#039;&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;macérations d’ail&#039;&#039;&#039;,  efficaces sur les altises du colza et du lin, ont aussi été testées, mais elles ne sont &#039;&#039;&#039;pas efficaces&#039;&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;pour la betterave&#039;&#039;&#039; car &#039;&#039;&#039;le [[:Catégorie:Puceron|puceron]] se met sous la feuille&#039;&#039;&#039; et n’est pas atteint par la macération qui est un produit de contact. &lt;br /&gt;
**&#039;&#039;&#039;Les&#039;&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;champignons endophytes libérés par un couvert de fétuque inoculée&#039;&#039;&#039;, censés être répulsif des pucerons. La stratégie a été abandonnée car elle a donné très peu effet sur les pucerons ce qui a entraîné des pertes importantes de rendements. &lt;br /&gt;
**&#039;&#039;&#039;Les lâchers de [[chrysopes]],&#039;&#039;&#039; connues pour être des prédateurs des pucerons, ont été testés en 2021, mais &#039;&#039;&#039;sans succès&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Fertilisation :&#039;&#039;&#039; Guillaume et Antoine essayent différentes sources d&#039;azote : &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;On aimerait bien piloter un petit peu mieux l&#039;azote par des [[Fertiliser avec des acides aminés|&#039;&#039;&#039;acides aminés&#039;&#039;&#039;]]&#039;&#039;.&amp;quot;. Il y a eu un essai non concluant sur du [[blé]] mais ils continuent de chercher des pistes d&#039;amélioration pour substituer les intrants de synthèse par des éléments naturels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Objectifs===&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;L&#039;objectif est de continuer à faire du bon boulot. Arriver à développer de la matière organique et avoir un système auto fertile, il faut  le  &#039;&#039;&#039;pérenniser&#039;&#039;&#039; car ça peut changer du jour au lendemain.&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*Développer d&#039;autres cultures comme le [[chanvre]] en même temps que le lin. C&#039;est compliqué à cause des aléas climatiques.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Suivi des cultures : rotation et itinéraires techniques==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Assolement ===&lt;br /&gt;
A l&#039;installation : blé, colza, lin fibre (il pouvait y avoir éventuellement du pois ou du maïs mais cela apportait un coût supplémentaire).  Depuis, il y a eu  &#039;&#039;&#039;un allongement&#039;&#039;&#039; des rotations et une diversification des cultures ce qui a le mérite d’améliorer les soucis de [[ray grass]] et de [[Vulpin des champs|vulpin]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Les raisons ayant poussé à ce choix d&#039;assolement allient &#039;&#039;&#039;agronomie, gestion et économie&#039;&#039;&#039; (lin culture phare de la région, féverole levier agronomique, betterave rentable économiquement).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Assolement 2022 Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
| width=100%&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;tooltip&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;treemap&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;roam&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;borderWidth&amp;quot;:0,&amp;quot;gapWidth&amp;quot;:2},&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Assolement 2022 Chedru&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cultures de vente&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;children&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;blé&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:76,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;colza&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:32,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;betterave&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:12,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;lin &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:28,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;feverole &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:15,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} }],&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#ffe599&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;fontColor&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;SIE&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;children&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;prairies &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:6.5,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} }],&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#b6d7a8&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;fontColor&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Particularités de la rotation ===&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts: title=Rotation type Chedru | width=100% | height=400px  | json = Ferme de Longueil/Rotation type Chedru.json }}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Utilisation de plantes compagnes ====&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Féverole pour le colza&#039;&#039;&#039; (effet de leurre contre les altises).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Orge&#039;&#039;&#039; pour le &#039;&#039;&#039;blé et la betterave&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Apport de MO extérieure ====&lt;br /&gt;
En plus des apports des couverts et résidus de paille des cultures, il y a un &#039;&#039;&#039;apport de [[Bois raméal fragmenté|BRF]] sans incorporation&#039;&#039;&#039; (cela permet de conserver l&#039;oxygène de surface) après lin, &#039;&#039;&#039;environ 10t/ha.&#039;&#039;&#039; Cet apport prendra entre &#039;&#039;&#039;2 et 3 ans pour être totalement décomposé&#039;&#039;&#039; (il ne faut pas retrouver du BRF dans les nappes de lin). Ils sèment ensuite directement le blé dans le BRF. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Cet apport ne se fait pas directement sentir sur la culture, mais il augmente le taux de MO stable avec des C/N à moins de 50, pour qu&#039;il soit dégradable en humus ([[Ferme de Longueil#Effet constaté des nouvelles pratiques|cf. analyses de sol Celesta lab]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Utilisation d&#039;engrais starter ====&lt;br /&gt;
Utilisation d&#039;engrais starter&#039;&#039;&#039; au semis pour anticiper le manque de minéralisation qu&#039;il peut y avoir en SD.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Utilisation d&#039;extraits fermentés ====&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Utilisation [[Stimulation des défenses naturelles des plantes grâce aux extraits fermentés d&#039;ortie|extraits fermentés d&#039;ortie]], de [[consoude]], de [[Ail et produits à base d&#039;ail pour une agriculture durable|macération d&#039;ail]].&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4LzgFBkjS-8}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* L’[[ortie]] est une plante &#039;&#039;&#039;riche en silice qui épaissit la cuticule de la feuille&#039;&#039;&#039; du blé ou de la betterave, la rendant &#039;&#039;&#039;plus résistante aux bio agresseurs&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* L’[[ail]] un très bon répulsif contre les mauvais insectes. Le lin est une culture souvent attaquée par les altises, alors après le semis, quand le lin fait 2-3 cm, Antoine et Guillaume épandent de la macération d’ail . &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Cela permet l&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;arrêt des insecticides sur la ferme&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Couverts végétaux ====&lt;br /&gt;
Les [[couverts végétaux]] dans la rotation sont utilisés pour plusieurs raisons :&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Apport d&#039;azote important&#039;&#039;&#039; aux cultures qui suivent (entre 20 et 40 unités d&#039;azote/ha par exemple pour le couvert précédent la betterave. La féverole en plante compagne du colza permet également de fixer 20 U d&#039;azote resitué au colza en sortie d&#039;hiver et  peut même être bénéfique à la culture de blé qui suit, grâce au processus de minéralisation), générant également des économies d&#039;engrais.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Apport conséquent de biomasse&#039;&#039;&#039; (minimum 250 pieds à l&#039;ha, pensé grâce à la [[Méthode Merci|méthode MERCI]] courant décembre) après un gel et un passage du [[Rouleau FACA|Rolofaca,]] quand le couvert est en fleur théoriquement. Sauf que dans la région le couvert est rapidement en fleur et c&#039;est encore trop tôt pour le détruire. Le but c&#039;est qu&#039;il puisse se décomposer avant la culture de printemps. Pour sa destruction normalement pas besoin d&#039;herbicides (juste pour la culture qui suit, pour la gestion des [[Ray-grass|ray grass]]/[[Vulpin des champs|vulpin]]).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Drainage des sols&#039;&#039;&#039; grâce à leur structure racinaire.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Casser le cycle des graminées&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Leur coût :&#039;&#039;&#039; Environ 70€ de l&#039;ha.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Réduction du travail du sol sur des cultures industrielles ====&lt;br /&gt;
Même si Guillaume et Antoine sont adeptes du semis direct, ils reconnaissent que c&#039;est un système qui a ses limites :  &#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;&#039;on sait difficilement faire sans travail du sol pour des cultures comme la [[pomme de terre]], la betterave, le lin&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; notamment pour réchauffer la terre, niveler les trous de sanglier, les monticules créés par les taupes, etc. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
La ligne conductrice a été de se demander comment ils pourraient faire, pendant la rotation longue, pour &#039;&#039;&#039;construire davantage le sol qu&#039;on ne le déconstruit&#039;&#039;&#039; après une culture pénalisante comme la betterave.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===== Exemple d&#039;itinéraire technique pour la betterave en réduction du travail du sol =====&lt;br /&gt;
Pour les betteraves, quelques jours avant l’implantation, &#039;&#039;&#039;ils travaillent le sol à 3 cm de profondeur&#039;&#039;&#039; avec un outil à &#039;&#039;&#039;bêches roulantes&#039;&#039;&#039;, puis ils &#039;&#039;&#039;restructurent le sol au  strip-till c&#039;&#039;&#039;e qui permet de travailler qu&#039;une ligne de 10 cm tous le 50cm d&#039;écartement, à &#039;&#039;&#039;12cm de profondeur&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Quelques jours plus tard, ils viennent affiner la ligne avec une &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Fraise - herse animée|fraise]] localisée auto construite&#039;&#039;&#039;, qui &#039;&#039;&#039;précède le semoir à betterave&#039;&#039;&#039;. {{Image centrée | ITK betterave chedru 2022.png | ITK betterave 2022}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
La culture du &#039;&#039;&#039;lin fibre&#039;&#039;&#039;, qui est très sensible à la compaction et nécessite un sol particulièrement bien nivelé, bénéficie également d’un &#039;&#039;&#039;travail superficiel&#039;&#039;&#039;. Sachant que ces deux cultures sont celles qui déstructurent le plus le sol, Guillaume et Antoine tentent des les éloigner d&#039;avantage l&#039;une de l&#039;autre et d&#039;allonger la rotation pour donner un temps de repos au sol.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Disques fissuration.png|vignette|Disques nivelant la fissuration.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Outil de fissuration autoconstruit sur la machine strip till.png|vignette|Outil de fissuration auto construit sur leur strip till.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Emploi de la fissuration ====&lt;br /&gt;
*Après la culture de betterave, suivent celles du colza et du blé où ils en profitent pour faire de la [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3NFbmR_z9M fissuration] rattrapant la déstructuration opérée par la betterave.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Il &#039;&#039;&#039;faut décompacter les sols car les couverts végétaux ne décompactent pas, ils structurent.&#039;&#039;&#039; Antoine et Guillaume emploient donc la fissuration à partir de 2019, suite à un hiver particulièrement pluvieux. Ils pensent l&#039;arrêter dans 8 ans.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Les agriculteurs passent une &#039;&#039;&#039;dent droite et fine à 35 cm&#039;&#039;&#039; sur toutes les parcelles après le colza et avant le blé, car ils ont ressenti une compaction à partir de 30cm dans leurs sols. L&#039;idée étant que les racines des repousses de colza continuent de pousser dans les sillons de la fissuration.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*L&#039;outil utilisé a été &#039;&#039;&#039;auto-construit sur le strip-till.&#039;&#039;&#039; Achat de : socs Duro + de dents droites, mises à la place des dents de strip-till qui font l&#039;effet d&#039;un &amp;quot;couteau planté dans le beure&amp;quot; + des disques gaufrés à l&#039;arrière, car sinon il y a un risque de taules ondulées en faisant descendre les dents. &lt;br /&gt;
** Sur le marché, un fissurateur peut coûter entre 10 et 15000€. Dans leur cas, comme ils avaient déjà le châssis (qui coûte entre 6 et 7000€), l&#039;auto-construction leur a coûté &#039;&#039;&#039;2500€&#039;&#039;&#039; pour l&#039;achat de toutes les extensions, dents comprises.&lt;br /&gt;
**&#039;&#039;&#039;Consommation de 30L/ha&#039;&#039;&#039; dans des sols très compactés. &lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Résultat :&#039;&#039;&#039; Des zones d&#039;hydromorphie présentes en 2019 commencent à disparaître aujourd&#039;hui. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Organisation verticale des racines du lin suite à la fissuration.png|vignette|Organisation verticale des racines du lin suite à la fissuration.]]&lt;br /&gt;
===== Fissuration : Quelques précautions =====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Fissuration ne signifie pas décompaction&#039;&#039;&#039; qui elle va &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;déplacer des horizons&#039;&#039;&amp;quot; et bouleverser l&#039;organisation verticale. Les différents agrégats dans le sol doivent rester à leur place. La fissuration &#039;&#039;&#039;gère la compaction sur le long terme&#039;&#039;&#039; et peut faire gagner quelques années dans la transition (par contre, avec une dent Michel si on repasse avec une machine lourde derrière, on recompacte le sol).&lt;br /&gt;
* Il faut &#039;&#039;&#039;comprendre où est la compaction grâce à un profil de sol et fissurer 5 cm en dessous&#039;&#039;&#039; de ce point là. Il faut également &#039;&#039;&#039;faire attention à l&#039;espacement des dents&#039;&#039;&#039; qui doit faire &#039;&#039;&#039;1,5 fois la profondeur de travail&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* Il faut absolument &#039;&#039;&#039;cumuler la fissuration avec des racines&#039;&#039;&#039; car sinon, au mois de septembre avant les fortes pluies, les limons fins vont descendre dans le sillon. Les racines vont tenir les limons de surface et prolonger le sillon de la dent de fissuration plus en profondeur.&lt;br /&gt;
* Attention également à &#039;&#039;&#039;ne pas fissurer dans des contextes trop humides&#039;&#039;&#039; car on a tendance à &#039;&#039;&#039;lisser les parois de chaque coté de la dent&#039;&#039;&#039; mais, &#039;&#039;&#039;il faut un minimum d&#039;humidité pour que le sillon tienne&#039;&#039;&#039;. Sur des &#039;&#039;&#039;limons fragiles, ne surtout pas fissurer pendant les mois de décembre et janvier&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Tank d&#039;EM .png|vignette|Cuve frontale contenant des EM.]]&lt;br /&gt;
===== Fissuration et EM =====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* A la ferme de Longeuil, Antoine et Guillaume ajoutent des &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Micro-organismes Efficaces (EM)|micro-organismes efficaces (EM)]] à la fissuration&#039;&#039;&#039; (de la marque [https://em-chiemgau.de/ EM-Chiemgau] pour la souche mère). Ce ne sont pas des EM purs qui sont épandus car cela coûterait trop cher, ils les multiplient dans des IBC pour 800 à 900 L de solution à la fin.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Pour 800 L de solution : 500L d&#039;eau chaude dans un chauffe eau, entre 30 et 34°C pour que les micro-organismes (bactéries, levures, champignons) se multiplient pendant une dizaine de jours + 1 L d&#039;EM solution mère + 30 L de mélasse pour nourrir les micro-organismes + 3 kg de sel de Guérande, car il faut un pH assez faible. Une fois le pH à 4,5, la préparation est prête.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Lors de l&#039;épandage de cette préparation terminée, ils diluent 30 L d&#039;EM multiplié + 3 L de mélasse dans de l&#039;eau.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* L&#039;idée est de réinjecter des micro-organismes dans le sol dans l&#039;optique de faire travailler la vie du sol pour qu&#039;elle ne stagne pas. Il est possible de le faire avec des &#039;&#039;&#039;ferments lactiques&#039;&#039;&#039;, Antoine et Guillaume ont préféré les EM pour la simplicité de la multiplication.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Couvert végétal chedru.jpg|vignette|Couvert végétal à la ferme de Longeuil.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Focus biodiversité sur la ferme==&lt;br /&gt;
Sur la ferme il y a douze ruches (appartenant au président du Conseil Départemental de la Seine-Maritime), ils veulent donc éviter la mortalité, c&#039;est un paramètre qui a motivé la réduction de  produits phytosanitaires et le zéro insecticides.    &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;Il faut leur donner à manger en permanence. Elles se nourrissent au printemps, au moment de la floraison des féveroles, des pois, des colzas. Les couverts végétaux à base de pois, de [[Tournesol|tournesols]] et de féveroles les aident à passer le cap de l’hiver&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Focus autonomie==&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Cultures autonomes en semences&#039;&#039;&#039; : Blé, féverole (font de l&#039;échange de graines aussi féveroles contre tournesol par exemple).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Cultures aux semences achetées&#039;&#039;&#039; : Betterave, colza.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Autonomie globale&#039;&#039;&#039; : Atelier d&#039;auto-construction pour les machines (notamment semoirs), échange paille / fumier, séchoir et lieu de stockage sur la ferme, branches et déchets verts amenés par la déchetterie et les voisins.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Equipement : semoir à disques ET semoir à dents==&lt;br /&gt;
La ferme est bien équipée niveau matériel, car dans un contexte de région très pluvieuse la fenêtre d&#039;opportunité est assez courte pour semer. Guillaume et Antoine alternent notamment entre deux semoirs : un à disques et un à dents : &lt;br /&gt;
{{Article détaillé|Choisir son semoir de semis direct à dents ou à disques}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VsBHpeMMsTQ}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Le semoir à dents ===&lt;br /&gt;
Réalisé en &#039;&#039;&#039;auto-construction&#039;&#039;&#039;. L’investissement total est de &#039;&#039;&#039;30 000€&#039;&#039;&#039;. Dans le commerce, un équipement équivalent reviendrait à 100 000€ environ.&lt;br /&gt;
* L’outil fait &#039;&#039;&#039;6 m de large&#039;&#039;&#039; et comporte &#039;&#039;&#039;20 éléments espacés de 30cm&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;3 niveaux de profondeurs&#039;&#039;&#039; : Un seul passage peut faire 3 opérations différentes (ils ont notamment ajouté une micro fertilisation pour faire de la localisation en fertilisation dans le sillon).&lt;br /&gt;
* Semis : Adapté pour de &#039;&#039;&#039;grosses et petites graines&#039;&#039;&#039; (couverts végétaux, colza associé).&lt;br /&gt;
* L’objectif étant de &#039;&#039;&#039;perturber le moins possible le sol&#039;&#039;&#039;, l’outil roule à une vitesse maximale de 7 km/h.&lt;br /&gt;
* Une attention particulière est aussi portée sur la pression des pneus qui doit être basse.&lt;br /&gt;
* Le débit de chantier est de &#039;&#039;&#039;4 ha/h&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* Le semoir est en porté, il fait 3,5 T et un relevage et une puissance importants sont donc nécessaires, par rapport à un semi-porté.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Avantages/inconvénients du semoir à dents selon Antoine :&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Perturbe moins la terre, ce qui entraîne donc &#039;&#039;&#039;moins de relevés d’adventice&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Plus précis&#039;&#039;&#039; et ne présente pas de risque de bourrage dans des couverts très développés.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Moins favorable aux limaces&#039;&#039;&#039;, en ne laissant pas de sillon qui leur servent d’autoroute.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Le semoir à disques ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Semoir à disques chedru.jpg|vignette|Semoir à disques des Chedru.]]&lt;br /&gt;
*Il a été acheté d’&#039;&#039;&#039;occasion pour 25 000€.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
*Il est utilisé pour les &#039;&#039;&#039;semis de blé et de lin sous couvert végétal&#039;&#039;&#039; ([[Trèfle|trèfles]] ou [[légumineuses]]).&lt;br /&gt;
*Le tracteur est équipé d’un &#039;&#039;&#039;Rolofaca en frontal lesté&#039;&#039;&#039; (2,8 T pour 4,5 m de large) pour coucher le couvert.&lt;br /&gt;
*Les disques opèrent une ouverture de 12 mm. Ils sont positionnés à 15 cm d’espacement, ce qui est &#039;&#039;&#039;idéal pour le semis du lin&#039;&#039;&#039;, culture phare de la région.&lt;br /&gt;
*Pince la paille dans le fond du sillon, ce qui perturbe grandement la levée.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Système d’autoguidage RTK – confort de travail ===&lt;br /&gt;
*Le &#039;&#039;&#039;système [[RTK]] coûte 15 000€ / tracteur&#039;&#039;&#039;, pour la cartographie des parcelles. On peut ensuite l’utiliser &#039;&#039;&#039;pour tous les tracteurs&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Autres matériels ===&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Semoir à betterave&#039;&#039;&#039; partagé avec un voisin.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Matériel de récolte en CUMA&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Strip-till&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Volet économique==&lt;br /&gt;
Antoine et Guillaume sont lucides sur leur système : &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;Avec le labour, on aurait peut-être de meilleurs rendements. Mais c’est la marge et pas le chiffre d’affaires qu&#039;on regarde&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
!Colza&lt;br /&gt;
!Blé dur&lt;br /&gt;
!Betterave&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Produit&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;2 812 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;2 915 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;3 960 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Semences&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|161 €&lt;br /&gt;
|378 €&lt;br /&gt;
|288 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Engrais&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|717 €&lt;br /&gt;
|424 €&lt;br /&gt;
|382 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Oligos&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|15 €&lt;br /&gt;
|36 €&lt;br /&gt;
|32 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Phytos&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|67 €&lt;br /&gt;
|99 €&lt;br /&gt;
|183 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Mécanisation&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|53 €&lt;br /&gt;
|50 €&lt;br /&gt;
|75 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Irrigation&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Marge brute 2022&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;1 800 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;1 927 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;3 000 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Evolution des marges brutes des cultures de vente ===&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts: title=Marge brute / ha | width=100% | height=400px  | json = Ferme de Longueil/Marge brute / ha.json }}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#economic_charts:&lt;br /&gt;
 title=Comptabilité Antoine Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
 | Semences et plants 2019 = 23360&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fertilisation 2019 = 24160&lt;br /&gt;
 | Produits de traitements 2019 = 33600&lt;br /&gt;
 | Travaux par tiers 2019 = 9120&lt;br /&gt;
 | Carburant 2019 = 17280&lt;br /&gt;
 | Entretien matériel 2019 = 14560&lt;br /&gt;
 | Eau, gaz, électricité 2019 = 1000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Frais de gestion 2019 = 9000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fermage 2019 = 36480&lt;br /&gt;
 | Assurances 2019 = 29120&lt;br /&gt;
 | Autres 2019 = 129560&lt;br /&gt;
 | Salariés 2019 = 8000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Vente de produits végétaux 2019 = 450000&lt;br /&gt;
 | DPU, DPB 2019 = 48000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Aide à la certification 2019 = 3000&lt;br /&gt;
 | EBE total 2019 = 165760&lt;br /&gt;
 | Semences et plants 2020 = 18080&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fertilisation 2020 = 30880&lt;br /&gt;
 | Produits de traitements 2020 = 28320&lt;br /&gt;
 | Travaux par tiers 2020 = 8480&lt;br /&gt;
 | Carburant 2020 = 9120&lt;br /&gt;
 | Entretien matériel 2020 = 21600&lt;br /&gt;
 | Eau, gaz, électricité 2020 = 2000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Frais de gestion 2020 = 8000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fermage 2020 = 42000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Assurances 2020 = 32000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Autres 2020 = 119000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Salariés 2020 = 7000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Vente de produits végétaux 2020 = 361000&lt;br /&gt;
 | DPU, DPB 2020 = 49000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Aide à la certification 2020 = 3000&lt;br /&gt;
 | EBE total 2020 = 86520&lt;br /&gt;
 | Semences et plants 2021 = 20160&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fertilisation 2021 = 27840&lt;br /&gt;
 | Produits de traitements 2021 = 39040&lt;br /&gt;
 | Travaux par tiers 2021 = 9760&lt;br /&gt;
 | Carburant 2021 = 10560&lt;br /&gt;
 | Entretien matériel 2021 = 34880&lt;br /&gt;
 | Eau, gaz, électricité 2021 = 2300&lt;br /&gt;
 | Frais de gestion 2021 = 11000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fermage 2021 = 47360&lt;br /&gt;
 | Assurances 2021 = 30720&lt;br /&gt;
 | Autres 2021 = 135180&lt;br /&gt;
 | Salariés 2021 = 16000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Vente de produits végétaux 2021 = 528000&lt;br /&gt;
 | DPU, DPB 2021 = 52000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Aide à la certification 2021 = 3000&lt;br /&gt;
 | EBE total 2021 = 198200&lt;br /&gt;
 | Semences et plants 2022 = 27200&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fertilisation 2022 = 44480&lt;br /&gt;
 | Produits de traitements 2022 = 37440&lt;br /&gt;
 | Travaux par tiers 2022 = 9600&lt;br /&gt;
 | Carburant 2022 = 10560&lt;br /&gt;
 | Entretien matériel 2022 = 19200&lt;br /&gt;
 | Eau, gaz, électricité 2022 = 9000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Frais de gestion 2022 = 98000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fermage 2022 = 39680&lt;br /&gt;
 | Assurances 2022 = 17920&lt;br /&gt;
 | Autres 2022 = 85000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Salariés 2022 = 20000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Vente de produits végétaux 2022 = 598000&lt;br /&gt;
 | DPU, DPB 2022 = 60000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Aide à la certification 2022 = 3000&lt;br /&gt;
 | EBE total 2022 = 242920}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Les intrants ont énormément augmenté les azote, ils ont été multipliés par trois, le phosphore, la potasse et tous les produits oligoéléments et phyto.&lt;br /&gt;
* Le séchoir consomme beaucoup d&#039;énergie.&lt;br /&gt;
* Pour le carburant: dans les documents de comptabilité il faut savoir que les prestations chez d&#039;autres agriculteurs ont été comptabilisés, Guillaume et Antoine, ne dépassent pas les 50 et 60L/ha.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Commercialisation==&lt;br /&gt;
Avant, Guillaume et Antoine livraient tout à des organismes stockeurs. Maintenant ils &#039;&#039;&#039;alternent entre quelques coopératives de ventes à terme&#039;&#039;&#039; et un peu de &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Circuits courts|vente directe]]&#039;&#039;&#039;. Ils regardent constamment les évolutions des cours du marché. L&#039;essentiel, c&#039;est déjà de &#039;&#039;&#039;connaître son coût de production et à partir de là, &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;on peut définir une stratégie de vente&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!Culture&lt;br /&gt;
! Client&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Lin&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Agylin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Betterave&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Colza&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Négociant&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Féverole&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Couvert + négociant&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Pois&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Couvert + négociant&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Maïs&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Vente directe à un éleveur&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Bâtiment de stockage Chedru.png|thumb|Bâtiment de stockage des Chedru.]]&lt;br /&gt;
== Stockage==&lt;br /&gt;
Ils &#039;&#039;&#039;stockent 100% de leurs récoltes&#039;&#039;&#039; grâce à l&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;adaptation d&#039;anciens bâtiments d&#039;élevage&#039;&#039;&#039; présents sur la ferme avec :&lt;br /&gt;
* Une ventilation adaptée.&lt;br /&gt;
* Un stockage à plat sur des quais de niveau.&lt;br /&gt;
* La présence d&#039;un séchoir pour sécher aussi les récoltes trop humides.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Bilan économique, social et environnemental==&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Bilan économique &lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;EBE/UTH&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:250000},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;EBE/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Subventions/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Annuités/EBE (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Charges/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[194336,41,10,34,70],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[159000,43,13,3,84],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Moyenne&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true},&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039; EBE/UTH&#039;&#039;&#039; : 194 336 (e)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;EBE/CA (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 41&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Subventions/CA (%)&#039;&#039;&#039; : 10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Annuités/EBE (%)&#039;&#039;&#039; : 34&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Charges/CA (%)&#039;&#039;&#039; : 70 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Source: Moyennes régionales Agreste/Rica (Réseau d&#039;Information Comptable Agricole) 2021&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Bilan social&lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Confort au travail&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Satisfaction économique&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Satisfaction sociale &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Coopération&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cadre de vie &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[8,10,10,7,10],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Niveau de confort au travail, prise en compte avec la pénibilité physique ou mentale &#039;&#039;&#039;: 8/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Satisfaction économique&#039;&#039;&#039;: 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Satisfaction du travail au quotidien, sensation d&#039;être entouré dans son travail&#039;&#039;&#039; : 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Coopération avec d&#039;autres acteurs du territoire, entraide&#039;&#039;&#039;: 7/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Cadre de vie&#039;&#039;&#039; : 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Le temps de travail est difficile à estimer. {{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Bilan environnemental &lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Tx de MO &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:3},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Couverture du sol (j/an)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:365},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Indice de travail du sol (surface travaillée x coefficient d&#039;aggressivité x profondeur)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:5},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;SIE/SAU&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:1},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Diversité des cultures (nbre de culture dans l&#039;assolement)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:15}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[2.8,340,1.18425,0.0375,6],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[2.46,0,0,0,0],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Moyenne&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true},&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Tx de MO&#039;&#039;&#039;: 2,8&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Couverture du sol (j/an)&#039;&#039;&#039; :340 jours&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Indice de travail du sol (surface travaillée x coefficient d&#039;aggressivité x profondeur)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 1,2 i(l a été calculé sur deux itinéraires techniques, celui du colza et de la betterave)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;SIE/SAU &#039;&#039;&#039;: 0,04&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Diversité des cultures (nbre de culture dans l&#039;assolement, sans les couverts)&#039;&#039;&#039; : 6 {{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Source: GisSol (Taux de matière organique)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Conseils pour se lancer==&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Commencer par le semis simplifié et augmenter les taux de MO petit à petit:&#039;&#039;&#039;  &amp;quot;Si vous n&#039;avez pas une bonne porosité naturelle et un bon taux de matière organique, vous ne pourrez pas vous passer du travail du sol. Il faut commencer par créer un sol dans les premières années de transition. C&#039;est un travail de longue haleine.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;S&#039;entourer:&#039;&#039;&#039; Antoine s&#039;est senti isolé dans la démarche d&#039;expérimentation dans laquelle il s&#039;est lancé (au départ ils étaient cinq sur le département et  tous les organismes du secteur leur disaient qu&#039;ils allaient droit dans le mur). Ils ont beaucoup été aidés par Jean-François Aubry et par les échanges sur les forums internet mais surtout par le travail en groupe. Cela a été très dur de sortir des sentiers battus, faire face au regard et à la pression exercée par d&#039;autres agriculteurs qui ne questionnent pas leur modèle. Antoine est donc reconnaissant de faire partie  d&#039;un groupe de 15 agriculteurs un peu originaux et pour qui toute idée a le mérite d&#039;être essayée, cela le confronte aussi à une ouverture d’esprit permanente.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Intégrer la filière agricole à la transition :&#039;&#039;&#039; Un groupe ne peut pas non plus tout changer tout seul : Sol en Caux a donc intégré l’ensemble de la filière agricole en amont et en aval (coopératives organismes stockeurs techniciens, organismes de gestion...).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Quand on a une &#039;&#039;&#039;approche globale&#039;&#039;&#039; et qu’on &#039;&#039;&#039;s’occupe du sol&#039;&#039;&#039; cela &#039;&#039;&#039;ouvre des horizons exceptionnels&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vidéo==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mr7myhuhRYQ}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Sources==&lt;br /&gt;
* Visite de la Ferme de Longueuil réalisée le 07/11/2023.&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Décompacter un sol en semis direct, Guillaume Chedru|Décompacter un sol en semis direct, Guillaume Chedru]].&lt;br /&gt;
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7P-yJtKCLDM Tour de plaine #5: Gestion d&#039;un système grandes cultures pour réduire les charges et protéger le sol] (Youtube - AgroLeague).&lt;br /&gt;
* Moyennes régionales Agreste/Rica (Réseau d&#039;Information Comptable Agricole) 2021.&lt;br /&gt;
* GisSol.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Angeline Almeida (2044552287)</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Longueil%27s_Farm&amp;diff=4353</id>
		<title>Longueil&#039;s Farm</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Longueil%27s_Farm&amp;diff=4353"/>
		<updated>2024-05-14T07:06:55Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Angeline Almeida (2044552287): Created page with &amp;quot;{{Portrait de ferme | Nom de l&amp;#039;exploitation = Ferme de Longueil (en cours de rédaction/validation) | Sous-titre = Sol vivant et cultures industrielles | Bannière = Bannière Ferme de Longueuil.jpg | Logo =  | Photo de l&amp;#039;agriculteur = Guillaume et Antoine Chedru 2023.jpg | URL =  | Nom de l&amp;#039;agriculteur = Guillaume et Antoine Chedru | Organisme = Ver de Terre Production | Date de mise en œuvre = 1995 | Département = Seine-Maritime (département) | Adresse = Goderville,...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Portrait de ferme&lt;br /&gt;
| Nom de l&#039;exploitation = Ferme de Longueil (en cours de rédaction/validation)&lt;br /&gt;
| Sous-titre = Sol vivant et cultures industrielles&lt;br /&gt;
| Bannière = Bannière Ferme de Longueuil.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| Logo = &lt;br /&gt;
| Photo de l&#039;agriculteur = Guillaume et Antoine Chedru 2023.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| URL = &lt;br /&gt;
| Nom de l&#039;agriculteur = Guillaume et Antoine Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
| Organisme = Ver de Terre Production&lt;br /&gt;
| Date de mise en œuvre = 1995&lt;br /&gt;
| Département = Seine-Maritime (département)&lt;br /&gt;
| Adresse = Goderville, 76110&lt;br /&gt;
| Latitude = 49.650236&lt;br /&gt;
| Longitude = 0.362893&lt;br /&gt;
| Objectif = Agronomie des sols vivants&lt;br /&gt;
| Type de production = Grandes cultures&lt;br /&gt;
| SAU = 160&lt;br /&gt;
| UTH = 1,25&lt;br /&gt;
| Cahier des charges = HVE3&lt;br /&gt;
| pH = Sol neutre&lt;br /&gt;
| Texture du sol = Limono-argileux&lt;br /&gt;
| Description de sol = Limoneux battant&lt;br /&gt;
| Cultures = Lin@ Betterave@ Blé@ Colza &lt;br /&gt;
| Autres caractéristiques = Activité biologique des sols&lt;br /&gt;
| Photo d&#039;illustration = Inondation route gouville.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| ImageCaption = Inondation d&#039;une route à Goderville&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 1 = Sols vivants&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 2 = Semis direct&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 3 = TCS&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 4 = Couverts végétaux&lt;br /&gt;
| Tag 5 = Sol en Caux&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
C’est en 1988 qu’Antoine Chedru s’installe sur la ferme familiale dans le pays de Caux avec son frère et son père, en associés, dans une ferme en polyculture élevage (lait), système qui, depuis, a beaucoup évolué.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Les hivers très pluvieux de 1993 et 1994, ont déclenché énormément d’érosion dans leurs parcelles de limons battants avec du travail conventionnel. Suite à cela, il y a eu une prise de conscience du problème après l’intervention de Jean-François Ouvry (AREAS) avec le constat que le travail du sol amplifie le phénomène d’érosion. Cela pousse l’équipe de la ferme à complètement réviser leur itinéraire technique et même construire leur propre matériel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Depuis son installation Antoine, et maintenant son fils Guillaume, &#039;&#039;&#039;s’inscrivent pleinement dans une approche agroécologique&#039;&#039;&#039; dans le sens où ils travaillent à l’échelle du système et cherchent activement à travailler avec et non contre les écosystèmes naturels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Le changement de système ne s’est cependant pas fait en un claquement de doigts, mais de façon incrémentale,&#039;&#039;&#039; jalonnée d&#039;erreurs de parcours et d&#039;incertitudes, porté par une dynamique d’expérimentations et des groupes de travail locaux.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Spécificités de la ferme==&lt;br /&gt;
* Réduction du travail du sol grâce au [[Semis direct|SD]] (semis direct) +  [[Techniques culturales simplifiées (TCS)|TCS]] (techniques culturales simplifiées) + [[Couverts végétaux]] et [[Association de culture en grandes cultures|plantes compagnes]].&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Betterave|Betteraves]] au [[strip-till]] sans insecticides.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Auto-construction de strip-till pour réussir son implantation en colza|Auto-construction]].&lt;br /&gt;
*Développement de solutions de [[biocontrôle]] telles que les [[Stimulation des défenses naturelles des plantes grâce aux extraits fermentés d&#039;ortie|extraits fermentés d&#039;ortie]], de [[consoude]], de [[Ail et produits à base d&#039;ail pour une agriculture durable|macération d&#039;ail]] et développement de [[Micro-organismes Efficaces (EM)|micro-organismes efficaces (EM)]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Données contextuelles==&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Nom de la ferme&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Ferme de Longueil&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Localisation&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Goderville, Seine-Maritime (76)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;SAU&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|160 ha&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;UTH&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|1,25 (Antoine Chedru à temps plein et Guillaume à 25%)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Cultures&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Betterave, blé, lin, colza&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Labels&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Haute valeur environnementale|HVE 3]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Groupes&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Sol en Caux&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Historique du terrain===&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;&#039;&#039;Texture du sol&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Limon|Limons]] battants, 60 % de limons&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Taux de MO à l&#039;installation (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|1,7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Taux de MO du dernier&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;test labo (année n)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|2,8 (analyse de 2023)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;PH du sol 2020 (année n)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Portance, structure...&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| Pas de semelle rotative, pas de semelle de labour&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Bonne portance, améliorée par les couverts végétaux&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Vers de terre au m²&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|110 &lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Données climatiques locales===&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
!&#039;&#039;&#039;Données locales&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
!&#039;&#039;&#039;Données nationales&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Pluviométrie annuelle&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;moyenne&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;Autour de 1200 mm par an&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
(en moyenne 161 mm/mois)&lt;br /&gt;
|155 mm/mois&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;T°max moyenne&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|38&lt;br /&gt;
|29&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;T°min moyenne&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;-4,7&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2,7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Premières gelées&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;habituellement&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;Décembre quand il y en a&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Type de climat&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Océanique&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Source: Météo France&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Etapes de transition==&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;1995 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Arrêt du [[labour]] pour passer au travail du sol simplifié (TCS) avec le matériel présent dans la ferme. &#039;&#039;&#039;A partir de cette date&#039;&#039;&#039;, avec des pluviométries importantes de 1000 à 1200 mm par an, &#039;&#039;&#039;Antoine n’a plus observé d’érosion dans ses parcelles&#039;&#039;&#039;. Il explique que s’ils sont passés par la case TCS c’est parce que le sol n&#039;était  pas encore prêt pour se &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;débrouiller tout seul&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;. Il y avait donc quelques passages de déchaumeur, assez profonds, pour &#039;&#039;&#039;construire une structure propice au développement de racines&#039;&#039;&#039;. Au fur et à mesure le taux de [[Matière organique|matière organique (MO)]] augmente et le travail diminue de profondeur (d&#039;abord de 20 à 15 cm puis 10 cm).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;2000:&#039;&#039;&#039; Départ du frère d&#039;Antoine de la ferme, embauche d&#039;un salarié pour son remplacement.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2010 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Ils testent les betteraves au strip-till.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2012 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Fin du troupeau laitier.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Hiver 2012-2013 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Avertissement de l&#039;agence de l&#039;eau suite à d&#039;importantes coulées de boue sur les routes et des problèmes de turbidité dans la zone. C&#039;est à ce moment que la plupart des cultures sont implantées en [[semis direct]].&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2013&#039;&#039;&#039; : Création de “[https://agriculture.gouv.fr/produire-autrement-sol-en-caux-lutte-contre-lerosion-des-sols Sol en Caux]”: émergence enfin d&#039;un groupe soudé au niveau du département (15 agriculteurs sur le secteur).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2015 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Début de la mise en œuvre des [[Macérations : principes &amp;amp; recettes, par Stéphane Billotte|macérations de plantes]] en alternative aux fongicides et d&#039;épandage de [[Bois raméal fragmenté|BRF]] (Bois Raméal Fragmenté).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2016 :&#039;&#039;&#039; Arrêt des insecticides.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;2019 :&#039;&#039;&#039; 800mm d&#039;eau en automne, début d&#039;essais de fissuration car perte de cultures due au fait qu&#039;en Seine-Maritime, les sols sont généralement constitués de limons fins avec un peu d&#039;[[argile]] (12 % d&#039;argile et 70 % de limons) qui se prennent en masse naturellement. Ce phénomène induit une stagnation de l&#039;eau, malgré le fait que la ferme était déjà en SD pour le colza et le blé, et que le travail du sol était très superficiel pour les cultures de printemps (ce qui avait en partie résolu les problèmes d&#039;hydromorphie).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Effets constatés des nouvelles pratiques===&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Arrêt des coulées de boue et inondations&#039;&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;&#039;gestion de l&#039;hydromorphie&#039;&#039;&#039; et davantage de &#039;&#039;&#039;microporosité&#039;&#039;&#039; dans les sols.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Faire des pommes de terre en semis-direct, avec Sol en Caux |&#039;&#039;&#039;Gain en fertilité des sols&#039;&#039;&#039;]] (la MO évolue d&#039;1 point de pourcentage depuis les changements de pratiques) : &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;Je trouve que depuis qu&#039;on travaille en système semis simplifié, voire semis direct, la portance des sols est nettement améliorée et, malgré les pluies, on arrive à faire des semis dans d&#039;excellentes conditions du fait que le taux de matière organique soit remonté et que les sols soient en bien meilleure santé&#039;&#039;.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Économie de charges :&#039;&#039;&#039; Aujourd&#039;hui, la consommation la plus importante sur la ferme est la &#039;&#039;&#039;moissonneuse&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Les pratiques de SD sont favorables au développement des [[:Catégorie:Limace|limaces]] et des [[:Catégorie:Campagnol|campagnols]]&#039;&#039;&#039;. Antoine passe donc une &#039;&#039;&#039;[[herse]] à paille&#039;&#039;&#039; après la récolte, pour mettre au soleil  les œufs de limaces. Il intervient aussi avec du [https://ephy.anses.fr/ppp/sluxx-hp &#039;&#039;&#039;Sluxx&#039;&#039;&#039;] (Molluscicide) en préventif, jusqu’à 15 jours avant les semis. Pour les campagnols, il compte sur les &#039;&#039;&#039;prédateurs naturels&#039;&#039;&#039;, qu’il favorise par des perchoirs dans les parcelles, ainsi que sur le &#039;&#039;&#039;travail du sol&#039;&#039;&#039; qu’il a maintenu pour certaines cultures (betterave et [[lin]]).&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Effet des essais avec les plantes compagnes / macération, cumulé à l&#039;arrêt des insecticides sur la pression ravageurs :&#039;&#039;&#039; Un test Berlèse a été réalisé en décembre 2021 pour voir l&#039;effet de l&#039;arrêt des insecticides dans le colza associé à la [[féverole]]. Le résultat a été de &#039;&#039;&#039;0,6 larves d&#039;[[:Catégorie:Altise|altise]]/ pied&#039;&#039;&#039;, sur une parcelle de 2,8 à 3 % de MO. Un colza qui est robuste et qui sort plus rapidement à la sortie d&#039;hiver fait que la larve d&#039;altise reste dans le pétiole et ne va pas faire tant de dégâts dans les tiges.&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;Depuis qu&#039;on travaille en système semi simplifié, voire semis direct, la &#039;&#039;&#039;portance des sols est nettement améliorée&#039;&#039;&#039; et malgré les pluies, on arrive à faire des semis dans d&#039;excellentes conditions du fait que le taux de matière organique soit remonté et que les sols soient en bien meilleure santé.&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;gallery mode=&amp;quot;slideshow&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
File:Analyse Celasta lab chedru 2015 page-0002.jpg|Analyse de sol Celestalab 2015 à la ferme de Longeuil. MO totale = 2,27. On peut y noter une forte part de Mo stable (1,97) mais peu de MO rapide (0,33)&lt;br /&gt;
File:Analyse Celestalab 2020 à la ferme de Longeuil.jpg|Analyse de sol Celestalab 2020. La MO passe à 2,8 et la MO libre augmente sensiblement depuis les apports de BRF.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Essais===&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Pucerons :&#039;&#039;&#039; La ferme de Longeuil fait partie d’un [https://www.itbfr.org/pnri/ PNRI] (Plan National de Recherche et Innovation), avec 150 fermes pilotes au niveau national, suivies par l’[https://www.itbfr.org/ ITB] (Institut Technique de la Betterave). Ils travaillent avec les sucreries pour l&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;arrêt des néonicotinoïdes sur la betterave&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
**&#039;&#039;&#039;Les&#039;&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;plantes compagnes&#039;&#039;&#039; : Ils ont de &#039;&#039;&#039;bons résultats&#039;&#039;&#039; avec l’orge (20kg/ha) notamment sur la virose et les pucerons, même s&#039;il y a un impact sur le rendement de 10 t (destruction au stade montaison, 2 mois après son semis).&lt;br /&gt;
**&#039;&#039;&#039;Les&#039;&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;macérations d’ail&#039;&#039;&#039;,  efficaces sur les altises du colza et du lin, ont aussi été testées, mais elles ne sont &#039;&#039;&#039;pas efficaces&#039;&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;pour la betterave&#039;&#039;&#039; car &#039;&#039;&#039;le [[:Catégorie:Puceron|puceron]] se met sous la feuille&#039;&#039;&#039; et n’est pas atteint par la macération qui est un produit de contact. &lt;br /&gt;
**&#039;&#039;&#039;Les&#039;&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;champignons endophytes libérés par un couvert de fétuque inoculée&#039;&#039;&#039;, censés être répulsif des pucerons. La stratégie a été abandonnée car elle a donné très peu effet sur les pucerons ce qui a entraîné des pertes importantes de rendements. &lt;br /&gt;
**&#039;&#039;&#039;Les lâchers de [[chrysopes]],&#039;&#039;&#039; connues pour être des prédateurs des pucerons, ont été testés en 2021, mais &#039;&#039;&#039;sans succès&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Fertilisation :&#039;&#039;&#039; Guillaume et Antoine essayent différentes sources d&#039;azote : &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;On aimerait bien piloter un petit peu mieux l&#039;azote par des [[Fertiliser avec des acides aminés|&#039;&#039;&#039;acides aminés&#039;&#039;&#039;]]&#039;&#039;.&amp;quot;. Il y a eu un essai non concluant sur du [[blé]] mais ils continuent de chercher des pistes d&#039;amélioration pour substituer les intrants de synthèse par des éléments naturels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Objectifs===&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;L&#039;objectif est de continuer à faire du bon boulot. Arriver à développer de la matière organique et avoir un système auto fertile, il faut  le  &#039;&#039;&#039;pérenniser&#039;&#039;&#039; car ça peut changer du jour au lendemain.&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*Développer d&#039;autres cultures comme le [[chanvre]] en même temps que le lin. C&#039;est compliqué à cause des aléas climatiques.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Suivi des cultures : rotation et itinéraires techniques==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Assolement ===&lt;br /&gt;
A l&#039;installation : blé, colza, lin fibre (il pouvait y avoir éventuellement du pois ou du maïs mais cela apportait un coût supplémentaire).  Depuis, il y a eu  &#039;&#039;&#039;un allongement&#039;&#039;&#039; des rotations et une diversification des cultures ce qui a le mérite d’améliorer les soucis de [[ray grass]] et de [[Vulpin des champs|vulpin]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Les raisons ayant poussé à ce choix d&#039;assolement allient &#039;&#039;&#039;agronomie, gestion et économie&#039;&#039;&#039; (lin culture phare de la région, féverole levier agronomique, betterave rentable économiquement).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Assolement 2022 Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
| width=100%&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;tooltip&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;treemap&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;roam&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;borderWidth&amp;quot;:0,&amp;quot;gapWidth&amp;quot;:2},&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Assolement 2022 Chedru&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cultures de vente&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;children&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;blé&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:76,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;colza&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:32,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;betterave&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:12,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;lin &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:28,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;feverole &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:15,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} }],&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#ffe599&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;fontColor&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;SIE&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;children&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;prairies &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:6.5,&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;formatter&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;{b} - {c}ha&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} }],&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#b6d7a8&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;fontColor&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Particularités de la rotation ===&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts: title=Rotation type Chedru | width=100% | height=400px  | json = Ferme de Longueil/Rotation type Chedru.json }}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Utilisation de plantes compagnes ====&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Féverole pour le colza&#039;&#039;&#039; (effet de leurre contre les altises).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Orge&#039;&#039;&#039; pour le &#039;&#039;&#039;blé et la betterave&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Apport de MO extérieure ====&lt;br /&gt;
En plus des apports des couverts et résidus de paille des cultures, il y a un &#039;&#039;&#039;apport de [[Bois raméal fragmenté|BRF]] sans incorporation&#039;&#039;&#039; (cela permet de conserver l&#039;oxygène de surface) après lin, &#039;&#039;&#039;environ 10t/ha.&#039;&#039;&#039; Cet apport prendra entre &#039;&#039;&#039;2 et 3 ans pour être totalement décomposé&#039;&#039;&#039; (il ne faut pas retrouver du BRF dans les nappes de lin). Ils sèment ensuite directement le blé dans le BRF. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Cet apport ne se fait pas directement sentir sur la culture, mais il augmente le taux de MO stable avec des C/N à moins de 50, pour qu&#039;il soit dégradable en humus ([[Ferme de Longueil#Effet constaté des nouvelles pratiques|cf. analyses de sol Celesta lab]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Utilisation d&#039;engrais starter ====&lt;br /&gt;
Utilisation d&#039;engrais starter&#039;&#039;&#039; au semis pour anticiper le manque de minéralisation qu&#039;il peut y avoir en SD.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Utilisation d&#039;extraits fermentés ====&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Utilisation [[Stimulation des défenses naturelles des plantes grâce aux extraits fermentés d&#039;ortie|extraits fermentés d&#039;ortie]], de [[consoude]], de [[Ail et produits à base d&#039;ail pour une agriculture durable|macération d&#039;ail]].&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4LzgFBkjS-8}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* L’[[ortie]] est une plante &#039;&#039;&#039;riche en silice qui épaissit la cuticule de la feuille&#039;&#039;&#039; du blé ou de la betterave, la rendant &#039;&#039;&#039;plus résistante aux bio agresseurs&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* L’[[ail]] un très bon répulsif contre les mauvais insectes. Le lin est une culture souvent attaquée par les altises, alors après le semis, quand le lin fait 2-3 cm, Antoine et Guillaume épandent de la macération d’ail . &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Cela permet l&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;arrêt des insecticides sur la ferme&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Couverts végétaux ====&lt;br /&gt;
Les [[couverts végétaux]] dans la rotation sont utilisés pour plusieurs raisons :&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Apport d&#039;azote important&#039;&#039;&#039; aux cultures qui suivent (entre 20 et 40 unités d&#039;azote/ha par exemple pour le couvert précédent la betterave. La féverole en plante compagne du colza permet également de fixer 20 U d&#039;azote resitué au colza en sortie d&#039;hiver et  peut même être bénéfique à la culture de blé qui suit, grâce au processus de minéralisation), générant également des économies d&#039;engrais.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Apport conséquent de biomasse&#039;&#039;&#039; (minimum 250 pieds à l&#039;ha, pensé grâce à la [[Méthode Merci|méthode MERCI]] courant décembre) après un gel et un passage du [[Rouleau FACA|Rolofaca,]] quand le couvert est en fleur théoriquement. Sauf que dans la région le couvert est rapidement en fleur et c&#039;est encore trop tôt pour le détruire. Le but c&#039;est qu&#039;il puisse se décomposer avant la culture de printemps. Pour sa destruction normalement pas besoin d&#039;herbicides (juste pour la culture qui suit, pour la gestion des [[Ray-grass|ray grass]]/[[Vulpin des champs|vulpin]]).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Drainage des sols&#039;&#039;&#039; grâce à leur structure racinaire.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Casser le cycle des graminées&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Leur coût :&#039;&#039;&#039; Environ 70€ de l&#039;ha.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Réduction du travail du sol sur des cultures industrielles ====&lt;br /&gt;
Même si Guillaume et Antoine sont adeptes du semis direct, ils reconnaissent que c&#039;est un système qui a ses limites :  &#039;&#039;&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;&#039;on sait difficilement faire sans travail du sol pour des cultures comme la [[pomme de terre]], la betterave, le lin&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; notamment pour réchauffer la terre, niveler les trous de sanglier, les monticules créés par les taupes, etc. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
La ligne conductrice a été de se demander comment ils pourraient faire, pendant la rotation longue, pour &#039;&#039;&#039;construire davantage le sol qu&#039;on ne le déconstruit&#039;&#039;&#039; après une culture pénalisante comme la betterave.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===== Exemple d&#039;itinéraire technique pour la betterave en réduction du travail du sol =====&lt;br /&gt;
Pour les betteraves, quelques jours avant l’implantation, &#039;&#039;&#039;ils travaillent le sol à 3 cm de profondeur&#039;&#039;&#039; avec un outil à &#039;&#039;&#039;bêches roulantes&#039;&#039;&#039;, puis ils &#039;&#039;&#039;restructurent le sol au  strip-till c&#039;&#039;&#039;e qui permet de travailler qu&#039;une ligne de 10 cm tous le 50cm d&#039;écartement, à &#039;&#039;&#039;12cm de profondeur&#039;&#039;&#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Quelques jours plus tard, ils viennent affiner la ligne avec une &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Fraise - herse animée|fraise]] localisée auto construite&#039;&#039;&#039;, qui &#039;&#039;&#039;précède le semoir à betterave&#039;&#039;&#039;. {{Image centrée | ITK betterave chedru 2022.png | ITK betterave 2022}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
La culture du &#039;&#039;&#039;lin fibre&#039;&#039;&#039;, qui est très sensible à la compaction et nécessite un sol particulièrement bien nivelé, bénéficie également d’un &#039;&#039;&#039;travail superficiel&#039;&#039;&#039;. Sachant que ces deux cultures sont celles qui déstructurent le plus le sol, Guillaume et Antoine tentent des les éloigner d&#039;avantage l&#039;une de l&#039;autre et d&#039;allonger la rotation pour donner un temps de repos au sol.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Disques fissuration.png|vignette|Disques nivelant la fissuration.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Outil de fissuration autoconstruit sur la machine strip till.png|vignette|Outil de fissuration auto construit sur leur strip till.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Emploi de la fissuration ====&lt;br /&gt;
*Après la culture de betterave, suivent celles du colza et du blé où ils en profitent pour faire de la [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3NFbmR_z9M fissuration] rattrapant la déstructuration opérée par la betterave.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Il &#039;&#039;&#039;faut décompacter les sols car les couverts végétaux ne décompactent pas, ils structurent.&#039;&#039;&#039; Antoine et Guillaume emploient donc la fissuration à partir de 2019, suite à un hiver particulièrement pluvieux. Ils pensent l&#039;arrêter dans 8 ans.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Les agriculteurs passent une &#039;&#039;&#039;dent droite et fine à 35 cm&#039;&#039;&#039; sur toutes les parcelles après le colza et avant le blé, car ils ont ressenti une compaction à partir de 30cm dans leurs sols. L&#039;idée étant que les racines des repousses de colza continuent de pousser dans les sillons de la fissuration.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*L&#039;outil utilisé a été &#039;&#039;&#039;auto-construit sur le strip-till.&#039;&#039;&#039; Achat de : socs Duro + de dents droites, mises à la place des dents de strip-till qui font l&#039;effet d&#039;un &amp;quot;couteau planté dans le beure&amp;quot; + des disques gaufrés à l&#039;arrière, car sinon il y a un risque de taules ondulées en faisant descendre les dents. &lt;br /&gt;
** Sur le marché, un fissurateur peut coûter entre 10 et 15000€. Dans leur cas, comme ils avaient déjà le châssis (qui coûte entre 6 et 7000€), l&#039;auto-construction leur a coûté &#039;&#039;&#039;2500€&#039;&#039;&#039; pour l&#039;achat de toutes les extensions, dents comprises.&lt;br /&gt;
**&#039;&#039;&#039;Consommation de 30L/ha&#039;&#039;&#039; dans des sols très compactés. &lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Résultat :&#039;&#039;&#039; Des zones d&#039;hydromorphie présentes en 2019 commencent à disparaître aujourd&#039;hui. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Organisation verticale des racines du lin suite à la fissuration.png|vignette|Organisation verticale des racines du lin suite à la fissuration.]]&lt;br /&gt;
===== Fissuration : Quelques précautions =====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Fissuration ne signifie pas décompaction&#039;&#039;&#039; qui elle va &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;déplacer des horizons&#039;&#039;&amp;quot; et bouleverser l&#039;organisation verticale. Les différents agrégats dans le sol doivent rester à leur place. La fissuration &#039;&#039;&#039;gère la compaction sur le long terme&#039;&#039;&#039; et peut faire gagner quelques années dans la transition (par contre, avec une dent Michel si on repasse avec une machine lourde derrière, on recompacte le sol).&lt;br /&gt;
* Il faut &#039;&#039;&#039;comprendre où est la compaction grâce à un profil de sol et fissurer 5 cm en dessous&#039;&#039;&#039; de ce point là. Il faut également &#039;&#039;&#039;faire attention à l&#039;espacement des dents&#039;&#039;&#039; qui doit faire &#039;&#039;&#039;1,5 fois la profondeur de travail&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* Il faut absolument &#039;&#039;&#039;cumuler la fissuration avec des racines&#039;&#039;&#039; car sinon, au mois de septembre avant les fortes pluies, les limons fins vont descendre dans le sillon. Les racines vont tenir les limons de surface et prolonger le sillon de la dent de fissuration plus en profondeur.&lt;br /&gt;
* Attention également à &#039;&#039;&#039;ne pas fissurer dans des contextes trop humides&#039;&#039;&#039; car on a tendance à &#039;&#039;&#039;lisser les parois de chaque coté de la dent&#039;&#039;&#039; mais, &#039;&#039;&#039;il faut un minimum d&#039;humidité pour que le sillon tienne&#039;&#039;&#039;. Sur des &#039;&#039;&#039;limons fragiles, ne surtout pas fissurer pendant les mois de décembre et janvier&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Tank d&#039;EM .png|vignette|Cuve frontale contenant des EM.]]&lt;br /&gt;
===== Fissuration et EM =====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* A la ferme de Longeuil, Antoine et Guillaume ajoutent des &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Micro-organismes Efficaces (EM)|micro-organismes efficaces (EM)]] à la fissuration&#039;&#039;&#039; (de la marque [https://em-chiemgau.de/ EM-Chiemgau] pour la souche mère). Ce ne sont pas des EM purs qui sont épandus car cela coûterait trop cher, ils les multiplient dans des IBC pour 800 à 900 L de solution à la fin.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Pour 800 L de solution : 500L d&#039;eau chaude dans un chauffe eau, entre 30 et 34°C pour que les micro-organismes (bactéries, levures, champignons) se multiplient pendant une dizaine de jours + 1 L d&#039;EM solution mère + 30 L de mélasse pour nourrir les micro-organismes + 3 kg de sel de Guérande, car il faut un pH assez faible. Une fois le pH à 4,5, la préparation est prête.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Lors de l&#039;épandage de cette préparation terminée, ils diluent 30 L d&#039;EM multiplié + 3 L de mélasse dans de l&#039;eau.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* L&#039;idée est de réinjecter des micro-organismes dans le sol dans l&#039;optique de faire travailler la vie du sol pour qu&#039;elle ne stagne pas. Il est possible de le faire avec des &#039;&#039;&#039;ferments lactiques&#039;&#039;&#039;, Antoine et Guillaume ont préféré les EM pour la simplicité de la multiplication.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Couvert végétal chedru.jpg|vignette|Couvert végétal à la ferme de Longeuil.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Focus biodiversité sur la ferme==&lt;br /&gt;
Sur la ferme il y a douze ruches (appartenant au président du Conseil Départemental de la Seine-Maritime), ils veulent donc éviter la mortalité, c&#039;est un paramètre qui a motivé la réduction de  produits phytosanitaires et le zéro insecticides.    &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;Il faut leur donner à manger en permanence. Elles se nourrissent au printemps, au moment de la floraison des féveroles, des pois, des colzas. Les couverts végétaux à base de pois, de [[Tournesol|tournesols]] et de féveroles les aident à passer le cap de l’hiver&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Focus autonomie==&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Cultures autonomes en semences&#039;&#039;&#039; : Blé, féverole (font de l&#039;échange de graines aussi féveroles contre tournesol par exemple).&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Cultures aux semences achetées&#039;&#039;&#039; : Betterave, colza.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Autonomie globale&#039;&#039;&#039; : Atelier d&#039;auto-construction pour les machines (notamment semoirs), échange paille / fumier, séchoir et lieu de stockage sur la ferme, branches et déchets verts amenés par la déchetterie et les voisins.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Equipement : semoir à disques ET semoir à dents==&lt;br /&gt;
La ferme est bien équipée niveau matériel, car dans un contexte de région très pluvieuse la fenêtre d&#039;opportunité est assez courte pour semer. Guillaume et Antoine alternent notamment entre deux semoirs : un à disques et un à dents : &lt;br /&gt;
{{Article détaillé|Choisir son semoir de semis direct à dents ou à disques}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VsBHpeMMsTQ}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Le semoir à dents ===&lt;br /&gt;
Réalisé en &#039;&#039;&#039;auto-construction&#039;&#039;&#039;. L’investissement total est de &#039;&#039;&#039;30 000€&#039;&#039;&#039;. Dans le commerce, un équipement équivalent reviendrait à 100 000€ environ.&lt;br /&gt;
* L’outil fait &#039;&#039;&#039;6 m de large&#039;&#039;&#039; et comporte &#039;&#039;&#039;20 éléments espacés de 30cm&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;3 niveaux de profondeurs&#039;&#039;&#039; : Un seul passage peut faire 3 opérations différentes (ils ont notamment ajouté une micro fertilisation pour faire de la localisation en fertilisation dans le sillon).&lt;br /&gt;
* Semis : Adapté pour de &#039;&#039;&#039;grosses et petites graines&#039;&#039;&#039; (couverts végétaux, colza associé).&lt;br /&gt;
* L’objectif étant de &#039;&#039;&#039;perturber le moins possible le sol&#039;&#039;&#039;, l’outil roule à une vitesse maximale de 7 km/h.&lt;br /&gt;
* Une attention particulière est aussi portée sur la pression des pneus qui doit être basse.&lt;br /&gt;
* Le débit de chantier est de &#039;&#039;&#039;4 ha/h&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* Le semoir est en porté, il fait 3,5 T et un relevage et une puissance importants sont donc nécessaires, par rapport à un semi-porté.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Avantages/inconvénients du semoir à dents selon Antoine :&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Perturbe moins la terre, ce qui entraîne donc &#039;&#039;&#039;moins de relevés d’adventice&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Plus précis&#039;&#039;&#039; et ne présente pas de risque de bourrage dans des couverts très développés.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Moins favorable aux limaces&#039;&#039;&#039;, en ne laissant pas de sillon qui leur servent d’autoroute.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Le semoir à disques ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Semoir à disques chedru.jpg|vignette|Semoir à disques des Chedru.]]&lt;br /&gt;
*Il a été acheté d’&#039;&#039;&#039;occasion pour 25 000€.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
*Il est utilisé pour les &#039;&#039;&#039;semis de blé et de lin sous couvert végétal&#039;&#039;&#039; ([[Trèfle|trèfles]] ou [[légumineuses]]).&lt;br /&gt;
*Le tracteur est équipé d’un &#039;&#039;&#039;Rolofaca en frontal lesté&#039;&#039;&#039; (2,8 T pour 4,5 m de large) pour coucher le couvert.&lt;br /&gt;
*Les disques opèrent une ouverture de 12 mm. Ils sont positionnés à 15 cm d’espacement, ce qui est &#039;&#039;&#039;idéal pour le semis du lin&#039;&#039;&#039;, culture phare de la région.&lt;br /&gt;
*Pince la paille dans le fond du sillon, ce qui perturbe grandement la levée.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Système d’autoguidage RTK – confort de travail ===&lt;br /&gt;
*Le &#039;&#039;&#039;système [[RTK]] coûte 15 000€ / tracteur&#039;&#039;&#039;, pour la cartographie des parcelles. On peut ensuite l’utiliser &#039;&#039;&#039;pour tous les tracteurs&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Autres matériels ===&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Semoir à betterave&#039;&#039;&#039; partagé avec un voisin.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Matériel de récolte en CUMA&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Strip-till&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Volet économique==&lt;br /&gt;
Antoine et Guillaume sont lucides sur leur système : &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;Avec le labour, on aurait peut-être de meilleurs rendements. Mais c’est la marge et pas le chiffre d’affaires qu&#039;on regarde&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
!Colza&lt;br /&gt;
!Blé dur&lt;br /&gt;
!Betterave&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Produit&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;2 812 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;2 915 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;3 960 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Semences&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|161 €&lt;br /&gt;
|378 €&lt;br /&gt;
|288 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Engrais&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|717 €&lt;br /&gt;
|424 €&lt;br /&gt;
|382 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Oligos&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|15 €&lt;br /&gt;
|36 €&lt;br /&gt;
|32 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Phytos&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|67 €&lt;br /&gt;
|99 €&lt;br /&gt;
|183 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Mécanisation&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|53 €&lt;br /&gt;
|50 €&lt;br /&gt;
|75 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Irrigation&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|0 €&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Marge brute 2022&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;1 800 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;1 927 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;3 000 €&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Evolution des marges brutes des cultures de vente ===&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts: title=Marge brute / ha | width=100% | height=400px  | json = Ferme de Longueil/Marge brute / ha.json }}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#economic_charts:&lt;br /&gt;
 title=Comptabilité Antoine Chedru&lt;br /&gt;
 | Semences et plants 2019 = 23360&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fertilisation 2019 = 24160&lt;br /&gt;
 | Produits de traitements 2019 = 33600&lt;br /&gt;
 | Travaux par tiers 2019 = 9120&lt;br /&gt;
 | Carburant 2019 = 17280&lt;br /&gt;
 | Entretien matériel 2019 = 14560&lt;br /&gt;
 | Eau, gaz, électricité 2019 = 1000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Frais de gestion 2019 = 9000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fermage 2019 = 36480&lt;br /&gt;
 | Assurances 2019 = 29120&lt;br /&gt;
 | Autres 2019 = 129560&lt;br /&gt;
 | Salariés 2019 = 8000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Vente de produits végétaux 2019 = 450000&lt;br /&gt;
 | DPU, DPB 2019 = 48000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Aide à la certification 2019 = 3000&lt;br /&gt;
 | EBE total 2019 = 165760&lt;br /&gt;
 | Semences et plants 2020 = 18080&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fertilisation 2020 = 30880&lt;br /&gt;
 | Produits de traitements 2020 = 28320&lt;br /&gt;
 | Travaux par tiers 2020 = 8480&lt;br /&gt;
 | Carburant 2020 = 9120&lt;br /&gt;
 | Entretien matériel 2020 = 21600&lt;br /&gt;
 | Eau, gaz, électricité 2020 = 2000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Frais de gestion 2020 = 8000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fermage 2020 = 42000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Assurances 2020 = 32000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Autres 2020 = 119000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Salariés 2020 = 7000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Vente de produits végétaux 2020 = 361000&lt;br /&gt;
 | DPU, DPB 2020 = 49000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Aide à la certification 2020 = 3000&lt;br /&gt;
 | EBE total 2020 = 86520&lt;br /&gt;
 | Semences et plants 2021 = 20160&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fertilisation 2021 = 27840&lt;br /&gt;
 | Produits de traitements 2021 = 39040&lt;br /&gt;
 | Travaux par tiers 2021 = 9760&lt;br /&gt;
 | Carburant 2021 = 10560&lt;br /&gt;
 | Entretien matériel 2021 = 34880&lt;br /&gt;
 | Eau, gaz, électricité 2021 = 2300&lt;br /&gt;
 | Frais de gestion 2021 = 11000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fermage 2021 = 47360&lt;br /&gt;
 | Assurances 2021 = 30720&lt;br /&gt;
 | Autres 2021 = 135180&lt;br /&gt;
 | Salariés 2021 = 16000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Vente de produits végétaux 2021 = 528000&lt;br /&gt;
 | DPU, DPB 2021 = 52000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Aide à la certification 2021 = 3000&lt;br /&gt;
 | EBE total 2021 = 198200&lt;br /&gt;
 | Semences et plants 2022 = 27200&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fertilisation 2022 = 44480&lt;br /&gt;
 | Produits de traitements 2022 = 37440&lt;br /&gt;
 | Travaux par tiers 2022 = 9600&lt;br /&gt;
 | Carburant 2022 = 10560&lt;br /&gt;
 | Entretien matériel 2022 = 19200&lt;br /&gt;
 | Eau, gaz, électricité 2022 = 9000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Frais de gestion 2022 = 98000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Fermage 2022 = 39680&lt;br /&gt;
 | Assurances 2022 = 17920&lt;br /&gt;
 | Autres 2022 = 85000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Salariés 2022 = 20000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Vente de produits végétaux 2022 = 598000&lt;br /&gt;
 | DPU, DPB 2022 = 60000&lt;br /&gt;
 | Aide à la certification 2022 = 3000&lt;br /&gt;
 | EBE total 2022 = 242920}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Les intrants ont énormément augmenté les azote, ils ont été multipliés par trois, le phosphore, la potasse et tous les produits oligoéléments et phyto.&lt;br /&gt;
* Le séchoir consomme beaucoup d&#039;énergie.&lt;br /&gt;
* Pour le carburant: dans les documents de comptabilité il faut savoir que les prestations chez d&#039;autres agriculteurs ont été comptabilisés, Guillaume et Antoine, ne dépassent pas les 50 et 60L/ha.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Commercialisation==&lt;br /&gt;
Avant, Guillaume et Antoine livraient tout à des organismes stockeurs. Maintenant ils &#039;&#039;&#039;alternent entre quelques coopératives de ventes à terme&#039;&#039;&#039; et un peu de &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Circuits courts|vente directe]]&#039;&#039;&#039;. Ils regardent constamment les évolutions des cours du marché. L&#039;essentiel, c&#039;est déjà de &#039;&#039;&#039;connaître son coût de production et à partir de là, &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;on peut définir une stratégie de vente&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!Culture&lt;br /&gt;
! Client&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Lin&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Agylin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Betterave&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Cristal Union&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Colza&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Négociant&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Féverole&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Couvert + négociant&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Pois&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Couvert + négociant&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Maïs&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|Vente directe à un éleveur&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Fichier:Bâtiment de stockage Chedru.png|thumb|Bâtiment de stockage des Chedru.]]&lt;br /&gt;
== Stockage==&lt;br /&gt;
Ils &#039;&#039;&#039;stockent 100% de leurs récoltes&#039;&#039;&#039; grâce à l&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;adaptation d&#039;anciens bâtiments d&#039;élevage&#039;&#039;&#039; présents sur la ferme avec :&lt;br /&gt;
* Une ventilation adaptée.&lt;br /&gt;
* Un stockage à plat sur des quais de niveau.&lt;br /&gt;
* La présence d&#039;un séchoir pour sécher aussi les récoltes trop humides.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Bilan économique, social et environnemental==&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Bilan économique &lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;EBE/UTH&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:250000},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;EBE/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Subventions/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Annuités/EBE (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Charges/CA (%)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:100}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[194336,41,10,34,70],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[159000,43,13,3,84],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Moyenne&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true},&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039; EBE/UTH&#039;&#039;&#039; : 194 336 (e)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;EBE/CA (%)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 41&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Subventions/CA (%)&#039;&#039;&#039; : 10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Annuités/EBE (%)&#039;&#039;&#039; : 34&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Charges/CA (%)&#039;&#039;&#039; : 70 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Source: Moyennes régionales Agreste/Rica (Réseau d&#039;Information Comptable Agricole) 2021&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Bilan social&lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Confort au travail&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Satisfaction économique&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Satisfaction sociale &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Coopération&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cadre de vie &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:10}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[8,10,10,7,10],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Niveau de confort au travail, prise en compte avec la pénibilité physique ou mentale &#039;&#039;&#039;: 8/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Satisfaction économique&#039;&#039;&#039;: 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Satisfaction du travail au quotidien, sensation d&#039;être entouré dans son travail&#039;&#039;&#039; : 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Coopération avec d&#039;autres acteurs du territoire, entraide&#039;&#039;&#039;: 7/10&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Cadre de vie&#039;&#039;&#039; : 10/10&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Le temps de travail est difficile à estimer. {{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{#echarts:&lt;br /&gt;
  title=Bilan environnemental &lt;br /&gt;
| width=500px&lt;br /&gt;
| height=400px&lt;br /&gt;
| align=right&lt;br /&gt;
| option = {&amp;quot;legend&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;radius&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;:[&amp;quot;50%&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;60%&amp;quot;],&amp;quot;indicator&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Tx de MO &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:3},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Couverture du sol (j/an)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:365},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Indice de travail du sol (surface travaillée x coefficient d&#039;aggressivité x profondeur)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:5},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;SIE/SAU&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:1},{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Diversité des cultures (nbre de culture dans l&#039;assolement)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;max&amp;quot;:15}]},&amp;quot;series&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;radar&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;data&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[2.8,340,1.18425,0.0375,6],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Chedru 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;itemStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3,&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;areaStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;color&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;#f1894c&amp;quot;} },{&amp;quot;value&amp;quot;:[2.46,0,0,0,0],&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Moyenne&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;emphasis&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true},&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;show&amp;quot;:true} },&amp;quot;lineStyle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:3} }]}]};&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Tx de MO&#039;&#039;&#039;: 2,8&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Couverture du sol (j/an)&#039;&#039;&#039; :340 jours&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Indice de travail du sol (surface travaillée x coefficient d&#039;aggressivité x profondeur)&#039;&#039;&#039;: 1,2 i(l a été calculé sur deux itinéraires techniques, celui du colza et de la betterave)&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;SIE/SAU &#039;&#039;&#039;: 0,04&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Diversité des cultures (nbre de culture dans l&#039;assolement, sans les couverts)&#039;&#039;&#039; : 6 {{Clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Source: GisSol (Taux de matière organique)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Conseils pour se lancer==&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Commencer par le semis simplifié et augmenter les taux de MO petit à petit:&#039;&#039;&#039;  &amp;quot;Si vous n&#039;avez pas une bonne porosité naturelle et un bon taux de matière organique, vous ne pourrez pas vous passer du travail du sol. Il faut commencer par créer un sol dans les premières années de transition. C&#039;est un travail de longue haleine.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;S&#039;entourer:&#039;&#039;&#039; Antoine s&#039;est senti isolé dans la démarche d&#039;expérimentation dans laquelle il s&#039;est lancé (au départ ils étaient cinq sur le département et  tous les organismes du secteur leur disaient qu&#039;ils allaient droit dans le mur). Ils ont beaucoup été aidés par Jean-François Aubry et par les échanges sur les forums internet mais surtout par le travail en groupe. Cela a été très dur de sortir des sentiers battus, faire face au regard et à la pression exercée par d&#039;autres agriculteurs qui ne questionnent pas leur modèle. Antoine est donc reconnaissant de faire partie  d&#039;un groupe de 15 agriculteurs un peu originaux et pour qui toute idée a le mérite d&#039;être essayée, cela le confronte aussi à une ouverture d’esprit permanente.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;Intégrer la filière agricole à la transition :&#039;&#039;&#039; Un groupe ne peut pas non plus tout changer tout seul : Sol en Caux a donc intégré l’ensemble de la filière agricole en amont et en aval (coopératives organismes stockeurs techniciens, organismes de gestion...).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Quand on a une &#039;&#039;&#039;approche globale&#039;&#039;&#039; et qu’on &#039;&#039;&#039;s’occupe du sol&#039;&#039;&#039; cela &#039;&#039;&#039;ouvre des horizons exceptionnels&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vidéo==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mr7myhuhRYQ}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Sources==&lt;br /&gt;
* Visite de la Ferme de Longueuil réalisée le 07/11/2023.&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Décompacter un sol en semis direct, Guillaume Chedru|Décompacter un sol en semis direct, Guillaume Chedru]].&lt;br /&gt;
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7P-yJtKCLDM Tour de plaine #5: Gestion d&#039;un système grandes cultures pour réduire les charges et protéger le sol] (Youtube - AgroLeague).&lt;br /&gt;
* Moyennes régionales Agreste/Rica (Réseau d&#039;Information Comptable Agricole) 2021.&lt;br /&gt;
* GisSol.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Angeline Almeida (2044552287)</name></author>
	</entry>
</feed>