https://en.tripleperformance.ag/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Alexia+Delpont+%28983887842%29Triple Performance - User contributions [en]2026-05-06T19:35:21ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Phytoremediation&diff=5104Phytoremediation2024-11-18T10:04:40Z<p>Alexia Delpont (983887842): </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Pratique<br />
|Image=Phytoremediation Process.svg<br />
|ImageCaption=Phytoremediation process<br />
|Objectif=Soil regeneration<br />
| Tag 1 = Depollution<br />
| Tag 2 = Decontamination<br />
| Tag 3 = Rhizofiltration<br />
| Tag 4 = NBSOIL<br />
| Programme = NBSOIL<br />
}}<br />
Phytoremediation is a technology using '''plant metabolism''' to accumulate, transform, degrade, concentrate, stabilize or volatilize '''pollutants''' (organic and inorganic molecules, metals and radioactive elements) contained in contaminated soil or water. Other technologies use micro-organisms (bacteria, micro-algae), and are referred to as '''bioremediation'''. These are natural decontamination techniques that stand up to conventional methods.<br />
<br />
== Traditional techniques ==<br />
The methods most commonly used today are mechanical and physico-chemical: '''excavation''', use of '''solvents''' and/or '''incineration'''. They are only used on small, heavily contaminated surfaces, due to their '''high cost''' and impact on the landscape : they destructure the soil and greatly reduce its fertility and productivity. Their main advantage is their effectiveness over a treatment period of '''a few weeks''' to a few months<ref>''La phytoremédiation'', CEA, 2016 https://www.cea.fr/multimedia/documents/infographies/posters/defis-du-cea-infograhie-phytoremediation.pdf</ref>. <br />
<br />
== Principles ==<br />
There are four phytoremediation mechanisms:<br />
<br />
* '''Phytovolatilization''' : Transformation and degradation of certain types of pollutants into less toxic volatile elements, which are then released into the atmosphere through plant transpiration (e.g. tobacco).<br />
** Pollutants concerned: some organic compounds and metals (selenium, mercury).<br />
* '''Phytostabilization''' : Absorption and sequestration (or immobilization in the case of rhizofiltration) of pollutants at root level (rhizosphere). Objective: to reduce their dispersion by the wind or leaching by rainwater, and limit their migration and entry into the food chain or water tables (e.g. poplar trees).<br />
** Pollutants concerned: radioelements such as uranium.<br />
<br />
* '''Phytodegradation''' : Absorption and decomposition of contaminants through the release of enzymes and oxidation and reduction processes. The degraded, less toxic pollutants are then incorporated into the plant or released back into the soil (e.g. weeping willow).<br />
** Pollutants concerned: organic compounds (hydrocarbons, pesticides, explosives, etc.).<br />
<br />
* '''Phytoextraction''' : Extraction, transport and accumulation of pollutants in stems and leaves. Plants are known as accumulators. The leaves, or the whole plant, are harvested using agricultural techniques, then burned in factories. Pollutants are concentrated in the ashes and filters, which are then treated as high-level waste in the case of nuclear pollution (e.g. sunflowers).<br />
** Pollutants concerned: metals (copper, gold, etc.) and radioelements (caesium, strontium, etc.).<br />
[[File:Phytoremediation process.jpg|center|thumb|678x678px|Phytoremediation process, 2022]]<br />
<br />
== Types of pollutants/molecules<ref name=":0">''La phytoremédiation'', Dominique Fournon, 1999<nowiki/>https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-01617616v1/file/1999GRE17009_fournon_dominique%281%29%28D%29_SO_version_diffusion.pdf</ref> ==<br />
<br />
* '''Organic compounds'''<br />
** Herbicides (Atrazine, Fluometuron, Metolachlor)<br />
** Trichloroethylene (TCE)<br />
<br />
* '''Inorganic compounds'''<br />
** Heavy metals (Lead, Cadmium, Zinc, Nickel, Copper, Mercury)<br />
** Selenium<br />
** Radionuclides (Cesium 137, Uranium, Strontium 90)<br />
** Boron<br />
<br />
== In practice ==<br />
<br />
* '''Decontamination of a site polluted by trichloroethylene (TCE) using hybrid poplars''' : TCE is a major contaminant of soil and groundwater, presenting carcinogenic risks. Traditional decontamination methods, such as charcoal absorption, are costly and can take several years. Laboratory experiments have shown that hybrid poplars can absorb, transform and volatilize TCE from soil. These trees were chosen for their rapid growth and extensive root system. The poplars succeeded in reducing TCE concentrations in the soil. Further research is needed to optimize the process under real-life conditions and assess the impact of environmental factors.<br />
<br />
* '''Decontamination of Chernobyl radionuclide-contaminated water with sunflowers''' : Following the Chernobyl accident, surface water was contaminated with radionuclides. Rhizofiltration with sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) was used to absorb radionuclides, notably uranium, caesium and strontium. Sunflowers were able to accumulate radionuclides present in water. Further research is needed to assess the sustainability of this method and its impact on the environment<ref name=":0" />.<br />
<br />
* '''Village wastewater treatment using reeds''' : Wastewater from a village in the Savoie region of France was treated using an experimental wastewater treatment plant with macrophyte beds made up of reeds (''Phragmites australis'', ''Typha latifolia'' and ''Scirpus lacustris'').<br />
* '''Biological swimming pools''' : water is filtered by rhizofiltration, a natural process using plants to replace chlorine.<br />
* ''Arabidopsis thaliana'' used to study cesium uptake and translocation<ref name=":1">''Phytoremédiation : des plantes pour dépolluer ?'', CEA, octobre 2017, https://www.cea.fr/multimedia/Documents/publications/les-savanturiers/CEA_SAVANTURIERS_21_simple.pdf</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Benefits ==<br />
<br />
* '''Low''' treatment '''costs''' (10 to 100 times lower than conventional technologies).<br />
* Suitable for '''large contaminated areas''' (tens of hectares).<br />
* Recycling of pollutants.<br />
* '''Valorization''' of residues : biomass can be converted into energy.<br />
* Good social acceptability.<br />
* '''Low disturbance''' to contaminated environment.<br />
<br />
== Limits ==<br />
<br />
* Limited to surfaces that can be colonized by roots.<br />
* Very long treatment time ('''minimum 3 years''').<br />
* '''Dependence on environmental conditions''' : soil type, meteorology, insect attacks, micro-organisms, etc.<br />
* Requires large areas and shallow pollution (50 cm to 3 m ).<br />
* '''Potential ecological risks''' : The dissemination of contaminant-accumulating plants in the environment can pose risks for wildlife, notably via the food chain.<br />
* Application for '''moderate contamination''' to ensure plant survival.<br />
<br />
== Research challenges ==<br />
Scientists face five major challenges in improving phytoremediation processes :<br />
<br />
* '''Reducing treatment times''' : Plants can take several years to clean up a site. Scientists are therefore looking for ways to speed up the process, for example by selecting fast-growing plants or genetically modifying plants to increase their capacity to absorb pollutants.<br />
<br />
* '''Managing cases of multiple contamination''' : Contaminated sites are often polluted by several types of pollutant. Finding plants capable of effectively treating several pollutants at once is a major challenge.<br />
<br />
* '''Take better account of different environmental parameters''' : The effectiveness of phytoremediation can be influenced by environmental factors such as rainfall, temperature and soil type. Scientists need to better understand how these factors interact with plants and pollutants to optimize processes.<br />
<br />
* '''Making better use of biomass''' : After absorbing pollutants, plants need to be harvested and processed. Adding value to this contaminated biomass is a major challenge if phytoremediation is to become more profitable. Solutions such as producing energy by burning biomass in boilers equipped with filtration systems are currently being studied.<br />
* '''Creating value from extracted metals''' : In the case of phytoextraction, metals extracted from soils by plants could be recovered and reused. This would create a new source of revenue and make phytoremediation more attractive<ref name=":1" />.<br />
<br />
== References ==</div>Alexia Delpont (983887842)https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=File:Phytoremediation_process.jpg&diff=5103File:Phytoremediation process.jpg2024-11-18T10:01:55Z<p>Alexia Delpont (983887842): Uploaded a work by Arjun Kafle, Anil Timilsina, Asmita Gautam, Kaushik Adhikari, Anukul Bhattarai, Niroj Aryal from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666765722000394 with UploadWizard</p>
<hr />
<div>=={{int:filedesc}}==<br />
{{Information<br />
|description={{en|1=Phytoremediation process}}<br />
|date=2022-07-02<br />
|source=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666765722000394<br />
|author=Arjun Kafle, Anil Timilsina, Asmita Gautam, Kaushik Adhikari, Anukul Bhattarai, Niroj Aryal<br />
|permission=<br />
|other versions=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=={{int:license-header}}==<br />
{{cc-by-sa-4.0}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Fichier chargé avec l'assistant UploadWizard]]</div>Alexia Delpont (983887842)https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Phytoremediation&diff=5102Phytoremediation2024-11-18T09:59:54Z<p>Alexia Delpont (983887842): </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Pratique<br />
|Image=Phytoremediation Process.svg<br />
|ImageCaption=Phytoremediation process<br />
|Objectif=Soil regeneration<br />
| Tag 1 = Depollution<br />
| Tag 2 = Decontamination<br />
| Tag 3 = Rhizofiltration<br />
| Tag 4 = NBSOIL<br />
| Programme = NBSOIL<br />
}}<br />
Phytoremediation is a technology using '''plant metabolism''' to accumulate, transform, degrade, concentrate, stabilize or volatilize '''pollutants''' (organic and inorganic molecules, metals and radioactive elements) contained in contaminated soil or water. Other technologies use micro-organisms (bacteria, micro-algae), and are referred to as '''bioremediation'''. These are natural decontamination techniques that stand up to conventional methods.<br />
<br />
== Traditional techniques ==<br />
The methods most commonly used today are mechanical and physico-chemical: '''excavation''', use of '''solvents''' and/or '''incineration'''. They are only used on small, heavily contaminated surfaces, due to their '''high cost''' and impact on the landscape : they destructure the soil and greatly reduce its fertility and productivity. Their main advantage is their effectiveness over a treatment period of '''a few weeks''' to a few months<ref>''La phytoremédiation'', CEA, 2016 https://www.cea.fr/multimedia/documents/infographies/posters/defis-du-cea-infograhie-phytoremediation.pdf</ref>. <br />
<br />
== Principles ==<br />
There are four phytoremediation mechanisms:<br />
<br />
* '''Phytovolatilization''' : Transformation and degradation of certain types of pollutants into less toxic volatile elements, which are then released into the atmosphere through plant transpiration (e.g. tobacco).<br />
** Pollutants concerned: some organic compounds and metals (selenium, mercury).<br />
* '''Phytostabilization''' : Absorption and sequestration (or immobilization in the case of rhizofiltration) of pollutants at root level (rhizosphere). Objective: to reduce their dispersion by the wind or leaching by rainwater, and limit their migration and entry into the food chain or water tables (e.g. poplar trees).<br />
** Pollutants concerned: radioelements such as uranium.<br />
<br />
* '''Phytodegradation''' : Absorption and decomposition of contaminants through the release of enzymes and oxidation and reduction processes. The degraded, less toxic pollutants are then incorporated into the plant or released back into the soil (e.g. weeping willow).<br />
** Pollutants concerned: organic compounds (hydrocarbons, pesticides, explosives, etc.).<br />
<br />
* '''Phytoextraction''' : Extraction, transport and accumulation of pollutants in stems and leaves. Plants are known as accumulators. The leaves, or the whole plant, are harvested using agricultural techniques, then burned in factories. Pollutants are concentrated in the ashes and filters, which are then treated as high-level waste in the case of nuclear pollution (e.g. sunflowers).<br />
** Pollutants concerned: metals (copper, gold, etc.) and radioelements (caesium, strontium, etc.).<br />
<br />
== Types of pollutants/molecules<ref name=":0">''La phytoremédiation'', Dominique Fournon, 1999<nowiki/>https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-01617616v1/file/1999GRE17009_fournon_dominique%281%29%28D%29_SO_version_diffusion.pdf</ref> ==<br />
<br />
* '''Organic compounds'''<br />
** Herbicides (Atrazine, Fluometuron, Metolachlor)<br />
** Trichloroethylene (TCE)<br />
<br />
* '''Inorganic compounds'''<br />
** Heavy metals (Lead, Cadmium, Zinc, Nickel, Copper, Mercury)<br />
** Selenium<br />
** Radionuclides (Cesium 137, Uranium, Strontium 90)<br />
** Boron<br />
<br />
== In practice ==<br />
<br />
* '''Decontamination of a site polluted by trichloroethylene (TCE) using hybrid poplars''' : TCE is a major contaminant of soil and groundwater, presenting carcinogenic risks. Traditional decontamination methods, such as charcoal absorption, are costly and can take several years. Laboratory experiments have shown that hybrid poplars can absorb, transform and volatilize TCE from soil. These trees were chosen for their rapid growth and extensive root system. The poplars succeeded in reducing TCE concentrations in the soil. Further research is needed to optimize the process under real-life conditions and assess the impact of environmental factors.<br />
<br />
* '''Decontamination of Chernobyl radionuclide-contaminated water with sunflowers''' : Following the Chernobyl accident, surface water was contaminated with radionuclides. Rhizofiltration with sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) was used to absorb radionuclides, notably uranium, caesium and strontium. Sunflowers were able to accumulate radionuclides present in water. Further research is needed to assess the sustainability of this method and its impact on the environment<ref name=":0" />.<br />
<br />
* '''Village wastewater treatment using reeds''' : Wastewater from a village in the Savoie region of France was treated using an experimental wastewater treatment plant with macrophyte beds made up of reeds (''Phragmites australis'', ''Typha latifolia'' and ''Scirpus lacustris'').<br />
* '''Biological swimming pools''' : water is filtered by rhizofiltration, a natural process using plants to replace chlorine.<br />
* ''Arabidopsis thaliana'' used to study cesium uptake and translocation<ref name=":1">''Phytoremédiation : des plantes pour dépolluer ?'', CEA, octobre 2017, https://www.cea.fr/multimedia/Documents/publications/les-savanturiers/CEA_SAVANTURIERS_21_simple.pdf</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Benefits ==<br />
<br />
* '''Low''' treatment '''costs''' (10 to 100 times lower than conventional technologies).<br />
* Suitable for '''large contaminated areas''' (tens of hectares).<br />
* Recycling of pollutants.<br />
* '''Valorization''' of residues : biomass can be converted into energy.<br />
* Good social acceptability.<br />
* '''Low disturbance''' to contaminated environment.<br />
<br />
== Limits ==<br />
<br />
* Limited to surfaces that can be colonized by roots.<br />
* Very long treatment time ('''minimum 3 years''').<br />
* '''Dependence on environmental conditions''' : soil type, meteorology, insect attacks, micro-organisms, etc.<br />
* Requires large areas and shallow pollution (50 cm to 3 m ).<br />
* '''Potential ecological risks''' : The dissemination of contaminant-accumulating plants in the environment can pose risks for wildlife, notably via the food chain.<br />
* Application for '''moderate contamination''' to ensure plant survival.<br />
<br />
== Research challenges ==<br />
Scientists face five major challenges in improving phytoremediation processes :<br />
<br />
* '''Reducing treatment times''' : Plants can take several years to clean up a site. Scientists are therefore looking for ways to speed up the process, for example by selecting fast-growing plants or genetically modifying plants to increase their capacity to absorb pollutants.<br />
<br />
* '''Managing cases of multiple contamination''' : Contaminated sites are often polluted by several types of pollutant. Finding plants capable of effectively treating several pollutants at once is a major challenge.<br />
<br />
* '''Take better account of different environmental parameters''' : The effectiveness of phytoremediation can be influenced by environmental factors such as rainfall, temperature and soil type. Scientists need to better understand how these factors interact with plants and pollutants to optimize processes.<br />
<br />
* '''Making better use of biomass''' : After absorbing pollutants, plants need to be harvested and processed. Adding value to this contaminated biomass is a major challenge if phytoremediation is to become more profitable. Solutions such as producing energy by burning biomass in boilers equipped with filtration systems are currently being studied.<br />
* '''Creating value from extracted metals''' : In the case of phytoextraction, metals extracted from soils by plants could be recovered and reused. This would create a new source of revenue and make phytoremediation more attractive<ref name=":1" />.<br />
<br />
== References ==</div>Alexia Delpont (983887842)https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Phytoremediation&diff=5101Phytoremediation2024-11-18T09:54:45Z<p>Alexia Delpont (983887842): </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Pratique<br />
|Image=La-phytoremediation-des-sols-pollues-par-les-plantes.jpg<br />
|ImageCaption=The 4 pathways of phytoremediation, CEA, 2016<br />
|Objectif=Soil regeneration<br />
| Tag 1 = Depollution<br />
| Tag 2 = Decontamination<br />
| Tag 3 = Rhizofiltration<br />
| Tag 4 = NBSOIL<br />
| Programme = NBSOIL<br />
}}<br />
Phytoremediation is a technology using '''plant metabolism''' to accumulate, transform, degrade, concentrate, stabilize or volatilize '''pollutants''' (organic and inorganic molecules, metals and radioactive elements) contained in contaminated soil or water. Other technologies use micro-organisms (bacteria, micro-algae), and are referred to as '''bioremediation'''. These are natural decontamination techniques that stand up to conventional methods.<br />
<br />
== Traditional techniques ==<br />
The methods most commonly used today are mechanical and physico-chemical: '''excavation''', use of '''solvents''' and/or '''incineration'''. They are only used on small, heavily contaminated surfaces, due to their '''high cost''' and impact on the landscape : they destructure the soil and greatly reduce its fertility and productivity. Their main advantage is their effectiveness over a treatment period of '''a few weeks''' to a few months<ref>''La phytoremédiation'', CEA, 2016 https://www.cea.fr/multimedia/documents/infographies/posters/defis-du-cea-infograhie-phytoremediation.pdf</ref>. <br />
<br />
== Principles ==<br />
There are four phytoremediation mechanisms:<br />
<br />
* '''Phytovolatilization''' : Transformation and degradation of certain types of pollutants into less toxic volatile elements, which are then released into the atmosphere through plant transpiration (e.g. tobacco).<br />
** Pollutants concerned: some organic compounds and metals (selenium, mercury).<br />
* '''Phytostabilization''' : Absorption and sequestration (or immobilization in the case of rhizofiltration) of pollutants at root level (rhizosphere). Objective: to reduce their dispersion by the wind or leaching by rainwater, and limit their migration and entry into the food chain or water tables (e.g. poplar trees).<br />
** Pollutants concerned: radioelements such as uranium.<br />
<br />
* '''Phytodegradation''' : Absorption and decomposition of contaminants through the release of enzymes and oxidation and reduction processes. The degraded, less toxic pollutants are then incorporated into the plant or released back into the soil (e.g. weeping willow).<br />
** Pollutants concerned: organic compounds (hydrocarbons, pesticides, explosives, etc.).<br />
<br />
* '''Phytoextraction''' : Extraction, transport and accumulation of pollutants in stems and leaves. Plants are known as accumulators. The leaves, or the whole plant, are harvested using agricultural techniques, then burned in factories. Pollutants are concentrated in the ashes and filters, which are then treated as high-level waste in the case of nuclear pollution (e.g. sunflowers).<br />
** Pollutants concerned: metals (copper, gold, etc.) and radioelements (caesium, strontium, etc.).{{Image|Image=Mechanisms in phytoremediation.png}}<br />
<br />
== Types of pollutants/molecules<ref name=":0">''La phytoremédiation'', Dominique Fournon, 1999<nowiki/>https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-01617616v1/file/1999GRE17009_fournon_dominique%281%29%28D%29_SO_version_diffusion.pdf</ref> ==<br />
<br />
* '''Organic compounds'''<br />
** Herbicides (Atrazine, Fluometuron, Metolachlor)<br />
** Trichloroethylene (TCE)<br />
<br />
* '''Inorganic compounds'''<br />
** Heavy metals (Lead, Cadmium, Zinc, Nickel, Copper, Mercury)<br />
** Selenium<br />
** Radionuclides (Cesium 137, Uranium, Strontium 90)<br />
** Boron<br />
<br />
== In practice ==<br />
<br />
* '''Decontamination of a site polluted by trichloroethylene (TCE) using hybrid poplars''' : TCE is a major contaminant of soil and groundwater, presenting carcinogenic risks. Traditional decontamination methods, such as charcoal absorption, are costly and can take several years. Laboratory experiments have shown that hybrid poplars can absorb, transform and volatilize TCE from soil. These trees were chosen for their rapid growth and extensive root system. The poplars succeeded in reducing TCE concentrations in the soil. Further research is needed to optimize the process under real-life conditions and assess the impact of environmental factors.<br />
<br />
* '''Decontamination of Chernobyl radionuclide-contaminated water with sunflowers''' : Following the Chernobyl accident, surface water was contaminated with radionuclides. Rhizofiltration with sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) was used to absorb radionuclides, notably uranium, caesium and strontium. Sunflowers were able to accumulate radionuclides present in water. Further research is needed to assess the sustainability of this method and its impact on the environment<ref name=":0" />.<br />
<br />
* '''Village wastewater treatment using reeds''' : Wastewater from a village in the Savoie region of France was treated using an experimental wastewater treatment plant with macrophyte beds made up of reeds (''Phragmites australis'', ''Typha latifolia'' and ''Scirpus lacustris'').<br />
* '''Biological swimming pools''' : water is filtered by rhizofiltration, a natural process using plants to replace chlorine.<br />
* ''Arabidopsis thaliana'' used to study cesium uptake and translocation<ref name=":1">''Phytoremédiation : des plantes pour dépolluer ?'', CEA, octobre 2017, https://www.cea.fr/multimedia/Documents/publications/les-savanturiers/CEA_SAVANTURIERS_21_simple.pdf</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Benefits ==<br />
<br />
* '''Low''' treatment '''costs''' (10 to 100 times lower than conventional technologies).<br />
* Suitable for '''large contaminated areas''' (tens of hectares).<br />
* Recycling of pollutants.<br />
* '''Valorization''' of residues : biomass can be converted into energy.<br />
* Good social acceptability.<br />
* '''Low disturbance''' to contaminated environment.<br />
<br />
== Limits ==<br />
<br />
* Limited to surfaces that can be colonized by roots.<br />
* Very long treatment time ('''minimum 3 years''').<br />
* '''Dependence on environmental conditions''' : soil type, meteorology, insect attacks, micro-organisms, etc.<br />
* Requires large areas and shallow pollution (50 cm to 3 m ).<br />
* '''Potential ecological risks''' : The dissemination of contaminant-accumulating plants in the environment can pose risks for wildlife, notably via the food chain.<br />
* Application for '''moderate contamination''' to ensure plant survival.<br />
<br />
== Research challenges ==<br />
Scientists face five major challenges in improving phytoremediation processes :<br />
<br />
* '''Reducing treatment times''' : Plants can take several years to clean up a site. Scientists are therefore looking for ways to speed up the process, for example by selecting fast-growing plants or genetically modifying plants to increase their capacity to absorb pollutants.<br />
<br />
* '''Managing cases of multiple contamination''' : Contaminated sites are often polluted by several types of pollutant. Finding plants capable of effectively treating several pollutants at once is a major challenge.<br />
<br />
* '''Take better account of different environmental parameters''' : The effectiveness of phytoremediation can be influenced by environmental factors such as rainfall, temperature and soil type. Scientists need to better understand how these factors interact with plants and pollutants to optimize processes.<br />
<br />
* '''Making better use of biomass''' : After absorbing pollutants, plants need to be harvested and processed. Adding value to this contaminated biomass is a major challenge if phytoremediation is to become more profitable. Solutions such as producing energy by burning biomass in boilers equipped with filtration systems are currently being studied.<br />
* '''Creating value from extracted metals''' : In the case of phytoextraction, metals extracted from soils by plants could be recovered and reused. This would create a new source of revenue and make phytoremediation more attractive<ref name=":1" />.<br />
<br />
== References ==</div>Alexia Delpont (983887842)https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=File:Mechanisms_in_phytoremediation.png&diff=5100File:Mechanisms in phytoremediation.png2024-11-18T09:47:24Z<p>Alexia Delpont (983887842): Uploaded a work by Rohrbacher, Fanny; St-Arnaud, Marc from https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/6/1/19 with UploadWizard</p>
<hr />
<div>=={{int:filedesc}}==<br />
{{Information<br />
|description={{en|1=Mechanisms involved in phytoremediation}}<br />
|date=2016-03-09<br />
|source=https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/6/1/19<br />
|author=Rohrbacher, Fanny; St-Arnaud, Marc<br />
|permission=<br />
|other versions=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=={{int:license-header}}==<br />
{{cc-by-sa-4.0}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Fichier chargé avec l'assistant UploadWizard]]</div>Alexia Delpont (983887842)https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Phytoremediation&diff=5099Phytoremediation2024-11-15T08:57:01Z<p>Alexia Delpont (983887842): </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Pratique<br />
|Image=La-phytoremediation-des-sols-pollues-par-les-plantes.jpg<br />
|ImageCaption=The 4 pathways of phytoremediation, CEA, 2016<br />
|Objectif=Soil regeneration<br />
| Tag 1 = Depollution<br />
| Tag 2 = Decontamination<br />
| Tag 3 = Rhizofiltration<br />
| Tag 4 = NBSOIL<br />
| Programme = NBSOIL<br />
}}<br />
Phytoremediation is a technology using '''plant metabolism''' to accumulate, transform, degrade, concentrate, stabilize or volatilize '''pollutants''' (organic and inorganic molecules, metals and radioactive elements) contained in contaminated soil or water. Other technologies use micro-organisms (bacteria, micro-algae), and are referred to as '''bioremediation'''. These are natural decontamination techniques that stand up to conventional methods.<br />
<br />
== Traditional techniques ==<br />
The methods most commonly used today are mechanical and physico-chemical: '''excavation''', use of '''solvents''' and/or '''incineration'''. They are only used on small, heavily contaminated surfaces, due to their '''high cost''' and impact on the landscape : they destructure the soil and greatly reduce its fertility and productivity. Their main advantage is their effectiveness over a treatment period of '''a few weeks''' to a few months<ref>''La phytoremédiation'', CEA, 2016 https://www.cea.fr/multimedia/documents/infographies/posters/defis-du-cea-infograhie-phytoremediation.pdf</ref>. <br />
<br />
== Principles ==<br />
There are four phytoremediation mechanisms:<br />
<br />
* '''Phytovolatilization''' : Transformation and degradation of certain types of pollutants into less toxic volatile elements, which are then released into the atmosphere through plant transpiration (e.g. tobacco).<br />
** Pollutants concerned: some organic compounds and metals (selenium, mercury).<br />
* '''Phytostabilization''' : Absorption and sequestration (or immobilization in the case of rhizofiltration) of pollutants at root level (rhizosphere). Objective: to reduce their dispersion by the wind or leaching by rainwater, and limit their migration and entry into the food chain or water tables (e.g. poplar trees).<br />
** Pollutants concerned: radioelements such as uranium.<br />
<br />
* '''Phytodegradation''' : Absorption and decomposition of contaminants through the release of enzymes and oxidation and reduction processes. The degraded, less toxic pollutants are then incorporated into the plant or released back into the soil (e.g. weeping willow).<br />
** Pollutants concerned: organic compounds (hydrocarbons, pesticides, explosives, etc.).<br />
<br />
* '''Phytoextraction''' : Extraction, transport and accumulation of pollutants in stems and leaves. Plants are known as accumulators. The leaves, or the whole plant, are harvested using agricultural techniques, then burned in factories. Pollutants are concentrated in the ashes and filters, which are then treated as high-level waste in the case of nuclear pollution (e.g. sunflowers).<br />
** Pollutants concerned: metals (copper, gold, etc.) and radioelements (caesium, strontium, etc.).<br />
<br />
== Types of pollutants/molecules<ref name=":0">''La phytoremédiation'', Dominique Fournon, 1999<nowiki/>https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-01617616v1/file/1999GRE17009_fournon_dominique%281%29%28D%29_SO_version_diffusion.pdf</ref> ==<br />
<br />
* '''Organic compounds'''<br />
** Herbicides (Atrazine, Fluometuron, Metolachlor)<br />
** Trichloroethylene (TCE)<br />
<br />
* '''Inorganic compounds'''<br />
** Heavy metals (Lead, Cadmium, Zinc, Nickel, Copper, Mercury)<br />
** Selenium<br />
** Radionuclides (Cesium 137, Uranium, Strontium 90)<br />
** Boron<br />
<br />
== In practice ==<br />
<br />
* '''Decontamination of a site polluted by trichloroethylene (TCE) using hybrid poplars''' : TCE is a major contaminant of soil and groundwater, presenting carcinogenic risks. Traditional decontamination methods, such as charcoal absorption, are costly and can take several years. Laboratory experiments have shown that hybrid poplars can absorb, transform and volatilize TCE from soil. These trees were chosen for their rapid growth and extensive root system. The poplars succeeded in reducing TCE concentrations in the soil. Further research is needed to optimize the process under real-life conditions and assess the impact of environmental factors.<br />
<br />
* '''Decontamination of Chernobyl radionuclide-contaminated water with sunflowers''' : Following the Chernobyl accident, surface water was contaminated with radionuclides. Rhizofiltration with sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) was used to absorb radionuclides, notably uranium, caesium and strontium. Sunflowers were able to accumulate radionuclides present in water. Further research is needed to assess the sustainability of this method and its impact on the environment<ref name=":0" />.<br />
<br />
* '''Village wastewater treatment using reeds''' : Wastewater from a village in the Savoie region of France was treated using an experimental wastewater treatment plant with macrophyte beds made up of reeds (''Phragmites australis'', ''Typha latifolia'' and ''Scirpus lacustris'').<br />
* '''Biological swimming pools''' : water is filtered by rhizofiltration, a natural process using plants to replace chlorine.<br />
* ''Arabidopsis thaliana'' used to study cesium uptake and translocation<ref name=":1">''Phytoremédiation : des plantes pour dépolluer ?'', CEA, octobre 2017, https://www.cea.fr/multimedia/Documents/publications/les-savanturiers/CEA_SAVANTURIERS_21_simple.pdf</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Benefits ==<br />
<br />
* '''Low''' treatment '''costs''' (10 to 100 times lower than conventional technologies).<br />
* Suitable for '''large contaminated areas''' (tens of hectares).<br />
* Recycling of pollutants.<br />
* '''Valorization''' of residues : biomass can be converted into energy.<br />
* Good social acceptability.<br />
* '''Low disturbance''' to contaminated environment.<br />
<br />
== Limits ==<br />
<br />
* Limited to surfaces that can be colonized by roots.<br />
* Very long treatment time ('''minimum 3 years''').<br />
* '''Dependence on environmental conditions''' : soil type, meteorology, insect attacks, micro-organisms, etc.<br />
* Requires large areas and shallow pollution (50 cm to 3 m ).<br />
* '''Potential ecological risks''' : The dissemination of contaminant-accumulating plants in the environment can pose risks for wildlife, notably via the food chain.<br />
* Application for '''moderate contamination''' to ensure plant survival.<br />
<br />
== Research challenges ==<br />
Scientists face five major challenges in improving phytoremediation processes :<br />
<br />
* '''Reducing treatment times''' : Plants can take several years to clean up a site. Scientists are therefore looking for ways to speed up the process, for example by selecting fast-growing plants or genetically modifying plants to increase their capacity to absorb pollutants.<br />
<br />
* '''Managing cases of multiple contamination''' : Contaminated sites are often polluted by several types of pollutant. Finding plants capable of effectively treating several pollutants at once is a major challenge.<br />
<br />
* '''Take better account of different environmental parameters''' : The effectiveness of phytoremediation can be influenced by environmental factors such as rainfall, temperature and soil type. Scientists need to better understand how these factors interact with plants and pollutants to optimize processes.<br />
<br />
* '''Making better use of biomass''' : After absorbing pollutants, plants need to be harvested and processed. Adding value to this contaminated biomass is a major challenge if phytoremediation is to become more profitable. Solutions such as producing energy by burning biomass in boilers equipped with filtration systems are currently being studied.<br />
* '''Creating value from extracted metals''' : In the case of phytoextraction, metals extracted from soils by plants could be recovered and reused. This would create a new source of revenue and make phytoremediation more attractive<ref name=":1" />.<br />
<br />
== References ==</div>Alexia Delpont (983887842)https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Phytoremediation&diff=5098Phytoremediation2024-11-15T08:43:19Z<p>Alexia Delpont (983887842): </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Pratique<br />
|Image=La-phytoremediation-des-sols-pollues-par-les-plantes.jpg<br />
|ImageCaption=The 4 pathways of phytoremediation, CEA, 2016<br />
|Objectif=Soil regeneration<br />
| Tag 1 = Depollution<br />
| Tag 2 = Decontamination<br />
| Tag 3 = Rhizofiltration<br />
| Tag 4 = NBSOIL<br />
| Programme = NBSOIL<br />
}}<br />
Phytoremediation is a technology using '''plant metabolism''' to accumulate, transform, degrade, concentrate, stabilize or volatilize '''pollutants''' (organic and inorganic molecules, metals and radioactive elements) contained in contaminated soil or water. Other technologies use micro-organisms (bacteria, micro-algae), and are referred to as '''bioremediation'''. These are natural decontamination techniques that stand up to conventional methods.<br />
<br />
== Traditional techniques ==<br />
The methods most commonly used today are mechanical and physico-chemical: '''excavation''', use of '''solvents''' and/or '''incineration'''. They are only used on small, heavily contaminated surfaces, due to their '''high cost''' and impact on the landscape : they destructure the soil and greatly reduce its fertility and productivity. Their main advantage is their effectiveness over a treatment period of '''a few weeks''' to a few months<ref>''La phytoremédiation'', CEA, 2016 https://www.cea.fr/multimedia/documents/infographies/posters/defis-du-cea-infograhie-phytoremediation.pdf</ref>. <br />
<br />
== Principles ==<br />
There are four phytoremediation mechanisms:<br />
<br />
* '''Phytovolatilization''' : Transformation and degradation of certain types of pollutants into less toxic volatile elements, which are then released into the atmosphere through plant transpiration (e.g. tobacco).<br />
** Pollutants concerned: some organic compounds and metals (selenium, mercury).<br />
* '''Phytostabilization''' : Absorption and sequestration (or immobilization in the case of rhizofiltration) of pollutants at root level (rhizosphere). Objective: to reduce their dispersion by the wind or leaching by rainwater, and limit their migration and entry into the food chain or water tables (e.g. poplar trees).<br />
** Pollutants concerned: radioelements such as uranium.<br />
<br />
* '''Phytodegradation''' : Absorption and decomposition of contaminants through the release of enzymes and oxidation and reduction processes. The degraded, less toxic pollutants are then incorporated into the plant or released back into the soil (e.g. weeping willow).<br />
** Pollutants concerned: organic compounds (hydrocarbons, pesticides, explosives, etc.).<br />
<br />
* '''Phytoextraction''' : Extraction, transport and accumulation of pollutants in stems and leaves. Plants are known as accumulators. The leaves, or the whole plant, are harvested using agricultural techniques, then burned in factories. Pollutants are concentrated in the ashes and filters, which are then treated as high-level waste in the case of nuclear pollution (e.g. sunflowers).<br />
** Pollutants concerned: metals (copper, gold, etc.) and radioelements (caesium, strontium, etc.).<br />
<br />
== Types of pollutants/molecules ==<br />
<br />
* '''Organic compounds'''<br />
** Herbicides (Atrazine, Fluometuron, Metolachlor)<br />
** Trichloroethylene (TCE)<br />
<br />
* '''Inorganic compounds'''<br />
** Heavy metals (Lead, Cadmium, Zinc, Nickel, Copper, Mercury)<br />
** Selenium<br />
** Radionuclides (Cesium 137, Uranium, Strontium 90)<br />
** Boron<br />
<br />
== In practice ==<br />
<br />
* '''Decontamination of a site polluted by trichloroethylene (TCE) using hybrid poplars''' : TCE is a major contaminant of soil and groundwater, presenting carcinogenic risks. Traditional decontamination methods, such as charcoal absorption, are costly and can take several years. Laboratory experiments have shown that hybrid poplars can absorb, transform and volatilize TCE from soil. These trees were chosen for their rapid growth and extensive root system. The poplars succeeded in reducing TCE concentrations in the soil. Further research is needed to optimize the process under real-life conditions and assess the impact of environmental factors.<br />
<br />
* '''Decontamination of Chernobyl radionuclide-contaminated water with sunflowers''' : Following the Chernobyl accident, surface water was contaminated with radionuclides. Rhizofiltration with sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) was used to absorb radionuclides, notably uranium, caesium and strontium. Sunflowers were able to accumulate radionuclides present in water. Further research is needed to assess the sustainability of this method and its impact on the environment.<br />
<br />
* '''Village wastewater treatment using reeds''' : Wastewater from a village in the Savoie region of France was treated using an experimental wastewater treatment plant with macrophyte beds made up of reeds (''Phragmites australis'', ''Typha latifolia'' and ''Scirpus lacustris'').<br />
* '''Biological swimming pools''' : water is filtered by rhizofiltration, a natural process using plants to replace chlorine.<br />
* ''Arabidopsis thaliana'' used to study cesium uptake and translocation.<br />
<br />
== Benefits ==<br />
<br />
* '''Low''' treatment '''costs''' (10 to 100 times lower than conventional technologies).<br />
* Suitable for '''large contaminated areas''' (tens of hectares).<br />
* Recycling of pollutants.<br />
* '''Valorization''' of residues : biomass can be converted into energy.<br />
* Good social acceptability.<br />
* '''Low disturbance''' to contaminated environment.<br />
<br />
== Limits ==<br />
<br />
* Limited to surfaces that can be colonized by roots.<br />
* Very long treatment time ('''minimum 3 years''').<br />
* '''Dependence on environmental conditions''' : soil type, meteorology, insect attacks, micro-organisms, etc.<br />
* Requires large areas and shallow pollution (50 cm to 3 m ).<br />
* '''Potential ecological risks''' : The dissemination of contaminant-accumulating plants in the environment can pose risks for wildlife, notably via the food chain.<br />
* Application for '''moderate contamination''' to ensure plant survival.<br />
<br />
== Research challenges ==<br />
Scientists face five major challenges in improving phytoremediation processes :<br />
<br />
* '''Reducing treatment times''' : Plants can take several years to clean up a site. Scientists are therefore looking for ways to speed up the process, for example by selecting fast-growing plants or genetically modifying plants to increase their capacity to absorb pollutants.<br />
<br />
* '''Managing cases of multiple contamination''' : Contaminated sites are often polluted by several types of pollutant. Finding plants capable of effectively treating several pollutants at once is a major challenge.<br />
<br />
* '''Take better account of different environmental parameters''' : The effectiveness of phytoremediation can be influenced by environmental factors such as rainfall, temperature and soil type. Scientists need to better understand how these factors interact with plants and pollutants to optimize processes.<br />
<br />
* '''Making better use of biomass''' : After absorbing pollutants, plants need to be harvested and processed. Adding value to this contaminated biomass is a major challenge if phytoremediation is to become more profitable. Solutions such as producing energy by burning biomass in boilers equipped with filtration systems are currently being studied.<br />
* '''Creating value from extracted metals''' : In the case of phytoextraction, metals extracted from soils by plants could be recovered and reused. This would create a new source of revenue and make phytoremediation more attractive.<br />
<br />
== References ==</div>Alexia Delpont (983887842)https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Phytoremediation&diff=5097Phytoremediation2024-11-15T08:31:30Z<p>Alexia Delpont (983887842): </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Pratique<br />
|Image=La-phytoremediation-des-sols-pollues-par-les-plantes.jpg<br />
|ImageCaption=The 4 pathways of phytoremediation, CEA, 2016<br />
|Objectif=Soil regeneration<br />
| Tag 1 = Depollution<br />
| Tag 2 = Decontamination<br />
| Tag 3 = Rhizofiltration<br />
| Tag 4 = NBSOIL<br />
| Programme = NBSOIL<br />
}}<br />
Phytoremediation is a technology using '''plant metabolism''' to accumulate, transform, degrade, concentrate, stabilize or volatilize '''pollutants''' (organic and inorganic molecules, metals and radioactive elements) contained in contaminated soil or water. Other technologies use micro-organisms (bacteria, micro-algae), and are referred to as '''bioremediation'''. These are natural decontamination techniques that stand up to conventional methods.<br />
<br />
== Traditional techniques ==<br />
The methods most commonly used today are mechanical and physico-chemical: '''excavation''', use of '''solvents''' and/or '''incineration'''. They are only used on small, heavily contaminated surfaces, due to their '''high cost''' and impact on the landscape : they destructure the soil and greatly reduce its fertility and productivity. Their main advantage is their effectiveness over a treatment period of '''a few weeks''' to a few months<ref>''La phytoremédiation'', CEA, 2016 https://www.cea.fr/multimedia/documents/infographies/posters/defis-du-cea-infograhie-phytoremediation.pdf</ref>. <br />
<br />
== Principles ==<br />
There are four phytoremediation mechanisms:<br />
<br />
* '''Phytovolatilization''' : Transformation and degradation of certain types of pollutants into less toxic volatile elements, which are then released into the atmosphere through plant transpiration (e.g. tobacco).<br />
** Pollutants concerned: some organic compounds and metals (selenium, mercury).<br />
* '''Phytostabilization''' : Absorption and sequestration (or immobilization in the case of rhizofiltration) of pollutants at root level (rhizosphere). Objective: to reduce their dispersion by the wind or leaching by rainwater, and limit their migration and entry into the food chain or water tables (e.g. poplar trees).<br />
** Pollutants concerned: radioelements such as uranium.<br />
<br />
* '''Phytodegradation''' : Absorption and decomposition of contaminants through the release of enzymes and oxidation and reduction processes. The degraded, less toxic pollutants are then incorporated into the plant or released back into the soil (e.g. weeping willow).<br />
** Pollutants concerned: organic compounds (hydrocarbons, pesticides, explosives, etc.).<br />
<br />
* '''Phytoextraction''' : Extraction, transport and accumulation of pollutants in stems and leaves. Plants are known as accumulators. The leaves, or the whole plant, are harvested using agricultural techniques, then burned in factories. Pollutants are concentrated in the ashes and filters, which are then treated as high-level waste in the case of nuclear pollution (e.g. sunflowers).<br />
** Pollutants concerned: metals (copper, gold, etc.) and radioelements (caesium, strontium, etc.).<br />
**</div>Alexia Delpont (983887842)https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Phytoremediation&diff=5096Phytoremediation2024-11-15T08:23:27Z<p>Alexia Delpont (983887842): </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Pratique<br />
|Image=La-phytoremediation-des-sols-pollues-par-les-plantes.jpg<br />
|ImageCaption=The 4 pathways of phytoremediation, CEA, 2016<br />
|Objectif=Soil regeneration<br />
| Tag 1 = Depollution<br />
| Tag 2 = Decontamination<br />
| Tag 3 = Rhizofiltration<br />
| Tag 4 = NBSOIL<br />
| Programme = NBSOIL<br />
}}<br />
Phytoremediation is a technology using '''plant metabolism''' to accumulate, transform, degrade, concentrate, stabilize or volatilize '''pollutants''' (organic and inorganic molecules, metals and radioactive elements) contained in contaminated soil or water. Other technologies use micro-organisms (bacteria, micro-algae), and are referred to as '''bioremediation'''. These are natural decontamination techniques that stand up to conventional methods.</div>Alexia Delpont (983887842)https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Phytoremediation&diff=5095Phytoremediation2024-11-15T08:19:06Z<p>Alexia Delpont (983887842): </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Pratique<br />
|Image=La-phytoremediation-des-sols-pollues-par-les-plantes.jpg<br />
|ImageCaption=Les 4 voies de la phytoremédiation, CEA, 2016<br />
|Objectif=Régénération des sols<br />
| Tag 1 = Dépollution<br />
| Tag 2 = Décontamination<br />
| Tag 3 = Rhizofiltration<br />
| Tag 4 = NBSOIL<br />
| Programme = NBSOIL<br />
}}<br />
Phytoremediation is a technology using '''plant metabolism''' to accumulate, transform, degrade, concentrate, stabilize or volatilize '''pollutants''' (organic and inorganic molecules, metals and radioactive elements) contained in contaminated soil or water. Other technologies use micro-organisms (bacteria, micro-algae), and are referred to as '''bioremediation'''. These are natural decontamination techniques that stand up to conventional methods.</div>Alexia Delpont (983887842)https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Phytoremediation&diff=5094Phytoremediation2024-11-15T08:18:20Z<p>Alexia Delpont (983887842): Created page with "{{Pratique |Image=La-phytoremediation-des-sols-pollues-par-les-plantes.jpg |ImageCaption=Les 4 voies de la phytoremédiation, CEA, 2016 |Objectif=Régénération des sols | Tag 1 = Dépollution | Tag 2 = Décontamination | Tag 3 = Rhizofiltration | Tag 4 = NBSOIL | Programme = NBSOIL }} Phytoremediation is a technology using plant metabolism to accumulate, transform, degrade, concentrate, stabilize or volatilize pollutants (organic and inorganic molecules, metals and rad..."</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Pratique<br />
|Image=La-phytoremediation-des-sols-pollues-par-les-plantes.jpg<br />
|ImageCaption=Les 4 voies de la phytoremédiation, CEA, 2016<br />
|Objectif=Régénération des sols<br />
| Tag 1 = Dépollution<br />
| Tag 2 = Décontamination<br />
| Tag 3 = Rhizofiltration<br />
| Tag 4 = NBSOIL<br />
| Programme = NBSOIL<br />
}}<br />
Phytoremediation is a technology using plant metabolism to accumulate, transform, degrade, concentrate, stabilize or volatilize pollutants (organic and inorganic molecules, metals and radioactive elements) contained in contaminated soil or water. Other technologies use micro-organisms (bacteria, micro-algae), and are referred to as bioremediation. These are natural decontamination techniques that stand up to conventional methods.</div>Alexia Delpont (983887842)https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Glomalin&diff=5092Glomalin2024-11-14T16:07:02Z<p>Alexia Delpont (983887842): </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Pratique<br />
|Image=Img14.jpg<br />
|ImageCaption=Glomalin (green) on the surface of mycelial hyphae and soil aggregates, USDA<br />
|Objectif=Carbon cycle and greenhouse gases@ Soil erosion@ Soil regeneration@ Water management<br />
|Tag 1 = Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi<br />
|Tag 2 = Mycorrhizae<br />
|Tag 3 = Carbon cycle and greenhouse gases<br />
|Tag 4 = NBSOIL<br />
| Programme = NBSOIL<br />
}}<br />
It is a '''hydrophobic''', '''heat-tolerant glycoprotein''' found on the surface of mycorrhizal '''spores''' and '''mycelia'''<ref>Les mycorhizes, l’azote, l’eau et la glomaline, J. André Fortin, 2016, https://www.agrireseau.net/blogue/93742/les-mycorhizes-l_azote-l_eau-et-la-glomaline</ref>. Glomalin plays an essential role in '''soil structure''' and '''fertility''', as well as in '''carbon sequestration'''. This molecule was discovered by Sara F. Wright in 1996<ref>''Time-course study and partial characterization of a protein on hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi during active colonization of roots'', S. F. Wright and all., 1996, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00012053</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Origin ==<br />
[[File:Glomaline_hyphea.png|alt=La glomaline joue le rôle de colle entre le réseau d'hyphes et les agrégats (USDA)|thumb|'''Glomalin''' acts as a '''glue''' between the hyphal network and the aggregates (USDA)]]<br />
'''Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi''' (AMF) are ancient micro-organisms that evolved with plants to help them acquire nutrients. Most plants (around 70-80% of vascular plants) are '''mycorrhizal'''. The '''hyphae''' of AMFs extend into the soil and explore a larger volume of soil for nutrient uptake. They produce glomalin, which covers and protects the hyphae<ref name=":0">''What is Glomalin ?'', USDA, 2002 https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/30640500/Glomalin/Glomalinbrochure.pdf</ref>. Often referred to as the “'''soil glue'''”, it contributes to the formation of stable aggregates, reinforcing soil structure. Glomalin is also known as “glomalin-related soil protein” or '''GRSP'''.<br />
<br />
== Key roles ==<br />
<br />
=== Aggregate formation and soil health ===<br />
Glomalin has several properties that make it an excellent protector of soil hyphae and aggregates :<br />
<br />
* '''Resistance''' : It is extremely resistant to decomposition by soil micro-organisms. Its lifespan in the soil is estimated at between 10 and 50 years. This resistance enables it to protect the hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from microbial attack and maintain the stability of soil aggregates over the long term.<br />
* '''Insolubility in water''' : This property is essential for maintaining the integrity of hyphae and soil aggregates in the presence of water, thus preventing their degradation and the loss of nutrients.<br />
* '''Thermal stability''' : It is soluble at 121°C, enabling it to be extracted and analyzed in the laboratory, while underlining its resistance to variable environmental conditions.<br />
* '''Binding capacity''' : These bonds contribute to the formation of stable, erosion-resistant aggregates.<br />
* '''Formation of a protective coating''' : It forms a physical barrier that protects AMF from nutrient loss and mechanical damage.<br />
<br />
These combined properties make glomalin a key element in soil health: retaining water, reducing compaction, increasing nutrient availability, limiting water and wind erosion<ref name=":0" />.<br />
<br />
=== Carbon sequestration ===<br />
This slow-decomposing substance accounts for a third of the carbon sequestered in the world's soils.<br />
<br />
* '''Direct carbon storage''' : The glomalin molecule itself contains between 30 and 40% carbon, meaning that a significant proportion of soil carbon is stored directly in the glomalin structure.<br />
* '''Protection of stored carbon''' : The soil aggregates formed by glomalin protect the organic carbon stored in the soil from decomposition by microbes. The stable structure of the aggregates makes the carbon less accessible to micro-organisms, slowing its release into the atmosphere.<br />
* '''Lifespan''' : Its long lifespan in the soil enables long-term carbon storage.<br />
* '''Abundance in the soil''' : It represents a significant proportion of soil organic matter. Studies have shown that it can constitute up to 27% of total soil carbon, surpassing humic acid, long considered the main contributor to soil carbon<ref>''Glomalin: Hiding Place for a Third of the World's Stored Soil Carbon'', Sara F. Wright et Kristine A. Nichols, USDA-ARS, 2002, https://agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov/2002/sep/soil</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Farming practices that promote glomalin synthesis ==<br />
<br />
* '''Minimize or eliminate tillage''' : No-tillage or minimal tillage preserves the integrity of the mycelial network, thus promoting glomalin production.<br />
* Use '''cover crops''' to maintain living roots and stimulate CMA.<br />
* Reduce inputs, especially '''phosphorus'''<ref name=":0" />. Excessive phosphorus in the soil can inhibit CMA development and reduce glomalin production.<br />
* '''Encourage mycorrhizal crops''' : It's important to note that non-mycorrhizal crops (rapeseed, cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower) do not produce glomalin.<br />
<br />
== Slake test ==<br />
[[File:Slake-test.png|On the left, soil from a field that has been managed '''without tillage''' for several years. On the right, soil from a '''conventionally tilled field'''.|thumb|422x422px]]<br />
The slake test is a quick and easy way of assessing the cohesion of soil aggregates<ref>''Soil Glue'', USDA, 2010, https://agriculture-de-conservation.com/sites/agriculture-de-conservation.com/IMG/pdf/cohesion-sol.pdf</ref>.<br />
<br />
Materials & preparation :<br />
<br />
*2 wide-mouth glass jars.<br />
*2 pieces of wire mesh 0.6cm by about 4cm x 15 cm.<br />
*2 clods of soil, each about the size of an egg, the first 5cm of soil from two different areas.<br />
<br />
When the soil is undisturbed, more animals, more plants and more micro-organisms develop in the soil. The amount of glomalin increases and the soil holds together better.<br />
<br />
==Research challenges==<br />
Although its role as a pollutant sequestrant has not yet been proven, studies are underway to evaluate it<ref>''The role of glomalin, a protein produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, in sequestrating potentially toxic elements'', S. F. Wright et al., 2004</ref>.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references /></div>Alexia Delpont (983887842)https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Glomalin&diff=5091Glomalin2024-11-14T16:06:01Z<p>Alexia Delpont (983887842): </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Pratique<br />
|Image=Img14.jpg<br />
|ImageCaption=Glomalin (green) on the surface of mycelial hyphae and soil aggregates, USDA<br />
|Objectif=Carbon cycle and greenhouse gases@ Soil erosion@ Soil regeneration@ Water management<br />
|Tag 1 = Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi<br />
|Tag 2 = Mycorrhizae<br />
|Tag 3 = Carbon cycle and greenhouse gases<br />
|Tag 4 = NBSOIL<br />
| Programme = NBSOIL<br />
}}<br />
It is a '''hydrophobic''', '''heat-tolerant glycoprotein''' found on the surface of mycorrhizal '''spores''' and '''mycelia'''<ref>Les mycorhizes, l’azote, l’eau et la glomaline, J. André Fortin, 2016, https://www.agrireseau.net/blogue/93742/les-mycorhizes-l_azote-l_eau-et-la-glomaline</ref>. Glomalin plays an essential role in '''soil structure''' and '''fertility''', as well as in '''carbon sequestration'''. This molecule was discovered by Sara F. Wright in 1996<ref>''Time-course study and partial characterization of a protein on hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi during active colonization of roots'', S. F. Wright and all., 1996, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00012053</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Origin ==<br />
[[File:Glomaline_hyphea.png|alt=La glomaline joue le rôle de colle entre le réseau d'hyphes et les agrégats (USDA)|thumb|'''Glomalin''' acts as a '''glue''' between the hyphal network and the aggregates (USDA)]]<br />
'''Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi''' (AMF) are ancient micro-organisms that evolved with plants to help them acquire nutrients. Most plants (around 70-80% of vascular plants) are '''mycorrhizal'''. The '''hyphae''' of AMFs extend into the soil and explore a larger volume of soil for nutrient uptake. They produce glomalin, which covers and protects the hyphae<ref name=":0">''What is Glomalin ?'', USDA, 2002 https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/30640500/Glomalin/Glomalinbrochure.pdf</ref>. Often referred to as the “'''soil glue'''”, it contributes to the formation of stable aggregates, reinforcing soil structure. Glomalin is also known as “glomalin-related soil protein” or '''GRSP'''.<br />
<br />
== Key roles ==<br />
<br />
=== Aggregate formation and soil health ===<br />
Glomalin has several properties that make it an excellent protector of soil hyphae and aggregates :<br />
<br />
* '''Resistance''' : It is extremely resistant to decomposition by soil micro-organisms. Its lifespan in the soil is estimated at between 10 and 50 years. This resistance enables it to protect the hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from microbial attack and maintain the stability of soil aggregates over the long term.<br />
* '''Insolubility in water''' : This property is essential for maintaining the integrity of hyphae and soil aggregates in the presence of water, thus preventing their degradation and the loss of nutrients.<br />
* '''Thermal stability''' : It is soluble at 121°C, enabling it to be extracted and analyzed in the laboratory, while underlining its resistance to variable environmental conditions.<br />
* '''Binding capacity''' : These bonds contribute to the formation of stable, erosion-resistant aggregates.<br />
* '''Formation of a protective coating''' : It forms a physical barrier that protects AMF from nutrient loss and mechanical damage.<br />
<br />
These combined properties make glomalin a key element in soil health: retaining water, reducing compaction, increasing nutrient availability, limiting water and wind erosion<ref name=":0" />.<br />
<br />
=== Carbon sequestration ===<br />
This slow-decomposing substance accounts for a third of the carbon sequestered in the world's soils.<br />
<br />
* '''Direct carbon storage''' : The glomalin molecule itself contains between 30 and 40% carbon, meaning that a significant proportion of soil carbon is stored directly in the glomalin structure.<br />
* '''Protection of stored carbon''' : The soil aggregates formed by glomalin protect the organic carbon stored in the soil from decomposition by microbes. The stable structure of the aggregates makes the carbon less accessible to micro-organisms, slowing its release into the atmosphere.<br />
* '''Lifespan''' : Its long lifespan in the soil enables long-term carbon storage.<br />
* '''Abundance in the soil''' : It represents a significant proportion of soil organic matter. Studies have shown that it can constitute up to 27% of total soil carbon, surpassing humic acid, long considered the main contributor to soil carbon<ref>''Glomalin: Hiding Place for a Third of the World's Stored Soil Carbon'', Sara F. Wright et Kristine A. Nichols, USDA-ARS, 2002, https://agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov/2002/sep/soil</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Farming practices that promote glomalin synthesis ==<br />
<br />
* '''Minimize or eliminate tillage''' : No-tillage or minimal tillage preserves the integrity of the mycelial network, thus promoting glomalin production.<br />
* Use '''cover crops''' to maintain living roots and stimulate CMA.<br />
* Reduce inputs, especially '''phosphorus'''<ref name=":0" />. Excessive phosphorus in the soil can inhibit CMA development and reduce glomalin production.<br />
* '''Encourage mycorrhizal crops''' : It's important to note that non-mycorrhizal crops (rapeseed, cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower) do not produce glomalin.<br />
<br />
== Slake test ==<br />
[[File:Slake-test.png|vignette|422x422px|On the left, soil from a field that has been managed without tillage for several years. On the right, soil from a conventionally tilled field.]]<br />
The slake test is a quick and easy way of assessing the cohesion of soil aggregates<ref>''Soil Glue'', USDA, 2010, https://agriculture-de-conservation.com/sites/agriculture-de-conservation.com/IMG/pdf/cohesion-sol.pdf</ref>.<br />
<br />
Materials & preparation :<br />
<br />
* 2 wide-mouth glass jars.<br />
* 2 pieces of wire mesh 0.6cm by about 4cm x 15 cm.<br />
* 2 clods of soil, each about the size of an egg, the first 5cm of soil from two different areas.<br />
<br />
When the soil is undisturbed, more animals, more plants and more micro-organisms develop in the soil. The amount of glomalin increases and the soil holds together better.<br />
<br />
== Research challenges ==<br />
Although its role as a pollutant sequestrant has not yet been proven, studies are underway to evaluate it<ref>''The role of glomalin, a protein produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, in sequestrating potentially toxic elements'', S. F. Wright et al., 2004</ref>.<br />
<br />
== References ==</div>Alexia Delpont (983887842)https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Glomalin&diff=5090Glomalin2024-11-14T15:57:48Z<p>Alexia Delpont (983887842): </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Pratique<br />
|Image=Img14.jpg<br />
|ImageCaption=Glomalin (green) on the surface of mycelial hyphae and soil aggregates, USDA<br />
|Objectif=Carbon cycle and greenhouse gases@ Soil erosion@ Soil regeneration@ Water management<br />
|Tag 1 = Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi<br />
|Tag 2 = Mycorrhizae<br />
|Tag 3 = Carbon cycle and greenhouse gases<br />
|Tag 4 = NBSOIL<br />
| Programme = NBSOIL<br />
}}<br />
It is a '''hydrophobic''', '''heat-tolerant glycoprotein''' found on the surface of mycorrhizal '''spores''' and '''mycelia'''<ref>Les mycorhizes, l’azote, l’eau et la glomaline, J. André Fortin, 2016, https://www.agrireseau.net/blogue/93742/les-mycorhizes-l_azote-l_eau-et-la-glomaline</ref>. Glomalin plays an essential role in '''soil structure''' and '''fertility''', as well as in '''carbon sequestration'''. This molecule was discovered by Sara F. Wright in 1996<ref>''Time-course study and partial characterization of a protein on hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi during active colonization of roots'', S. F. Wright and all., 1996, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00012053</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Origin ==<br />
[[File:Glomaline_hyphea.png|alt=La glomaline joue le rôle de colle entre le réseau d'hyphes et les agrégats (USDA)|thumb|'''Glomalin''' acts as a '''glue''' between the hyphal network and the aggregates (USDA)]]<br />
'''Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi''' (AMF) are ancient micro-organisms that evolved with plants to help them acquire nutrients. Most plants (around 70-80% of vascular plants) are '''mycorrhizal'''. The '''hyphae''' of AMFs extend into the soil and explore a larger volume of soil for nutrient uptake. They produce glomalin, which covers and protects the hyphae<ref name=":0">''What is Glomalin ?'', USDA, 2002 https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/30640500/Glomalin/Glomalinbrochure.pdf</ref>. Often referred to as the “'''soil glue'''”, it contributes to the formation of stable aggregates, reinforcing soil structure. Glomalin is also known as “glomalin-related soil protein” or '''GRSP'''.<br />
<br />
== Key roles ==<br />
<br />
=== Aggregate formation and soil health ===<br />
Glomalin has several properties that make it an excellent protector of soil hyphae and aggregates :<br />
<br />
* '''Resistance''' : It is extremely resistant to decomposition by soil micro-organisms. Its lifespan in the soil is estimated at between 10 and 50 years. This resistance enables it to protect the hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from microbial attack and maintain the stability of soil aggregates over the long term.<br />
* '''Insolubility in water''' : This property is essential for maintaining the integrity of hyphae and soil aggregates in the presence of water, thus preventing their degradation and the loss of nutrients.<br />
* '''Thermal stability''' : It is soluble at 121°C, enabling it to be extracted and analyzed in the laboratory, while underlining its resistance to variable environmental conditions.<br />
* '''Binding capacity''' : These bonds contribute to the formation of stable, erosion-resistant aggregates.<br />
* '''Formation of a protective coating''' : It forms a physical barrier that protects AMF from nutrient loss and mechanical damage.<br />
<br />
These combined properties make glomalin a key element in soil health: retaining water, reducing compaction, increasing nutrient availability, limiting water and wind erosion<ref name=":0" />.<br />
<br />
=== Carbon sequestration ===<br />
This slow-decomposing substance accounts for a third of the carbon sequestered in the world's soils.<br />
<br />
* '''Direct carbon storage''' : The glomalin molecule itself contains between 30 and 40% carbon, meaning that a significant proportion of soil carbon is stored directly in the glomalin structure.<br />
* '''Protection of stored carbon''' : The soil aggregates formed by glomalin protect the organic carbon stored in the soil from decomposition by microbes. The stable structure of the aggregates makes the carbon less accessible to micro-organisms, slowing its release into the atmosphere.<br />
* '''Lifespan''' : Its long lifespan in the soil enables long-term carbon storage.<br />
* '''Abundance in the soil''' : It represents a significant proportion of soil organic matter. Studies have shown that it can constitute up to 27% of total soil carbon, surpassing humic acid, long considered the main contributor to soil carbon<ref>''Glomalin: Hiding Place for a Third of the World's Stored Soil Carbon'', Sara F. Wright et Kristine A. Nichols, USDA-ARS, 2002, https://agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov/2002/sep/soil</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Farming practices that promote glomalin synthesis ==<br />
<br />
* '''Minimize or eliminate tillage''' : No-tillage or minimal tillage preserves the integrity of the mycelial network, thus promoting glomalin production.<br />
* Use '''cover crops''' to maintain living roots and stimulate CMA.<br />
* Reduce inputs, especially '''phosphorus'''<ref name=":0" />. Excessive phosphorus in the soil can inhibit CMA development and reduce glomalin production.<br />
* '''Encourage mycorrhizal crops''' : It's important to note that non-mycorrhizal crops (rapeseed, cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower) do not produce glomalin.<br />
<br />
== Slake test ==<br />
The slake test is a quick and easy way of assessing the cohesion of soil aggregates<ref>''Soil Glue'', USDA, 2010, https://agriculture-de-conservation.com/sites/agriculture-de-conservation.com/IMG/pdf/cohesion-sol.pdf</ref>.<br />
<br />
Materials & preparation :<br />
<br />
* 2 wide-mouth glass jars.<br />
* 2 pieces of wire mesh 0.6cm by about 4cm x 15 cm.<br />
* 2 clods of soil, each about the size of an egg, the first 5cm of soil from two different areas.<br />
<br />
When the soil is undisturbed, more animals, more plants and more micro-organisms develop in the soil. The amount of glomalin increases and the soil holds together better.<br />
<br />
== Research challenges ==<br />
Although its role as a pollutant sequestrant has not yet been proven, studies are underway to evaluate it<ref>''The role of glomalin, a protein produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, in sequestrating potentially toxic elements'', S. F. Wright et al., 2004</ref>.<br />
<br />
== References ==</div>Alexia Delpont (983887842)https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Glomalin&diff=5089Glomalin2024-11-14T15:56:31Z<p>Alexia Delpont (983887842): </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Pratique<br />
|Image=Img14.jpg<br />
|ImageCaption=Glomalin (green) on the surface of mycelial hyphae and soil aggregates, USDA<br />
|Objectif=Carbon cycle and greenhouse gases@ Soil erosion@ Soil regeneration@ Water management<br />
|Tag 1 = Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi<br />
|Tag 2 = Mycorrhizae<br />
|Tag 3 = Carbon cycle and greenhouse gases<br />
|Tag 4 = NBSOIL<br />
| Programme = NBSOIL<br />
}}<br />
It is a '''hydrophobic''', '''heat-tolerant glycoprotein''' found on the surface of mycorrhizal '''spores''' and '''mycelia'''<ref>Les mycorhizes, l’azote, l’eau et la glomaline, J. André Fortin, 2016, https://www.agrireseau.net/blogue/93742/les-mycorhizes-l_azote-l_eau-et-la-glomaline</ref>. Glomalin plays an essential role in '''soil structure''' and '''fertility''', as well as in '''carbon sequestration'''. This molecule was discovered by Sara F. Wright in 1996<ref>''Time-course study and partial characterization of a protein on hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi during active colonization of roots'', S. F. Wright and all., 1996, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00012053</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Origin ==<br />
[[File:Glomaline hyphea.png|vignette|La '''glomaline''' joue le rôle de '''colle''' entre le réseau d'hyphes et les agrégats (USDA)]]<br />
'''Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi''' (AMF) are ancient micro-organisms that evolved with plants to help them acquire nutrients. Most plants (around 70-80% of vascular plants) are '''mycorrhizal'''. The '''hyphae''' of AMFs extend into the soil and explore a larger volume of soil for nutrient uptake. They produce glomalin, which covers and protects the hyphae<ref name=":0">''What is Glomalin ?'', USDA, 2002 https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/30640500/Glomalin/Glomalinbrochure.pdf</ref>. Often referred to as the “'''soil glue'''”, it contributes to the formation of stable aggregates, reinforcing soil structure. Glomalin is also known as “glomalin-related soil protein” or '''GRSP'''.<br />
<br />
== Key roles ==<br />
<br />
=== Aggregate formation and soil health ===<br />
Glomalin has several properties that make it an excellent protector of soil hyphae and aggregates :<br />
<br />
* '''Resistance''' : It is extremely resistant to decomposition by soil micro-organisms. Its lifespan in the soil is estimated at between 10 and 50 years. This resistance enables it to protect the hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from microbial attack and maintain the stability of soil aggregates over the long term.<br />
* '''Insolubility in water''' : This property is essential for maintaining the integrity of hyphae and soil aggregates in the presence of water, thus preventing their degradation and the loss of nutrients.<br />
* '''Thermal stability''' : It is soluble at 121°C, enabling it to be extracted and analyzed in the laboratory, while underlining its resistance to variable environmental conditions.<br />
* '''Binding capacity''' : These bonds contribute to the formation of stable, erosion-resistant aggregates.<br />
* '''Formation of a protective coating''' : It forms a physical barrier that protects AMF from nutrient loss and mechanical damage.<br />
<br />
These combined properties make glomalin a key element in soil health: retaining water, reducing compaction, increasing nutrient availability, limiting water and wind erosion<ref name=":0" />.<br />
<br />
=== Carbon sequestration ===<br />
This slow-decomposing substance accounts for a third of the carbon sequestered in the world's soils.<br />
<br />
* '''Direct carbon storage''' : The glomalin molecule itself contains between 30 and 40% carbon, meaning that a significant proportion of soil carbon is stored directly in the glomalin structure.<br />
* '''Protection of stored carbon''' : The soil aggregates formed by glomalin protect the organic carbon stored in the soil from decomposition by microbes. The stable structure of the aggregates makes the carbon less accessible to micro-organisms, slowing its release into the atmosphere.<br />
* '''Lifespan''' : Its long lifespan in the soil enables long-term carbon storage.<br />
* '''Abundance in the soil''' : It represents a significant proportion of soil organic matter. Studies have shown that it can constitute up to 27% of total soil carbon, surpassing humic acid, long considered the main contributor to soil carbon<ref>''Glomalin: Hiding Place for a Third of the World's Stored Soil Carbon'', Sara F. Wright et Kristine A. Nichols, USDA-ARS, 2002, https://agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov/2002/sep/soil</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Farming practices that promote glomalin synthesis ==<br />
<br />
* '''Minimize or eliminate tillage''' : No-tillage or minimal tillage preserves the integrity of the mycelial network, thus promoting glomalin production.<br />
* Use '''cover crops''' to maintain living roots and stimulate CMA.<br />
* Reduce inputs, especially '''phosphorus'''<ref name=":0" />. Excessive phosphorus in the soil can inhibit CMA development and reduce glomalin production.<br />
* '''Encourage mycorrhizal crops''' : It's important to note that non-mycorrhizal crops (rapeseed, cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower) do not produce glomalin.<br />
<br />
== Slake test ==<br />
The slake test is a quick and easy way of assessing the cohesion of soil aggregates<ref>''Soil Glue'', USDA, 2010, https://agriculture-de-conservation.com/sites/agriculture-de-conservation.com/IMG/pdf/cohesion-sol.pdf</ref>.<br />
<br />
Materials & preparation :<br />
<br />
* 2 wide-mouth glass jars.<br />
* 2 pieces of wire mesh 0.6cm by about 4cm x 15 cm.<br />
* 2 clods of soil, each about the size of an egg, the first 5cm of soil from two different areas.<br />
<br />
When the soil is undisturbed, more animals, more plants and more micro-organisms develop in the soil. The amount of glomalin increases and the soil holds together better.<br />
<br />
== Research challenges ==<br />
Although its role as a pollutant sequestrant has not yet been proven, studies are underway to evaluate it<ref>''The role of glomalin, a protein produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, in sequestrating potentially toxic elements'', S. F. Wright et al., 2004</ref>.<br />
<br />
== References ==</div>Alexia Delpont (983887842)https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Glomalin&diff=5088Glomalin2024-11-14T15:56:00Z<p>Alexia Delpont (983887842): </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Pratique<br />
|Image=Img14.jpg<br />
|ImageCaption=Glomalin (green) on the surface of mycelial hyphae and soil aggregates, USDA<br />
|Objectif=Carbon cycle and greenhouse gases@ Soil erosion@ Soil regeneration@ Water management<br />
|Tag 1 = Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi<br />
|Tag 2 = Mycorrhizae<br />
|Tag 3 = Carbon cycle and greenhouse gases<br />
|Tag 4 = NBSOIL<br />
| Programme = NBSOIL<br />
}}<br />
It is a '''hydrophobic''', '''heat-tolerant glycoprotein''' found on the surface of mycorrhizal '''spores''' and '''mycelia'''<ref>Les mycorhizes, l’azote, l’eau et la glomaline, J. André Fortin, 2016, https://www.agrireseau.net/blogue/93742/les-mycorhizes-l_azote-l_eau-et-la-glomaline</ref>. Glomalin plays an essential role in '''soil structure''' and '''fertility''', as well as in '''carbon sequestration'''. This molecule was discovered by Sara F. Wright in 1996<ref>''Time-course study and partial characterization of a protein on hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi during active colonization of roots'', S. F. Wright and all., 1996, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00012053</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Origin ==<br />
[[Fichier:Glomaline hyphea.png|vignette|La '''glomaline''' joue le rôle de '''colle''' entre le réseau d'hyphes et les agrégats (USDA)]]<br />
'''Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi''' (AMF) are ancient micro-organisms that evolved with plants to help them acquire nutrients. Most plants (around 70-80% of vascular plants) are '''mycorrhizal'''. The '''hyphae''' of AMFs extend into the soil and explore a larger volume of soil for nutrient uptake. They produce glomalin, which covers and protects the hyphae<ref name=":0">''What is Glomalin ?'', USDA, 2002 https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/30640500/Glomalin/Glomalinbrochure.pdf</ref>. Often referred to as the “'''soil glue'''”, it contributes to the formation of stable aggregates, reinforcing soil structure. Glomalin is also known as “glomalin-related soil protein” or '''GRSP'''.<br />
<br />
== Key roles ==<br />
<br />
=== Aggregate formation and soil health ===<br />
Glomalin has several properties that make it an excellent protector of soil hyphae and aggregates :<br />
<br />
* '''Resistance''' : It is extremely resistant to decomposition by soil micro-organisms. Its lifespan in the soil is estimated at between 10 and 50 years. This resistance enables it to protect the hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from microbial attack and maintain the stability of soil aggregates over the long term.<br />
* '''Insolubility in water''' : This property is essential for maintaining the integrity of hyphae and soil aggregates in the presence of water, thus preventing their degradation and the loss of nutrients.<br />
* '''Thermal stability''' : It is soluble at 121°C, enabling it to be extracted and analyzed in the laboratory, while underlining its resistance to variable environmental conditions.<br />
* '''Binding capacity''' : These bonds contribute to the formation of stable, erosion-resistant aggregates.<br />
* '''Formation of a protective coating''' : It forms a physical barrier that protects AMF from nutrient loss and mechanical damage.<br />
<br />
These combined properties make glomalin a key element in soil health: retaining water, reducing compaction, increasing nutrient availability, limiting water and wind erosion<ref name=":0" />.<br />
<br />
=== Carbon sequestration ===<br />
This slow-decomposing substance accounts for a third of the carbon sequestered in the world's soils.<br />
<br />
* '''Direct carbon storage''' : The glomalin molecule itself contains between 30 and 40% carbon, meaning that a significant proportion of soil carbon is stored directly in the glomalin structure.<br />
* '''Protection of stored carbon''' : The soil aggregates formed by glomalin protect the organic carbon stored in the soil from decomposition by microbes. The stable structure of the aggregates makes the carbon less accessible to micro-organisms, slowing its release into the atmosphere.<br />
* '''Lifespan''' : Its long lifespan in the soil enables long-term carbon storage.<br />
* '''Abundance in the soil''' : It represents a significant proportion of soil organic matter. Studies have shown that it can constitute up to 27% of total soil carbon, surpassing humic acid, long considered the main contributor to soil carbon<ref>''Glomalin: Hiding Place for a Third of the World's Stored Soil Carbon'', Sara F. Wright et Kristine A. Nichols, USDA-ARS, 2002, https://agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov/2002/sep/soil</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Farming practices that promote glomalin synthesis ==<br />
<br />
* '''Minimize or eliminate tillage''' : No-tillage or minimal tillage preserves the integrity of the mycelial network, thus promoting glomalin production.<br />
* Use '''cover crops''' to maintain living roots and stimulate CMA.<br />
* Reduce inputs, especially '''phosphorus'''<ref name=":0" />. Excessive phosphorus in the soil can inhibit CMA development and reduce glomalin production.<br />
* '''Encourage mycorrhizal crops''' : It's important to note that non-mycorrhizal crops (rapeseed, cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower) do not produce glomalin.<br />
<br />
== Slake test ==<br />
The slake test is a quick and easy way of assessing the cohesion of soil aggregates<ref>''Soil Glue'', USDA, 2010, https://agriculture-de-conservation.com/sites/agriculture-de-conservation.com/IMG/pdf/cohesion-sol.pdf</ref>.<br />
<br />
Materials & preparation :<br />
<br />
* 2 wide-mouth glass jars.<br />
* 2 pieces of wire mesh 0.6cm by about 4cm x 15 cm.<br />
* 2 clods of soil, each about the size of an egg, the first 5cm of soil from two different areas.<br />
<br />
When the soil is undisturbed, more animals, more plants and more micro-organisms develop in the soil. The amount of glomalin increases and the soil holds together better.<br />
<br />
== Research challenges ==<br />
Although its role as a pollutant sequestrant has not yet been proven, studies are underway to evaluate it<ref>''The role of glomalin, a protein produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, in sequestrating potentially toxic elements'', S. F. Wright et al., 2004</ref>.<br />
<br />
== References ==</div>Alexia Delpont (983887842)https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Glomalin&diff=5087Glomalin2024-11-14T15:55:19Z<p>Alexia Delpont (983887842): </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Pratique<br />
|Image=Img14.jpg<br />
|ImageCaption=Glomalin (green) on the surface of mycelial hyphae and soil aggregates, USDA<br />
|Objectif=Carbon cycle and greenhouse gases@ Soil erosion@ Soil regeneration@ Water management<br />
|Tag 1 = Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi<br />
|Tag 2 = Mycorrhizae<br />
|Tag 3 = Carbon cycle and greenhouse gases<br />
|Tag 4 = NBSOIL<br />
| Programme = NBSOIL<br />
}}<br />
It is a '''hydrophobic''', '''heat-tolerant glycoprotein''' found on the surface of mycorrhizal '''spores''' and '''mycelia'''<ref>Les mycorhizes, l’azote, l’eau et la glomaline, J. André Fortin, 2016, https://www.agrireseau.net/blogue/93742/les-mycorhizes-l_azote-l_eau-et-la-glomaline</ref>. Glomalin plays an essential role in '''soil structure''' and '''fertility''', as well as in '''carbon sequestration'''. This molecule was discovered by Sara F. Wright in 1996<ref>''Time-course study and partial characterization of a protein on hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi during active colonization of roots'', S. F. Wright and all., 1996, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00012053</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Origin ==<br />
'''Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi''' (AMF) are ancient micro-organisms that evolved with plants to help them acquire nutrients. Most plants (around 70-80% of vascular plants) are '''mycorrhizal'''. The '''hyphae''' of AMFs extend into the soil and explore a larger volume of soil for nutrient uptake. They produce glomalin, which covers and protects the hyphae<ref name=":0">''What is Glomalin ?'', USDA, 2002 https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/30640500/Glomalin/Glomalinbrochure.pdf</ref>. Often referred to as the “'''soil glue'''”, it contributes to the formation of stable aggregates, reinforcing soil structure. Glomalin is also known as “glomalin-related soil protein” or '''GRSP'''.<br />
<br />
== Key roles ==<br />
<br />
=== Aggregate formation and soil health ===<br />
Glomalin has several properties that make it an excellent protector of soil hyphae and aggregates :<br />
<br />
* '''Resistance''' : It is extremely resistant to decomposition by soil micro-organisms. Its lifespan in the soil is estimated at between 10 and 50 years. This resistance enables it to protect the hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from microbial attack and maintain the stability of soil aggregates over the long term.<br />
* '''Insolubility in water''' : This property is essential for maintaining the integrity of hyphae and soil aggregates in the presence of water, thus preventing their degradation and the loss of nutrients.<br />
* '''Thermal stability''' : It is soluble at 121°C, enabling it to be extracted and analyzed in the laboratory, while underlining its resistance to variable environmental conditions.<br />
* '''Binding capacity''' : These bonds contribute to the formation of stable, erosion-resistant aggregates.<br />
* '''Formation of a protective coating''' : It forms a physical barrier that protects AMF from nutrient loss and mechanical damage.<br />
<br />
These combined properties make glomalin a key element in soil health: retaining water, reducing compaction, increasing nutrient availability, limiting water and wind erosion<ref name=":0" />.<br />
<br />
=== Carbon sequestration ===<br />
This slow-decomposing substance accounts for a third of the carbon sequestered in the world's soils.<br />
<br />
* '''Direct carbon storage''' : The glomalin molecule itself contains between 30 and 40% carbon, meaning that a significant proportion of soil carbon is stored directly in the glomalin structure.<br />
* '''Protection of stored carbon''' : The soil aggregates formed by glomalin protect the organic carbon stored in the soil from decomposition by microbes. The stable structure of the aggregates makes the carbon less accessible to micro-organisms, slowing its release into the atmosphere.<br />
* '''Lifespan''' : Its long lifespan in the soil enables long-term carbon storage.<br />
* '''Abundance in the soil''' : It represents a significant proportion of soil organic matter. Studies have shown that it can constitute up to 27% of total soil carbon, surpassing humic acid, long considered the main contributor to soil carbon<ref>''Glomalin: Hiding Place for a Third of the World's Stored Soil Carbon'', Sara F. Wright et Kristine A. Nichols, USDA-ARS, 2002, https://agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov/2002/sep/soil</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Farming practices that promote glomalin synthesis ==<br />
<br />
* '''Minimize or eliminate tillage''' : No-tillage or minimal tillage preserves the integrity of the mycelial network, thus promoting glomalin production.<br />
* Use '''cover crops''' to maintain living roots and stimulate CMA.<br />
* Reduce inputs, especially '''phosphorus'''<ref name=":0" />. Excessive phosphorus in the soil can inhibit CMA development and reduce glomalin production.<br />
* '''Encourage mycorrhizal crops''' : It's important to note that non-mycorrhizal crops (rapeseed, cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower) do not produce glomalin.<br />
<br />
== Slake test ==<br />
The slake test is a quick and easy way of assessing the cohesion of soil aggregates<ref>''Soil Glue'', USDA, 2010, https://agriculture-de-conservation.com/sites/agriculture-de-conservation.com/IMG/pdf/cohesion-sol.pdf</ref>.<br />
<br />
Materials & preparation :<br />
<br />
* 2 wide-mouth glass jars.<br />
* 2 pieces of wire mesh 0.6cm by about 4cm x 15 cm.<br />
* 2 clods of soil, each about the size of an egg, the first 5cm of soil from two different areas.<br />
<br />
When the soil is undisturbed, more animals, more plants and more micro-organisms develop in the soil. The amount of glomalin increases and the soil holds together better.<br />
<br />
== Research challenges ==<br />
Although its role as a pollutant sequestrant has not yet been proven, studies are underway to evaluate it<ref>''The role of glomalin, a protein produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, in sequestrating potentially toxic elements'', S. F. Wright et al., 2004</ref>.<br />
<br />
== References ==</div>Alexia Delpont (983887842)https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Glomalin&diff=5086Glomalin2024-11-14T15:53:15Z<p>Alexia Delpont (983887842): </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Pratique<br />
|Image=Img14.jpg<br />
|ImageCaption=Glomalin (green) on the surface of mycelial hyphae and soil aggregates, USDA<br />
|Objectif=Carbon cycle and greenhouse gases@ Soil erosion@ Soil regeneration@ Water management<br />
|Tag 1 = Champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules<br />
|Tag 2 = Mycorhizes <br />
|Tag 3 = Cycle du carbone et GES<br />
|Tag 4 = NBSOIL<br />
| Programme = NBSOIL<br />
}}<br />
It is a '''hydrophobic''', '''heat-tolerant glycoprotein''' found on the surface of mycorrhizal '''spores''' and '''mycelia'''<ref>Les mycorhizes, l’azote, l’eau et la glomaline, J. André Fortin, 2016, https://www.agrireseau.net/blogue/93742/les-mycorhizes-l_azote-l_eau-et-la-glomaline</ref>. Glomalin plays an essential role in '''soil structure''' and '''fertility''', as well as in '''carbon sequestration'''. This molecule was discovered by Sara F. Wright in 1996<ref>''Time-course study and partial characterization of a protein on hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi during active colonization of roots'', S. F. Wright and all., 1996, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00012053</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Origin ==<br />
'''Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi''' (AMF) are ancient micro-organisms that evolved with plants to help them acquire nutrients. Most plants (around 70-80% of vascular plants) are '''mycorrhizal'''. The '''hyphae''' of AMFs extend into the soil and explore a larger volume of soil for nutrient uptake. They produce glomalin, which covers and protects the hyphae<ref name=":0">''What is Glomalin ?'', USDA, 2002 https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/30640500/Glomalin/Glomalinbrochure.pdf</ref>. Often referred to as the “'''soil glue'''”, it contributes to the formation of stable aggregates, reinforcing soil structure. Glomalin is also known as “glomalin-related soil protein” or '''GRSP'''.<br />
<br />
== Key roles ==<br />
<br />
=== Aggregate formation and soil health ===<br />
Glomalin has several properties that make it an excellent protector of soil hyphae and aggregates :<br />
<br />
* '''Resistance''' : It is extremely resistant to decomposition by soil micro-organisms. Its lifespan in the soil is estimated at between 10 and 50 years. This resistance enables it to protect the hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from microbial attack and maintain the stability of soil aggregates over the long term.<br />
* '''Insolubility in water''' : This property is essential for maintaining the integrity of hyphae and soil aggregates in the presence of water, thus preventing their degradation and the loss of nutrients.<br />
* '''Thermal stability''' : It is soluble at 121°C, enabling it to be extracted and analyzed in the laboratory, while underlining its resistance to variable environmental conditions.<br />
* '''Binding capacity''' : These bonds contribute to the formation of stable, erosion-resistant aggregates.<br />
* '''Formation of a protective coating''' : It forms a physical barrier that protects AMF from nutrient loss and mechanical damage.<br />
<br />
These combined properties make glomalin a key element in soil health: retaining water, reducing compaction, increasing nutrient availability, limiting water and wind erosion<ref name=":0" />.<br />
<br />
=== Carbon sequestration ===<br />
This slow-decomposing substance accounts for a third of the carbon sequestered in the world's soils.<br />
<br />
* '''Direct carbon storage''' : The glomalin molecule itself contains between 30 and 40% carbon, meaning that a significant proportion of soil carbon is stored directly in the glomalin structure.<br />
* '''Protection of stored carbon''' : The soil aggregates formed by glomalin protect the organic carbon stored in the soil from decomposition by microbes. The stable structure of the aggregates makes the carbon less accessible to micro-organisms, slowing its release into the atmosphere.<br />
* '''Lifespan''' : Its long lifespan in the soil enables long-term carbon storage.<br />
* '''Abundance in the soil''' : It represents a significant proportion of soil organic matter. Studies have shown that it can constitute up to 27% of total soil carbon, surpassing humic acid, long considered the main contributor to soil carbon<ref>''Glomalin: Hiding Place for a Third of the World's Stored Soil Carbon'', Sara F. Wright et Kristine A. Nichols, USDA-ARS, 2002, https://agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov/2002/sep/soil</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Farming practices that promote glomalin synthesis ==<br />
<br />
* '''Minimize or eliminate tillage''' : No-tillage or minimal tillage preserves the integrity of the mycelial network, thus promoting glomalin production.<br />
* Use '''cover crops''' to maintain living roots and stimulate CMA.<br />
* Reduce inputs, especially '''phosphorus'''<ref name=":0" />. Excessive phosphorus in the soil can inhibit CMA development and reduce glomalin production.<br />
* '''Encourage mycorrhizal crops''' : It's important to note that non-mycorrhizal crops (rapeseed, cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower) do not produce glomalin.<br />
<br />
== Slake test ==<br />
The slake test is a quick and easy way of assessing the cohesion of soil aggregates<ref>''Soil Glue'', USDA, 2010, https://agriculture-de-conservation.com/sites/agriculture-de-conservation.com/IMG/pdf/cohesion-sol.pdf</ref>.<br />
<br />
Materials & preparation :<br />
<br />
* 2 wide-mouth glass jars.<br />
* 2 pieces of wire mesh 0.6cm by about 4cm x 15 cm.<br />
* 2 clods of soil, each about the size of an egg, the first 5cm of soil from two different areas.<br />
<br />
When the soil is undisturbed, more animals, more plants and more micro-organisms develop in the soil. The amount of glomalin increases and the soil holds together better.<br />
<br />
== Research challenges ==<br />
Although its role as a pollutant sequestrant has not yet been proven, studies are underway to evaluate it<ref>''The role of glomalin, a protein produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, in sequestrating potentially toxic elements'', S. F. Wright et al., 2004</ref>.<br />
<br />
== References ==</div>Alexia Delpont (983887842)https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Glomalin&diff=5085Glomalin2024-11-14T15:52:00Z<p>Alexia Delpont (983887842): </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Pratique<br />
|Image=Img14.jpg<br />
|ImageCaption=Glomalin (green) on the surface of mycelial hyphae and soil aggregates, USDA<br />
|Objectif=Carbon cycle and greenhouse gases@ Érosion des sols@ Régénération des sols@ Gestion de l’eau<br />
|Tag 1 = Champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules<br />
|Tag 2 = Mycorhizes <br />
|Tag 3 = Cycle du carbone et GES<br />
|Tag 4 = NBSOIL<br />
| Programme = NBSOIL<br />
}}<br />
It is a '''hydrophobic''', '''heat-tolerant glycoprotein''' found on the surface of mycorrhizal '''spores''' and '''mycelia'''<ref>Les mycorhizes, l’azote, l’eau et la glomaline, J. André Fortin, 2016, https://www.agrireseau.net/blogue/93742/les-mycorhizes-l_azote-l_eau-et-la-glomaline</ref>. Glomalin plays an essential role in '''soil structure''' and '''fertility''', as well as in '''carbon sequestration'''. This molecule was discovered by Sara F. Wright in 1996<ref>''Time-course study and partial characterization of a protein on hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi during active colonization of roots'', S. F. Wright and all., 1996, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00012053</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Origin ==<br />
'''Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi''' (AMF) are ancient micro-organisms that evolved with plants to help them acquire nutrients. Most plants (around 70-80% of vascular plants) are '''mycorrhizal'''. The '''hyphae''' of AMFs extend into the soil and explore a larger volume of soil for nutrient uptake. They produce glomalin, which covers and protects the hyphae<ref name=":0">''What is Glomalin ?'', USDA, 2002 https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/30640500/Glomalin/Glomalinbrochure.pdf</ref>. Often referred to as the “'''soil glue'''”, it contributes to the formation of stable aggregates, reinforcing soil structure. Glomalin is also known as “glomalin-related soil protein” or '''GRSP'''.<br />
<br />
== Key roles ==<br />
<br />
=== Aggregate formation and soil health ===<br />
Glomalin has several properties that make it an excellent protector of soil hyphae and aggregates :<br />
<br />
* '''Resistance''' : It is extremely resistant to decomposition by soil micro-organisms. Its lifespan in the soil is estimated at between 10 and 50 years. This resistance enables it to protect the hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from microbial attack and maintain the stability of soil aggregates over the long term.<br />
* '''Insolubility in water''' : This property is essential for maintaining the integrity of hyphae and soil aggregates in the presence of water, thus preventing their degradation and the loss of nutrients.<br />
* '''Thermal stability''' : It is soluble at 121°C, enabling it to be extracted and analyzed in the laboratory, while underlining its resistance to variable environmental conditions.<br />
* '''Binding capacity''' : These bonds contribute to the formation of stable, erosion-resistant aggregates.<br />
* '''Formation of a protective coating''' : It forms a physical barrier that protects AMF from nutrient loss and mechanical damage.<br />
<br />
These combined properties make glomalin a key element in soil health: retaining water, reducing compaction, increasing nutrient availability, limiting water and wind erosion<ref name=":0" />.<br />
<br />
=== Carbon sequestration ===<br />
This slow-decomposing substance accounts for a third of the carbon sequestered in the world's soils.<br />
<br />
* '''Direct carbon storage''' : The glomalin molecule itself contains between 30 and 40% carbon, meaning that a significant proportion of soil carbon is stored directly in the glomalin structure.<br />
* '''Protection of stored carbon''' : The soil aggregates formed by glomalin protect the organic carbon stored in the soil from decomposition by microbes. The stable structure of the aggregates makes the carbon less accessible to micro-organisms, slowing its release into the atmosphere.<br />
* '''Lifespan''' : Its long lifespan in the soil enables long-term carbon storage.<br />
* '''Abundance in the soil''' : It represents a significant proportion of soil organic matter. Studies have shown that it can constitute up to 27% of total soil carbon, surpassing humic acid, long considered the main contributor to soil carbon<ref>''Glomalin: Hiding Place for a Third of the World's Stored Soil Carbon'', Sara F. Wright et Kristine A. Nichols, USDA-ARS, 2002, https://agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov/2002/sep/soil</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Farming practices that promote glomalin synthesis ==<br />
<br />
* '''Minimize or eliminate tillage''' : No-tillage or minimal tillage preserves the integrity of the mycelial network, thus promoting glomalin production.<br />
* Use '''cover crops''' to maintain living roots and stimulate CMA.<br />
* Reduce inputs, especially '''phosphorus'''<ref name=":0" />. Excessive phosphorus in the soil can inhibit CMA development and reduce glomalin production.<br />
* '''Encourage mycorrhizal crops''' : It's important to note that non-mycorrhizal crops (rapeseed, cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower) do not produce glomalin.<br />
<br />
== Slake test ==<br />
The slake test is a quick and easy way of assessing the cohesion of soil aggregates<ref>''Soil Glue'', USDA, 2010, https://agriculture-de-conservation.com/sites/agriculture-de-conservation.com/IMG/pdf/cohesion-sol.pdf</ref>.<br />
<br />
Materials & preparation :<br />
<br />
* 2 wide-mouth glass jars.<br />
* 2 pieces of wire mesh 0.6cm by about 4cm x 15 cm.<br />
* 2 clods of soil, each about the size of an egg, the first 5cm of soil from two different areas.<br />
<br />
When the soil is undisturbed, more animals, more plants and more micro-organisms develop in the soil. The amount of glomalin increases and the soil holds together better.<br />
<br />
== Research challenges ==<br />
Although its role as a pollutant sequestrant has not yet been proven, studies are underway to evaluate it<ref>''The role of glomalin, a protein produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, in sequestrating potentially toxic elements'', S. F. Wright et al., 2004</ref>.<br />
<br />
== References ==</div>Alexia Delpont (983887842)https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Glomalin&diff=5084Glomalin2024-11-14T15:51:25Z<p>Alexia Delpont (983887842): </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Pratique<br />
|Image=Img14.jpg<br />
|ImageCaption=Glomalin (green) on the surface of mycelial hyphae and soil aggregates, USDA<br />
|Objectif=Cycle du carbone et GES@ Érosion des sols@ Régénération des sols@ Gestion de l’eau<br />
|Tag 1 = Champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules<br />
|Tag 2 = Mycorhizes <br />
|Tag 3 = Cycle du carbone et GES<br />
|Tag 4 = NBSOIL<br />
| Programme = NBSOIL<br />
}}<br />
It is a '''hydrophobic''', '''heat-tolerant glycoprotein''' found on the surface of mycorrhizal '''spores''' and '''mycelia'''<ref>Les mycorhizes, l’azote, l’eau et la glomaline, J. André Fortin, 2016, https://www.agrireseau.net/blogue/93742/les-mycorhizes-l_azote-l_eau-et-la-glomaline</ref>. Glomalin plays an essential role in '''soil structure''' and '''fertility''', as well as in '''carbon sequestration'''. This molecule was discovered by Sara F. Wright in 1996<ref>''Time-course study and partial characterization of a protein on hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi during active colonization of roots'', S. F. Wright and all., 1996, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00012053</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Origin ==<br />
'''Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi''' (AMF) are ancient micro-organisms that evolved with plants to help them acquire nutrients. Most plants (around 70-80% of vascular plants) are '''mycorrhizal'''. The '''hyphae''' of AMFs extend into the soil and explore a larger volume of soil for nutrient uptake. They produce glomalin, which covers and protects the hyphae<ref name=":0">''What is Glomalin ?'', USDA, 2002 https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/30640500/Glomalin/Glomalinbrochure.pdf</ref>. Often referred to as the “'''soil glue'''”, it contributes to the formation of stable aggregates, reinforcing soil structure. Glomalin is also known as “glomalin-related soil protein” or '''GRSP'''.<br />
<br />
== Key roles ==<br />
<br />
=== Aggregate formation and soil health ===<br />
Glomalin has several properties that make it an excellent protector of soil hyphae and aggregates :<br />
<br />
* '''Resistance''' : It is extremely resistant to decomposition by soil micro-organisms. Its lifespan in the soil is estimated at between 10 and 50 years. This resistance enables it to protect the hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from microbial attack and maintain the stability of soil aggregates over the long term.<br />
* '''Insolubility in water''' : This property is essential for maintaining the integrity of hyphae and soil aggregates in the presence of water, thus preventing their degradation and the loss of nutrients.<br />
* '''Thermal stability''' : It is soluble at 121°C, enabling it to be extracted and analyzed in the laboratory, while underlining its resistance to variable environmental conditions.<br />
* '''Binding capacity''' : These bonds contribute to the formation of stable, erosion-resistant aggregates.<br />
* '''Formation of a protective coating''' : It forms a physical barrier that protects AMF from nutrient loss and mechanical damage.<br />
<br />
These combined properties make glomalin a key element in soil health: retaining water, reducing compaction, increasing nutrient availability, limiting water and wind erosion<ref name=":0" />.<br />
<br />
=== Carbon sequestration ===<br />
This slow-decomposing substance accounts for a third of the carbon sequestered in the world's soils.<br />
<br />
* '''Direct carbon storage''' : The glomalin molecule itself contains between 30 and 40% carbon, meaning that a significant proportion of soil carbon is stored directly in the glomalin structure.<br />
* '''Protection of stored carbon''' : The soil aggregates formed by glomalin protect the organic carbon stored in the soil from decomposition by microbes. The stable structure of the aggregates makes the carbon less accessible to micro-organisms, slowing its release into the atmosphere.<br />
* '''Lifespan''' : Its long lifespan in the soil enables long-term carbon storage.<br />
* '''Abundance in the soil''' : It represents a significant proportion of soil organic matter. Studies have shown that it can constitute up to 27% of total soil carbon, surpassing humic acid, long considered the main contributor to soil carbon<ref>''Glomalin: Hiding Place for a Third of the World's Stored Soil Carbon'', Sara F. Wright et Kristine A. Nichols, USDA-ARS, 2002, https://agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov/2002/sep/soil</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Farming practices that promote glomalin synthesis ==<br />
<br />
* '''Minimize or eliminate tillage''' : No-tillage or minimal tillage preserves the integrity of the mycelial network, thus promoting glomalin production.<br />
* Use '''cover crops''' to maintain living roots and stimulate CMA.<br />
* Reduce inputs, especially '''phosphorus'''<ref name=":0" />. Excessive phosphorus in the soil can inhibit CMA development and reduce glomalin production.<br />
* '''Encourage mycorrhizal crops''' : It's important to note that non-mycorrhizal crops (rapeseed, cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower) do not produce glomalin.<br />
<br />
== Slake test ==<br />
The slake test is a quick and easy way of assessing the cohesion of soil aggregates<ref>''Soil Glue'', USDA, 2010, https://agriculture-de-conservation.com/sites/agriculture-de-conservation.com/IMG/pdf/cohesion-sol.pdf</ref>.<br />
<br />
Materials & preparation :<br />
<br />
* 2 wide-mouth glass jars.<br />
* 2 pieces of wire mesh 0.6cm by about 4cm x 15 cm.<br />
* 2 clods of soil, each about the size of an egg, the first 5cm of soil from two different areas.<br />
<br />
When the soil is undisturbed, more animals, more plants and more micro-organisms develop in the soil. The amount of glomalin increases and the soil holds together better.<br />
<br />
== Research challenges ==<br />
Although its role as a pollutant sequestrant has not yet been proven, studies are underway to evaluate it<ref>''The role of glomalin, a protein produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, in sequestrating potentially toxic elements'', S. F. Wright et al., 2004</ref>.<br />
<br />
== References ==</div>Alexia Delpont (983887842)https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Glomalin&diff=5083Glomalin2024-11-14T15:50:36Z<p>Alexia Delpont (983887842): </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Pratique<br />
|Image=Img14.jpg<br />
|ImageCaption=Glomaline (en vert) à la surface des hyphes mycélien et des agrégats du sol, USDA<br />
|Objectif=Cycle du carbone et GES@ Érosion des sols@ Régénération des sols@ Gestion de l’eau<br />
|Tag 1 = Champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules<br />
|Tag 2 = Mycorhizes <br />
|Tag 3 = Cycle du carbone et GES<br />
|Tag 4 = NBSOIL<br />
| Programme = NBSOIL<br />
}}<br />
It is a '''hydrophobic''', '''heat-tolerant glycoprotein''' found on the surface of mycorrhizal '''spores''' and '''mycelia'''<ref>Les mycorhizes, l’azote, l’eau et la glomaline, J. André Fortin, 2016, https://www.agrireseau.net/blogue/93742/les-mycorhizes-l_azote-l_eau-et-la-glomaline</ref>. Glomalin plays an essential role in '''soil structure''' and '''fertility''', as well as in '''carbon sequestration'''. This molecule was discovered by Sara F. Wright in 1996<ref>''Time-course study and partial characterization of a protein on hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi during active colonization of roots'', S. F. Wright and all., 1996, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00012053</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Origin ==<br />
'''Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi''' (AMF) are ancient micro-organisms that evolved with plants to help them acquire nutrients. Most plants (around 70-80% of vascular plants) are '''mycorrhizal'''. The '''hyphae''' of AMFs extend into the soil and explore a larger volume of soil for nutrient uptake. They produce glomalin, which covers and protects the hyphae<ref name=":0">''What is Glomalin ?'', USDA, 2002 https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/30640500/Glomalin/Glomalinbrochure.pdf</ref>. Often referred to as the “'''soil glue'''”, it contributes to the formation of stable aggregates, reinforcing soil structure. Glomalin is also known as “glomalin-related soil protein” or '''GRSP'''.<br />
<br />
== Key roles ==<br />
<br />
=== Aggregate formation and soil health ===<br />
Glomalin has several properties that make it an excellent protector of soil hyphae and aggregates :<br />
<br />
* '''Resistance''' : It is extremely resistant to decomposition by soil micro-organisms. Its lifespan in the soil is estimated at between 10 and 50 years. This resistance enables it to protect the hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from microbial attack and maintain the stability of soil aggregates over the long term.<br />
* '''Insolubility in water''' : This property is essential for maintaining the integrity of hyphae and soil aggregates in the presence of water, thus preventing their degradation and the loss of nutrients.<br />
* '''Thermal stability''' : It is soluble at 121°C, enabling it to be extracted and analyzed in the laboratory, while underlining its resistance to variable environmental conditions.<br />
* '''Binding capacity''' : These bonds contribute to the formation of stable, erosion-resistant aggregates.<br />
* '''Formation of a protective coating''' : It forms a physical barrier that protects AMF from nutrient loss and mechanical damage.<br />
<br />
These combined properties make glomalin a key element in soil health: retaining water, reducing compaction, increasing nutrient availability, limiting water and wind erosion<ref name=":0" />.<br />
<br />
=== Carbon sequestration ===<br />
This slow-decomposing substance accounts for a third of the carbon sequestered in the world's soils.<br />
<br />
* '''Direct carbon storage''' : The glomalin molecule itself contains between 30 and 40% carbon, meaning that a significant proportion of soil carbon is stored directly in the glomalin structure.<br />
* '''Protection of stored carbon''' : The soil aggregates formed by glomalin protect the organic carbon stored in the soil from decomposition by microbes. The stable structure of the aggregates makes the carbon less accessible to micro-organisms, slowing its release into the atmosphere.<br />
* '''Lifespan''' : Its long lifespan in the soil enables long-term carbon storage.<br />
* '''Abundance in the soil''' : It represents a significant proportion of soil organic matter. Studies have shown that it can constitute up to 27% of total soil carbon, surpassing humic acid, long considered the main contributor to soil carbon<ref>''Glomalin: Hiding Place for a Third of the World's Stored Soil Carbon'', Sara F. Wright et Kristine A. Nichols, USDA-ARS, 2002, https://agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov/2002/sep/soil</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Farming practices that promote glomalin synthesis ==<br />
<br />
* '''Minimize or eliminate tillage''' : No-tillage or minimal tillage preserves the integrity of the mycelial network, thus promoting glomalin production.<br />
* Use '''cover crops''' to maintain living roots and stimulate CMA.<br />
* Reduce inputs, especially '''phosphorus'''<ref name=":0" />. Excessive phosphorus in the soil can inhibit CMA development and reduce glomalin production.<br />
* '''Encourage mycorrhizal crops''' : It's important to note that non-mycorrhizal crops (rapeseed, cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower) do not produce glomalin.<br />
<br />
== Slake test ==<br />
The slake test is a quick and easy way of assessing the cohesion of soil aggregates<ref>''Soil Glue'', USDA, 2010, https://agriculture-de-conservation.com/sites/agriculture-de-conservation.com/IMG/pdf/cohesion-sol.pdf</ref>.<br />
<br />
Materials & preparation :<br />
<br />
* 2 wide-mouth glass jars.<br />
* 2 pieces of wire mesh 0.6cm by about 4cm x 15 cm.<br />
* 2 clods of soil, each about the size of an egg, the first 5cm of soil from two different areas.<br />
<br />
When the soil is undisturbed, more animals, more plants and more micro-organisms develop in the soil. The amount of glomalin increases and the soil holds together better.<br />
<br />
== Research challenges ==<br />
Although its role as a pollutant sequestrant has not yet been proven, studies are underway to evaluate it<ref>''The role of glomalin, a protein produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, in sequestrating potentially toxic elements'', S. F. Wright et al., 2004</ref>.<br />
<br />
== References ==</div>Alexia Delpont (983887842)https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Glomalin&diff=5082Glomalin2024-11-14T15:47:24Z<p>Alexia Delpont (983887842): </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Practice<br />
|Image=Img14.jpg<br />
|ImageCaption=Glomalin (green) on the surface of mycelial hyphae and soil aggregates, USDA<br />
|Objective=Carbon cycle and GHG@ Soil erosion@ Soil regeneration@ Water management<br />
|Tag 1 = Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi<br />
|Tag 2 = Mycorrhizae <br />
|Tag 3 = Carbon cycle and GHGs<br />
|Tag 4 = NBSOIL<br />
|Program = NBSOIL<br />
}}<br />
It is a '''hydrophobic''', '''heat-tolerant glycoprotein''' found on the surface of mycorrhizal '''spores''' and '''mycelia'''<ref>Les mycorhizes, l’azote, l’eau et la glomaline, J. André Fortin, 2016, https://www.agrireseau.net/blogue/93742/les-mycorhizes-l_azote-l_eau-et-la-glomaline</ref>. Glomalin plays an essential role in '''soil structure''' and '''fertility''', as well as in '''carbon sequestration'''. This molecule was discovered by Sara F. Wright in 1996<ref>''Time-course study and partial characterization of a protein on hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi during active colonization of roots'', S. F. Wright and all., 1996, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00012053</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Origin ==<br />
'''Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi''' (AMF) are ancient micro-organisms that evolved with plants to help them acquire nutrients. Most plants (around 70-80% of vascular plants) are '''mycorrhizal'''. The '''hyphae''' of AMFs extend into the soil and explore a larger volume of soil for nutrient uptake. They produce glomalin, which covers and protects the hyphae<ref name=":0">''What is Glomalin ?'', USDA, 2002 https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/30640500/Glomalin/Glomalinbrochure.pdf</ref>. Often referred to as the “'''soil glue'''”, it contributes to the formation of stable aggregates, reinforcing soil structure. Glomalin is also known as “glomalin-related soil protein” or '''GRSP'''.<br />
<br />
== Key roles ==<br />
<br />
=== Aggregate formation and soil health ===<br />
Glomalin has several properties that make it an excellent protector of soil hyphae and aggregates :<br />
<br />
* '''Resistance''' : It is extremely resistant to decomposition by soil micro-organisms. Its lifespan in the soil is estimated at between 10 and 50 years. This resistance enables it to protect the hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from microbial attack and maintain the stability of soil aggregates over the long term.<br />
* '''Insolubility in water''' : This property is essential for maintaining the integrity of hyphae and soil aggregates in the presence of water, thus preventing their degradation and the loss of nutrients.<br />
* '''Thermal stability''' : It is soluble at 121°C, enabling it to be extracted and analyzed in the laboratory, while underlining its resistance to variable environmental conditions.<br />
* '''Binding capacity''' : These bonds contribute to the formation of stable, erosion-resistant aggregates.<br />
* '''Formation of a protective coating''' : It forms a physical barrier that protects AMF from nutrient loss and mechanical damage.<br />
<br />
These combined properties make glomalin a key element in soil health: retaining water, reducing compaction, increasing nutrient availability, limiting water and wind erosion<ref name=":0" />.<br />
<br />
=== Carbon sequestration ===<br />
This slow-decomposing substance accounts for a third of the carbon sequestered in the world's soils.<br />
<br />
* '''Direct carbon storage''' : The glomalin molecule itself contains between 30 and 40% carbon, meaning that a significant proportion of soil carbon is stored directly in the glomalin structure.<br />
* '''Protection of stored carbon''' : The soil aggregates formed by glomalin protect the organic carbon stored in the soil from decomposition by microbes. The stable structure of the aggregates makes the carbon less accessible to micro-organisms, slowing its release into the atmosphere.<br />
* '''Lifespan''' : Its long lifespan in the soil enables long-term carbon storage.<br />
* '''Abundance in the soil''' : It represents a significant proportion of soil organic matter. Studies have shown that it can constitute up to 27% of total soil carbon, surpassing humic acid, long considered the main contributor to soil carbon<ref>''Glomalin: Hiding Place for a Third of the World's Stored Soil Carbon'', Sara F. Wright et Kristine A. Nichols, USDA-ARS, 2002, https://agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov/2002/sep/soil</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Farming practices that promote glomalin synthesis ==<br />
<br />
* '''Minimize or eliminate tillage''' : No-tillage or minimal tillage preserves the integrity of the mycelial network, thus promoting glomalin production.<br />
* Use '''cover crops''' to maintain living roots and stimulate CMA.<br />
* Reduce inputs, especially '''phosphorus'''<ref name=":0" />. Excessive phosphorus in the soil can inhibit CMA development and reduce glomalin production.<br />
* '''Encourage mycorrhizal crops''' : It's important to note that non-mycorrhizal crops (rapeseed, cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower) do not produce glomalin.<br />
<br />
== Slake test ==<br />
The slake test is a quick and easy way of assessing the cohesion of soil aggregates<ref>''Soil Glue'', USDA, 2010, https://agriculture-de-conservation.com/sites/agriculture-de-conservation.com/IMG/pdf/cohesion-sol.pdf</ref>.<br />
<br />
Materials & preparation :<br />
<br />
* 2 wide-mouth glass jars.<br />
* 2 pieces of wire mesh 0.6cm by about 4cm x 15 cm.<br />
* 2 clods of soil, each about the size of an egg, the first 5cm of soil from two different areas.<br />
<br />
When the soil is undisturbed, more animals, more plants and more micro-organisms develop in the soil. The amount of glomalin increases and the soil holds together better.<br />
<br />
== Research challenges ==<br />
Although its role as a pollutant sequestrant has not yet been proven, studies are underway to evaluate it<ref>''The role of glomalin, a protein produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, in sequestrating potentially toxic elements'', S. F. Wright et al., 2004</ref>.<br />
<br />
== References ==</div>Alexia Delpont (983887842)https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Glomalin&diff=5081Glomalin2024-11-14T13:56:40Z<p>Alexia Delpont (983887842): </p>
<hr />
<div>It is a '''hydrophobic''', '''heat-tolerant glycoprotein''' found on the surface of mycorrhizal '''spores''' and '''mycelia'''<ref>Les mycorhizes, l’azote, l’eau et la glomaline, J. André Fortin, 2016, https://www.agrireseau.net/blogue/93742/les-mycorhizes-l_azote-l_eau-et-la-glomaline</ref>. Glomalin plays an essential role in '''soil structure''' and '''fertility''', as well as in '''carbon sequestration'''. This molecule was discovered by Sara F. Wright in 1996<ref>''Time-course study and partial characterization of a protein on hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi during active colonization of roots'', S. F. Wright and all., 1996, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00012053</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Origin ==<br />
'''Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi''' (AMF) are ancient micro-organisms that evolved with plants to help them acquire nutrients. Most plants (around 70-80% of vascular plants) are '''mycorrhizal'''. The '''hyphae''' of AMFs extend into the soil and explore a larger volume of soil for nutrient uptake. They produce glomalin, which covers and protects the hyphae<ref name=":0">''What is Glomalin ?'', USDA, 2002 https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/30640500/Glomalin/Glomalinbrochure.pdf</ref>. Often referred to as the “'''soil glue'''”, it contributes to the formation of stable aggregates, reinforcing soil structure. Glomalin is also known as “glomalin-related soil protein” or '''GRSP'''.<br />
<br />
== Key roles ==<br />
<br />
=== Aggregate formation and soil health ===<br />
Glomalin has several properties that make it an excellent protector of soil hyphae and aggregates :<br />
<br />
* '''Resistance''' : It is extremely resistant to decomposition by soil micro-organisms. Its lifespan in the soil is estimated at between 10 and 50 years. This resistance enables it to protect the hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from microbial attack and maintain the stability of soil aggregates over the long term.<br />
* '''Insolubility in water''' : This property is essential for maintaining the integrity of hyphae and soil aggregates in the presence of water, thus preventing their degradation and the loss of nutrients.<br />
* '''Thermal stability''' : It is soluble at 121°C, enabling it to be extracted and analyzed in the laboratory, while underlining its resistance to variable environmental conditions.<br />
* '''Binding capacity''' : These bonds contribute to the formation of stable, erosion-resistant aggregates.<br />
* '''Formation of a protective coating''' : It forms a physical barrier that protects AMF from nutrient loss and mechanical damage.<br />
<br />
These combined properties make glomalin a key element in soil health: retaining water, reducing compaction, increasing nutrient availability, limiting water and wind erosion<ref name=":0" />.<br />
<br />
=== Carbon sequestration ===<br />
This slow-decomposing substance accounts for a third of the carbon sequestered in the world's soils.<br />
<br />
* '''Direct carbon storage''' : The glomalin molecule itself contains between 30 and 40% carbon, meaning that a significant proportion of soil carbon is stored directly in the glomalin structure.<br />
* '''Protection of stored carbon''' : The soil aggregates formed by glomalin protect the organic carbon stored in the soil from decomposition by microbes. The stable structure of the aggregates makes the carbon less accessible to micro-organisms, slowing its release into the atmosphere.<br />
* '''Lifespan''' : Its long lifespan in the soil enables long-term carbon storage.<br />
* '''Abundance in the soil''' : It represents a significant proportion of soil organic matter. Studies have shown that it can constitute up to 27% of total soil carbon, surpassing humic acid, long considered the main contributor to soil carbon<ref>''Glomalin: Hiding Place for a Third of the World's Stored Soil Carbon'', Sara F. Wright et Kristine A. Nichols, USDA-ARS, 2002, https://agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov/2002/sep/soil</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Farming practices that promote glomalin synthesis ==<br />
<br />
* '''Minimize or eliminate tillage''' : No-tillage or minimal tillage preserves the integrity of the mycelial network, thus promoting glomalin production.<br />
* Use '''cover crops''' to maintain living roots and stimulate CMA.<br />
* Reduce inputs, especially '''phosphorus'''<ref name=":0" />. Excessive phosphorus in the soil can inhibit CMA development and reduce glomalin production.<br />
* '''Encourage mycorrhizal crops''' : It's important to note that non-mycorrhizal crops (rapeseed, cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower) do not produce glomalin.<br />
<br />
== Slake test ==<br />
The slake test is a quick and easy way of assessing the cohesion of soil aggregates<ref>''Soil Glue'', USDA, 2010, https://agriculture-de-conservation.com/sites/agriculture-de-conservation.com/IMG/pdf/cohesion-sol.pdf</ref>.<br />
<br />
Materials & preparation :<br />
<br />
* 2 wide-mouth glass jars.<br />
* 2 pieces of wire mesh 0.6cm by about 4cm x 15 cm.<br />
* 2 clods of soil, each about the size of an egg, the first 5cm of soil from two different areas.<br />
<br />
When the soil is undisturbed, more animals, more plants and more micro-organisms develop in the soil. The amount of glomalin increases and the soil holds together better.<br />
<br />
== Research challenges ==<br />
Although its role as a pollutant sequestrant has not yet been proven, studies are underway to evaluate it<ref>''The role of glomalin, a protein produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, in sequestrating potentially toxic elements'', S. F. Wright et al., 2004</ref>.<br />
<br />
== References ==</div>Alexia Delpont (983887842)https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Glomalin&diff=5080Glomalin2024-11-14T13:56:23Z<p>Alexia Delpont (983887842): </p>
<hr />
<div>It is a '''hydrophobic''', '''heat-tolerant glycoprotein''' found on the surface of mycorrhizal '''spores''' and '''mycelia'''<ref>Les mycorhizes, l’azote, l’eau et la glomaline, J. André Fortin, 2016, https://www.agrireseau.net/blogue/93742/les-mycorhizes-l_azote-l_eau-et-la-glomaline</ref>. Glomalin plays an essential role in '''soil structure''' and '''fertility''', as well as in '''carbon sequestration'''. This molecule was discovered by Sara F. Wright in 1996<ref>''Time-course study and partial characterization of a protein on hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi during active colonization of roots'', S. F. Wright and all., 1996, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00012053</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Origin ==<br />
'''Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi''' (AMF) are ancient micro-organisms that evolved with plants to help them acquire nutrients. Most plants (around 70-80% of vascular plants) are '''mycorrhizal'''. The '''hyphae''' of AMFs extend into the soil and explore a larger volume of soil for nutrient uptake. They produce glomalin, which covers and protects the hyphae<ref name=":0">''What is Glomalin ?'', USDA, 2002 https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/30640500/Glomalin/Glomalinbrochure.pdf</ref>. Often referred to as the “'''soil glue'''”, it contributes to the formation of stable aggregates, reinforcing soil structure. Glomalin is also known as “glomalin-related soil protein” or '''GRSP'''.<br />
<br />
== Key roles ==<br />
<br />
=== Aggregate formation and soil health ===<br />
Glomalin has several properties that make it an excellent protector of soil hyphae and aggregates :<br />
<br />
* '''Resistance''' : It is extremely resistant to decomposition by soil micro-organisms. Its lifespan in the soil is estimated at between 10 and 50 years. This resistance enables it to protect the hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from microbial attack and maintain the stability of soil aggregates over the long term.<br />
* '''Insolubility in water''' : This property is essential for maintaining the integrity of hyphae and soil aggregates in the presence of water, thus preventing their degradation and the loss of nutrients.<br />
* '''Thermal stability''' : It is soluble at 121°C, enabling it to be extracted and analyzed in the laboratory, while underlining its resistance to variable environmental conditions.<br />
* '''Binding capacity''' : These bonds contribute to the formation of stable, erosion-resistant aggregates.<br />
* '''Formation of a protective coating''' : It forms a physical barrier that protects AMF from nutrient loss and mechanical damage.<br />
<br />
These combined properties make glomalin a key element in soil health: retaining water, reducing compaction, increasing nutrient availability, limiting water and wind erosion<ref name=":0" />.<br />
<br />
=== Carbon sequestration ===<br />
This slow-decomposing substance accounts for a third of the carbon sequestered in the world's soils.<br />
<br />
* '''Direct carbon storage''' : The glomalin molecule itself contains between 30 and 40% carbon, meaning that a significant proportion of soil carbon is stored directly in the glomalin structure.<br />
* '''Protection of stored carbon''' : The soil aggregates formed by glomalin protect the organic carbon stored in the soil from decomposition by microbes. The stable structure of the aggregates makes the carbon less accessible to micro-organisms, slowing its release into the atmosphere.<br />
* '''Lifespan''' : Its long lifespan in the soil enables long-term carbon storage.<br />
* '''Abundance in the soil''' : It represents a significant proportion of soil organic matter. Studies have shown that it can constitute up to 27% of total soil carbon, surpassing humic acid, long considered the main contributor to soil carbon<ref>''Glomalin: Hiding Place for a Third of the World's Stored Soil Carbon'', Sara F. Wright et Kristine A. Nichols, USDA-ARS, 2002, https://agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov/2002/sep/soil</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Farming practices that promote glomalin synthesis ==<br />
<br />
* '''Minimize or eliminate tillage''' : No-tillage or minimal tillage preserves the integrity of the mycelial network, thus promoting glomalin production.<br />
* Use '''cover crops''' to maintain living roots and stimulate CMA.<br />
* Reduce inputs, especially '''phosphorus'''<ref name=":0" />. Excessive phosphorus in the soil can inhibit CMA development and reduce glomalin production.<br />
* '''Encourage mycorrhizal crops''' : It's important to note that non-mycorrhizal crops (rapeseed, cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower) do not produce glomalin.<br />
<br />
== Slake test ==<br />
[[Fichier:Slake-test.png|thumb]]<br />
The slake test is a quick and easy way of assessing the cohesion of soil aggregates<ref>''Soil Glue'', USDA, 2010, https://agriculture-de-conservation.com/sites/agriculture-de-conservation.com/IMG/pdf/cohesion-sol.pdf</ref>.<br />
<br />
Materials & preparation :<br />
<br />
* 2 wide-mouth glass jars.<br />
* 2 pieces of wire mesh 0.6cm by about 4cm x 15 cm.<br />
* 2 clods of soil, each about the size of an egg, the first 5cm of soil from two different areas.<br />
<br />
When the soil is undisturbed, more animals, more plants and more micro-organisms develop in the soil. The amount of glomalin increases and the soil holds together better.<br />
<br />
== Research challenges ==<br />
Although its role as a pollutant sequestrant has not yet been proven, studies are underway to evaluate it<ref>''The role of glomalin, a protein produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, in sequestrating potentially toxic elements'', S. F. Wright et al., 2004</ref>.<br />
<br />
== References ==</div>Alexia Delpont (983887842)https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Glomalin&diff=5079Glomalin2024-11-14T13:55:13Z<p>Alexia Delpont (983887842): </p>
<hr />
<div>It is a '''hydrophobic''', '''heat-tolerant glycoprotein''' found on the surface of mycorrhizal '''spores''' and '''mycelia'''<ref>Les mycorhizes, l’azote, l’eau et la glomaline, J. André Fortin, 2016, https://www.agrireseau.net/blogue/93742/les-mycorhizes-l_azote-l_eau-et-la-glomaline</ref>. Glomalin plays an essential role in '''soil structure''' and '''fertility''', as well as in '''carbon sequestration'''. This molecule was discovered by Sara F. Wright in 1996<ref>''Time-course study and partial characterization of a protein on hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi during active colonization of roots'', S. F. Wright and all., 1996, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00012053</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Origin ==<br />
'''Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi''' (AMF) are ancient micro-organisms that evolved with plants to help them acquire nutrients. Most plants (around 70-80% of vascular plants) are '''mycorrhizal'''. The '''hyphae''' of AMFs extend into the soil and explore a larger volume of soil for nutrient uptake. They produce glomalin, which covers and protects the hyphae<ref name=":0">''What is Glomalin ?'', USDA, 2002 https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/30640500/Glomalin/Glomalinbrochure.pdf</ref>. Often referred to as the “'''soil glue'''”, it contributes to the formation of stable aggregates, reinforcing soil structure. Glomalin is also known as “glomalin-related soil protein” or '''GRSP'''.<br />
<br />
== Key roles ==<br />
<br />
=== Aggregate formation and soil health ===<br />
Glomalin has several properties that make it an excellent protector of soil hyphae and aggregates :<br />
<br />
* '''Resistance''' : It is extremely resistant to decomposition by soil micro-organisms. Its lifespan in the soil is estimated at between 10 and 50 years. This resistance enables it to protect the hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from microbial attack and maintain the stability of soil aggregates over the long term.<br />
* '''Insolubility in water''' : This property is essential for maintaining the integrity of hyphae and soil aggregates in the presence of water, thus preventing their degradation and the loss of nutrients.<br />
* '''Thermal stability''' : It is soluble at 121°C, enabling it to be extracted and analyzed in the laboratory, while underlining its resistance to variable environmental conditions.<br />
* '''Binding capacity''' : These bonds contribute to the formation of stable, erosion-resistant aggregates.<br />
* '''Formation of a protective coating''' : It forms a physical barrier that protects AMF from nutrient loss and mechanical damage.<br />
<br />
These combined properties make glomalin a key element in soil health: retaining water, reducing compaction, increasing nutrient availability, limiting water and wind erosion<ref name=":0" />.<br />
<br />
=== Carbon sequestration ===<br />
This slow-decomposing substance accounts for a third of the carbon sequestered in the world's soils.<br />
<br />
* '''Direct carbon storage''' : The glomalin molecule itself contains between 30 and 40% carbon, meaning that a significant proportion of soil carbon is stored directly in the glomalin structure.<br />
* '''Protection of stored carbon''' : The soil aggregates formed by glomalin protect the organic carbon stored in the soil from decomposition by microbes. The stable structure of the aggregates makes the carbon less accessible to micro-organisms, slowing its release into the atmosphere.<br />
* '''Lifespan''' : Its long lifespan in the soil enables long-term carbon storage.<br />
* '''Abundance in the soil''' : It represents a significant proportion of soil organic matter. Studies have shown that it can constitute up to 27% of total soil carbon, surpassing humic acid, long considered the main contributor to soil carbon<ref>''Glomalin: Hiding Place for a Third of the World's Stored Soil Carbon'', Sara F. Wright et Kristine A. Nichols, USDA-ARS, 2002, https://agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov/2002/sep/soil</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Farming practices that promote glomalin synthesis ==<br />
<br />
* '''Minimize or eliminate tillage''' : No-tillage or minimal tillage preserves the integrity of the mycelial network, thus promoting glomalin production.<br />
* Use '''cover crops''' to maintain living roots and stimulate CMA.<br />
* Reduce inputs, especially '''phosphorus'''<ref name=":0" />. Excessive phosphorus in the soil can inhibit CMA development and reduce glomalin production.<br />
* '''Encourage mycorrhizal crops''' : It's important to note that non-mycorrhizal crops (rapeseed, cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower) do not produce glomalin.<br />
<br />
== Slake test ==<br />
[[Fichier:Slake-test.png|thumb|340x340px|On the left, soil from a field that has been managed without tillage for several years. On the right, soil from a conventionally tilled field.]]<br />
The slake test is a quick and easy way of assessing the cohesion of soil aggregates<ref>''Soil Glue'', USDA, 2010, https://agriculture-de-conservation.com/sites/agriculture-de-conservation.com/IMG/pdf/cohesion-sol.pdf</ref>.<br />
<br />
Materials & preparation :<br />
<br />
* 2 wide-mouth glass jars.<br />
* 2 pieces of wire mesh 0.6cm by about 4cm x 15 cm.<br />
* 2 clods of soil, each about the size of an egg, the first 5cm of soil from two different areas.<br />
<br />
When the soil is undisturbed, more animals, more plants and more micro-organisms develop in the soil. The amount of glomalin increases and the soil holds together better.<br />
<br />
== Research challenges ==<br />
Although its role as a pollutant sequestrant has not yet been proven, studies are underway to evaluate it<ref>''The role of glomalin, a protein produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, in sequestrating potentially toxic elements'', S. F. Wright et al., 2004</ref>.<br />
<br />
== References ==</div>Alexia Delpont (983887842)https://en.tripleperformance.ag/index.php?title=Glomalin&diff=5078Glomalin2024-11-14T13:51:08Z<p>Alexia Delpont (983887842): Created page with "It is a '''hydrophobic''', '''heat-tolerant glycoprotein''' found on the surface of mycorrhizal '''spores''' and '''mycelia'''<ref>Les mycorhizes, l’azote, l’eau et la glomaline, J. André Fortin, 2016, https://www.agrireseau.net/blogue/93742/les-mycorhizes-l_azote-l_eau-et-la-glomaline</ref>. Glomalin plays an essential role in '''soil structure''' and '''fertility''', as well as in '''carbon sequestration'''. This molecule was discovered by Sara F. Wright in 1996<r..."</p>
<hr />
<div>It is a '''hydrophobic''', '''heat-tolerant glycoprotein''' found on the surface of mycorrhizal '''spores''' and '''mycelia'''<ref>Les mycorhizes, l’azote, l’eau et la glomaline, J. André Fortin, 2016, https://www.agrireseau.net/blogue/93742/les-mycorhizes-l_azote-l_eau-et-la-glomaline</ref>. Glomalin plays an essential role in '''soil structure''' and '''fertility''', as well as in '''carbon sequestration'''. This molecule was discovered by Sara F. Wright in 1996<ref>''Time-course study and partial characterization of a protein on hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi during active colonization of roots'', S. F. Wright and all., 1996, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00012053</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Origin ==<br />
'''Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi''' (AMF) are ancient micro-organisms that evolved with plants to help them acquire nutrients. Most plants (around 70-80% of vascular plants) are '''mycorrhizal'''. The '''hyphae''' of AMFs extend into the soil and explore a larger volume of soil for nutrient uptake. They produce glomalin, which covers and protects the hyphae<ref name=":0">''What is Glomalin ?'', USDA, 2002 https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/30640500/Glomalin/Glomalinbrochure.pdf</ref>. Often referred to as the “'''soil glue'''”, it contributes to the formation of stable aggregates, reinforcing soil structure. Glomalin is also known as “glomalin-related soil protein” or '''GRSP'''.<br />
<br />
== Key roles ==<br />
<br />
=== Aggregate formation and soil health ===<br />
Glomalin has several properties that make it an excellent protector of soil hyphae and aggregates :<br />
<br />
* '''Resistance''' : It is extremely resistant to decomposition by soil micro-organisms. Its lifespan in the soil is estimated at between 10 and 50 years. This resistance enables it to protect the hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from microbial attack and maintain the stability of soil aggregates over the long term.<br />
* '''Insolubility in water''' : This property is essential for maintaining the integrity of hyphae and soil aggregates in the presence of water, thus preventing their degradation and the loss of nutrients.<br />
* '''Thermal stability''' : It is soluble at 121°C, enabling it to be extracted and analyzed in the laboratory, while underlining its resistance to variable environmental conditions.<br />
* '''Binding capacity''' : These bonds contribute to the formation of stable, erosion-resistant aggregates.<br />
* '''Formation of a protective coating''' : It forms a physical barrier that protects AMF from nutrient loss and mechanical damage.<br />
<br />
These combined properties make glomalin a key element in soil health: retaining water, reducing compaction, increasing nutrient availability, limiting water and wind erosion<ref name=":0" />.<br />
<br />
=== Carbon sequestration ===<br />
This slow-decomposing substance accounts for a third of the carbon sequestered in the world's soils.<br />
<br />
* '''Direct carbon storage''' : The glomalin molecule itself contains between 30 and 40% carbon, meaning that a significant proportion of soil carbon is stored directly in the glomalin structure.<br />
* '''Protection of stored carbon''' : The soil aggregates formed by glomalin protect the organic carbon stored in the soil from decomposition by microbes. The stable structure of the aggregates makes the carbon less accessible to micro-organisms, slowing its release into the atmosphere.<br />
* '''Lifespan''' : Its long lifespan in the soil enables long-term carbon storage.<br />
* '''Abundance in the soil''' : It represents a significant proportion of soil organic matter. Studies have shown that it can constitute up to 27% of total soil carbon, surpassing humic acid, long considered the main contributor to soil carbon<ref>''Glomalin: Hiding Place for a Third of the World's Stored Soil Carbon'', Sara F. Wright et Kristine A. Nichols, USDA-ARS, 2002, https://agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov/2002/sep/soil</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Farming practices that promote glomalin synthesis ==<br />
<br />
* '''Minimize or eliminate tillage''' : No-tillage or minimal tillage preserves the integrity of the mycelial network, thus promoting glomalin production.<br />
* Use '''cover crops''' to maintain living roots and stimulate CMA.<br />
* Reduce inputs, especially '''phosphorus'''<ref name=":0" />. Excessive phosphorus in the soil can inhibit CMA development and reduce glomalin production.<br />
* '''Encourage mycorrhizal crops''' : It's important to note that non-mycorrhizal crops (rapeseed, cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower) do not produce glomalin.<br />
<br />
== Slake test ==<br />
The slake test is a quick and easy way of assessing the cohesion of soil aggregates<ref>''Soil Glue'', USDA, 2010, https://agriculture-de-conservation.com/sites/agriculture-de-conservation.com/IMG/pdf/cohesion-sol.pdf</ref>.<br />
<br />
Materials & preparation :<br />
<br />
* 2 wide-mouth glass jars.<br />
* 2 pieces of wire mesh 0.6cm by about 4cm x 15 cm.<br />
* 2 clods of soil, each about the size of an egg, the first 5cm of soil from two different areas.<br />
<br />
When the soil is undisturbed, more animals, more plants and more micro-organisms develop in the soil. The amount of glomalin increases and the soil holds together better.<br />
<br />
== Research challenges ==<br />
Although its role as a pollutant sequestrant has not yet been proven, studies are underway to evaluate it<ref>''The role of glomalin, a protein produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, in sequestrating potentially toxic elements'', S. F. Wright et al., 2004</ref>.</div>Alexia Delpont (983887842)